Co-ordination and Response

MD MOTIOUR RAHMAN KHAN

Senior Teacher Date: 02.03.2021
Department of Biology
motiourksa@gmail.com, mrkhan_03@yahoo.com Tuesday

Learning Objectives
After completing the lesson,You should be able to -
• Describe a nerve impulse as an electrical signal that passes
along nerve cells called neurones.
• Describe the human nervous system
• Identify motor (effector), relay (connector) and sensory
neurones from diagrams.
• Describe a simple reflex arc in terms of receptor, sensory
neurone, relay neurone, motor neurones and effector
• Describe a reflex action as a means of automatically and
rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the
responses of effectors (muscles and glands)
1
 14 Coordination and response

2
 14 Coordination and response

3
 Coordination and response

4
5
 Human nervous system and Coordination & response

6
 14 Coordination and response

7
 Human nervous system and Coordination & response
The human nervous system is made up of two parts:
1.Central nervous system (CNS) - brain and spinal cord: role
of coordination
2. Peripheral nervous system - nerves: connect all parts of
the body to the CNS.

• CNS and PNS together, they coordinate and regulate

body functions.
• Sense organs are linked to the peripheral nervous system.
They are groups of receptor cells responding to specific
stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicals.
• When exposed to a stimulus they generate an electrical
impulse which passes along peripheral nerves to the CNS,
triggering a response.

8
 Human nervous system and Coordination & response

• Peripheral nerves contain sensory and motor neurones

(nerve cells).
• Motor and sensory neurones are covered with a myelin
sheath, which insulates the neurone to make transmission
of the impulse more efficient.
• The cytoplasm (mainly axon and dendron) is elongated to
transmit the impulse for long distances.

9
 Sense Organs and their Stimuli

10
 Human Brain and Its different parts

11
 Human Brain and Its different parts

12
 A motor Neurone

13
 Three types of Neurone cells

14
 Three types of Neurone cells

Relay neurone

Relay neurone connect the sensory

and motor neurones

15
 A Reflex Arc and Reflex action

16
 A Reflex arc and Reflex action

A reflex action is a means of automatically and rapidly

integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of
effectors (muscles and glands).
17
 A Reflex arc and Reflex action

• Reflex arc: The pathway along which the nerve impulse

passes- the sensory neurone, relay neurones and motor
neurone is called a Reflex arc.
• A reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary and nearly
instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.
• A reflex is made possible by neural pathways
called reflex arcs which can act on an impulse before that
impulse reaches the brain.
• Reflex are not under conscious control.

18
 A Reflex arc and Reflex action

19
 Synapse and synaptic cleft

Synaptic cleft

20
 How does impulses travel?

Fig. 13.8 shows a synapse between a

sensory neurone( presynaptic cell) and
a relay neurone(post synaptic cell).

• There are hundreds of tiny vesicles inside the axon of sensory

neurone.
• Each vesicle contains a chemical called neurotransmitter.
• When any impules arrives along the axon of the sensory neurone,
it causes the vesicles to move to the cell membrane and release
the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
• Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and attaches to
receptor molecules in cell membrane of the rely neurone and
triggers a nerve impulse in the rely neuron.
• The shape of the neurotransmitter and receptor molecules are
complementary.
• Synapse ensure that nerve impulses only travel in one direction
as21neurotransmitter is only on one side of the synapes.