:CLASS:X : SUBJECT: BIOLOGY: CH:CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION Page: 1

Q.1 What are stimuli ? How is stimulus related to movement ?

Ans. The changes in the environment to which the organism responds and reacts are
Define stimuli. called stimuli.
Eg. Stimuli Response
Give examples Looking at bright light Closure of eyes.
of stimulus and Touching of hot object. Withdrawl of hand.
response.

What is
Relation between stimulus and movement
A movement is always appropriate according to the stimulus which has evoked it.
controlled

movement? Therefore, it is controlled movement.

Q.2 Define co-ordination. What provides control and co-ordination over various
movements in animals ?.

Ans. Co-ordination is the working together of various organs of the body in a systematic
What is manner in order to evoke (produce) a proper response to a given stimulus.
co-ordination? Co-ordination
Which system

releases Nervous co-ordination Chemical Co-ordination

hormones? by Nervous System by Endocrine System

Q.3 What is the unit of nervous system ? Describe its structure.

Ans. The basic unit of Nervous System is the Neuron (Nerve Cel)
NEURON

Cyton Dendrites Axon

or Cell body

What are i) Cell body (cyton):- Cell body has a dense central nucleus and cytoplasm
dendrites? projections called dendrites. Dendrites receive the impulse.
How are they
Dendrites:- They are branched projections on cell body called dendrites.
important? (ii)
Dendrites receive the impulse.

What is the (ii) Axon:- It is a long unbranched fibre arising from cyton. It ends in swollen
function of
structure called nerve ending. It carries the message away from the cell body.
axon?

Write the NOTE:- An axon may be covered by sheath which increases the
a myelin speed
importance of of message (nerve impulse) travelling across it.
myelin sheath.
Q.4 What is a Synapse ? How does the message pass across the synapse ? Page 2
Ans. Synapse is the functional junction between the axon of one neuron and the
Name the dendrites of the next neuron.
functional

junction of two The nerve endings of an axon are not in physical contact with the
neurons. dendrites of the next.
Information acquired at the tip of the dendrite creates an electrical impulse that travels
along the cyton and reaches the nerve endings of axon. Here the impulse sets off the
What is release of a chemical substance called NEUROTRANSMITTER that passes the
neurotrans message to the next neuron across the synapse.
mitter

Q.5 Define Impulse.

Ans The message travels across a nerve in the form of chemical and electrical signals
called impulse.

Q.6 What is a nerve ? Explain the different types of nerves on the basis of their
function and origin.
Ans A nerve is made of one or more neurons joined end to end.
Types of nerves
Which are the
a On the basis of function
two different

kinds of Sensory nerves Motor 'nerves

rerves: It is made up of sensory neurons that It is made up of motor neurons that
carry messages from sense organs to the carry messages from brain to muscles.
brain.
On the basis of origin
Cranial nerves Spinal nerves
The nerves coming out of brain. The nerves coming out of spinal cord.
Q.7 What are receptors and effectors ?

Ans 1. Receptors These are cells or group of cells that receive the stimulus from the
envircnment and initiate the nerve impulse.

These may be
(i) Photoreceptors eyes (sensitive to light)
(i) Phonoreceptors ears (sensitive to sound)
(ii) Gustatory receptor -

tongue (sensitive to taste)

(iv) Olfactory receptor nose (sensitive to smell)
() Thigmoreceptor- skin (sensitive to touch, heat, cold, pressure)
NOTE receptors are usually located in oursense organs

2. Effectors- Cells or group of cells that receive the nmessage and generate a

response. This may be an organ, muscle or gland

 action ? Page 3
How does nervous tissue cause
Q.8
the shape and arrangement
Ans. When a nerve impulse reaches the muscle it changes
cells. This new arrangement of proteins
What leads to of special proteins present in the muscle
shortening of leads to shortening of muscles.
muscles ?

How is impulse transmitted in the body ?

Q.9 a nerve

Ans. Transmission of nerve impulse

The sensory nerve sends the stimulusreceived by the receptors to the
Which nerve (i)
sends message brain.
The brain processes and interprets the message that is received and
to the brain? i)
What is the use
decides a response (action) to be carried out. This message is carried
of motor nerve?
to the effector organ, muscle or gland through the motor nerve.

Stimulus Receptor- >Sensory Nerve (input nerve)

(Receives the stimulus)

BRAIN

- Motor Nerve
Response - Effector-
(muscle, gland) (output nerve)

Q.10 What is reflex action?

Ans. Reflex action is a quick spontaneous and involuntary response of effectors to a stimulus.

Q.11 What is reflex arc ?

Ans Reflex arc is a pathway for reflex action in which an impulse from receptors is
relayed by sensory nerve to the spinal cord which sends information for response
to effectors via motor nerves.
of Withdrawl of hand on touching a hot object. jumping out of
Eg's reflex action:-
the way of the bus.
Stimulus- Receptor Sensory Nerve
Where is
the coniection
Spinal Cord
between the

sensory nerve

and motor Response Effector Motor Nerve

nerve made in a

reflexarc?
Q.12 Name different parts of nervous system in humans. Page 4

Ans. Nervous System

Name the

nerves coming

out from brain Central Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

and spina (Brain and spinal cord) involuntary activities)
Cora. (receive and integrate (Brain and spinal cord
information from all parts
What are the of the body)
different parts Peripheral Nervous System
of Central (nerves from brain and spinal cord)
Nervous i.e. cranial nerves and spinal nerves
System?

Q.13 What provides protection to brain and spinal cord ?

Ans. 1 Brain (a) It is enclosed and protected by a bony case called

Name the bony CRANIUM.
structure that (6) Protected by three membranes (meninges) filled by
encioses brain. cerebrospinal fluid.(lt act as fluid, provides shock absorption)
2 Spinal Cord (a) It is enclosed and protected by a bony case called
Which fluid is vertebral column.
filled in meninges?
(b) Protected by meninges filled by cerebro spinal fluid
Q.14 Write different parts of brain and their functions.

Parts Function
FORE BRAIN Has specialised (controls voluntary actions) areas for
a) Cerebrum
vision
hearing, muscular activity and sensation.
Which part *It has separate association areas to interpret sensory
of the brain
information and correlate it with information from other receptors
controls as well as with information already in brain.
invoiuntary
activities? b) Thalamus Controls the association areas of cerebrum.

c) Hypothalamus have centres for hunger and thirst.

Play an important role in endocrine system (Secretes releasing
hormone)
MID BRAIN Has reflex centres for eye movement and
hearing response.
 HIND BRAIN Page 5

a) Cerebellum maintain posture and body balance

is responsible for precision of voluntary action
b) Pons Regulate rate of respiration

c) Medulla controls involuntary actions like heartbeat, blood pressure

coughing, sneezing, salivation, vomiting

Levebrum
Crauum
Cskull)

Fore-bran

Mid -brn

Hypoha Pituutamu gland

- Lamus
fons Medlla
Spunal lond
Hind-braun
HOMAN BRAIN lenebellu
Q.15 Write various functions of Brain.

Ans. 1. Brain receives impulses from all sensory organs of the body.
2. It interprets the message brought by sensory nerves and sends instructions to
the muscles and glands to function (respond)
accordingly
3. In its association centres it correlates the various stimuli and produces the most
appropriate response.

4. It co-ordinates all the body activities so that the body functions efficiently
5. It 'stores' information for modification of behaviour according to past experience.

Q.16 What is the Endocrine System made up of ?

Ans. The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands which produce hormones.
(endo-> inside ; crine --> secretion)
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Q.17 What are hormones ? How are these useful ?

Ans. Hormones are chemicals secreted by endocrine glands (ductless glands) and are
Where dothe
poured directly into the blood which transports these to the target organ to bring
endocrine a response.
glands release

their Characteristic of hormones:

secretions?
() Hormones are called Chemical messengers as they show their effect at the
site different from the site where they are produced
What is the (i) Hormones act on specific tissues called target organs.
Site of action (ii) They co-ordinate various activities and growth of body.
of hormones (iv) Secreted in minute quantities, these are chemically proteins or steriods
called?

Q.18 Discuss the role of hormones produced by various glands in the human body.

Ans(A) Hormones produced in head region.

Endocrine Gland Hormone Action

1 Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Stimulation of pituitary
Which gland (in brain) gland to release
is stimulated by hypothalamus? hormones.
Pituitary Gland Growth hormone Stumulatas growth in
(master gland--> (and 6 other hormones) all organs.
* excess causes
Why is produces large no.
pituitary called of hormones which gigantism
master giand? regulate metabolic * deficiency results in
activities of other dwarfism.
glands)

(B) Hormones produced in neck region

Thyroid Thyroxine Regulates fats

just below the neck) (requires iodine for its carbohydrates and
|formation) protein metabolism:
What cauES deficiency results in
gOILre 9oitre
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Hormones produced in abdomen
(C)
Pancreas Insulin Regulates sugar
Name the metabolism i.e. lowers
hormones blood'sugarlevel
secreted by increases glycogen.
pancreas.
How are deficiency causees
these hormones Diabetes.
functionally different
sAdernal gland Adrenaline - Regulates blood
(above the kidneys) stress hormone pressure, heart beat,
or respiration etc. Hence
fight and flight hormone enable the body to
handle stress
situation.
6Testes Testosterone regulates sperm
Which gland (in males) formation
secretes

testosterone
(i) development of
in males?
secondary sexual
Write the characters like
function of this moustache, beard and
hormone. voice etc. in males

7Ovaries a) Estrogen Regulation of female

(in females) accessory sex organs
Development of
Secondary sexual
characters such as
hair, mammary glands
voice etc. in females.

Q.19 How is hormonal secretion controlled ?

Ans. The timings and amount of hormonal secretion is controlled by Feedback
mechanism.
Eg. Rise in blood sugar increases insulin production by the pancreas and as soon
as blood sugar level falls, insulin
production is decreased.
Q.19A What is the effect of adrenaline secretion in the
body ?
Ans. Adrenaline is secreted directly into the blood. As a result, the heart beats faster
leading
to more oxygen supply to muscles. The breating rate increases. The blood to the
digestive system and skin is reduced. All these responses together enable the body
to deal with stress situation.

Q.20 How do plants show co-ordination?

Ans. Plants show co-ordination by chemical substances called Phytohormones or
Plant hormones.
 Page 8
why do plants

need cytokinin
Phytohormones
and ethylene?

Auxins Gibberelins Cytokinins Abscissic Acid

promotion of promote stem promote Cell Division Promotes -Wilting
growth of root elongation of leaves,falling
tip and shoot promote seed of fruits (Inhibits
tip. germination growth)
Ethylene
How do ripening of fruits
phytohornmones NOTE: Phytohormones are synthesized at places away from where they
act? act and diffuse to the area of action. Eg. bending of shoot tip towards
light due to diffusion of auxin.

Q.21 Why does a plant bend towards light?

Ans The tip of the stem is positively phototropic.

In presence of light stimulus, auxin synthesized at the shoot tip helps the cells
to grow longer.

(i) When light falls on one side of the plant, auxin diffuses towards the shady
side of the shoot and stimulates the cells on this side to grow longer. Thus,
the plant bend towards light.

Q 22 How do auxin promote the growth of a tendril arounda support ?

(Curvature Movement)
The tendrils are wiry coiled structures produced by climbers like pea plant. These
Ans.
tendrils are senstive to touch. The part of tendrils which is in contact with the
This
object does not grow as rapidly as that part which is away from the object.
causes the tendril to coil around the object by growing in a particular direction as a

result of auxin hormone.

the different movements shown in plants ?

Q.23 What are

Ans Plants show different kinds of movement.

movements are also called

(a) Directional movements ortropic movement.(Some tropic
Curvature movements)

(b) Non-directional movement or Nastic movement

Directional Movement movement of a plant part in response to a

What is given stimulus

directional

movement?
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Which are Phototropic Geotropic Hydrotropic Chemotropic
different movement in movement in response movementin movement
directional
response light gravity response water in response
movement
shoot is positively root is positively root is positively chemical
shown by phototropic Geotropic Hydrotropic stimulus.
plants? germination of
pollen grain on
stigma.
Q.24 Why does a "Mimosa' (sensitive plant) leaf droop when touched ?

Ans. Mimosa leaf droops due to loss of turgidity (water) in the cells of the leaf base
It is an example of non-directional movement (nastic movement).

Q.25 Differentiate between Nervous and Chemical Co-ordination.

Ans NERVOUS CO-ORDINATION CHEMICAL CO-ORDINATION

1 Involves conduction of nerve impulses. Involves release of hormones.

2 Works rapidly. Works slowly.

3 Nerve fibres conduct impulses. Blood transports hormones.

4 Short-lived effects Prolonged effect.

s Does not effect growth. Growth is effected.

6 No influence on chemical changes and Brings about specific chemical changes

metabolism. and regulates metabolism.

7 Information is organ specific. Spreads information throughout the

body.

Q.26 What are the limitations of nervous co-ordination ?

Ans. Limitations
1. Message reaches only to the cells connected by nervous tissue and not to each
cell of the animal body.
2Cells cannot create and transmit electric impulse continuously
3A cell takes sometime to reset its mechanism on generation and transmission of
an electrical impulse.