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    OC UNIT I SOLVED PROBLEMS

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    81 views17 pages

    Oc Unit I Solved Problems

    Uploaded by

    Amit Siva

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 17
    rkit te ten Gommunctin nt MESS Solved Problems j Problem 1.1: Calculate the numerical aperture of @ steP having n,=148 and ng= 1.46. What is the maximum ent! Omax for this fiber if the outer medium is air with n= 1.00 index fiber ance angle Solution ny = 1.48 ng = 1.46 Maximum entrance angle 0,,,= Acceptance angle Which is given by in”! (NA) int npn = sin} Y(.48)?- (1.46) =sin } ¥2.1904— 2.1316 inv 1Y0,0588° 1924248 4 = 14.082° oa= Problem 1.2: Caleulate the numerical apertures of (c) a plastic step-index fiber having a core refractive index of ny = 1.60 and a cladding index of ng=149. (6) @ step index fiber having a silica cone (ny = 1.458) and a silicon resin cladding (nz = 1.405). Solution (a) ny=1.60 ng= 1.49 Numerical Aperture (NA) = Vnj—n3- ~ VG 60F= (149? = V2.56 - 2.2201 en RS Ae eS i ee! RS a a, ag a, os Introduction t0 Optical Communication System 1.47 = V0.3399 = 0.583 NA=0.6 (b) y= 1.458, ng = 1.405 Numerical Aperture (NA) = Yn?—n2 = Va.458)" ~ (1.405) = V2.125 - 1.974 = 0.388 NA=0.4 Problem 1.3: Consider a fiber with 25m core radius, a core index ny=148 and A=0.01. (a) If. =1820 nm, what is the value of V and how many modes propagate in the fiber? (b) What percent of the optical power flows in the cladding? (c) If the core-cladding difference is reduced to \=0.003, how many modes does the filter support and what fraction of the optical power flows in the cladding? Solution (a) 4 = 1320 nm, ny =1.48,A=0.01 core radius, a = 25 1m NA=n,V24 = 1.48 ¥2x0.07 = 1.48 0.02 = 148 x 0.1414 NA = 0.2092 Normalized Frequency number 7 ne _2xmx 25 plone (0.2092) 1320 x 10 V= 118.9 (0.2092) = 24.85 “ Optical Communication and Networking - No of modes guided along the fiber: vy Msi* “> = 308.75 Mg, = 308 Modes approximately (b) Percentage of the optical power flows in the cladding wi =4 308)" 1/2 = 3 (808) 4 = 3 (0.056) = 1.88 (0.056) Potaa Po 1% (c) A=0.03, ny = 1.48 Numerical Aperture (NA) =n V2 = 148 \2 (0.03) =14x0.077 nd NA=0.1146 Normalized frequency number _2na v==S2Na 2xnx 25 = 25 < 10°6 1320 x 19-9 (0-1146) V= 13.637 _ Introduction to Optical Communication System 1.49 No of modes guided along the fiber (13.637)? 2 _ 185,968 aa Msy= 92.98 Mg;= 93 Modes approximately Percentage of the optical power flows in the cladding: P clad _ 4 yy-1/2 a4 1/2 = 3 (93) (9.644) =e “3 aL 33 (9.644) Polad P =128 Potad P = 13% Problem 1.4: A Manufacturer wishes to make a silica-core, step index fiber with V=75 and a numerical aperture NA=0.30 to be used at 820 nm. If n, = 1.458, what should the core size and cladding index be? Solution V=75 (Normalized Frequency) NA=0.30 ny = 1.458 (core refractive index) = 820 nm 2na ag Communication and __VA___ 75x 820x10° _ 39 69m 2m (NA) 20x 0.30 NA=Vn- ni - n3 = (NA)? a n3 =n? - (NA)? ng= Vin? (NAY ng = V(.458)"- 0.30)" ng = 1.426 Problem 1.5: Find the core radius necessary for single mode operation at 1320 nm of a step index fiber with nj = 1.480, nz = 1.478. What are the numerical aperture and maximum acceptance angle of this fiber? Solution = 1320 nm ny = 1.480 ng = 1478 For single mode operation normalized frequency V =2.405 NA=Vni-"y NA=V48)"- 1.478" NA=0.0769 v=222Na -—VA___ 2.405% 1320 x10 2m (NA) 2x 0.0769 7 =6.57 pm = sin” 1 (NA) = sin” (0.0769 = 4.41° Problem 1.6: The relative refractive index difference (A) for an optical fiber is 1% Determine the critical angle at the core cladding interface id the core refractive index is 1.46, Solution A=1%=0.01 ny = 146 n sin@,=—2,A my ny-ng=Any ng =n, — An, = 1.46 -0.01x 1.46 ng = 1.4454 »p index fiber has a normalized frequency (V) of 26.6 core radius is 25m. find the numerical aperture. Solution a=25um V=266 2.= 1300 nm 2na 7 NA 9 na-¥% = 28.8% 1500 x10" 2na 2nx 25x10 NA=0.22 1.52. unication and Networking w2 tc Communtontion end Net Problem 1.8: A fiber has a core radius of 25m, core refractive index’ of 1.48 and relative refractive index difference (A) is 0.01. If the operasiak wavelength is 0.84 \m, find the value of normalized frequency @ the number of guided modes. Determine the number of guided modes if Nis reduced to 0.003. Solution (a) a=25pm ny =148 A=0.01 2=0.84m NA =n, ¥2A = 1.48 V2 x 0.01 = 0.209 Normalized frequency V = ane. (NA) 2x 25 x 107° x 0.209 0.84 x 10° ® = 39.08 (b) If A=0.003 NA =ny V2A = 1.48 V2 x 0.003 = 0.114 2x 25x 10° x 0.114 0.84 x 10°® 2 Vv Number of guided modes Msr= “> Normalized frequency V= = 21399 21.32)" Msr= 1g = 227.27 Introduction to Opticat Communication System 153 Problem 1.9: A step i m 1. P index fiber has @ core diameter of Tum and refractive index of 1.49.Nstimate the shortest wavelength of light which allows single mode operation when > th lati fractii i difference for the fiber te 1%, © relative ‘refractive index Solution Core diameter =7 1m Core radius =Zum=3.5"m ny, =1.49 A=1%=0.01 For single mode of operation normalized frequency V= 2.405 Numerical aperture NA =n 2A = 1.49 V9x0.01 = 0.210 2na v 3 (NA) 2na n= AF wa) 2x 3.5 x 10° x 0.210 ARES aAOSeE D1; 2 = 1.92 um odes at 820 nm and 1.3um in Problem 1.10: Calculate the number of mod nm a graded index fiber having a parabolic index profile (1=2) a 254m core radius, ny = 1.48 and nz = 1.46. How does this compare to a step-index fiber (a) Graded Index fiber Case 1: 1=820nm a=2 = 820 nm a=25pm an : = 1.46 | Refractive index along the fiber axis ny = 1.48, ng = 1.4¢ k ta ptcat Gommuntaton and Networking Numerical aperture along the axis NA (0) 2 1 NA) =[ nf 0) ~n} P=( nf -n P = (1.48? ~ 1.462)1/2 NA (0) = 0.242 ny-n, az OL ai Number of modes guided by the graded index fiber My= <5 @R? nf. 2a 820 x 10 Me= 359 2 (25 x 107 *( J (1.48)? (0.018) = 522.454 M, = 522 modes Case 2: A=13pm Number of modes My => 95 ak? nj M, =~2 6 lg = 3g 25x 10 2 ~ (1.48)(0.013) = 207.86 = 208 modes 1.3 x10 (b) Step index fiber: Case 1: 4=820nm NA=\nj-™ = V(1.48)" - (1.46) NA =0.242 Normalized frequency 2na =-—— NA vr 2nx 25x 10-% 320 x10°® x 0.242 = 46.35 x Number of modes V= Number of modes Mgr 2 Introduction to Communication 1.55 46.35)? Msi = 6.35" = 1074.16 Msgr 1074 modes Case 2: A=1.3um Normalized frequency 2na ya2ne 7 NA - 6 yu 2RX25x 10 Taxgr8 0242 =29.24 Number of modes Mg; = x 2 Mgr= eae = 427.48 Mg,= 427 modes Conclusion Number of modes guided in the step index fiber is approximately twice that of number of modes guided in the graded index fiber. Problem 1.11: A Wavelength of light is propagating at 820 nm in a graded index fiber having a parabolic index profile core radius of 254m. ny =1.48 & n= 1.46. Calculated numerical aperture at r=20ym Solution n= 1.48 ng = 1.46 r=20pm 2. = 820nm Parabdlic index profile a= 2 NA()= NAN )1 fe for rsa 1.56 tical Communication and. NA (0)=Vni—n3 NA (0) = Va.48) - (1.46) = 0.242 NA (20 » m) = 0.1452 Note: Numerical aperture is function of radius. It is decreasing radially from fiber axis. It is maximum along the fiber axis. Problem 1.12: A point source of light is 12em below the surface of a large body of water (n = 1.33 for water). What is the radius of the largest circle on the water surface through which the light can emerge? ‘Solution Given r=12cm ny = 1.38 From Snell’s law njsin 0; = ngsin 0 Here 6, = 90° ASF SI 301 6, =sin {iss} 15 From the triangle tan 0, = r= (tan 0,) 12x 10°? = 12x 10° "tan 48°75 r= 13.6 cm =0.136m Problem 1.18: Light travelling in air strikes a glass plane at an angle 8, =33° where is measured between the incoming ray and the glass surface upon striking the glass, part of the beam is reflected and reflected beams make an angle of 90° with each other, what is the critical angle for this glass? Solution Apply Snell’s Law nycos 0; = ngc0s0y Where nj = 1, 8; = 33°, 6 = 90° - 33° = 57° Air n, 6 = 33° % Glass ng Critical angle 1.58 Communication and Short Question and Answers 1. State Snell’s Law. ny sin $1 =ng sin $9 sing) ng sind. my, $1= Incident angle o= Refracted angle n,= Refractive index of medium 1 ng= Refractive index of medium 2 2, State law of reflection The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection ie 20) = 20, 3. Define Refraction When light ray travels from medium 1 (air) to medium 2 (glass), bending of light ray may occur. This is called refraction. 4. What is critical angle? When we increase the incident angle with respect to normal, at some incident angle the dielectric of surface and $2 becomes 90° and such incident angle is called critical angle 5. What is total internal reflection? When a light ray is passing from medium 1 to medium 2 with its incident angle greater than critical angle (9; > @,), the light ray is reflected back to medium - 1. There will not be any light transmission (refraction) in medium - 2. This is called total internal reflection. 6. Define Numerical Aperture. Numerical aperture is a figure of merit which represents light gathering or collecting capacity of the fibre. Its value ranges from 0 to 1. It is dimensionless. Numerical aperture for step index fibre can be calculated by the following expression. NA=\n-7y Beemicen 12 Optical Communication System ng on to Communication System ng ; Acceptance angle is the into the core to be Propagat Define Acceptance angle. maximum angle with which the light ited along the fibre. an 8. Differentiate between Mono Mode Fibre and Multimode Fibre. SNo| Mono Mode Fibre Multi Mode Fibre 1 [Only one ray passes through fiber. |More than one ray passes through fiber at a time. 2 |Ray passes along the axis-axial ray|MMSI — Meridional and Skew rays. MMGI ~ Paraxial rays 3 |Core diameter is small Core diameter is large (typically 10 - 12 pm) (typically 50 - 200 pm) Intermodal dispersion is not present|Intermodal dispersion is present Fabricating single mode fibre is|Fabricating multimode fibre is easy difficult 6 |Coupling efficiency is less Coupling efficiency is large 7 [LED is not suitable source for single |LED is suitable for multimode fiber mode fiber 9. What are the limitations of Optical Fibre Communication system? . Optical fibre is made up of glass because of the impurities present within the fibre it result in absorption which leads to loss of light in the Optical fibre. Maximum limitation of the bandwidth of the signals can be carried by the fibre due to spreading of pulse. ¢ It is costly. . Optical fiber has limited bend radius (~ 10 mm) 10. Difference between Step Index fibre and Graded Index fibre. 8.No Step Index Fiber Graded Index Fiber i i high refractive index 1 |The core has uniform refractive|The core has high ref index but step change injalong the axis which gradually core-cladding decreases towards the clad-core interface (radially decreases) 2 |Axial ray Paraxial ray in MMGI Meridonial ray | — MMSI Skew ray 60. Qptical Communication and Networking S.No Step Index Fiber Graded Index Fiber 3 Intermodal dispersion is present in|Intermodal dispersion is reduced in MMSI MMGI 4 [Numerical Aperture is constant [Numerical Aperture is a function of} radius 5 |Step index profile Graded index profile a- Profile factor 6 |Number of modes, M=V2/2. Step|Number of modes, M = V?/4 index supports twice the number of| modes than Graded Index Fiber. 7 |Fabrication is easy Fabrication is difficult 11. What is Meridonial Ray? Meridonial ray is a ray which is passing through fibre axis. Meridonial rays are confined to the meridial planes of the fibre which are the planes that contain the axis of symmetry of the fibre (the core axis) 12, What are Skew Rays? The rays which are not passing through the fibre axis and taking helical path during the propagation are called Skew rays. 13. What are Leaky Rays? ‘The Leaky rays are only partially confined ‘o the core of the circular optical fibre and attenuate as the light travels along the optical waveguide. 14. Compare Ray Optics and Wave Optics. S.No Ray Optics Wave Optics 1 [It is used to represent the direction|It is used to analyze mode theory of light propagation 2 |It is used to study reflection and|It is used to analyze diffraction and refraction of light Interference of light waves 15. Define Mode. Mode is the pattern of distribution of electric and magnetic fields * ‘Transverse Electric Mode (TE) * Transverse Magnetic Mode (TM) Introduction to Optical Communication System 16. List out ways to minimize leaky mode: A mode remains guided as long as (satisfies the condition gk

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