248 Ie should be noted that thre is considerable dis ‘agreement within the profession a to the underly- ing engineering concepts and appropriate practices for SOG design (Marte, 2013]. The design is best to be based on base engineering fundamentals using ‘he displacement values. ‘The preferred construction practice in California fs 2 slab of uniform thickness wth a shallow perim ‘ter beam (Fig. 23.76. n other parts ofthe coun try, thinner slabs combined with interior beams are toed (Fig 237-7) In both design, the primary re- inforcement is generally limited & post tensioning FIGURE?2.3.7-6 Example ofa Post‘Tensioned SOG Ready tobe Cast, California {oman rons ae 08 in (199200 othe orm hho wh pert bears 2 (30m) fepand 10 (2a mm) wie P27) FIGURE 237-7 Example ofa PostTensioned 'SOG Foundation in Texas. (sip 4mSinthck(100¢ 10mm) Beane 2 1581380 Sm aputendon 4005s (2001500) 8) Post-Tensioned Buildings tendons as shown inthe furs —there is nether a mesh or any other reinforcement inthe sab. Now Dresteseed reinforcing bars must be added at dis: ‘continuities, however ‘An alternative sometimes used In California i the ‘wall slab! This option uss a single 05° (13 mm) Straight strand in each wae stem (Fig 237-8). The ‘ods below the waffles are considered to accommo- tate the expansion of the underlying sil better; the ‘ibs provideauded sifiness, 2.3.8 Retrofit through External Post‘Tensloning Posttensioning has been used effectively to correct both strength and deflection deficiencies in bull Ings Posttensioning distinguishes isl rom other alternativer~such as externally applied synthetic fibers and metal strips—in several respects. In ad- dition to adding strength, post tensioning applies force to the structure and affects it In-service cond tion for example by reducing deflections —a unique feature thatsyntheti bers and metal strips cannot ‘fer In addition, when post-teasioning Is applied Jsiciously, Rs active force can reconfigure the prob- able fallre node of a structure, thus enhancing the Structures evel of safety, The following offers an ex ample for exch application. A. PostTersioning Counteracts Deflection and Provides Strength: The schematic ofFig 23.8A-1 I lustrates te basi principle of how an externally ap- plied pos-tenstoned tendon can be used to exert an {pata force and radce the defection of member et LY FIGURE 2.37-8 Post-Tensioned Wat Slab Foundation Systema Corey of ONC, alters 7380) Post-Tensioning ‘This typeof aplication distinguishes ise rom the alternative of externally applied synthetic fibers in that ereduces in-service deflections and ean lose or reduce existing cracks | ‘A notable application of externally applied post tensioning isthe retrofit ofthe seven-story parking structure at Pier 39 in San Francisco [Aalaml eta 1969), (Figs 238A2, and 4) where posttensioning ‘was used fo restore the in-service requirements of the structure and provide the strength necessary to comply with the governing code. The unbonded oan (tment Pet (0) Aplin of externa post tensioning FIGURE 2.3841 Deformation and Strength Corre: ‘lon Through Externally Applied PostTensioning sng fIOURE 23.842 Pler 39 Faking Structure ‘eral pled tendon (an rnc cara P21) (0) bo ver ses ao DETALLS OF RETROFIT FIGURE 23.8A-3 Tendon Deviator and End Block etal (Per 39 Parting Src Sn Fanci) strands used for the retrofit were galvanized and feneased in precast hollow members to provide fire protection (Fig. 2:38A-4). The detall of the devia {orsand the end block for svessingare shown in Fi 23043, 1, Retrofit through External Post-Tensioning to ‘Change Failure Mode: The active force” of external ‘post-ensioning canbe used to enhance the strength fxpacty of a Noor system, and bring tito comple lance withthe prevailing bullding code. The concept rests on mobilizing more ofthe existing reinforce rent ina floor system to resist design loads thas ‘been successfully applied to retrofit lors that are deficient in strength [Aalamt etal, 1995). The con ‘cepts described nex followed by an example of ts ‘pplication, ‘Atypical Noor layout ofa parking level constructed Using a column-supported two-way floor system Is shown in Fig. 2388-1. With increasing load, the structore wil develop the fulure mechanism shown n2388-2a and. Tae applied load wil be resisted byimernal moments developed along the hinge ins 8 shown, There wil be cracking along these hinge lines, at the top ofthe slab aver the columns and at