/ CHAPTER 6 (b) For B = 210cosxcos 10° (T), ns pans” [ cosxdrdy) = 6235010" «V). a =-100— 1071 Meat 105 (105010 on fa (c) For B = 210cosxsin2ycos 10% (T), a , c os ntyas Vout = -1005- (s0eoe10 1 Prrvas fans yd ) see Problem 6.4 A stationary conducting loop with internal resistance of 0.5 is placed in a time-varying magnetic field. When the Joop is closed, a current of 2.5 A flows through it. What will the current be if the loop is opened to create a small gap and a 2-0 resistor is connected across its open ends? Solution: Vem¢ is independent of the resistance which is in the loop. Therefore, when the loop is intact and the internal resistance is only 0.5.9, .25.V. Vent = 2.5 x0.5 2= When the small gap is created, the total resistance in the loop is infinite and the current flow is zero. With a 2-Q resistor in the gap, 1 Vemt/(2.2-40.5 2) = 1.25. V/2.52=0.5 (A). eee Problem 6.5 A circular-loop TV antenna with 0.01 m? area is in the presence of a uniform-amplitude 300-MHz signal. When oriented for maximum response, the loop develops an emf with a peak value of 20 (mV). What is the peak magnitude of B of the incident wave? Solution: ‘TV loop antennas have one tum. At maximum orientation, Eq. (6.5) evaluates to © = {B-ds = BA for a loop of area A and a uniform magnetic field with magnitude B= |B|. Since we know the frequency of the field is f = 300 MHz, we can express B as B = Bocos (ut + 09) with w = 2n x 300 x 108 rad/s and ot an arbitrary reference phase. From Eq. (6.6), a Vegp= NEE wm AS [Bpc09(01 +00)} = ABoasn( r+ co) Vem is maximum when sin(et +9) = 1. Hence, 20. 107? = ABow = 107? x Bo x Gr x 10°, mika relat Bp > 106 (bqon)253 [-£10 (em)] dy eee Es = 4tx 1077 x 2.5cos(2n x 10%) x 107! a ee " 0.55 x 1077 cos(2m x 104s) (Wb). = 0.55 x 2m x 104 sin(2m x 104) x 10-7 Vert = — “Gp = 3.45 x 10? sin(2n x 10%) (V). (b) 3 in a = ee sin(2n x 104) =0.69sin(2n x 1041) (mA). ‘Att =0, B is a maximum, it points in —S-direction, and since it varies as cos(2n x 1041), it is decreasing. Hence, the induced current has to be CCW when ooking down on the loop, as shown in the figure. Problem 6.7 The rectangular conducting loop shown in Fig. 6-20 (P6.7) rotates at 6,000 revolutions per minute in a uniform magnetic flux density given by B=950 (mT). Determine the current induced in the loop if its internal resistance is 0.5 2. Solution: o= [3-4 = 950 1073-9(2x 3x 10) coso(r) = 3x 10- cost), oft) = or = EEX 10, 200m (rads), = 3x 10-%cos(200Rr) (Wb), aD _ 51075 x 200nsin(200n1) = 18.85 x 10-sin(200m) (V), “a Ve Jina = GE = 37-7sin(2O0Rt) (mA). Vemt254 CHAPTER 6 — B 3em| —_ B y Co © Figure P6.7: Rotating loop in a magnetic field (Problem 6.7). ‘The direction of the current is CW (if looking at it along —&-direction) when the loop is in the first quadrant (0 << n/2). The current reverses direction in the second quadrant, and reverses again every quadrant. Problem 6.8 A rectangular conducting loop 5 cm x10 cm with a small air gap in ‘one of its sides is spinning at 7200 revolutions per minute. If the field B is normal to the loop axis and its magnitude is 5 x 10~§ T, what is the peak voltage induced across the air gap? Solution: _ 2mrad/eycle x 7200 cycles/min a = 240m rads, A= 5emx 10em/(100 cm/m)? = 5.0 x 107? m?. From Eqs. (6.36) or (6.38), Veng = A@Bo sin a; it can be seen that the peak voltage is VPC = AwBo = 5.0.x 1073 x 240n x 5x 107 = 18.85 (kV). Problem 6.9 A 50-cm-long metal rod rotates about the z-axis at 180 revolutions per minute, with end 1 fixed at the origin as shown in Fig. 6-21 (P6.9). Determine the induced emf Vi2 if B = 23 x 10-*T. Solution: Since B is constant, Vemr = Vip. The velocity u for any point on the bar is given by uwCHAPTER 6 235 Figure P69: Rotating rod of Problem 6.9. From Eq. (6.24), : Va= a= ff (oxB)-at= f°, (snr x83 10") Far 0 = 180 x10 f rdr r=05 0 = 9nx 10-47] las 9m x 10 x0.25=-707 (nV). ——_—_—— Problem 6.10 The loop shown in Fig. 6-22 (P6.10) moves away from a wire ‘carrying a current y = 10 (A) at a constant velocity u = 95 (m/s). If R = 10.0 and the direction of fis as defined in the figure, find fy as a function of yp, the distance between the wire and the loop. Ignore the internal resistance of the loop. The two identical resistors are in series, so 2 = Veut/2R, where the induced voltage is due to motion of the loop and is given by Eq. (6.26): Vout = Vine = of (4B). ‘The magnetic field B is created by the wire carrying /,. Choosing 2 to coincide with the direction of fy, Eq. (5.30) gives the external magnetic field of a long wire to be = gh BabCHAPTER 6 287 Sliding contact, Figure P6.11: Rotating cylinder in a magnetic field (Problem 6.11). The cylinder, whose radius is $.cm and height 10 cm, has sliding contacts at its top and bottom connected to a voltmeter. Determine the induced voltage. Solution: The surface of the cylinder has velocity u given by 1,200 60 Va ['tuxp)-aim [°'Ganxe6)-2ae u=$or=$2nx 5x10"? =$2n (mis), ~3.77 (WV). Problem 6.12 The electromagnetic generator shown in Fig, electric bulb with a resistance of 100 Q. If the loop area is 0.1 m? and it rotates at 3,600 revolutions per minute in a uniform magnetic flux density Bo = 0.2 T, determine the amplitude of the current generated in the light bulb, Solution: From Eq, (6.38), the sinusoidal voltage generated by the a-c generator is Vert = A@DBo sin( «at +Co) = Vo sin( cot +Co). Hence, Yo = AtaBy = 0.1 x 7X3 997.54 cv), 1 wo Tt as (mA) Problem 6.13 The circular disk shown in Fig. 6-24 (P6.13) lies in the x-y plane and rotates with uniform angular velocity @ about the z-axis. The disk is of radius a and is present in a uniform magnetic flux density B = 289. Obtain an expression for the emf induced at the rim relative to the center of the disk.258 CHAPTER 6 Figure P6.13: (a) Velocity vector u. distance r, the velocity is Solution: Ata rz u=$or where @ is the angle in the x-y plane shown in the figure. The induced voltage is v = [oxp)-ai= [idan xand-tan § x Zis along #. Hence, Section 6-7: Displacement Current Problem 6.14 The plates of a. parallel- and are separated by 1 cm. The capacitor is filled with a dielectric material withwa CHAPTER 6 259 € = 4eo, and the voltage across it is given by V(t) = 20cos 2m x 10° (V). Find the displacement current. Solution: Since the voltage is of the form given by Eq. (6.46) with Vo = 20 V and = 2n x 10° radis, the displacement current is given by Eq. (6.49): eA fax —[Mowsinor 4x 8.854 x 10-!? x 10x 10-4 a Txi0-? % 20x 2n x 10° sin(2n x 10°) = —445sin(2nx 10°r) (uA). Problem 6.15 A coaxial capacitor of length ! = 6 cm uses an insulating dielectric ‘material with e, = 9. The radii of the cylindrical conductors are 0.5 cm and 1 cm. If the voltage applied across the capacitor is V(0) = 100sin(120m) (Vv), What is the displacement current? | t = | T | | ab | 4 Figure P6.15: Solution: To find the displacement current, we need to know E in the dielectric space between the cylindrical conductors. From Eqs. (4.114) and (4.115), LoOsin(120R1) | 41443 sctzom) (Vim),260 CHAPTER 6 D=eE = ee = P9885 x 107"? x sin(120n2) r 15 x 10-8 ‘The displacement current flows between the conductors through an imaginary cylindrical surface of length / and radius r. The current flowing from the outer ‘conductor to the inner conductor along ~ crosses surface $ where in(120Rr) (Ci?) #2arl. Hence, sn(120n)) =(—P2nr!) 1.15 x 107® x 120m x 2ntcos(120nr) = 1.63c0s(120m1) (WA). Alternatively, since the coaxial capacitor is lossless, its displacement current has to ‘be equal to the conduction current flowing through the wires connected to the voltage sources. The capacitance of a coaxial capacitor is given by (4.116) as nel in()* ‘The current is I= cf a {120m x 10060s(120n1)] = 1.63c0s(120m1) WA), which is the same answer we obtained before. ——— Problem 6.16 The parallel-plate capacitor shown in Fig. 6-25 (P6.16) is filed with a lossy dielectric material of relative permittivity e, and conductivity 6. The separation between the plates is d and each plate is of area A. The capacitor is connected to a time-varying voltage source V(t). (a) Obtain an expression for /e, the conduction current flowing between the plates inside the capacitor, in terms of the given quantities. %CHAPTER 6 261 Figure P6.16: Parallel-plate capacitor containing a lossy dielectric material (Problem 6.16). (b) Obtain an expression for J, the displacement current flowing inside the capacitor. (e) Based on your expression for parts (a) and (b), give an equivalent-circuit representation for the capacitor. (d) Evaluate the values of the circuit elements for A = 2.¢m?, 6 =2:5 (S/m), and V(t) = 10cos(3n x 10%) (V) =0.5 em, €,=4, Solution: ° ant, petals oA’ ar] (b) aD dE eAa a (©) The conduction current is directly proportional to V, as characteristic of a resistor, whereas the displacement current varies as dV /2t, which is characteristic of a capacitor. Hence, @Equivalent Circuit ‘Actual Circ Figure P6.16: (a) Equivalent circuit. 4x 8.85 x 1071? x 2.x 10% 7 05x 10~ ————_—_— Problem 6.17 An electromagnetic wave propagating in seawater has an electric field with a time variation given by E = 2£ocosa. If the permittivity of water is 81ep and its conductivity is 4 (S/m), find the ratio of the magnitudes of the conduction current density to displacement current density at each of the following frequencies: (a) 1 kHz, (b) 1 MHz, (c) 1 GHz, () 100 GHz, Solution: From Eq. (6.44), the displacement current density is given by a Ja= 5D= = 142x107 F ae and, from Eq, (4.67), the conduction current is J = taking the ratio of the magnitudes, 2 = Je (a) At f = I kHz, = 2m x 10? rad/s, and J Ja 4 = 888 x 10°. The displacement current is neg (b) At f = 1 MHz, @ = 2n x 108 rad/s, and 4 i ie = Fux 108 x 81 x 8.854 x 10-7? eeeCHAPTER 6 263 ‘The displacement current is practically negli (© At f =1 GHz, @= 2m x 10° rad/s, and 0.888 Neither the displacement current nor the conduction current are negligible. () At f = 100 GHz, = 2nx 10" rad/s, and 4 3 Fax TOT REI xEBSE RIOT ~ 88x10 ‘The conduction current is practically negligible. ——— Sections 6-9 and 6-10: Continuity Equation and Charge Dissipation Problem 6.18 At 1 = 0, charge density pyo was introduced into the interior of a material with a relative permittivity ¢-=4eo. If at t= 1 ns the charge density has dissipated down to 10~pyo, what is the conductivity of the material? Solution: We start by using Eq. (6.61) to find %;: Po(t) = Poe", or 107 pvo = proe which gives 6 into = 12, t or (s). But ¢, = €/a = 4e0/s. Hence eq _ 4x 8.854 x 10-1? % 145 x 10-7 ——— = 2.44 x 1074 (S/m).