Chapter 7 14 Subsistence Patterns

Chapter 7 — Subsistence Patterns
1. A subsistence strategy may involve various elements. Which of the following traits most accurately define
subsistence?
a. How people make money
b. How people grow, harvest, prepare, transport, market, and eat food
c. How people eat, preserve, grow, and transport food
d. How people preserve and market food
e. How people grow, harvest, and sell food
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Human Adaptation, p. 152
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.10.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?
2. Which of the following is NOT a major food procurement strategy worldwide?

a. Industrial agriculture
b. Horticulture
c. Intensive agriculture
d. Greenhouse cultivation
e. Food foraging
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
3. Which of the following is most linked to processing systems as well as food procurement?
a. Horticulture
b. Food foraging
c. Industrial agriculture
d. Pastoralism
e. Intensive agriculture
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
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4. A society’s environment:
a. has no effect on its food-getting strategy.
b. absolutely determines the food-getting strategy that is its best adaptation.
c. influences its food-getting strategy and sets broad limitations.
d. sets very narrow limits on possible alternative food-getting strategies.
e. is the only thing that affects its food-getting strategy.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.10.7.3 - How have humans adapted to their environments through the ages?
5. In a food desert, you would expect all of the following EXCEPT:

a. communities within an urban area.
b. communities with little or no access to fresh food.
c. communities with limited amounts of edible products.
d. communities with large numbers of fast-food restaurants.
e. communities with over-priced food goods available.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
6. The carrying capacity of an environment:

a. is the uppermost level of productivity that is ecologically sound in an environment.
b. is solely determined by its technology, which can make an environment artificially sound.
c. influences only foraging societies, although there are still realistic limits on all environments.
d. refers only to the amount of wild plants and animals in an area.
e. refers to the amount of humans that can be profitable in a given amount of space.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Environment and Technology, p. 156
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.10.7.2 - How do technology and environment influence food-getting
strategies?

7. Kevin Krajick’s research in Peru on Incan agricultural strategies has revealed that:
a. although agriculture had not reached the carrying capacity of the area, such a fragile environment cannot
sustain high production yields.
b. they practiced conservation methods while maximizing production on their lands.
c. their agricultural strategies caused irreparable damage to the highland environment.
d. they grew only very limited and specialized cultigens, such as corn and rice.
e. the Inca understood agriculture and agricultural techniques much better than modern-day farmers.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Adapting to One's Environment, p. 154
8. Which of the following statements is true?

a. A society cannot exceed the carrying capacity of its environment.
b. A society cannot easily increase food production far beyond their carrying capacity.
c. A society can easily exceed its carrying capacity.
d. No environment has a fixed carrying capacity.
e. Societies usually stay far below their carrying capacities.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
strategies?
9. The food-getting strategy used by humans for most of their existence is:
a. cattle herding.
b. intensive agriculture.
c. horticulture.
d. hunting and gathering.
e. cultivation.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 158

10. Which of the following statements about optimal foraging theory is true?
a. Foragers store food for a season only.
b. Foragers take only the plants and animals they need to subsidize their caloric intake.
c. Foragers seek out food sources based on whether they will be worth the effort.
d. Foragers no longer exist in the world; all peoples today use food production techniques.
e. Foragers very frequently exceed the carrying capacity of their environments.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
11. In today’s world, hunters and gatherers are found:

a. on land very poorly suited for agriculture.
b. in a few, very dense populations.
c. living permanently on arid lands near waterholes, where animals can be easily hunted.
d. living in large extended families.
e. only in Africa.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
12. Which of the following statements about foraging societies is true?

a. They have fairly dense populations.
b. They are typically sedentary, not nomadic.
c. They occupy some of the world’s best farmland.
d. Their basic social unit is the family or band.
e. They do not have access to necessary resources to survive.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 158-159

13. The Ju/’hoansi (!Kung San) inhabit:

a. the Gobi desert of inner Asia.
b. the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa.
c. the Ituri forest of the Congo.
d. the Great Plains of the western United States.
e. the Amazon jungle.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
14. The Ju/’hoansi residing in //Nhoq’ma village are in a transition phase in which:
a. they are involved in ecotourism, enabling tourists to visit them.
b. they have become expert hunters, relying on meat for their caloric intake.
c. they rely on sharing and interdependence for their survival.
d. accumulation of material goods is important to their ranked society.
e. they are carrying out agriculture in addition to hunting and gathering.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
15. The technology of traditional hunter-gatherers is distinctive in that it:

a. is able to harness extremely high levels of energy from a poor environment.
b. is predominantly based on manual tools fashioned from their natural environment.
c. requires high energy input from outside their habitat.
d. is so rudimentary that they struggle endlessly for mere subsistence.
e. is not adaptive to any particular environment, but is a form of broad-spectrum technology.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1

16. Food production became important for humans approximately:

a. 1.2 million years ago.
b. 450,000 years ago.
c. 10,000 years ago.
d. 4,200 years ago.
e. 2,000 years ago.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
17. The Inuit of the Arctic region:

a. hunt reindeer but not seals; they believe the latter are sacred.
b. seldom have an adequate protein supply.
c. rely heavily on horticulture.
d. rely on modern technology to aid in their food collecting strategies.
e. hunt both reindeer and seals, but not whales.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
18. Which of the following statements about Inuit social organization is FALSE?
a. The Inuit gather into large hunting parties to hunt seals, fish, and caribou. During the summer months they live
in small, nuclear families.
b. The Inuit hunt caribou and fish in small groups and hunt for seals in large hunting parties.
c. The Inuit always hunt in small groups of men who are related to each other by blood or marriage.
d. The Inuit live in permanent settlements and hunt only sporadically in small groups.
e. The Inuit no longer live a traditional hunting and gathering life, but they do hunt occasionally in large groups.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1

19. Recent research on hunters-gatherers indicates all of the following EXCEPT:

a. some hunter-gatherers have never had direct contact with technologically-advanced populations.
b. some hunter-gatherers are chronically undernourished.
c. there are occasional seasonal fluctuations in the hunter-gatherer diet.
d. many hunter-gatherers spend significantly less amounts of time in subsistence than we originally thought.
e. some hunter-gatherers have been involved in raiding and fighting with other groups.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
20. Which of the following statements is true about traditional hunters and gatherers?
a. They live in harsh environments on the verge of extinction and starvation.
b. They use primitive tools, which are generally non-functional.
c. They are sedentary subsistence farmers requiring annual relocation of the main house.
d. They depend closely on the natural environment for their subsistence strategy.
e. They survive on a limited range of food stuffs acquired only by trade.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
21. Which form of hunting do many world global economies depend on?
a. Bow hunting
b. Rifle hunting
c. Trapping
d. Fishing
e. Spearing
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1

22. What is a locavore?

a. A person who hunts and gathers
b. A type of animal that lives in arid environments
c. A person who eats primarily locally-grown foods
d. A person who eats only organic foods
e. A diet that is based on both vegetables and meat
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
23. The domestication of plants may be a result of all of the following EXCEPT:
a. population pressure and territoriality.
b. sufficient technology and knowledge related to plant manipulation.
c. adequate knowledge of the environment.
d. settlement and subsistence patterns, and related human decision-making.
e. people’s inability to adapt to changes in the environment.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
24. The Neolithic Revolution stimulated all of the following EXCEPT:

a. a growth in population size.
b. a greater division of labor.
c. more permanent settlements.
d. a reduced amount of productive labor.
e. a less varied diet
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1

25. The Neolithic Revolution:

a. caused all societies that existed at the time to become shifting cultivators.
b. freed people from ties to the land.
c. gave humans a measure of control over their food supply.
d. caused food collecting societies to disappear.
e. made people much more migratory.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
26. The development of crop cultivation makes specialization of labor possible because:
a. there is little need for more technology.
b. group intelligence improves with a cereal-based diet.
c. more people can be freed to engage in an activity other than food production since farming is more efficient
than food collecting.
d. the extra time generated by more efficient technology allows people to go to school and learn much more
complex trades.
e. the trade that results from all forms of crop cultivation motivates societies to specialize in order to control the
market.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
27. How did the applied project of Susan Andreatta help fishermen in Carteret County, NC?
a. It involved direct marketing to increase awareness of local fish and fishermen among the community so that
they would buy locally.
b. It helped fishermen improve their technology so that they could fish in deeper waters and bring in more
marketable fish.
c. It created a training program for local fishermen so that they could find non-fishing-related jobs in the local
economy.
d. It supported fish-farming so that fishermen could provide fish to the market as demand increased.
e. It directed young people to professions other than fishing so that the cycle of poverty could be ended.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1

28. What is a paleopathologist?

a. A cultural anthropologist who studies diseases in contemporary populations
b. A physical anthropologist who studies disease among ancient peoples
c. A medical anthropologist who studies the relationship between disease and culture
d. An archaeologist who studies ancient fossils
e. An archaeologist who studies daily life among cave people
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
29. All of the following are results of the advent of maize farming EXCEPT:
a. there was a 300% increase in bone lesions.
b. there was a drop in life expectancy.
c. there was increased malnutrition.
d. there was a 50% increase in tooth enamel decay.
e. there was an increase in nutrition.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
30. Horticulture refers to the type of farming that:

a. relies on irrigation systems and fertilizers.
b. relies predominantly on hand tools for household consumption.
c. uses human and animal energy to bring high yields of crops.
d. produces a large surplus for market.
e. involves hired labor or cooperative fields.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1

31. The slash-and-burn method requires:

a. an extensive land use system with a lengthy fallow period.
b. the use of purchased fertilizers to put nutrients back in the soil.
c. low biomass, so there is not much to interfere with planting.
d. the use of tractors or draft animals, minimizing the need for a labor force.
e. the use of domesticated animals for plowing.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
32. Which two terms are synonymous with shifting cultivation?

a. Slash-and-burn farming and pastoralism
b. Swidden cultivation and horticulture
c. Slash-and-burn farming and swidden cultivation
d. Swidden cultivation and horticulture
e. Extensive cultivation and horticulture
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
33. People who practice horticulture:

a. typically use irrigation systems.
b. must shift their homes when they shift their fields.
c. grow tree crops, seed crops, or root crops.
d. do not bother with a fallow period.
e. usually keep domesticated animals for beasts of burden.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1

34. Nomadic pastoralism:

a. prevents people from raising as much livestock as they could if they did not migrate.
b. involves the raising of camels and cattle only.
c. does not involve any kind of commercial trade.
d. never includes cultivation of any type of grain.
e. has no permanent villages.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
35. Transhumance pastoralism is a migratory pattern that:

a. only occurs in the flatlands of Uganda.
b. is found among the Kazaks of Eurasia.
c. is used only with camel herders.
d. involves seasonal movement of herds between upland and lowland pastures.
e. involves very little movement of herds, only between households and market.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
36. Melville Herskovits, who worked among East African pastoralists, contends “the cattle complex” refers to cattle as:
a. status symbols, a food source, and a source of personal attachment.
b. animal fetishes and a food source.
c. animal psychoses.
d. the “hamburger connection.”
e. an animal honored by that society.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1

37. Which statement about the Maasai is FALSE?

a. They are being forced to settle on permanent ranches.
b. They have been very successful at managing their environment.
c. For generations, they have supplemented their diet with agricultural products.
d. They engage in controlled burning to provide better pasturage for their cattle.
e. They have experienced enormous sociocultural changes in the last 40 years.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
38. The distinguishing feature of most pastoralist societies is that they:

a. never engage in warfare.
b. always live in a desert.
c. specialize in herding, grazing, and/or browsing animals.
d. consume unusually large quantities of meat.
e. produce many commercial items for the market.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
39. Which of the following events was most devastating to the pastoral Maasai?
a. Deforestation
b. Colonialism
c. Drought
d. Independence
e. Advent of the automobile
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1

40. Which of the following statements is true about agriculture?

a. It has access to a much smaller supply of available energy than that of other food-procurement strategies.
b. It relies on animal power, mechanized technology, and non-mechanized technology for production.
c. It usually fails to produce surplus food.
d. It almost always lacks an adequate supply of labor.
e. It relies on gas-powered tractors and other forms of modern technology.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
41. During what historical time period did agriculture emerge?

a. About 11,000 years ago
b. About 5,000 years ago
c. About 9,000 years ago
d. About 3,000 years ago
e. About 1,000 years ago
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
42. Specialization in agriculture may result in all of the following EXCEPT:

a. increased tendency to grow cash crops and buy food in the marketplace.
b. increased reliance on a limited number of crop varieties.
c. development of increasing surplus of crops.
d. decreased importance of the family owned/operated farm.
e. less specialization of labor.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1

43. Which of the following statements is true about peasant populations?

a. They are only found in Europe.
b. They are tied to larger political units.
c. They produce no surplus.
d. They provide only a small amount of food for urban populations.
e. They are individuals who own sufficient landholdings to produce what they need annually.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
44. As a group, peasants can be distinguished from modern farmers because they produce primarily:
a. to accumulate wealth.
b. for family subsistence.
c. to pay for religious ceremonies.
d. for reinvestment of capital.
e. for export.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
45. Peasants in an agricultural society do NOT:

a. have an important relationship with the cities.
b. almost always occupy the lowest strata of a society.
c. provide for most of the dietary needs of the city-dwellers.
d. have a great deal of political power.
e. pay rents and taxes to those with greater power.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1

46. Which of the following statements is NOT associated with industrialized agriculture?
a. It relies on technological sources of energy for production.
b. It relies on monocrop production — single crops produced on large acreages.
c. It has caused considerable environmental destruction.
d. It has led to water pollution and soil contamination in some areas.
e. It has led to the flow of capital from wealthier nations to poorer ones.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
47. Environmental consequences related to industrial agricultural often led to:

a. less soil erosion.
b. an increase in genetically-modified foods.
c. a decrease in deforestation rates.
d. a reduction in soil and water contamination.
e. a decrease in fuel and machinery costs.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
48. Which of the following has the highest degree of labor specialization?
a. Pastoralism
b. Horticulture
c. Intensive agriculture
d. Foraging
e. Swidden agriculture
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1

49. Which of the following is NOT an alternative to industrialized agriculture?

a. Intensive agriculture
b. Local fishery projects
c. Community gardens
d. Back-to-the-land movements
e. Farmers' markets
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective, p. 177-179
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.10.7.4 - What applied initiatives have taken place to foster support for local
food systems?
50. Each of following statements about resistance to industrial agriculture is true EXCEPT:
a. most farmers' markets get their foods from local industrial agriculturalists.
b. industrial agriculture has caused numerous environmental problems.
c. the International Slow Food Movement is part of the resistance to industrial agriculture.
d. there is an increasing value placed on small farmers and their lands.
e. there is a growing resistance to industrial agriculture today.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective, p. 178
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.10.7.4 - What applied initiatives have taken place to foster support for local
food systems?
51. The environment sets broad limits on subsistence.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Human Adaptation, p. 152-153
52. Human adaptation occurs exclusively through cultural advances. This is the hallmark of being human.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1

53. Some indigenous societies exploited their environments and caused ecological damage.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Adapting to One's Environment, p. 154
strategies?
54. When its carrying capacity is exceeded, an environment is damaged.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
strategies?
55. Foraging societies have among the lowest population densities.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
56. Foragers today use only traditional technology, such as bows and arrows and digging sticks.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
57. Clearly, huntergatherers are the “original affluent society.”

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1

58. Today, some of the Ju/’hoansi are participating in the ecotourist market.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
59. The Inuit divide their year into two hunting seasons.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
60. Recently, Canada created a new territory known as the Northern Territories for the Inuit peoples.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
61. The Neolithic Revolution occurred about 5,000 years ago.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
62. Domestication is a form of taming an animal.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1

63. Domestication negatively affected human health patterns.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
64. Slash-and-burn method is a primary technique of agriculturalists.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
65. Seed crops require more nutrients than root crops.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
66. Sedentary ranching and dairy farming is a type of pastoralism.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
67. The Kazaks are associated with a “cattle complex.”

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1

68. The Maasai follow a watering schedule when they congregate seasonally at waterholes.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
69. Invention of the wheel, use of fertilizer and draft animals, and irrigation are all innovations that have made agriculture
possible.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
70. Intensive agriculture requires a great investment of both labor and capital, but it does support more people per unit of
land than horticulture can.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
71. List the five major foodprocurement categories found among the world’s populations.
ANSWER: They are hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, and industrialized
agriculture.
POINTS: 1
72. Define and explain the concept of carrying capacity.

ANSWER: It is the maximum number of people a given society can support, given available
resources.
POINTS: 1
strategies?

73. What is the optimal foraging theory?

ANSWER: It is the theory that foragers will take the animals and plant species that tend to
maximize their caloric return for the time spent searching, killing, collecting, and
preparing food.
POINTS: 1
strategies?
74. Name four characteristics (or generalizations) about foraging societies.

ANSWER: They have low population densities, are usually nomadic, are divided into families or
bands in a loose federation, and occupy marginal environments.
POINTS: 1
75. What is a locavore and what can we learn from the emergence of this new type of strategy?
ANSWER: It is a person who eats foods that are primarily grown locally. It shows us that
subsistence systems are continuously changing and adapting.
POINTS: 1
76. Define and describe domestication.

ANSWER: It is a process by which animals and plants are genetically altered to produce desirable
traits.
POINTS: 1
77. List five consequences of the change to food production.

ANSWER: It includes increase in population, more sedentary population, a greater division of labor
and specialization, decline in overall health, environmental change, and increased social
inequality.
POINTS: 1

78. What is shifting cultivation?

ANSWER: It is a food production pattern that involves clearing the land by manually cutting down
the growth, burning it, and planting in the burned area. Land is depleted in several years
and allowed to lie fallow to restore its fertility.
POINTS: 1
79. Distinguish between the two types of pastoralism.

ANSWER: Nomadic pastoralists take advantage of seasonal fluctuations to maximize their herds’
food supplies, while transhumant pastoralists move their animals between lowland and
upland pastures.
POINTS: 1
80. What are some noticeable changes in food-getting strategies since the late 18th century?
ANSWER: Agriculture is largely commercialized, majority of food is sold to nonproducers for
currency, and industrialized agriculture requires complex systems of market exchange.
POINTS: 1
81. Discuss the nature of human adaptation. By what means do humans adapt to their environments? Provide examples.
ANSWER: Will vary
POINTS: 1
82. What is the relationship between carrying capacity and technology?

ANSWER: Will vary
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Environment and Technology, p. 156-158
strategies?
83. Compare and contrast the livelihoods and social organization of the Ju/’hoansi and the Inuit.
ANSWER: Will vary
POINTS: 1

84. The time period of the Neolithic Revolution changed the nature of human society. Consider the differences between
food-gathering and food-producing societies. Name at least five major differences and defend whether you consider
them positive or negative changes for societies.
ANSWER: Will vary
POINTS: 1
85. The Neolithic Revolution brought both positive and negative changes to humans and human societies. Make a list of
both positive and negatives consequences and then discuss whether you believe the changes were mainly positive or
negative overall.
ANSWER: Will vary
POINTS: 1
86. Consider how life would be different without the Neolithic Revolution. What aspects of your daily life would be
different if the process of domestication had never occurred?
ANSWER: Will vary

POINTS: 1
87. In what type of environment is pastoralism practiced? How does transhumance pastoralism differ from nomadic
pastoralism? Describe the social relations and type of population that can be supported by this strategy.
ANSWER: Will vary
POINTS: 1
88. What characteristics distinguish industrial agriculture from horticulture? What impact has industrial agriculture had on
the environment and on marginal groups?
ANSWER: Will vary
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 168-171, 177-179

89. Peasants have played a very important historical role in the development of state societies. Why has this social class
played such a central role in political and state affairs?
ANSWER: Will vary
POINTS: 1
90. Create a chart of four major food-getting strategies. Identify the population size, permanency of settlement,
surpluses, trade, labor specialization, and class differences associated with each.
ANSWER: Will vary
POINTS: 1

Chapter 7 14 Subsistence Patterns

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Chapter 7 14 Subsistence Patterns

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Chapter 7 — Subsistence Patterns

2. Which of the following is NOT a major food procurement strategy worldwide?

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5. In a food desert, you would expect all of the following EXCEPT:

6. The carrying capacity of an environment:

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8. Which of the following statements is true?

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11. In today’s world, hunters and gatherers are found:

12. Which of the following statements about foraging societies is true?

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13. The Ju/’hoansi (!Kung San) inhabit:

15. The technology of traditional hunter-gatherers is distinctive in that it:

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16. Food production became important for humans approximately:

17. The Inuit of the Arctic region:

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19. Recent research on hunters-gatherers indicates all of the following EXCEPT:

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22. What is a locavore?

24. The Neolithic Revolution stimulated all of the following EXCEPT:

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25. The Neolithic Revolution:

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28. What is a paleopathologist?

30. Horticulture refers to the type of farming that:

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31. The slash-and-burn method requires:

32. Which two terms are synonymous with shifting cultivation?

33. People who practice horticulture:

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34. Nomadic pastoralism:

35. Transhumance pastoralism is a migratory pattern that:

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37. Which statement about the Maasai is FALSE?

38. The distinguishing feature of most pastoralist societies is that they:

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40. Which of the following statements is true about agriculture?

41. During what historical time period did agriculture emerge?

42. Specialization in agriculture may result in all of the following EXCEPT:

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43. Which of the following statements is true about peasant populations?

45. Peasants in an agricultural society do NOT:

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47. Environmental consequences related to industrial agricultural often led to:

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49. Which of the following is NOT an alternative to industrialized agriculture?

51. The environment sets broad limits on subsistence.

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54. When its carrying capacity is exceeded, an environment is damaged.

55. Foraging societies have among the lowest population densities.

57. Clearly, hunter­gatherers are the “original affluent society.”

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61. The Neolithic Revolution occurred about 5,000 years ago.

62. Domestication is a form of taming an animal.

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63. Domestication negatively affected human health patterns.

64. Slash-and-burn method is a primary technique of agriculturalists.

65. Seed crops require more nutrients than root crops.

66. Sedentary ranching and dairy farming is a type of pastoralism.

67. The Kazaks are associated with a “cattle complex.”

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72. Define and explain the concept of carrying capacity.

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57. Clearly, huntergatherers are the “original affluent society.”