MUPD 652- Theory on Urban Form and Design

MUPD 652-城市形态与设计理论

THE URBAN DESIGN READER

城市设计读本
Edited by Michael Larice and
Elizabeth Macdonald
迈克尔·拉里斯和伊丽莎
白·麦克唐纳编辑

THE THIRD TYPOLOGY

THE THIRD TYPOLOGY
From Oppositions 7 (1976)
From Oppositions 7 (1976)
Anthony Vidler
Anthony Vidler
 GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE:
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE:
TYPOMORPHOLOGY
TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design
Anne Vernez Moudon
(1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

Reading by Dalal Farhat HARB dh1203490

Instructor: Dr. M. Essam Hallak
教师:埃桑·哈拉克博士
 Introduction to TYP-MORPHOLOGY
TYP 简介-形态学

 Typology Refers to the study of categorized form types in architecture and

increasingly in urban design and landscape architecture as well. As opposed to
building type, which refers to functionality, architectural typologies refer to the form
characteristics of buildings
 类型学指的是对建筑中的分类形式类型的研究，在城市设计和景观建筑中也越来
越多。与建筑类型相反，建筑类型指的是建筑的形式特征

 Morphology is the study of larger urban structures, pattern and for issues, it is the
study of the form of human settlements and the process of their formation and
transformation. The study seeks to understand the spatial structure and character of
a metropolitan area, city, town or village by examining the patterns of its component
parts and the process of its development.

 形态学是对更大的城市结构、模式和问题的研究，它是对形式的研究 human
settlements 以及它们的形成和转化过程。该研究旨在了解一个城市的空间结构
 和特征 metropolitan area,city,town 或者 village 通过检查其组成部分的模
式及其发展过程。

 TYPO-MORPHOLOGY: Special attention is given to how the physical form of a city

changes over time and to how different cities compare to each other. Some
Researchers have taken to combining the terms into a new term
 错别字形态学:特别关注城市的物理形态如何随着时间的推移而变化，以及不同
城市之间如何相互比较。一些研究人员已经开始将这些术语合并成一个新术语
“ TYPO-MORPHOLOGY”
“错别字形态”
 “Critiques” and “Urban Components”
From Houses, Palaces, Cities

(1984) Leon Krier

“Critiques” and “Urban Components”

From Houses, Palaces, Cities
(1984) Leon Krier

 Failure of Modern Town planning

 现代城镇规划的失败
 Critiques: Town and
Country [ The Cities within
 the city]
 评论:城市和乡村[城市中
的城市]
 Critique of Zoning
 分区批判
 Critique of Industrialization
 工业化批判
 The Idea of re-construction
 重建的想法
 Urban Components
 城市组成部分
 The Dialectic of building block & urban
space
 积木与城市空间的辩证
 The limits of the perimeter block
 周边街区的界限
 The street & the scale of the building
block
 街道&建筑块的尺度
 High urban density & the modern
 高城市密度与现代
critique of the buildingblock
积木的批判
“Critiques” and “Urban Components”
“评论”和“城市元素”
From Houses, Palaces, Cities

(1984) Leon Krier

《来自房屋、宫殿、城市》
( 1984)
 THE THIRD TYPOLOGY
From Oppositions 7 (1976) `
Anthony Vidler

THE THIRD TYPOLOGY

From Oppositions 7 (1976) `

Anthony Vidler

TYPO- MORPHOLOGY THEORY

MORPHOLOGY THEORY

•• Started
Startedinin
Europe, not North
Europe, America
not North
America

Editors’ Introduction
编辑介绍
 Prior Modernism: Cities and their buildings were derived from intuitive
experiences, traditions, local culture, and available resources.
 前现代主义:城市和它们的建筑源自直觉经验、传统、当地文化和可用资
源。
 In Contract, Modernist designers and planners transcended cultural and local
resource constrains to provide solutions to social problems through revolutionary
approaches to the urban forms. [Radical break].
 在合同中，现代主义的设计师和规划师超越了文化和当地资源的限制，通过
对城市形式的革命性方法来提供社会问题的解决方案。【彻底决裂】。
 Arising in Europe in the 1960s [ same time of Jane Jacob call for planning and
design reform in USA ] a number of designers began questioning the modernist
break with traditional urbanism, such as : Aldo Rossi, Carlo Aymonino, Robert
and Leon Krier .
 兴起于 20 世纪 60 年代的欧洲[简·雅各布呼吁美国进行规划和设计改革的同
时]一些设计师开始质疑现代主义与传统都市主义的决裂，如:阿尔多·罗
西、卡洛·艾莫尼诺、罗伯特和莱昂·克里尔。
THE THIRD TYPOLOGY
From Oppositions 7 (1976)
Anthony Vidler

THE THIRD TYPOLOGY

From Oppositions 7 (1976)
Anthony Vidler

Editors’ Introduction
编辑介绍
 Theories of typology can be traced back to concepts of Platonic ideal form.
 类型学的理论可以追溯到柏拉图的理想形式的概念。
 Quatermere de Quincy: Type was more a rule for creating form, rather than a visual
model of what was to be created.
 Quatermere de Quincy:类型更多的是一种创造形式的规则，而不是一种视觉模
型。
 Accordingly, the practice of typology requires classification of physical form elements
 因此，类型学的实践需要对物理形态元素进行分类
into groups based on: Geometry, use, period of time, symbolism, construction type,
style, etc.
根据几何形状、用途、时期、象征意义、建筑类型、风格等进行分组。
 Designers often use Typology as a kit of tools to be referenced.
 设计师经常使用类型学作为参考工具。
 Vidler avoided external validations of Typology, opting instead for one that is
internally self-referential the city itself.
 维德勒避免了类型学的外部验证，而是选择了一个内部自我参照的城市本身。
 The new Typology arises for many of the same reasons: The desire for continuity in
 这种新的类型学的出现有许多相同的原因:对建筑连续性的渴望
urban form, the importance of function in form-making, And as a critique of an
unsatisfactory modernism.
城市形式，功能在形式制造中的重要性，以及对不尽人意的现代主义的批判。
 Vidler’s third typology can be read as advocacy for empirically-based research in
 维德勒的第三种类型可以被解读为对基于经验的研究的支持
urban form and a contemporary urban design practice associated with the
importance of public space and every day urbanism
城市形态和当代城市设计实践与公共空间和日常都市生活的重要性相关
THE THIRD TYPOLOGY
From Oppositions 7 (1976)
Anthony Vidler

THE THIRD TYPOLOGY

From Oppositions 7 (1976)
Anthony Vidler

 From the middle of eighteenth century, two distinct typologies have informed the
production of Architecture:

 从十八世纪中叶开始，两种截然不同的建筑类型贯穿了建筑的产生:
1. Developed out of the rationalist philosophy of the Enlightenment, and initially
formulated by the Abbe Lauugier, proposed that a natural basis for design was to be
found in the model of the primitive hut.
2. 发展出启蒙运动的理性主义哲学，最初由阿贝·劳吉尔提出，设计的自然基础可
以在原始小屋的模型中找到。
3. Growing out of the need to confront the question of mass production at the end of the
nineteenth century, and most clearly stated by Le Corbusier, proposed that the model
of architectural design should be founded in the production process itself.
4. 十九世纪末，出于面对大规模生产问题的需要，勒·柯布西耶提出，建筑设计的
模型应该建立在生产过程本身。
This
Thisthird
thirdTypology,
Typology,like the firstthe
like two, is clearly
first two,based on reason
is clearly and
based
classification
on reason and as its classification
guiding principles asand its
thus guiding
differs markedly from
principles
those
and latter-day
thus differs romanticisms of “townscape”
markedly from thoseand “strip-city” that
latter-day
have been proposed
romanticisms of as“townscape”
replacements forand Modern Movement urbanism
“strip-city” that
have the
since been proposed as replacements for Modern Movement
fifties.
urbanism since the fifties.
THE THIRD TYPOLOGY
From Oppositions 7 (1976)
Anthony Vidler

THE THIRD TYPOLOGY

From Oppositions 7 (1976)
Anthony Vidler

 The Concept of the city as the site of a new Typology is evidently born of a desire to
stress the continuity of form and history against the fragmentation produced by the
elemental, institutional and mechanistic typologies of the recent past
 作为一种新类型的场所，城市的概念显然是源于强调形式和历史的连续性的愿
望，而不是由最近的过去的基本的、制度的和机械的类型所产生的分裂
 For this Typology, there is no clear set of rules for the transformation and their
 对于这种类型学，没有一套明确的规则用于转换和它们的
objects, nor any polemically (argument) defined set of historical precedents. The
continued vitality of this architectural practice rests in its essential engagement with
the precise demands of the present and not in any holistic mythicization of the past.
对象，也没有任何争论(论点)定义的历史先例。这种建筑实践的持续活力在于
它与现在的精确需求的本质联系，而不是过去的任何整体神话。
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

Editors’
Editors’ Introduction
Introduction
Review ofofthree European
three Schools
European of Thoughts
Schools : by Anne
of Thoughts Vernez
: by Anne
Moudon
Vernez Moudon

•• MURATORI andCANIGGIA
MURATORI and CANIGGIA in
in ITALY
ITALY

Traditional TYPO- MORPHOLOGICAL Pattern: The New Will Harmonize With The Old
传统错别字形态:新旧和谐
•• CONZEN and the
CONZEN and the Urban
UrbanMorphology
Research Group
Morphology in ENGLAND
Research Group in
ENGLAND
Referring to the Geographer M.R.G CONZEN: Has No Prescriptive Motivation,

提到地理学家 M.R.G .康曾:没有规定性的动机，

Focusing Strictly On Research and Analyses
严格专注于研究和分析

• The VERSAILLES’
VERSAILLES’ School in France
School in France

Uses TYPO-MORPHOLOGICAL Methods to develop Socio-Critical Critiques Of Cities,

And Evolving Over Time.

使用错别字形态学的方法来发展对城市的社会批判，并随着时间的推移而演变。
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT
LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
了解建筑景观:标型学
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
来自《空间的排序:建筑和设计中的类型》( 1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon
安妮·韦尔内兹·穆东
 URBAN FORM
城市形态

TYPO- MORPHOLOGY THEORY

典型形态学理论

BUILDINGS TYPES
建筑类型
Morphological Tissues of:
形态组织:

a) Raehoja Plats, Tallinn

b) 塔林雷霍哈高原
c) Cavendish and Hanover Square, London
d) 伦敦卡文迪什和汉诺威广场
e) Pioneer Courthouse Square, Portland
f) 波特兰先锋法院广场
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

TYPO-MORPHOLOGY
错别字形态学
is an unusual approach to urban form:
是一种不同寻常的城市形式:
1. It Considers all scales of the built landscape
from the small room or garden to the large
urbanized area
2. 它考虑了从小房间或花园到大的城市化
地区的所有建筑景观尺度
3. It characterizes urban from as a dynamic and
continuously changing entity immersed in a
dialectic relationship with its produces and
inhabitants.
4. 它把城市描述为一个动态的、不断变化的
实体，沉浸在与它的产品和居民的辩证关
系中。
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

A
A Typo
Typo -morphological
-morphologicalapproach to defining
approach type differs
to defining typefrom other from
differs approaches
other inapproaches
three way

1. Type in Typo-morphology combines the volumetric characteristics of built structures

with their related open spaces to define a built landscape type:
2. 类型形态学将建筑结构的体积特征与其相关的开放空间相结合，以定义建筑景观
类型:
 In opposition to the monumental, site-less typology of Durand
 与杜兰德纪念碑式的无场地类型相反
 The element that links built spaces to open is the lot or parcel, the basic cell of urban
 Fabric.
 将建筑空间与开放空间联系起来的元素是地段或地块，它们是城市结构的基本单
元。
3. The inclusion of land and its subdivisions as a constituent element of type makes land
the link between the buildingscale and the city scale.

4. 将土地及其细分作为类型的组成元素，使得土地成为建筑尺度和城市尺度之间的
纽带。
5. The built landscape type is a Morphologentic. Not a Morpehological, unit because it is
defined by time, the time of its conception, production, use, or mutation.
6. 建成的景观类型是地貌相似的。不是一个形态单位，因为它是由时间定义的，即
它的概念、产生、使用或变异的时间。
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

MURATORI andCANIGGIA
MURATORI and CANIGGIA in
in ITALY
ITALY

 Saverio Muratori
Saverio Muratori & his
& his follower
follower Gianfranco
Gianfranco Caniggia Caniggia analyzed
analyzed the the process
city building city
building process
in traditional in traditional Italian towns.
Italian towns.
 Their analyses
Their analyses restrest on extensive
on extensive classifications
classifications of related
of buildings and buildingsopenand
spaces
related open spaces
extending from their state to their various mutationsover time.
 extending
Their from
work had theirimpact
a major stateonto their
design various
theory mutationsover
and Practice in Italy andtime.
North
 Their work had a major impact on design theory and Practice in Italy
America.
and North America.
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

Sk. Schematic representation of the typological process of residential buildings at three scales - building type, building tissue, urban
fabric. The diachronic process is the mutation of the leading type and occurs in a sequence of phases. In the figure below, for every
leading type a limited and indicative number of synchronic variants are shown according to their position in the block, topography,
etc. All synchronic variants slowly lead to the formation of a new leading type that can be identified only after remarkable
transformations have become apparent. The leading type in a given period can only be found in the contemporary developments
of that period, for existing and consolidated urban fabrics can only accommodate small-scale mutations. In the figure, crises are
indicated by vertical cuts. The specific case corresponds to the period of the Black Death in Europe (1348) after which the city no
longer develops until the nineteenth century, but changes its fabric through adaptive variants. At the end of the crisis, when the
city begins to expand again a loss of spontaneous conscience begins to surface, and the leading type is recreated by merging local
synchronic processes with building models imported from leading cultural areas. The typological process continues at its own pace
despite the break with history claimed by the Modern Movement, at least in Western Europe, although at present the urban fabric
seems unable to recover from urban ruptures.
Sk。住宅建筑在三个尺度上的类型化过程的图示-建筑类型，建筑组织，城市肌理。历时过程是主导类型的突变，发生在
一系列阶段中。在下图中，对于每种主导类型，根据它们在地块、地形等中的位置，显示了有限的和指示性数量的同步变
体。所有的同步变异慢慢导致一种新的主导类型的形成，这种新的主导类型只有在显著的转变变得明显之后才能被识别。
特定时期的主导类型只能在该时期的当代发展中找到，因为现有的和巩固的城市结构只能容纳小规模的突变。在图中，危
机用垂直切面表示。具体案例对应于欧洲黑死病时期(1348 年)，在此之后，直到 19 世纪，城市不再发展，而是通过适应
性变化改变其结构。在危机结束时，当城市再次开始扩张时，自发良知的丧失开始浮出水面，通过将当地的同步过程与从
领先文化地区引入的建筑模型相结合，领先类型被重新创造出来。尽管现代运动宣称与历史决裂，但类型学过程仍以自己
的速度继续，至少在西欧是这样，尽管目前城市结构似乎无法从城市破裂中恢复。
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

Muratori
Muratori

 Muratori is recognized as the early pioneer of the Typo-Morphological trend in Italian

architecture.
 穆拉托里被认为是意大利建筑中类型形态潮流的早期先驱。
 Aldo Rossi & Carlo Aymonino became seminal for Italian architects who, to this date,
 阿尔多·罗西&卡洛·艾莫尼诺成为意大利建筑师的先驱，直到今天，
see urban morphological analysisas a necessary preparatory step for design.
将城市形态分析视为设计的必要准备步骤。
 Muratori: The structure of cities could only be understood historically, with building
 typology as the basis of urban analysis.
 穆拉托里:城市的结构只能从历史上理解，建筑类型学是城市分析的基础。
 Muratori: Urban form and structure, are an aggregate of many ideas, and actions
which are manifested in given buildings and their surroundings spaces, and called
Edilizia.
 穆拉托里:城市的形式和结构，是许多观念和行为的集合，这些观念和行为表现
在给定的建筑和它们周围的空间中，称为 Edilizia。
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

Caniggia
Caniggia

 Explains the human environment as made of “built objects” at four different scales:
 解释了人类环境是由四种不同尺度的“人造物体”构成的:
The building, The group of buildings ( the fabric ) , The city and the region.
建筑、建筑群(织物)、城市和区域。
 Each object is a complex entity made of elements, structures, systems and organisms.
 每个物体都是由元素、结构、系统和有机体组成的复杂实体。
 The built environment is an organism made of components that are them-selves
organisms.
 建筑环境是一个有机体，由本身就是有机体的组成部分构成。
 All built objects that are affected by planning and design activity must be studied
 必须研究所有受规划和设计活动影响的已建物体
from the scale of the single building to the scale of territory within which buildings
are set.
从单个建筑的规模到建筑所在地域的规模。
 Physical cities are not an object but a process: cities are built incrementally with many
 物理城市不是一个物体，而是一个过程:城市是由许多东西逐渐建造起来的
small elements being juxtaposed. An understanding of the formation and
transformation of cities is guided by the analysis of the mutation of the type through
both time and space.
小元素并置。对城市的形成和转变的理解是通过对城市类型在时间和空间上的突
变的分析来指导的。
 Spontaneous Conscience---------Critical conscience
 自发的良知批判的良知
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

Caniggia strictly associates the concept of route to the formation of the building
tissue. He distinguishes several different kinds:
卡尼吉亚严格地将路线的概念与建筑组织的形成联系起来。他区分了几种不同的类
型:
1. Matrix route, existing both in spontaneous and planned form in a territory before any
construction takes place.

2. 矩阵式路线，在任何建设发生之前，以自发和计划的形式存在于一个地区。
3. planned building routes that follow the matrix routes.
4.规划的建筑路线遵循矩阵路线。
5. Connecting routes, linking the first two categories.

6.连接路线，链接前两类。
7. restructuring routes, intervening in mature tissues as conjunctions of new urban poles.

8.重构路线，介入成熟组织作为城市新极的连结点。
Examples of tissues on matrix routes
Examples of tissues on matrix routes
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

Modularity in the built

landscape (Imparted) This
diagram shows how a typical
turn of the century apartment
building in San Francisco fits
into its host fabric. Reading
from the bottom up: Rooms
are grouped to form
apartments, which are then
grouping to form the
apartment building; the land
subdivision pattern organizes
the position of buildings
within the block; blocks fit
into the city according to the
layout of the streets; and the
network of streets fits into the
landscape.
建筑景观中的模块性(传授)
该图展示了旧金山一座典型
的世纪之交公寓建筑如何融
入其主体结构。自下而上阅
读:房间分组形成公寓，公寓
再分组形成公寓楼；土地细
分模式组织街区内建筑物的
位置；街区根据街道的布局
融入城市；街道网络与景观
融为一体。
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT
LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
了解建筑景观:标型学
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
来自《空间的排序:建筑和设计中的类型》( 1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon
安妮·韦尔内兹·穆东

Debates Surroundingthe Muratorian School

围绕村社学派的争论

 Aymonino & Rossi: They established that the modernist and the traditional city
differed in at least two areas: 1] In the ways individual buildings related to the city
as a whole. 2] In the ways individual buildingswere designed.
 Aymonino & Rossi:他们认为现代主义者和传统城市至少在两个方面不同:1]个
体建筑与城市整体的联系方式。个体建筑的设计方式。
[None of the Italian Typo-morphologistsanalyzed the modernist city systematically]
[没有一个意大利典型形态学家系统地分析了现代主义城市]
 Rossi’s Principal concern was to demonstrate the power of what he called the
autonomy of architecture. Elaborating on Muratori’s case against functionalism.
Aymonino claimed: the relationship between typology and morphology has been
reversed, with building types defining individual environments that do not serve a
 collective urban form, such as malls and serve a collective urban form, such as malls
and office parks.

 罗西主要关心的是展示他所谓的建筑自主性的力量。阐述穆拉托里反对功能主
义的理由。Aymonino 声称:类型学和形态学之间的关系被颠倒了，建筑类型定
义了不服务于集体城市形式(如购物中心)的个体环境，而服务于集体城市形式
(如购物中心和办公公园)。
 However: Aymonino and his colleagues accepted the reversed relationship
 然而:Aymonino 和他的同事们接受了相反的关系
between building and city as part of an irreversible change in the socioeconomic
forces that shaped the city.
作为塑造城市的社会经济力量不可逆转的变化的一部分。
 As Muratori and Caniggia: The traditional relationship between building and city
 正如穆拉托里和卡尼吉亚:建筑与城市的传统关系
must be restored in the contemporary city
必须在当代城市中恢复
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

Debates Surroundingthe Muratorian School

围绕村社学派的争论

The Basic question became:

基本问题变成了:
Can there be and should there be any continuity
between existing and new building types?

现有建筑类型和新建筑类型之间是否可以并
且应该有任何连续性？
Building Typology and Design Theory:
建筑类型学和设计理论:
 Historian Guilio Carlo Argan (1965): Highlighted his identifications in two
 历史学家 Guilio Carlo Argan (1965):在两个方面强调了他的身份
moments:
时刻:
1. The Typological moment: When the rules of design and building used in the
past (posteriori Type).
2. 类型学时刻:过去使用的设计和建筑规则(后验类型)。
3. The moment of invention, When the artist answers the historical and
cultural questions through a critical approach (Priori Types)
4. 当艺术家通过批判性方法(先验类型)回答历史和文化问题时，创造的时
刻
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

Building Typology and Design Theory:

建筑类型学和设计理论:
 Muratori and Caniggia Scorned a Priori building types as arbitrary inventions by
architects; they believed that the architect’s creative work must be harnessed by
common building traditions . But Aymonino, Rossi, and others thought that
designers, in creating a new, were free to interpret the historical city as they
wished. Justifying the architect’s freedom from past conventions.

 穆拉托里和卡尼吉亚嘲笑先验的建筑类型是建筑师的任意发明；他们认为建
筑师的创造性工作必须受到普通建筑传统的约束。但是 Aymonino，Rossi 和
其他人认为，设计师在创造一个新的，可以自由地解释他们希望的历史城
市。证明建筑师摆脱过去惯例的自由。
 Aymonino: …Urban Analysis does not provide a structure for architectural
 艾莫尼诺:……城市分析并没有为建筑设计提供结构
 intervention. In fact, it is wrong to assume a direct relationship of cause and effect
between the two: this leads to the academic embalming of architecture, shown
clearly in the projects of Muratori’sand his school.
干预。事实上，假设两者之间有直接的因果关系是错误的:这导致了建筑的学
术防腐，在穆拉托里和他的学校的项目中清楚地显示出来。
 In contrast, Muratori and later Caniggia defined architectural design intervention
 相比之下，穆拉托里和后来的卡尼吉亚定义了建筑设计干预
as conditioned by what they call pre-existing structures: “As a technician, the
architect must fit his work into the growth and transformation processes that take
place in any city, and witness the dialectic between buildings and their fabric.
正如他们所说的“先存结构”所限定的那样:“作为一名技术人员，建筑师必
须让自己的工作适应任何城市的发展和转变过程，并见证建筑与其肌理之间
的辩证关系。
 This Critical examination cannot be based superficially on style and experience, but
 这种批判性的检验不能肤浅地基于风格和经验，而是
must rely on knowledge of the historical processes shaping urban form.
必须依赖于塑造城市形态的历史过程的知识。
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

Building Typology and Design Theory

建筑类型学和设计理论
These distinct positions lead to two radically different approaches to design theory:
这些截然不同的立场导致了两种截然不同的设计理论:

1. Theory rests entirely on the history of city buildingand its analysis.

2. 理论完全建立在城市建设及其分析的历史上。
3. Theory that is defined solely by the architect, and which may or may not borrow
from the history
4. 仅由建筑师定义的理论，可能借鉴也可能不借鉴历史
GETTING KNOW THE
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From OrderingSpace:
From Ordering Space: Types
Types in Architecture
in Architecture and(1994)
and Design Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon
Anne Vernez Moudon
City of Bologna’s Restoration
博洛尼亚城的修复
The Project was the labor of Italian architects who
collaborated with Caniggia and hence operated within the
theoretical tenets of a Typo-Morphological approach

该项目是意大利建筑师与卡尼吉亚合作的成果，因此在
错别字形态学方法的理论原则内运作
However, the impact of this work remained small, limited
as it was by the perceived uniqueness of the city, and its
particular social and historical heritage.
然而，这项工作的影响仍然很小，有限的，因为它是由
城市的独特性，其特殊的社会和历史遗产。
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne VernezTO
GETTING KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
Moudon
City of Bologna’s Restoration
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon 博洛尼亚城的修复
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT
LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
了解建筑景观:标型学
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
来自《空间的排序:建筑和设计中的类型》( 1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon
安妮·韦尔内兹·穆东

CONZEN and the Urban Morphology Research Group

in ENGLAND

康曾和英国城市形态学研究小组

 Conzen’s townscape is a Palimpsest of society and culture on which features of

particular periods stand out while others are obliterated overtime.
 康曾的城市景观是社会和文化的重写本，在它上面，特定时期的特征凸显出来，而
其他的则随着时间的推移而被湮没。
 However, Conzen describes his complete method as three pronged :
 然而，康曾将他的完整方法描述为三管齐下:
1. Town Plan, primarily a tow-dimensional carto-graphic representation of a town’s
physical layout
2. 城镇平面图，主要是城镇物理布局的二维制图表达
3. Buildingfabric; made of buildingand related open space.
4. 建筑织物；由建筑物和相关的空地组成。
5. Land use pattern, and buildingutilization; detailed land use
6. 土地利用模式和建筑利用；详细的土地使用
 Conzen’s clear identification of the plan and of its basic elements as analytical tool sets
an important point of departure for Typo-Morphological analysis.
 Conzen 对平面图及其作为分析工具的基本要素的明确识别为字形分析设置了一个
重要的出发点。
 The composite town plan is made of Plan Units [street, lot, building size and shape].
 综合城市规划由规划单元[街道、地段、建筑尺寸和形状]组成。
Plan Units contribute to the stratification of the townscape, in layers; the formation and
deposit into starta.
规划单元有助于城市景观的分层；恒星的形成和沉积。
 Compatible with Caniggia’s research. Caniggia provide an approach to the definition of
 与卡尼吉亚的研究一致。卡尼吉亚提供了一种方法来定义
Building Types and Conzen to the types of Urban Fabric.
建筑类型与城市肌理的类型。
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon
GETTING KNOW THE
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From OrderingSpace:
From Ordering Space: Types
Types in Architecture
in Architecture and(1994)
and Design Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon
Anne Vernez Moudon
 Alnwik, Northumberland ( Conzen 1960)
诺森伯兰郡阿尔维克(康曾，1960 年)
The study illustrates Conzen’s methodological contributions, Regional soil structure, ancient road network, the old
town’s site topography, and surrounding field structure all explain the town’s layout. Urbs, suburbs, and original plot
structure- still readily visible in today’s fabric- are reconstructed as well.

这项研究说明了 Conzen 的方法论贡献，区域土壤结构，古老的道路网络，老城的场地地形和周围的田野结构都

解释了城镇的布局。城市、郊区和原始的情节结构——在今天的建筑中仍然清晰可见——也被重建。
GETTING KNOW THE
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From OrderingSpace:
From Ordering Space: Types
Types in Architecture
in Architecture and(1994)
and Design Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon
Anne Vernez Moudon
 Alnwik, Northumberland ( Conzen 1960)
诺森伯兰郡阿尔维克(康曾，1960 年)
At the center of the analysis is the formation of the Burgage, the basic plot of land that is narrow and deep

分析的中心是市镇的形成，即狭窄而深邃的基本土地
Burgage is a medieval land term used in England and Scotland, well established by the 13th century. A burgage was a town ("borough")
rental property (to use modern terms), owned by a king or lord.

“自治市”是一个中世纪的土地术语，在英格兰和苏格兰使用，在 13 世纪就已确立。市镇是一个城镇(“区”)出租财产(使用现代术
语)，由国王或勋爵拥有。
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon
GETTING KNOW THE
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From OrderingSpace:
From Ordering Space: Types
Types in Architecture
in Architecture and(1994)
and Design Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon
Anne Vernez Moudon
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

The Urban Morphology Research Group

城市形态学研究小组

 Flowing Conzen’s research contribution, several historical geographers in

1980s formed the Urban Morphology research Group at The University of
Birmingham

 秉承康曾的研究成果，几位历史地理学家在 20 世纪 80 年代在伯明翰
大学成立了城市形态学研究小组
 Their Mission is to conduct research in urban Morphology and to
 他们的任务是进行城市形态学的研究
integrate it with more traditional concerns in Geography field
将它与地理领域中更传统的关注点相结合
 P.J.Larkham has applied Conzenean method to preservation projects. He
and others have assembled a glossary of terms used in Conzenean
analysiswhich illustrate the group’s commitment to morphological study
 页（page 的缩写）j .拉克姆已经将共质方法应用于保护工程。他和
其他人收集了一份在共济论分析中使用的术语表，这说明了该小组对
形态学研究的承诺
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

The Urban Morphology Research Group

城市形态学研究小组
Elements of U.S. suburban residential forms: houses, lots, and streets
These illustrations show levels of resolution in the built landscape.
美国郊区住宅形式的要素:房屋、地段和街道这些插图显示了建筑景观的分辨率水
平。
a] Houses and Lots
b] Street Pattern
a)房屋和地段 b)街道
格局
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne VernezTO
GETTING KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
Moudon The Urban Morphology Research Group
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon 城市形态学研究小组
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

The Versailles School

The Versailles School ininFRANCE
FRANCE

 In France, Sociologists, historians, geographers, and planners all worked

together with architects to achieve an improved understanding of the city.
The resulting approach to Typo-Morphology not only is oriented to issues of
design and geography but also can incorporate literary and social science
perspectives.
 在法国，社会学家、历史学家、地理学家和规划师都与建筑师一起工
作，以加深对城市的理解。由此产生的研究错别字形态的方法不仅面向
设计和地理问题，还可以结合文学和社会科学的观点。
 The Versailles School stands between the Italian and the British schools, and
 凡尔赛学校位于意大利学校和英国学校之间
addresses issues of both design and the city-buildingprocess.
解决设计和城市建设过程中的问题。
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

Intellectual Climate Contributing to

the Formation of the School
有助于学校形成的思想氛围

Henry Lefebvre
亨利·列斐伏尔
argued that the contemporary construction
and house production methods crushed
people’s natural instincts for appropriation and
weakened the relationship between people
and their environments
认为当代的建筑和房屋生产方式粉碎了人们
占有的本能，削弱了人与环境的关系

Philosopher

哲学家
Henri Lefebvre was a French Marxist philosopher and
sociologist, best known for pioneering the critique of
everyday life, for introducing the concepts of the right to
the city and the production of ... Wikipedia
亨利·列斐伏尔是法国马克思主义哲学家和社会学家，以
倡导日常生活批判而闻名，他提出了城市权和生产权的概
念...Wikipedia
Born: June 16, 1901, Hagetmau, France
Born:1901 年 6 月 16 日，Hagetmau, France
Died: June 29, 1991, Navarrenx, France
Died:1991 年 6 月 29 日，Navarrenx, France
Education: University of Paris
Education：University of Paris
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

LADRHAUS:
LADRHAUS: aa dual
dualPurpose
Purpose

 The original group of researchers expanded and formed LADRHAUS

[ Laboratoire de Recherche]
 最初的研究小组扩大并形成了拉德豪斯[实验室研究]
 The Dual purpose of descriptive research and identification of design models
 描述性研究和设计模型识别的双重目的
permeates all of the French work and adds complexity to the field of Typo-
Morphology
渗透到所有的法语作品中，增加了错别字形态学领域的复杂性
 [Elements of Urban Analysis] book by [Panerai et al 1980], stipulates that the
 [城市分析要素]一书由[沛纳海等人 1980]规定
knowledge derived from urban analyses enhances the ability to describe and
discuss the city as a socio-physical phenomenon, and thus sets the design of
the city within the broad, multidisciplinary intellectual framework of the
humanitiesand social sciences.
从城市分析中获得的知识提高了将城市作为一种社会物理现象进行描述和
讨论的能力，从而将城市设计置于人文和社会科学的广泛的、多学科的知
识框架内。
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY

From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
Anne Vernez Moudon

Method of Typological
Method of TypologicalAnalysis
Analysis

As a conclusion of all these historical studies, the process of defining the Typo-
Morphology approach includes 4 steps:
作为所有这些历史研究的结论，定义错别字形态学方法的过程包括 4 个步骤:
1. The choice of the scale at which the analysiswill be conducted
2. 选择进行分析的规模
3. The classification of building types , which involves the selection of criteria on
 which the typological process rests
4. 建筑类型的分类，包括类型学过程所依据的标准的选择
5. Elaborate on the tools available for refining the classification process
6. 详细说明可用于优化分类流程的工具
7. Generating Typology by relating one type to the other
8. 通过将一种类型与另一种类型联系起来生成类型学
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
CONCLUSION
Anne Vernez Moudon
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994) 结论
Anne Vernez Moudon

Typo-morphology Schools:
错别字形态学流派:
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
CONCLUSION
Anne Vernez Moudon
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994) 结论
Anne Vernez Moudon

Typo-morphology Schools:
错别字形态学流派:
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
CONCLUSION
Anne Vernez Moudon
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994) 结论
Anne Vernez Moudon

Typo-morphology Schools:
错别字形态学流派:
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
CONCLUSION
Anne Vernez Moudon
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994) 结论
Anne Vernez Moudon

Typo-morphology Schools:
错别字形态学流派:
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
CONCLUSION
Anne Vernez Moudon
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994) 结论
Anne Vernez Moudon

Typo-morphology Schools:
错别字形态学流派:
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994)
GETTING TO KNOW THE BUILT LANDSCAPE: TYPOMORPHOLOGY
CONCLUSION
Anne Vernez Moudon
From Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (1994) 结论
Anne Vernez Moudon

Typo-morphology Schools:
错别字形态学流派:
Thank You O
Thank You O