Read the passage. Then answer the questions.

A Why do human beings have such large brains? Scientists used to think that large, intelligent
brains evolved so that early people could make tools and solve problems. A more recent version of this
idea is related to climate change. At the time that large brains like ours appeared in early humans, global
weather patterns were changing a great deal. Some scientists suggest that big brains would help humans
plan and adapt to new climates and environments. However, the theory that is the most popular these
days
- the Cultural Brain Hypothesis - is that our large brains are mainly the result of our living in
large, complicated social groups.

B Without a time machine, it is difficult to prove the Cultural Brain Hypothesis. The best
evidence comes from comparing humans to animals that have similar social groups. Apes and monkeys
live in social groups that are similar to our own in many ways. There is also a clear relationship between
brain size and social behavior. Basically, the more complicated their social groups, the larger their
relative brain size is. However, these observations do not mean that the Cultural Brain Hypothesis is true.
Perhaps large brains come first for other reasons, and complex social relationships only happen later. To
really find strong evidence that social relationships lead to large brains, we need to study other intelligent
animals that are quite different from humans and other primates. Fortunately such a group exists: dolphins
and whales.

C Dolphins and whales, known as cetaceans, also have very large brains compared to other
animals. However, these large brains appeared in an ocean environment very different from the dry land
where humans and apes evolved. As a result, the structure of their brains is markedly different from that
of humans. In the past, many scientists believed that, despite their obvious intelligence and complex
behaviors, cetaceans did not have the same kind of social intelligence as humans. However, recent studies
suggest that cetacean social relationships are surprisingly similar to our own. And now it is believed that
it is indeed these complex social relationships that are the main reason why large brains evolved in the
first place.

D It is now known that many cetaceans show social behavior that was previously thought only
to exist in humans and other primates. For example, scientists now realize that cetacean communication
is both rich and expressive, and studies show some species have individual names for different members
of the group. Additionally, different groups have their own distinct sounds, just as people from different
areas have their own accents or special vocabulary. The relationships between adult cetaceans and young
members of the group are also surprisingly familiar. Adult cetaceans will often look after the young of
other members of the group in the same way human uncles, aunts, or grandparents might babysit for
absent parents. Young cetaceans also learn by watching and imitating adult members of the group just as
humans learn from adult teachers. Finally, like any collection of humans, cetaceans have friends and
enemies among the members of their social group. They will act in a friendly way when hunting or
defending their group from danger, but may fight with "enemies" for various reasons.

E More importantly for the Cultural Brain Hypothesis, there is also a close relationship between
brain size in cetaceans and how complex their social behavior is. Whales and dolphins that live in smaller
groups or by themselves have both smaller brains and simpler social behavior. Therefore, the same
relationship between brain size and social behavior is seen in two very different groups of animals -
primates and cetaceans. This supports the idea that social behavior may be one of the main factors
driving larger brain size and higher intelligence.

Reference: National Center for Biotechnology Information

16. What is the best title for this passage?
a. How Culture Developed among Primates and Cetaceans
b. The Effect of Ocean Environments on Animal Societies
c. Cetacean Intelligence and the Cultural Brain Hypothesis

17. Which answer best describes paragraph A?

a. It gives a detailed analysis of an important theory.
b. It includes a comparison of several contrasting ideas.
c. It offers a criticism of changing scientific views.

18. Why does the author mention a time machine in paragraph B?

a. To imply that scientific hypotheses were less developed in the past
b. To emphasize the impossibility of finding out if a theory is correct
c. To compare ideas about intelligence with ideas from science fiction

19. What point does the author NOT make in paragraph C?

a. Scientific ideas about cetaceans have changed as a result of research studies.
b. Dolphins and whales engage in social behaviors that are like those of humans.
c. If whales and dolphins lived on land, they would probably have smaller brains.

20. The word "markedly" in paragraph C is closest in meaning to .

a. Significantly
b. potentially
c. frequently

21. In paragraph D, the author gives an example of .

a. the value of effective communication
b. the expressiveness of cetacean communication
c. special words used by dolphins or whales

22. The word "their" in the last sentence of paragraph D refers to .

a. enemies
b. friends
c. cetaceans

23. What can be inferred from paragraph E?

a. The author feels the Cultural Brain Hypothesis is probably correct.
b. The brains of primates and cetaceans are continuing to grow in size.
c. Whales, dolphins, and humans all need strong social relationships.
 Read the passage. Then decide whether each statement is a main idea or a supporting idea from the
passage.

A Why do human beings have such large brains? Scientists used to think that large, intelligent
brains evolved so that early people could make tools and solve problems. A more recent version of this
idea is related to climate change. At the time that large brains like ours appeared in early humans, global
weather patterns were changing a great deal. Some scientists suggest that big brains would help humans
plan and adapt to new climates and environments. However, the theory that is the most popular these
days
- the Cultural Brain Hypothesis - is that our large brains are mainly the result of our living in
large, complicated social groups.

B Without a time machine, it is difficult to prove the Cultural Brain Hypothesis. The best
evidence comes from comparing humans to animals that have similar social groups. Apes and monkeys
live in social groups that are similar to our own in many ways. There is also a clear relationship between
brain size and social behavior. Basically, the more complicated their social groups, the larger their
relative brain size is. However, these observations do not mean that the Cultural Brain Hypothesis is true.
Perhaps large brains come first for other reasons, and complex social relationships only happen later. To
really find strong evidence that social relationships lead to large brains, we need to study other intelligent
animals that are quite different from humans and other primates. Fortunately such a group exists:
dolphins and whales.

C Dolphins and whales, known as cetaceans, also have very large brains compared to other
animals. However, these large brains appeared in an ocean environment very different from the dry land
where humans and apes evolved. As a result, the structure of their brains is markedly different from that
of humans. In the past, many scientists believed that, despite their obvious intelligence and complex
behaviors, cetaceans did not have the same kind of social intelligence as humans. However, recent
studies suggest that cetacean social relationships are surprisingly similar to our own. And now it is
believed that it is indeed these complex social relationships that are the main reason why large brains
evolved in the first place.

A It is now known that many cetaceans show social behavior that was previously thought only to exist in
humans and other primates. For example, scientists now realize that cetacean communication is both
rich and expressive, and studies show some species have individual names for different members of the
group. Additionally, different groups have their own distinct sounds, just as people from different areas
have their own accents or special vocabulary. The relationships between adult cetaceans and young
members of the group are also surprisingly familiar. Adult cetaceans will often look after the young of
other members of the group in the same way human uncles, aunts, or grandparents might babysit for
absent parents. Young cetaceans also learn by watching and imitating adult members of the group just
as humans learn from adult teachers. Finally, like any collection of humans, cetaceans have friends and
enemies among the members of their social group. They will act in a friendly way when hunting or
defending their group from danger, but may fight with "enemies" for various reasons.

B More importantly for the Cultural Brain Hypothesis, there is also a close relationship between
brain size in cetaceans and how complex their social behavior is. Whales and dolphins that live in
smaller groups or by themselves have both smaller brains and simpler social behavior. Therefore, the
same relationship between brain size and social behavior is seen in two very different groups of animals
- primates and cetaceans. This supports the idea that social behavior may be one of the main factors
driving larger brain size and higher intelligence.

24. There are several theories that explain how humans developed very large brains.
a. This is the main idea of paragraph A.
b. This is a supporting idea from paragraph A.

25. Humans, apes, and monkeys live in similar social groups.

 a. This is the main idea of paragraph B.
b. This is a supporting idea from paragraph B.

26. Humans and cetaceans evolved in very different environments.

a. This is the main idea of paragraph C.
b. This is a supporting idea from paragraph C.

27. Like humans, cetaceans display numerous kinds of complex social behavior.
a. This is the main idea of paragraph D.
b. This is a supporting idea from paragraph D.

28. Some cetaceans live in large groups, others live in smaller groups.
a. This is the main idea of paragraph E.
b. This is a supporting idea from paragraph E.

Review the excerpt from a passage in Unit 2. Then read the statements and determine whether the
information is True, False, or Not Given.

King Tut's Family Secrets

When Tutankhamun died about 3,000 years ago, he was secretly buried in a small tomb near
what is now the city of Luxor. When archaeologists rediscovered the tomb in 1922, the king's
treasures - more than 5,000 artifacts - were still inside. Among the artifacts was the pharaoh's
solid gold coffin and a gold mask. There were also 130 staffs, or walking sticks.
Mysteriously, an examination of Tutankhamun's mummy revealed a hole in the back of his
skull. Also, there were two mummified fetuses in the tomb.

These mummies and artifacts were an extremely important archaeological discovery, but
they did not answer many questions about the young pharaoh and his family. Who were his
mother and father? Were the two fetuses his unborn children? Could the hole in Tut's head be
related to his cause of death? To solve these mysteries required further study and the use of
CT scans and DNA analysis.

In 2005, my colleagues and I carried out CT scans of Tutankhamun's mummy. We showed

that the hole in Tutankhamun's skull was made during the mummification process. Our study
also showed that Tutankhamun died when he was only 19, soon after fracturing his left leg.
However, the CT scans alone could not solve the mystery of how the king died, or why he
died so young.

In 2008, my colleagues and I decided to analyze samples of Tutankhamun's DNA. Early in

the study, our team made some new discoveries: Tutankhamun's left foot was clubbed, and
one toe was missing a bone. A condition known as necrosis (tissue death) had destroyed
some bones in the foot. The discovery explained why there were so many staffs in
Tutankhamun's tomb. Some scholars had argued that the staffs were symbols of power. Our
DNA study showed that the king needed the staffs to walk.

13. The archaeologists who discovered Tutankhamun's tomb were looking for gold coins.
a. True
b. False
c. Not Given

14. Scans and analysis show that the hole in Tutankhamun's skull was made before he died.
a. True
b. False
c. Not Given
15. Analysis of Tutankhamun's mummy suggests he died when he was still in his teens.
a. True
b. False
c. Not Given

16. CT scans proved that Tutankhamun needed staffs to walk.

a. True
b. False
c. Not Given

Read the passage. Then answer the questions.

A Fossils are rare. Most of us will never find the skeleton of a dinosaur in our yards or even in the
wild. And even when we do find the fossil of some ancient creature, it is usually just a small shell or an
unrecognizable part of something that lived hundreds of millions of years ago. A well-preserved fossil is
a beautiful object, however, and many people would be happy to display one in their homes. In the past, it
was difficult to purchase fossils. These days, however, the Internet means rare or unusual fossils may be
just a mouse-click away. This fact, combined with fossils' relative rarity, makes them an attractive target
for people seeking to make money by selling fakes.

B Although fossils are generally rare, there are places where they are surprisingly widespread. In
some of these locations, it is possible to find a great many fossils just lying among the rocks. The vast
majority of them are just ugly pieces of broken bone. To the untrained eye, in fact, they may even look
like chunks of rock. Some of these low-quality fossils are sold illegally, especially over the Internet, but
what collectors are really interested in are high-quality fossils. People want to have a fossil that they can
recognize, such as one of a complete animal or insect. And for those with plenty of money, the most
valued and desired fossil is a well-preserved, complete dinosaur.

C The problem is that the demand for high-quality fossils far exceeds the supply. As a result, more
and more fake fossils are flooding the market. Most of the fakes that are sold online or to unsuspecting
tourists are completely artificial and even easy for knowledgeable amateurs to spot. But some of the best
fake fossils are made from real fossils, and these can be hard to recognize as fake. For example, fossils
from individuals of the same species found in different places and at different times can be joined to form
a complete animal. Alternatively, pieces of completely different animals may be joined to make a "new
species." The discovery of a new fossil species is a major scientific event, so people making fake fossils
realize that a very rare fossil might be worth thousands of dollars. Consequently, extremely realistic fakes
have become quite common in recent years. In fact, some fake fossils are so well made that scientists have
been fooled at first.

D In 1999, paleontologists announced the discovery of a fascinating new dinosaur called

Archaeoraptor. This species seemed to be a clear link between dinosaurs and birds. News of the find was
published in serious scientific journals and was widely reported in the popular media, too. However,
after closer examination, it turned out that the fossil was a fake made by joining the tail of dinosaur
together with the arms of a primitive bird. Archaeoraptor is now considered one of the most successful
scientific hoaxes of the past century.

E Apart from embarrassing some scientists, what is the danger of fake or illegal fossils? The
biggest problem is that people collecting fossils to sell on the Internet cause enormous damage to the
regions in which the fossils are found. Many fossils that are important to science are destroyed in an
effort to get to the most attractive specimens. Moreover, even when these fossils are collected with good
intentions, a great deal of valuable information is lost. In addition to the fossil itself, scientists need to
know exactly where a fossil was found in order to know how old it is and what kind of environment the
animal lived in. Fortunately, governments are starting to realize the value of their fossil resources and are
making an effort to protect them.
17. What is the best title for this passage?
a. Where to Buy Real Fossils
b. The Problem of Fake Fossils
c. A Guide to Finding Fossils

18. What point does the author NOT make in paragraph A?

a. It is possible to purchase fossils using the Internet.
b. It is not easy to recognize the species of some fossils.
c. People like attractive fossils because they are rare.

19. The word "widespread" in paragraph B is closest in meaning to .

a. common
b. significant
c. damaged

20. The word "them" in the third sentence of paragraph B refers to .

a. rocks
b. fossils
c. locations

21. What does the author imply in paragraph B?

a. Complete dinosaur fossils generally sell for more money than other types of fossils.
b. People are less skilled at recognizing fossil skeletons these days than they were in the past.
c. At places where there are a lot of fossils, people have accidentally broken many of them.

22. What is the author's main purpose in paragraph C?

a. To contrast the appearance of real fossils and fake fossils
b. To explain why and how some people make fake fossils
c. To suggest archaeologists can recognize most fake fossils

23. What point does the author make in paragraph D?

a. Archaeoraptor was the greatest scientific discovery in the 20th century.
b. Archaeoraptor was created as a result of media interest in fossils.
c. Even though it was a fake, the Archaeoraptor fossil was believable.

24. What is the author's opinion about fake fossils in paragraph E?

a. Concerned they will become more common
b. Realistic about the challenges and solutions
c. Frustrated about the lack of official reaction