Yds Yokdil Cozum Teknikleri Rehberi

YDS
İNGİ LİZCE SINA

İNGİLİZCE SINAVLARI
VLARINA
NA
HAZIRLIK KİTABI
Esra KABASAKAL - Fatih Mehmet CİĞERCİ
www.tusem.com.tr
YDS
İngilizce Sınavlarına
Hazırlık Kitabı
2013 © TUSEM Eğim Sağlık Ltd. Ş

Bu kitabın tamamı veya bir kısmı 5846 Sayılı yasa hükümlerine göre
Tusem Eğim Sağlık Ltd. Ş.’nin önceden izni alınmaksızın elektronik, opk, mekanik veya herhangi bir
suretle çoğallamaz, yayınlanamaz, depolanamaz.
Tüm hakları Tusem Eğim Sağlık Ltd. Ş.’ne air.
Ziya Gökalp Cad. No: 3 Kat: 5 (Soysal İşhanı) Kızılay / ANKARA

Tel: (0312) 435 05 00•Fax: (0312) 431 74 44
www.tusem.com.tr
Grafik & Kapak Tasarımı

Ferhat BEKTAŞ • Pelin GÜCLÜ
ANKARA
YDS
İngilizce Sınavlarına
Hazırlık Kitabı
2013 © TUSEM Eğim Sağlık Ltd. Ş

Bu kitabın tamamı veya bir kısmı 5846 Sayılı yasa hükümlerine göre
Tusem Eğim Sağlık Ltd. Ş.’nin önceden izni alınmaksızın elektronik, opk, mekanik veya herhangi bir
suretle çoğallamaz, yayınlanamaz, depolanamaz.
Tüm hakları Tusem Eğim Sağlık Ltd. Ş.’ne air.
Ziya Gökalp Cad. No: 3 Kat: 5 (Soysal İşhanı) Kızılay / ANKARA

Tel: (0312) 435 05 00•Fax: (0312) 431 74 44
www.tusem.com.tr
Grafik & Kapak Tasarımı

Ferhat BEKTAŞ • Pelin GÜCLÜ
ANKARA
Ailelerimize...
Ailelerimize...
CONTENTS
MODULE 1 (GRAMMER)
1. NOUNS,PRONOUNS,
NOUNS,PRONOUNS, ARTICLES, PREPOSITIONS, QUANTIFIER QUANTIFIERSS
1.1. NOUNS ...................................................................................................................................................10
10
1.2. PRONOUNS ............................................................................................................................................12 12
1.3. ARTICLES ................................................................................................................................................13
13
1.4. PREPOSITIONS .......................................................................................................................................17 17
1.5. QUANTIFIERS .........................................................................................................................................19 19
NOUNS, PRONOUNS,
PRONOUNS, ARTICLES, PREPOSITIONS PREPOSITIONS TEST ..................................................................................22
2. ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

2.1. ADJECTIVES ORDER ................................................................................................................................2929
2.2. PRESENT & PAST PARTICIPLE
PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES ...................................................................... ........................29 29
2.3. FORMS OF ADVERBS...................................................................................................... .........................29 29
2.4. ADVERBS OF DEGREE .............................................................................................................................30 30
2.5. SO / SUCH …. THAT
THAT ..................................................................................................... ...........................30
30
2.6. TOO & ENOUGH .....................................................................................................................................31
31
2.7. COMPARATIVE
COMPARATIVE & SUPERLA
SUPERLATIVEOF
TIVEOF ADJECTIVES ......................................................................................
......................... .............................................................32
ADJECTIVES-ADVERBS
ADJECTIVES-AD VERBS & QUANTIFIERS
QUANTIFIERS TEST ............................................................................................. ... 34
3. TENSES
3.1. THE VERB “BE” .......................................................................................................................................36
3.2. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ...................................................................................................... ..37 37
3.3. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ..................................................................................................................38
3.4.THE
3.4.THE ST
STAATE VERBS ..................................................................................................... ................................39
39
3.5. THE
THE PRESENT
PRESENT PERFECT
PERFECT TENSE .............................................................................................. ................. 41
3.6.THE
3.6.THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS TENSE ......................................................................................... 43
3.7. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE ......................................................................................... ................................ 45
3.8. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ..............................................................................................................47
3.9. WHEN &WHILE SENTENCES ...................................................................................................................47
3.10. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE ...................................................................................................... ...............
...............48
48
3.11. SIMPLE PAST & PAST
PAST PERFECT TENSES WITH TIME CLAUSES ............................................................... 49
3.12. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE .............................................................................................. 50
3.13. PAST CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS & PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ............................................................................ 50
3.14. THE FUTURE TENSE ..............................................................................................................................50
3.15. FUTURE TENSES WITH TIME CLAUSES .......................................................................................... ........ 52
3.16. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE .......................................................................................................52
3.17. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE .......................................................................................... ...................... 52
3.18. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ........................................................................................53
3.19. TENSE AGREEMENT IN TIME CLAUSES .................................................................................................53
4
4. MODALS
4.1. ABILITY ...................................................................................................................................................56
4.2. NECESSITY&PROHIBITION ......................................................................................................................57
4.3. ADVISABILTY ..........................................................................................................................................58
4.4. REQUESTS ..............................................................................................................................................58
4.5. EXPECTATIONS .......................................................................................................................................60
4.6. SUGGESTIONS ........................................................................................................................................60
4.7. CERTAINTY .............................................................................................................................................61
4.8. PREFERENCE ..........................................................................................................................................63
4.9. HABITS ...................................................................................................................................................64
MODALS TEST ........................................................................................................................... .................... 66
5. PASSIVE VOICE
5.1. PASSIVE FORMS ......................................................................................................................................69
5.2. USAGES OF PASSIVE ...............................................................................................................................69
5.3. PASSIVE
PASSIVE WITH “BY” ................................................................................ ................................................7070
5.4. PASSIVE WITH “GET” ..............................................................................................................................70 70
5.5. QUESTION FORMS
FORMS OF PASSIVE
PASSIVE ........................................................................................... ...................70 70
5.6. PASSIVE
PASSIVE WITH TWO
TWO OBJECTS
OBJECTS .............................................................................................. ..................71 71
5.7. PASSIVE WITH "BORN" ...........................................................................................................................71 71
5.8. PASSIVE
PASSIVE WITH MODALS
MODALS ..................................................................................................... ....................71 71
5.9. STA
STATIVE PASSIVE
PASSIVE ..................................................................................................... ...............................72
5.10. PASSIVE
PASSIVE WITH GERUND &INFINITIVE ...................................................................................................72
5.11. MAIN CLAUSE
CLAUSE + NOUN CLAUSE PAS PASSIVE
SIVE .............................................................................................73
TENSES-PASSIVE
TENSES-P ASSIVE TEST .................................................................................................. .................................. 74
6. GERUND & INIFINITIVE

6.1. GERUND .................................................................................................................................................84
6.2. INFINITIVE ..............................................................................................................................................86
6.3. GERUND OR INFINITIVE .........................................................................................................................87
6.4. CAUSATIVE .............................................................................................................................................88
GERUND-INFINITIVE TEST...................................................................................................... ........................ 89
7. CONDITIONALS
CONDITIONAL S & WISH CLAUSE
7.1. CONDITIONALS ......................................................................................................................................92
92
7.2. WISH CLAUSE .........................................................................................................................................98
CONDITIONALS TEST......................................................................................................................................100
100
8. NOUN CLAUSES
8.1. NOUN CLAUSES ................................................................................................. ....................................103
103
8.2. THE USAGES
USAGES OF NOUN
NOUN CLAUSES .............................................................................................. .............103 103
8.3. NOUN CLAUSES WITH THA THAT T / THE FACT THAT THAT ........................................................................................ 104
8.4. NOUN CLAUSES
CLAUSES WITH WHETHER / IF .. (OR NOT) NOT) ................................................................................. 106
8.5. NOUN CLAUSES WITH WH- WORDS ..................................................................................................... . 108
8.6. TENSE AGREEMENT
AGREEMENT FORFOR NOUN CLAUSES CLAUSES ........................................................................................... ..109 109
8.7. REDUCTION OF NOUN CLAUSES ............................................................................................................110 110
5
9. ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES
9.1. THE FORMS OF PRONOUNS ...................................................................................................................113
113
9.2. THE USAGE OF RELA
RELATIVE
TIVE CLAUSES
CLAUSES ............................................................................................ ............ 115
9.3. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE
RELATIVE CLAUSES
CLAUSES ........................................................................................... ............ 118
NOUN& ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE)
(RELATIVE) CLAUSES TEST ............................................................................................ .121 121
10. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

10.1. TIME ....................................................................................................................................................123
123
10.2. PLACE ...................................................................................................................................................123
123
10.3. REASON ...............................................................................................................................................124
10.4. CONTRAST ...........................................................................................................................................125
10.5. CONDITIONALS ....................................................................................................................................126
10.6. RESULT .................................................................................................................................................126
10.7. PURPOSE ..............................................................................................................................................127
127
10.8. DEGREE / PROPORTION .......................................................................................................................127 127
10.9. MANNER ..............................................................................................................................................127127
10.10. COMPARISON ....................................................................................................................................128
10.11. EXCEPTION .........................................................................................................................................128
10.12. REDUCTION OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ................................................................................................128
11. SENTENCE CONNECTORS

CONNECTORS / TRANSITIONS / PREPOSITIONAL
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
11.1. TRANSITIONS / CONNECTORS
CONNECTORS ...................................................................................................... ........132
132
11.2. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES ....................................................................................................................135
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES / CONJUNCTIONS TEST ................................................................................................137
MODULE 2 (QUESTION TYPES)

1. CLOZE TEST & TESTS ......................
..............................................
.................................................
..................................................
................................................
..............................
....... 150
TEST - 1 .........................................................................................................................................................152
TEST - 2 .........................................................................................................................................................152
TEST - 3 .........................................................................................................................................................153
TEST - 4 .........................................................................................................................................................153
TEST - 5 .........................................................................................................................................................154
TEST - 6 .........................................................................................................................................................154
TEST - 7 .........................................................................................................................................................155
TEST - 8 .........................................................................................................................................................155
TEST - 9 .........................................................................................................................................................156
TEST - 10 .......................................................................................................................................................156
2. SENTENCE COMPLETION & TESTS......................

..............................................
.................................................
..................................................
...................................
.......... 157
TEST - 1 .........................................................................................................................................................163
TEST - 2 .........................................................................................................................................................167
3. TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION & TESTS.....................
..............................................
..................................................
..................................................
................................................
..........................
... 171
TEST - 1 .........................................................................................................................................................175
TEST - 2 .........................................................................................................................................................184
6
YDS
4. PARAGRAPH COMPLETION & TESTS ...................................................................................................... 194

TEST - 1 .........................................................................................................................................................201
TEST - 2 .........................................................................................................................................................206
5. IRRELEVANT SENTENCE & TESTS ........................................................................................................... 211
TEST - 1 .........................................................................................................................................................213
TEST - 2 .........................................................................................................................................................216
6. DIALOGUE COMPLETION & TESTS ......................................................................................................... 219
TEST - 1 .........................................................................................................................................................220
TEST - 2 .........................................................................................................................................................224
7. READING COMPEREHENSION & TESTS................................................................................................... 227
TEST - 1 .........................................................................................................................................................230
8. RESTATEMENTS & TESTS........................................................................................................................ 239
TEST - 1 .........................................................................................................................................................241
TEST - 2 .........................................................................................................................................................246
9. ANSWER KEYS ....................................................................................................................................... 251
MODULE 3 (VOCABULARY)
1. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES .................................................................................................................... 254
2. PREPOSITIONAL IDIOMS ....................................................................................................................... 258
3. PHRASAL VERBS ................................................................................................................................... 261
4. THE WORD LIST FOR EXAMS ................................................................................................................. 267
5. VOCABULARY TESTS & ANSWER KEYS
TEST - 1 .........................................................................................................................................................283
TEST - 2 .........................................................................................................................................................283
TEST - 3 .........................................................................................................................................................284
TEST - 4 .........................................................................................................................................................284
TEST - 5 .........................................................................................................................................................285
TEST - 6 .........................................................................................................................................................285
TEST - 7 .........................................................................................................................................................286
TEST - 8 .........................................................................................................................................................286
TEST - 9 .........................................................................................................................................................287
TEST - 10 .......................................................................................................................................................287
ANSWER KEYS............................................................................................. ................................................... 288
MODULE 4 (DENEME SINAVLARI)
2013 İlkbahar Dönemi Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit Sınavı (YDS) .................................. ........................... 291
2013 İlkbahar Dönemi Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit Sınavı (YDS) & Açıklamalı Cevap Anahtarı ................ 310
7
MODULE
1 Grammer
1. Nouns / Pronouns / Arcles / Preposions / Quaners
2. Adjecves & Adverbs
3. Tenses
4. Modals
5. Passive Voice
6. Gerund & Innive
7. Condionals & Wish Clause
8. Noun Clauses
9. Adjecve (Relave) Clauses
10. Adverbial Clauses
11. Sentence Connectors/ Transions/Preposional Phrases

1. NOUNS,PRONOUNS, ARTICLES, PREPOSITIONS, QUANTIFIERS
1.1. NOUNS
a. Countable Nouns: Sayılabilir isimler tekil ve çoğul durumda kullanılabilirler. Bu tür isimler, ismin yapısına göre –s,
-es, -ies ekleriyle çoğul isme dönüşür.
- book → - book
s - pen → - pens - enemy - enemies
→
- box → - box
es - quiz → - quizzes - university - universit
→ ies
***Irregular Plural nouns:

singular plural singular Plural singular plural
man (adam) men deer (geyik) deer phenomenon (olgu) phenomena
woman (kadın) women sh (balık) sh analysis (analiz) analyses
mouse (fare) mice sheep (kuzu) sheep thesis (tez) theses
child (çocuk) children series (dizi) series basis (kaynak) bases
die (zar) dice means (araç) means crisis (kriz) crises
foot (ayak) feet species (tür) species oasis (vaha) oases
tooth (diş) teeth goose (kaz) geese bacterium (bakteri) bacteria
ox (öküz) oxen criterion (kriter) criteria datum (bilgi) data
b. Uncountable Nouns: Sayılamayan isimler; çoğul yapıda kullanılmazlar, rakamlarla ifade edilemez ve başına a ya
da an gerilemez.
1. Groups (grup):money, furniture, fruit, jewellery, weaponry etc.
2. Solids (kalar): cheese, meat, iron, silver, ice etc.
3. Liquids (sıvılar): water, milk, blood, oil etc.
4. Gases (gazlar): oxygen, air, steam, polluon
5. Abstract nouns (soyut isimler): love, anger, behavior, hospitality, jusce, knowledge, truth, work, homework,
me, energy, informaon, heath, help etc.
6. Gerunds (isim iller): dancing, swimming, walking etc.

7. Sports (spor alanları): tennis, basketball, voleyball etc.
8. Study elds (çalışma alanları): science, history, chemistry etc.
9. Languages (diller): German, English, Chinese etc.
10. Nature and weather (doğa ve hava): fog, rain, snow, wind, humidity, thunder etc.
10
YDS
c. Confusing countable and uncountable nouns: Bazı isimler hem sayılabilen hem de sayılamayan olarakkullanılabilir,
fakat anlamları değişir.
countable uncountable
work eser iş
paper gazete kağıt
iron ütü demir
glass bardak cam
experience olay deneyim
noise ses gürültü
lamb kuzu kuzu e
light ışık (lamba) gün ışığı
chicken tavuk tavuk e
country ülke kırsal kesim
me kez, kere zaman
Sayılamayan isimler "çeşit" anlamı veriyorsa 's takısı alarak çoğul gibi kullanılır.
• I would like to change all furniture in my oce. (uncountable - mobilya)
• We can nd a lot of
furnitures in this new shopping mall. (countable - ev eşyaları)
d. Possessive Nouns: Sahiplik bildiren isimler, 's takısı veyaof edayla kullanılır. 's takısı genelde canlılar, of ise cansız
varlıklar için kullanılır.
• My mother’s name = the nameof
my mother = annemin ismi
• My school’s students = studentsof
my school = okulumun öğrencileri
• Jane’s job = jobof
Jane = Jane'n işi
• Students’ homework(Çoğul isme sahiplik anlamı verilecekse, ikinci bir
's takısı gerilmez sadece kesme işare
kullanılır.) = öğrencilerin ödevi
• My children’s room (Kelime's takısı almayan bir çoğul kelimeise bile, yine de 's takısı alır.) = Çocuklarımın odası
*** Possessive adjecves:

My (benim) my book
Your (senin) your work
His (onun) his name
Her (onun) her face
Its (onun) its bone
Our (bizim) our house
Your (sizin) your ideas
Their (onların) their opinions
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İNGİLİZCE SINAVLARINA HAZIRLIK
1.2. PRONOUNS
İngilizce de bir cümlenin sözcük dizimi, Türkçe cümle yapısından farklıdır.
*Türkçe cümle yapısı: *İngilizce cümle yapısı:
Subject (Özne) + Object (Nesne) + Verb (Fiil) Subject + Verb + Object

(Ben) çikolata severim. I love chocolate.
Aşağıdaki tabloda cümlede özne ve nesne görevi gören yapıları ve bunların diğer görevlerini göreceksiniz.
Subject pronoun Possessive adjecves Object pronouns Possessive pronouns Reexive pronouns
I MY ME MINE MYSELF
(ben) (benim) (beni-bana) (benimki) (on my own)
(in person)
(kendi kendime)
YOU YOUR YOU YOURS YOURSELF
(sen) (senin) (seni-sana) (seninki) (on your own)
(kendi kendine)
HE HIS HIM HIS HIMSELF
(o)-erkek (onun) (onu-ona) (onunki) (on his own)
(in person)
(kendi kendine)
SHE HER HER HERS HERSELF
(o)-kadın (onun) (onu-ona) (onunki) (on her own)
(in person)
(kendi kendine)
IT ITS IT ITS ITSELF
(o)-cansız ve hayvan (onun) (onu-ona) (onunki) (kendi kendine)
WE OUR US OURS OURSELVES
(biz) (bizim) (bizi-bize) (bizimki) (kendi kendimize)
YOU YOUR YOU YOURS YOURSELF
(siz) (sizin) (sizi-size) (sizinki) (on your own)
(kendi kendinize)
THEY THEIR THEM THEIRS THEMSELVES
(onlar) (onların) (onları-onlara) (onlarınki) (on their own)
(kendi kendilerine)
***Indenite Pronouns
Kişiler için; Nesneler için; Yerler için;
Somebody= someone (biri) Something (bir şey) Somewhere (bir yer)
Everybody=everyone (herkes) Everything (her şey) Everywhere (her yer)
Anybody=anyone (hiç biri / herhangi biri) Anything(hiçbirşey / herhangi birşey) Anywhere (hiçbir yer / herhangi bir yer)
Nobody = no one (hiçbiri) Nothing (hiçbir şey) Nowhere (hiçbir yer)
12
YDS
• Olumlu cümleler için hem kişi, hem nesne, hem de yer bildirirkensome ve every yapıları kullanılır. Bu yapılar çoğul
anlam verseler bile tekilmiş gibi kullanılır.
- Everybody is here (Herkes burada).
- I know somewhere to go (Gidilecek bir yer biliyorum).
- Everything will be ready for the party (Par için herşey hazır).
- Something is wrong for this programme (Bu programda birşey yanlış).
• Anyone, anybody, anything veanywhere yapıları olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır.

- He hasn’t seen anybody (Hiç kimseyi görmedi).
- There wasn’t anything to eat at home (Evde yiyecek hiçbirşey yoktu).
- We couldn’t nd anywhere to stay in that town (O kasabada kalacak yer bulamadık).
• No one, nobody, nothing venowhere olumsuz anlam verir ama cümle yapı olarak olumludur.
- He hasn’t seen anybody. = He has seen nobody.
- There wasn’t anything to eat at home. = There wasnothing to eat at home.
- We couldn’t nd anywhere to stay in that town.= We could ndnowhere to stay in that town.
• Nowhere, something, everybody etc. gibi zamirler (pronouns) –

else yapısıyla birlikte kullanılırsa anlamları
“başka” yapısıyla birleşir.
- We couldn’t stay in this hotel, we have to nd somewhere else. (başka bir yer)
- There is only lile cheese in the fridge, nothing else. (başka hiçbirşey)
• Anybody, anything veanywhere olumlu cümlede kullanılıyorsa anlamı herhangi biri, herhangi bir şey ve herhangi
bir yer olmaktadır.
- I need some help. Anybody can come here. (Herhangi biri...)
- I am starving, so I can eat anything . (Herhangi birşey...)
- We are planning to go out, but we don’t know where to go. We can go anywhere. (Herhangi bir yer...)
1.3. ARTICLES
a. Indenite arcles (a / an)
• Sessiz hare başlayan belirsiz isimlerin önünea , sesli hare başlayan belirsiz isimlerin önünean gerilerek
"bir" anlamı elde edilir. a vean sadece sayılabilen tekil isimlerle kullanılır.
- a book- a teacher - a hospital
- an object - an elephant - an apple
• Sayılabilir tekil isimler mutlaka a veyaan ile kullanılır.
- I am a doctor.
- She is reading an arcle.
- It is an excing lm. (bir ismin önünde sıfat varsa onun ilk harne göre "a / an" kullanımı değişir.)
13
• u har ile başlayan bazı isimler,yu şeklinde okunduğu için an takısı, h haryle başlayan bazı sözcüklerde
a şeklinde okunduğu içina takısı alır.
- a university- an hour
- a unit- an honest person
• Sayılamayan veya çoğul isimlerin önüne “bazı, birkaç” anlamı vermek için some kullanılabilir.
- I know a book which is very interesng.
- I know some books which are very interesng.
- He wants to withdraw some money from the bank.
b. Denite arcle (the)

• Belirli bir nesneden veya kişiden bahsederken the takısı kullanılır; tekil, çoğul, sayılabilen ya da sayılamayan
isim olması fark etmez.
- I saw a man.The man is running in the corridor.
- The counsellors had a meeng.
- The meat that I bought yesterday was corny.
• "The” takısının kullanıldığı durumlar:

1. Hangi kişi, nesne veya yerden bahsedildiği belli değilse a / an, belli ise “the” kullanılır.
- She send me an e-mail.The e-mail changed my life.
- The nurses have le work because of their working hours in that hospital.
2. Bazen özel isimlerin önünde “ ……. adındaki kişi” anlamında kullanılır.

- Is the Jeremy that you saw yesterday?
- The George invited me to this meeng.
3. Herhangi bir eşya ya da nesne grubundan bahsediliyor, genelleme yapılıyorsa "the" kullanılır ama kelime tekil
olmalıdır.
- The girae lives in Australia. (or Giraes live in Australia)
4. Bazı sıfatların önüne "the" gerilerek sıfat çoğul isme dönüştürülür ve dolayısıyla çoğul il kullanılır.
- The rich (zenginler)
- The poor (fakirler)
5. Yer isimleri, sanat eserleri gibi dünyada tek olan kelimeler ifade edilirken "the" kullanılır.
- The World Trade Centre
- The Blue Mosque
- The Bible
- The Vacan
- The Eiel Tower
- The Kremlin
- The Mona Lisa
- The White House
- The Parthenon
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YDS
6. Sinema, yatro, müze, hastane, otel, kütüphane gibi halka açık yerleri ifade ederken "the" kullanılır.
- The Florance Nighngale Hospital
- The Istanbul Museum
- The Trio Cinema
- The King Restaurant
- The Hilton
7. Superlave (en üstünlük) yapıların önüne "the" kullanılır.

- The most interesng news I have ever heard in my life.
- This is the most dicult moment for me.
8. Göl grupları, sıradağlar, takım adalar ve coğra bölgeler “the" alır.

- The Alps
- The Brish Isles
- The Great Lake
- The Canary Islands
- The Andes
- The Middle East
9. Koy, körfez, deniz, kanal, çöl, nehir, okyanus isimleri "the" alır.
- The Sahara - The Black sea
- The Mediterrean - The Mississipi River
- The Atlanc - The Nile
- The Pasic Ocean - The Panama Canal
10. Ünvanların önünde "the" kullanılır.

- The King
- The Prince
- The Counsellor
- The President
11. Birleşik ülke isimlerinde "the" kullanılır. (Union, republic gibi sözcüklerle birlikte)
- The United Kingdom
- The European Union
- The United States of America
- The Czech Republic
15
12. Enstrümanlarla "the" kullanılır.

- The guitar
- The piano
13. Tarihlerin önünde "the" kullanılır.

- The seventh of May
- The rst of August
14. Derecelendirme/Sıralama sayılarıyla "the" kullanılır.

- The second paent hasn’t come yet.
- I have read two books but the rst one is really boring.
• “The” takısının kullanılmadığı durumlar:

1. Özel isimlerle; Paris, Sue
2. Kıta isimlerinde; Europe, Asia
3. Tek ülke isimlerinde; Turkey, Japan
4. Unvanlardan sonra isim varsa; Queen Elizabeth, Counsellor Henry
5. Tarih söylerken rakam ayın önünde kullanılıyorsa;7th May, 20th June
6. Tek dağ ve ada isimleriyle; Gökçeada, Ağrı Mountain
7. Soyut isimlerle;life, love
8. Akvitelerle; basketball, badminton
9. Renklerle; blue, white
10. Yemek öğünleriyle; breakfast, dinner
11. Dil ve uyruklarla; English, Turkish
12. Ders isimleriyle; Maths, Geography
13. Gün ve aylarla; Friday, May
14. Okul isimleriyle; Robert College, Cambridge University
15. Cadde isimleriyle; Atatürk Street,Wall Avenue
16. Bir gruptan çoğul bir şekilde bahsederken; Birds can y, Students should study
• Confusing “THE”
1. Televizyondan, "cihaz" anlamında bahsediyorsak "the" kullanılır fakat "program" anlamında bahsediyorsak
"the" kullanılmaz.
- I hate watching TV.
- Who has turned on the TV.
2. Space, "boşluk" anlamındaysa "the" kullanılır, "uzay" anlamındaysa "the" kullanılmaz.

- The news about space updated.
- The space is enough for me to sit.
16
YDS
3. "Sea" kelimesi "denizin içinde" anlamında "the" alır, "denizde" anlamında ise "the" almaz.
- I like being at sea.
- I don’t know if Tim is swimming in the sea now.
1.4. PREPOSITIONS
a. Preposions with TIME
saatlerde at 10
yemek vakitlerinde at breakfast me
yaşta at the age of 12

AT
günün bölümlerinde at dawn, at noon, at night, at midnight
bayram ve kutlamalarda at Easter, at Christmas
özel kullanımlar at the moment, at the weekend, at the end of the day, at the same me
günlerde on Friday
ON tarihlerde on 3rd of Dcember
gün ifade eden her kelime ve özel günlerle birlikte on Saturday aernoon, on Easter day
aylarda in May
yıllarda in 2000
yüzyıllarda in the 18th century
IN mevsimlerde in Summer
günün bazı bölümlerinde in the morning, in the aernoon
çağlarda in the Middle Ages
içinde anlamında in three days, in a week
*** at the weekend= on the weekend

*** in the morning BUTon Saturday morning
*** At the end
, "sonunda" anlamındadır ama in the end "bir şeyin sonu" anlamındadır.
17
b. Preposions with PLACE and MOVEMENT

IN -de / da in Istanbul
in a queue
in the world
ON üzerinde on the bed
on the wall
on an island
AT -de / da at home
at work
at sea
TO yönelme bildirir (-e doğru) to school
to Paris
FROM -den / dan from home
from England
BY yanında by the sea
by the river
PAST geçince past the hospital
THROUGH bir şeyin içinden geçerek through the woods
INTO içine doğru/içine into the tunnel
OUT OF bir yerden dışarı çıkma out of school
AROUND çevresinde around the world
ACROSS bir taraan diğer tarafa acroos the road
AMONG bir grubun içinde (ikiden fazla kişi veya nesne) among the teenagers
BETWEEN arasında between the paents and doctors
UP yukarı up the road
DOWN aşağı down the hill
OVER üstünde over the city
UNDER alnda under the table
ABOVE yüksekte / yukarıda look at the chart above
above sea level
BELOW ala / aşağıda below the average
the people below them
AGAINST bir şeye dayanmak put a chair against the door
OPPOSITE karşısında the hospital opposite the post oce
IN FRONT OF önünde in front of the school
BEHIND arkasında behind the car park
BESIDE yanında, yanına the cafe beside the news agent
INSIDE içinde, içeride inside the room
OUTSIDE dışarıda, dışında outside the oce
ALONG boyunca along the beach
AHEAD OF ileri a head of his friends
BENEATH alnda beneath the bridge
BEYOND ötesinde beyond the trees
EXCEPT hariç except you
FOR -e karşı / için an event for global warming
LIKE gibi The child behaves like an adult
MID ortasında mid hour of night
WITH ile with them
WITHOUT dışında tea without sugar
WITHIN içinde Leave here within two days
18
YDS
1.5. QUANTIFIERS
*** Quaners; nicelik-(miktar) ifade eder ve bazıları sayılabilir isimlerle, bazıları sayılamayan isimlerle, bazıları
ise her ikisiyle de kullanılabilir.
1. Miktar bildirir.
2. İsimlerden önce kullanılır.
3. Geldikleri ismin çoğul, tekil ya da sayılamayan olmasına göre ili etkiler.
4. Bazı niceleyiciler her zaman “of” ile kullanılır.
- a couple of teenagers
5. Quaners yapıları of’lu ve of’suz kullanılma özelliğine sahiprler. Bunlar of’lu iken zamir görevi görür.
- Both of my friends / Both friends …
Aşağıdaki tabloda tüm Quaners bildiren sözcükler verilmişr.
A B C D E F G
a lot of (lots of ) few most all both one a number of
some a few several whole either each a great / large number of
any lile plenty of none neither every a great/ good many
many a lile enough half couple a good deal of
much quite a few
too many a large/great /small amount of
too much hardly any / almost no
no
A. A LOT OF (LOTS OF ),SOME,ANY,MANY,MUCH, TOO MANY, TOO MUCH, NO

1. Olumlu cümlelerde sayılabilen ya da sayılamayan isimlerin başına A LOT OF (LOTS OF) gerilerek “
bir çok ” anlamı verilir.
- There are a lot of / lots of
buildings in big cies. (Büyük şehirlerde bir çok bina vardır).
2. Olumlu cümlelerde, sayılabilir kelimelerde “ biraz” anlam vermek için SOME;

, sayılamayan kelimelerde “
birkaç”
olumsuz cümleler veya soru cümlelerinde sayılan ya da sayılamayan isimlerin önüne ise “ hiç” anlamı vermek için
ANY kullanılır.NOT ANY yerineNO yapısı da kullanılabilir.
- Are there any ckets to buy for the concert? (Konser için hiç bilet kaldı mı?)
- No there aren’t any ckets for the concert. (Hayır, konser için hiç bilet kalmadı.)
- There are some ckets for the concert. (Konser için birkaç tane bilet var.)
- Is there any buer for breakfast? (Kahvalya hiç yağ var mı?)
- There is no buer for breakfast. (Kahval için hiç yağ yok.)
- There is some buer for breakfast. (Kahval için biraz yağ var.)
bir çok” anlamında MANY

3. Olumsuz cümleler veya soru cümlelerinde sayılabilen isimlerin önüne “ ;
sayılamayanisimlerin önünde MUCH kullanılır.
- How much money do you need? (Ne kadar paraya ihyacın var?)
- How many books have you read? (Kaç tane kitap okudun?)
- There aren’t many books to read. (Çok fazla okunacak kitap yok.)
- There isn’t much money to withdraw. (Çok fazla çekilecek para yok.)
19
4. Olumlu cümlelerde; sayılabilen isimlerin önüne TOO MANY

, sayılamayan isimlerin önüne TOO MUCH kullanılarak
“ aşırılık” anlamı verilir.
- There is too much trac in İstanbul. (İstanbul'da çok fazla trak var.)
- There are too many people who are waing in the line. (Sırada bekleyen çok fazla insan var.)
5. Bu niceleyiciler "OF" edayla da kullanılır.

- Some of
us know the truth. (Bazılarımız gerçeği bilir.)
- Some of
the surgeons will be there. (Cerrahların bazıları burada olacak.)
B. FEW,A FEW,LITTLE,A LITTLE

1. FEW ve A FEW yapısı olumlu cümleler de"birkaç” anlamını verir amaa few var ve yeterli few ise var ama
yetersiz anlamı taşır.
- I would like to make a cake, but I need to buy some eggs because there are few eggs (çok az yumurta) to do it
but I don’t need to buy any our because there are a few kilos of our (yeterli kiloda un) in the kitchen.
2. LITTLE ve A LITTLE yapısı olumlu cümlelerde "biraz” anlamını verir ama A lile var ve yeterli, lile ise var ama
yetersiz anlamı taşır.
- I would like to make a cake but I need to buy some sugar because there is lile sugar (çok az şeker) to do it but
I don’t need to buy any our because there is a lile our (yeterli miktarda un) in the kitchen.
C. ENOUGH,PLENTY OF,MOST,SEVERAL
1. PLENTY
, "çok" anlamındadır. Kendisinden sonra isim geliyorsaOF alır.
- There are plenty of audiences to give the concert. (çok seyirci)
2. ENOUGH " yeterince" anlamındadır sayılabilen ve sayılamayan isimlerin önünde kullanılabilir.
- There isn’t enough me to nish this report. (Raporu birmek için yeterli zaman yok)
- There aren’t enough places to see.
3. SEVERAL "birkaç" anlamındadır sadece sayılabilen çoğul isimlerin önünde kullanılır.
- There are several opons to have a good holiday. (İyi bir tal için bir kaç seçenek var)
4. MOST " çoğu" anlamındaır veOF’ la birlikte kullanılacağı zaman ismin önüne my, your, the, this, these, that, those
gibi bir sözcük kullanmak gerekir.
- Most people believe that he is innocent. (Bir çok insan...)
- Most of
my friends are going to here tonight. (Arkadaşlarımın birçoğu...)
D. ALL,WHOLE, NONE, HALF

1. ALL "hepsi" anlamındadır ve genel anlamında kullanılırsa of almaz özel bir durumda kullanılıyorsaOF alabilir ya
da almayabilir.
- All results are going to be explained tomorrow. (Bütün sonuçlar...)
- All (of) these doctors are from the Far East. (O doktorların hepsi...)
2. WHOLE, " tüm, bütün" anlamındadır ve sayılabilir tekil isimlerle kullanılır.
- I have passed whole day with her. (Bütün günü...)
20
YDS
3. NONE, "hiçbiri" anlamındadır ve genel anlamında kullanılırsa of almaz; özel bir durumda kullanılıyorsa OF alır.
- None of you will be the winner. (Sizin hiç biriniz...)
- A: How much money do you have?
B: None. (Hiç.)
4. HALF, " yarısı" anlamındadır ve genel anlamında kullanılırsa of almaz özel bir durumda kullanılıyorsa OF alır
.
- He has been sleeping half day. (günün yarısı...)
- Half of the money will be spent on educaon. (paranın yarısı...)
E. BOTH,EITHER,NEITHER
1. BOTH, "her ikiside" anlamındadır
. OF ile kullanımı da vardır.
- Both twins have blue eyes. (ikizlerin ikisi de...)
- Both of these doctors are from Germany. (Bu doktorların ikisi de...)
2. EITHER, "ya o ya bu" anlamındadır. OF ile kullanımı da vardır.
- I need some help. Can either of you come to help me? (Sizden biri...)
- Either of the twins is / are at home. (İkizlerin herhangi biri)
3. NEITHER, “ne o ne de bu” anlamındadır
. OF ile kullanımı da vardır.
- Neither of the quesons was/ were answered. (Soruların hiçbiri...)
F. ONE,EACH,EVERY,COUPLE
1. ONE sayılabilen tekil isimlerle kullanılır. “
Bir” anlamındadır.
- There is only one book that I can read now. (Tek bir kitap)
2. EACH, “her biri” anlamındadır; hem sıfat hem zamir olarak kullanılabilir.
- Each student has a sports club. (Her bir öğrenci...)
3. EVERY, “her biri/her” anlamındadır.
- Every sta in this company waits for a promoon. (Her bir personel / çalışan...)
G. A NUMBER OF, A GREAT / LARGE NUMBER OF,A GREAT/ GOOD MANY, A GOOD DEAL OF,QUITE A FEW,A LARGE/
GREAT / SMALL AMOUNT OF, HARDLY ANY / ALMOST NO, ANY / SOME / NO MORE,NO LONGER,MAJORITY
1. A NUMBER/ GROUP OF, “bir grup” anlamında sayılabilen isimlerle kullanılır.

- A number / a group of people are waing for you. (Bir grup insan...)
2. A GREAT / LARGE NUMBER OF, A GREAT/ GOOD MANY,“oldukça çok” anlamında sayılabilen isimlerle kullanılır.
- A great / large number of / a great / good ma ny workers are in danger under these circumstances. (Birçok işçi)
3. QUITE A FEW, “ oldukça çok sayıda” anlamında sayılabilir isimlerle kullanılır.
- Quite a few buildings have destroyed because of the earthquake. (Birçok bina)
4. A LARGE / GREAT / A GOOD DEAL OF, A QUANTITY OF “oldukça çok” anlamında sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılır.
- A large / great / a good deal of / a quanty of sh died because of the poisonous chemicals.
5. HARDLY ANY / ALMOST NO, “hemen hemen hiç” anlamında hem sayılabilen hem de sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılır.
- She has hardly any / almost no aims for the future, she is very hopeless.
21
NOUNS, PRONOUNS, ARTICLES, PREPOSITIONS TEST
1. In hay fever, the symptoms vary from one paent 6. The belief that anyone can aspire to anything is
----, and treatment will also vary. ---- America’s greatest gis to the world.
A) and to others B) to the others A) as much as B) some of
C) and to another D) to another C) one of D) another
E) to others E) the other
2. The remedies they use in the East are very 7. A robot is ---- machine that can make decisions
dierent from those we use in the West; ---- rely independent of human control.
more on the natural properes of herbs and A) either B) some
plants while ---- are more chemically orientated. C) such D) both
A) to them / to us B) they / us E) a
C) their / we D) theirs / ours
E) themselves / ourselves
3. Income tax can be ed more closely to the 8. The recent rise in drug addicon ---- young
individual taxpayer’s ability to pay than ---- tax. people has been given publicity in the media ----
A) any other B) any all proporon to the size of the problem.
C) other D) some A) with / through B) for / over out of all
E) one another C) in / above D) among / out of
E) between / from
4. Actually, though he and I are both hydrologist, ---- 9. The mentally handicapped have diculty in
dues and responsibilies are rather dierent; he coping ---- tasks that are well ---- the capabilies
is more concerned with ood defense acvies, of the average person.
whereas ---- eld is strategic planning. A) under / over B) to / beyond
A) their / his B) our / my C) with / within D) through / into
C) your / our D) his / mine E) along / above
E) my / your
5. Middle children are obviously aected by the fact 10. The name Adonis was given ---- a stream rising in
that they never have their parents’ aenon all Mount Lebanon which runs red ---- the soil of the
to ----. hills aer a sudden fall of rain.
A) themselves B) each A) in / by B) for / in
C) itself D) one another C) at / from D) to / with
E) each other E) by / over
22
YDS
11. In the Franco - Prussian war, balloons were used 17. Advances ---- the understanding of brain structure
to maintain the city’s contacts ---- the outside have placed novel treatments for brain disorders
world ---- the siege of Paris. ---- reach.
A) from / over B) for / at A) with / on B) of / at
C) through / in D) out of / under C) in / within D) through / in
E) with / during E) on / o
12. The sustaining role of the family may go 18. Some delicate fruits and vegetables need to ripen
unappreciated ---- the younger members, but the gradually as they make their way ---- producer
older ones are fully aware ---- its value. naons to consumer markets ---- the globe.
A) for / from B) by / of A) from / around B) with / on
C) from / o D) to / by C) for / in D) of / over
E) with / into E) through / at
13. Some observers esmate that all the African 19. Centenarians appear more resistant ---- disease
wildlife will be ---- danger of exncon within because of their genec make-up.
forty years if numbers diminish ---- this rate. A) from B) to
A) in / at B) by / in C) by D) over
C) within / from D) under / for E) o
E) at / through
14. Miners who inhale large quanes ---- manganese 20. The pilots’ space suits oer protecon ---- the
dust ---- prolonged periods, may show symptoms -60°C temperatures and the low pressures they
of a brain disease. will encounter ---- very high altudes.
A) out of / in B) from / during A) o / for B) from / on
C) by / aer D) of / over C) against / at D) through / with
E) through / under E) over / under
15. Malaria is caused ---- a single-celled parasite that 21. Japan spends a huge amount on its re service
invades the red blood cells ---- its host. but ---- return has extraordinary low rates of
A) through / from B) from / in damage ---- re.
C) of / to D) out of / around A) out of / over B) on / through
E) by / of C) for / over D) by/for
E) in / from
16. Evidence ---- a link ---- sudden infant death 22. ---- the suggesons I’ve listened to, this was the
syndrome and long QT syndrome has been most outrageous.
mounng in recent years. A) From all B) Of all
A) of / over B) for / between C) All of D) All
C) through / with D) to / through E) Overall
E) in / for
23
23. Thesiger’s wrings show that an increasing 28. The Republicans in America are in danger ----
admiraon ---- and understanding ---- tribal destroying their reputaon ---- managing the
customs. economy.
A) from / over B) to / in A) by / in B) about / over
C) for / of D) through / for C) of / for D) at / through
E) at / into E) for / by
24. ---- recent months Lan America has itnessed a 29. It is nancially unsound to put a product ---- the
growing popular revolt ---- globalizaon and the market ---- rst tesng it.
free market. A) for / through B) into / by
A) Through / towards B) In / against C) at / aer D) to / over
C) Over / for D) Within / on E) on / without
E) Along / of
25. Although we can learn something about 30. Last January, “Hygens”, a space probe built by
ourselves ---- introspecon and self-percepon, the European Space Agency, landed ---- Titan,
we can probably learn more about ourselves by Saturn’s largest moon, and began to deliver its
comparing ourselves ---- other people. data ---- waing sciensts.
A) in / towards B) by / at A) above / from B) in / with
C) through / with D) for / to C) on / to D) o / about
E) under / from E) to / by
26. He believes that the best sciensts are curious 31. Such informaon is not being used in engineering
---- everything, and not solely focused ---- a single applicaons ---- present, but it is ---- much
discipline. importance to the food and beverage industry.
A) about / on B) for / at A) at /of B) in / with
C) of / by D) over / through C) by / to D) on / about
E) into / over E) from / for
27. They suspect that those ---- charge of the nuclear 32. An intracerebral haemorrhage begins abruptly
energy plant may be using security consideraons ---- a headache, followed --- signs of steadily
as a way ---- concealing a serious environmental increasing neurologic losses.
risk. A) at / through B) from / in
A) under / for B) at / to C) aer / on D) in / up
C) for / over D) over / into E) with / by
E) in / of
24
YDS
33. ---- anxiety, depression is the most common 38. We need to worry ---- the eects of fossil-fuel
psychiatric disorder and typically begins ---- the carbon dioxide ---- the atmosphere.
20s, 30s or 40s. A) onto / below B) on / by
A) In / through B) Over / during C) for / at D) about / in
C) Aer / in D) Through / by E) towards / on
E) By / for
34. Moreover, ---- its own statutes, the EU itself is 39. There’s a broad range of opinions ---- the
obliged to consult the trade unions ---- a number biological consequences of being exposed ---- the
of topics. contaminated environment near Chernobyl.
A) under / on B) with / at A) for / of B) in / with
C) from / for D) on / against C) on / to D) about / at
E) to / over E) through / from
35. Aer the collapse of the Soviet Union and the 40. Lung cancer is the most common cause of death
opening of formerly closed borders, traders ---- ---- cancer ---- both men and women.
Georgia and Armenia, crossed over the borders A) about / with B) from / in
---- Turkey to make a living. C) with / for D) in / over
A) at / with B) of / about E) through / about
C) from / to D) between / back
E) on / towards
36. In February 1996, ---- a meeng in Bermuda, 41. While dialysis is an opon ---- people suering
internaonal partners in the Human Genome from kidney disease, no similar treatment is
Project agreed to formalize the condions of data available for people ---- severe liver disease.
access, including release of the sequence into A) in / without B) with / at
public databases ---- 24 hours. C) for / with D) of / within
A) at / within B) from / in E) over / on
C) in / by D) during / to
E) on / through
37. The United States government is about to start 42. ---- an average of ve credit cards per person, the
monitoring the air ---- major cies for biological people in the United States buy more ---- credit
weapons ---- looking for bacteria and viruses in than the people in any other country in the world.
the air ltres that now monitor polluon. A) By / from B) For / of
A) of / on B) at / towards C) To / with D) With / on
C) out of / with D) in / by E) At / by
E) from / through
25
43. The Bush Administraon’s restoraon of 47. Perhaps the most crucial factor ---- paent
diplomac relaons with Libya--- more noncompliance is poor verbal communicaon ----
than a quarter of a century of oen violent the praconer and the paent.
confrontaon is largely the result of several years A) for / by B) of / among
---- painstaking and mostly secret diplomacy. C) about / of D) in / between
A) for / by B) in / over E) to / for
C) aer / of D) through / through
E) at / with
44. Gregor Mendel probably chose to study garden 48. Psychological studies show that Belgian and
peas because he was familiar with them ---- his French workers place greater importance ----
rural upbringing; they were easy to grow, and personal independence than do workers ----
they came ---- many readily disnguishable many other countries.
variees. A) in / of B) on / in
A) from / in B) at / for C) about / by D) to / for
C) with / on D) in / by E) of / within
E) on / over
45. Sunspots, a barometer ---- solar acvity in 49. Ancient Pompeii, destroyed in A.D. 79 ---- an
general, seem to have been unusually numerous erupon of Vesuvius, lay buried ---- rock and ash
---- the last century. unl the 18th century.
A) for / at B) of / over A) by / under B) at / for
C) within / by D) for / about C) with / below D) in / on
E) above / from E) through / over
46. In biofeedback, biological responses are 50. Insects that live in colonies, such as ants, bees,
measured ---- electronic instruments, and the wasps, and termites, have long fascinated
status of those responses is immediately available everyone, ---- naturalists ---- arsts.
---- the person being tested. A) among / with B) about / between
A) with / at B) by / to C) in / of D) between / above
C) in / about D) from / on E) from / to
E) through / with
26
YDS
51. A gene giving humans a preference ---- sweet 56. Today, spam mail constutes more than 90 per
foods was recently idened ---- researchers. cent ---- all e-mail trac all ---- the world.
A) over / among B) on / with A) with / through B) to / across
C) to / at D) for / by C) at / around D) by / within
E) into / within E) of / over
52. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, 85,000 57. Some types of microscopic organisms, called
baby teeth were collected ---- children in the hyperthermophilic bacteria, can survive ----
Midwestern US as part of a study of a possible extremely high temperatures, somemes even
link ---- the tesng of atomic bombs and human ---- 100°C.
health. A) under / for B) on / with
A) around / beside B) with / from C) in / by D) at / above
C) inside / throughout D) from / between E) within / as
E) under / among
53. Evidence clearly shows there is a prevenve 58. Sciensts esmate that an individual bone has
eect ---- aspirin and other an-inammatory a one ---- three per cent lifeme risk of fracture,
drugs ---- colorectal cancer. based on data ---- a variety of species.
A) aer / with B) on / to A) by / of B) for / on
C) of / on D) without / by C) to / from D) from / over
E) between / beside E) of / about
54. The Houston Caribbean Fesval brings a feast 59. The great majority of osteoporoc hip fractures
---- music and colour ---- the streets of downtown in the US occur in adults - -- 50 and result from
Houston each year. minimal ---- moderate trauma, usually a fall from
A) on / by B) at / over standing height or less.
C) of / to D) above / o A) of / between B) at / through
E) to / within C) towards / up to D) over / to
E) by / out of
55. Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, the highest 60. We humans, like all warm-blooded animals, can
mountain ---- Africa, rises 5,895 metres ---- sea keep our core body temperatures prey constant
level. regardless ---- the physical condions in the world
A) over / at B) across / into ---- us.
C) at / through D) below / to A) to / through B) with / for
E) in / above C) about / inside D) on / over
E) of / around
27
61. Compared with the United States aer 9/11, India 66. On entering a tradional Japanese home, you
has reacted ---- the Mumbai aacks ---- restraint. should take ---- your slippers and leave them ----
A) over / from B) for / in the door.
C) by / to D) to / with A) away / before B) out / at
E) at / over C) up / through D) over / by
E) o / in front of
62. The changes of energy in nuclear reacons are 67. A Marine Protected Area is an area of the ocean
enormous ---- comparison--- those in chemical that is protected ---- law in order to preserve
reacons. areas ---- high biological importance.
A) above / over B) in / for A) over / for B) with / in
C) beyond / to D) by / with C) to / at D) by / of
E) of / aer E) within / o
CEVAP ANAHTARI
1. D 18. A 35. C 52. D
63. ---- the fourteenth century, some architects 2. D 19. B 36. A 53. C
broadened their studies ---- light and began to 3. A 20. C 37. D 54. C
explore the science of opcs. 4. B 21. E 38. D 55. E
A) Over / over B) During / of 5. A 22. B 39. C 56. E
C) Through / throughout D) At / in 6. C 23. C 40. B 57. D
E) Among / under 7. E 24. B 41. C 58. C
8. D 25. C 42. D 59. D
9. E 26. A 43. C 60. E
10. D 27. E 44. A 61. D
64. An understanding of the link ---- inammaon 11. E 28. C 45. B 62. D
and cancer requires knowing how the body reacts 12. B 29. E 46. B 63. B
---- invaders.
13. A 30. C 47. D 64. B
A) with / through B) between / to
14. D 31. A 48. B 65. D
C) to / for D) by / from
15. E 32. E 49. A 66. E
E) in / over
16. B 33. C 50. E 67. D
17. C 34.A 51. D
65. ---- stress or heavy exercise, the normal heart can

increase its cardiac output up to vefold, and 20
or 30 litres of blood can be pumped ---- minute.
A) On / in B) In / within
C) By / at D) During / per
E) From / to
28
2. ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
2.1. ADJECTIVES ORDER

Bir ismin önüne birden çok sıfat kullanılacaksa, genellikle aşağıdaki sıra dikkate alınmalıdır.
1. OPINION (bad, good, smart, etc.)
2. SIZE / MEASURE (big, small, high, etc.)
3. SHAPE (circular, square, round, etc.)
4. CONDITION (row, broken, fresh, etc.)
5. AGE (new, anque, old, etc.)
6. COLOUR (blue, pink, gren, etc.)
7. MATERIAL (iron, gold, coon, etc.)
8. ORIGIN (Chinese, Turkish, American, etc.)
- A big iron material (big → size, iron→ material)
- A smart chinese machine (smart → opinon, Chinese→ origin)
2.2. PRESENT & PAST PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES

Present ve past parciple, ilden türeyip cümlede sıfat görevi görür. Present parciple, –ing takısıyla; past parciple,
–ed takısıyla ilden sıfata dönüşür. İsmi etkileyense –ing ile, isimden etkileniyorsa –ed takısıyla kullanılır.
- The book bores me. - The book isboring. - I am bored.

- The news worries me. - The news isworriying . - I am worried .
Present Parciple Past parciple Present Parciple Past parciple
admiring (hayranlık verici) admired (hayran) frightening (korkutucu) frightened (korkmuş)
amazing (şaşırcı) amazed (şaşırmış) frustrang (hayal kırıklığına uğracı) frustrated (yıkılmış)
amusing (eğlenceli) amused (eğlenmiş) horrifying (korkutucu) horried (korkmuş)
annoying (sinir bozucu) annoyed (kızgın) interesng (ilginç) interested (ilgisini çekmiş)
astonishing (şaşırcı) astonished (şaşırmış) irritang (sinir bozucu) irritated (sinirli)
bewildering (şaşırcı, hayret verici) bewildered (şaşırmış) pleasing (memnun edici) pleased (memnun)
boring (sıkıcı) bored (sıkılmış) sasfying (memnun edici) sased (memnun)
charming (çekici) charmed (büyülenmiş) shocking (şok edici) shocked (şaşkına dönmüş)
confusing (kafa karışrıcı) confused (kafası karışmış) startling (büyüleyici) startled (şaşırmış)
depressing (bunalcı) depressed (bunalmış) smulang (şaşırcı) smulated (uyarılmış)
disappoin ng disappointed surprising (büyüleyici) surprised (şaşırmış)
(hayal kırıklığına uğracı) (hayal kırıklığına uğramış)
discouraging (cesaret kırıcı) discouraged (cesare kırılmış) terrifying (korkutucu) terried (korkmuş)
disgusng (iğrenç) disgusted (iğrenmiş) ring (yorucu) red (yorgun)
excing (heyecan verici) excited (heyecanlı) thrilling (nefes kesici) thrilled (heyecanlı)
exhausng (yorucu) exhausted (yorgun) worrying (endişe verici) worried (endişeli)
2.3. FORMS OF ADVERBS

Sıfatlar (adjecves) genellikle –ly takısı gerilerek zarara (adverbs) dönüştürülür.
- quick-- quickly
- careful -- carefully
- successful --successfully
29
Adverbs Examples
Manner (durum) slowly / nicely
Place (yer) here / somewhere
Frequency (sıklık) always / somemes
Time (zaman) now / yesterday
Degree (derece) quite / very
- The twins always speak slowly.(manner)

- They are sleeping now. (me)
- Somemes , I feel very red. (frequency)
2.4. ADVERBS OF DEGREE

Derece bildiren zarar; tanımladığı ilin, sıfan ya da zarn derecesini bildirir.
absolutely scarcely slightly too nearly praccally
awfully unusually totally enough virtually much
badly relavely certainly very a lot so
completely strongly tremendously just rather quite
enrely exceponally uerly for fairly a lile
fully prey perfectly well a bit indeed
increasibgly bierly signicantly hardly barely
terribly seriously surprisingly almost scarcely
He was going to have an extremely bad accident but he wasincredibly lucky and the airbag saved his life (oldukça
kötü bir kaza, inanılmaz şanslı).
2.5. SO / SUCH... THAT
So+ adjecve/adverb + (that)

a.
* so hot, so handsome, so slowly, so fast etc
- She is so clever that she can memorize everything. (O kadar akıllıki, herşeyi ezberleyebilir).
- He was driving so carelessly that he couldn’t stop when he realized the chidren on the street.
Such + a/an + adjecve + a singular noun + (that)
* such a cute girl, such a sunny day, such an interesng lm etc.
- I have never seen such a big hamburger in my life.
- It was such a complicated case that nobody could nd a soluon. (O kadar karışık bir durumki, hiçkimse
çözüm bulamadı.)
30
YDS
Such + adjecve + plural noun + (that)
* such prey girls, such happy days, such expensive shoes etc.
- They should be such paent friends that I can trust them.
- We have watched such good movies that we can watch them twice.
Such + adjecve + uncountable noun + (that)
* such awful weather, such dicult vocabulary, such strong coee etc.
- There was such delicious bread at restaurant that we didn’t want to eat the beef.
- It was such sour cheese that we couldn’t eat it.
• Süreç ve mesafe bildirenler;

a. so long = such a long me
- The exam took so long / such a long me that we all got red and bored.(sınav okadar uzun sürdü ki..)
b. so far = such a long way
- I didn’t know your oce was so far/such a long way from your house. (işinin evine bu kadar uzak olduğunu…)
• Miktar bildirenler;
a. so many = such a lot of
- I have so many books/such a lot of books that I don’t know where to put them.(O kadar çok kitabım var ki ....)
b. so few = such a few
- She has so few friends/such a few friends that she feels lonely. (O kadar az arkadaşıvar ki...)
c. so much = such a lot of
- They have so much furniture/such a lot of furniture at home. (Evlerinde okadar çok mobilya var ki...)
d. so lile = such a lile
- I can’t complete the report in so lile me/such a lile me. (Bu kadar az zamanda…)
2.6. TOO & ENOUGH

Sıfat ve zarara dereceleme anlamı katar.
TOO: too + adjecve / adverb +to do

•
The weather is too cold. I can’t go out.
- The weather is too cold to go out.
The quesons were too dicult. The students couldn’t answer any of them.
- The quesons are too dicult to answer.
ENOUGH: adjecve / adverb + enough to do

•
She isn’t old enough so she can’t live alone.
- She isn’t old enough to livealone.
The weather is wind enough so we can surf.
- The weather is wind enough to surf .
31
Enough, ismi niteliyorsa şu şekilde kullanılır:

Enough + noun + to do
- I don’t have enough money to buy this car.
- There are enough students to give lessons.
2.7. COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE OF ADJECTIVES

Sıfatlar karşılaşrma görevi yapmak için –er veyamore takısı,en üstünlük derecesi bildirmek için ise–est veyamost
takısı alırlar.
tall – taller -tallest dicult – more dicult – most dicult
cold – colder - coldest expensive – more expensive - most expensive
slow – slower - slowest hardworking – more hardworking - most hardworking
- A cat is fast, a ger is faster than a cat but a cheetah isthe fastest.

- A bike is heavy, a car is heavier than a bike but a truck isthe heaviest.
- A chair is comfortable , an armchair is more comfortable, than a chair but a sofa is the most comfortable of all.
1. Irregular comparave and superlave adjecves:

good – beer – best
bad – worse-worst
lile– less– least
much / many / a lot of – more – most
far – further / farther – furthest / farthest
2. Comparave +than: Karşılaşrma yapılırken than kullanılır.

- Africa is hoer than Canada.
- My friends are more sociable than me.
3. The + Superlave: Superlave kullanılırken önüne the gerilir.

- Bill Gates is the richest man in the world.
- She is the tallest girl I have ever seen.
4. As + Adjecve + As: İki nesne, kişi, yer gibi karşılaşrmalarda kullanılır.

- I am 20 years old. My friend is 20 years old, too. - I am as oldas my friend.
- Ankara is not as crowded as Istanbul.
32
YDS
5. Comparisons of Quanty: Miktar bildirmek için more, less, fewer kullanılır.

• more / fewer + countable nouns
• more / less + uncountable nouns
a. Sayılabilen isimlerle; more ve fewer

- I have more booksthan my brother.
- My brother has fewer booksthan me.
b. Sayılamayan isimlerle; more ve less

- I have spent less moneythan I expected.
- I need more milk to make a cake.
c.
• as many as / as few as + countable nouns
• as much as / as lile as + uncountable nouns
- They have as many books as us.

- Coee contains as much caeine as coke.
d. The same …. as: Karşılaşrılan iki ögenin aynı olduğu anlamını verir.
I am as old as my friend.
- I am the same age as my rend.
I have blue eyes. My sister has blue eyes too.

- My eyes colour is as same as my sister.
- I have the same eyes colour as my sister’s.
e. Similar to / dierent from : Benzerlikleri

similar to ile farklılıklarıdierent from ile ifade ederiz.
- Your hair style is similar to mine.
- My life is dierent from yours.
33
ADJECTIVES-ADVERBS & QUANTIFIERS TEST
1. Bacteria are ---- small that they can ---- be seen 5. In his book Beyond Laughter, the psychiatrist
under a microscope. Marn Grotjahn claims that ---- an infant begins
A) very / rather C) as / thus to smile and laugh, ---- intelligent he is likely to
B) too / hardly D) so / only prove.
E) much / just A) the earlier / the more
B) the earliest / the most
C) earlier / more
D) as early / as much
E) as early as / the more
2. The occupaonal psychologist is oen regarded 6. Research suggests that older children are ---- likely
by Industrialists as being ---- academic to serve to develop allergies ---- their younger siblings.
any praccal purpose. A) more / than B) most / from
A) too much B) so C) less / as D) least / than
C) too D) more E) so / as
E) as much
3. All cells, whether they come from animals, plants 7. Mulnaonal companies account for ---- 60
or bacteria, contain ---- elements in very nearly per cent of trade in manufactured goods in the
---- proporons. developed world.
A) more / all B) some / more A) so much B) rather than
C) any / the most D) the same /the same C) as far as D) by no means
E) the other / some E) no less than
4. ---- two-thirds of the energy the average person 8. Some people reckon that, in the workplace, being
spends in a day supports the body’s metabolic popular is ---- important ---- being eecve.
acvies. A) more / while B) so / that
A) Already B) As C) too / for D) even / enough
C) At least D) Such as E) as / as
E) So
34
YDS
9. Such an investment would save many mes ---- 13. Temperate rain forest, ---- occurs on the
water as could ever be supplied by draining the northwest coast of North America, receives high
Ebro river. precipitaon and is dominated by large conifers.
A) the more B) more A) as well as B) more than
C) as much D) as more C) such as D) same as
E) the most E) then
14. Some anthropologists think that man today is--

10. Is yawning contagious and, if so, are some of us -- honest ---- he was hundreds and thousands of
---- prone to “catching” a yawn ---- others? years ago.
A) more / than B) not only / but also A) much/as B) the less/than
C) either / or D) so / that C) the least/of D) lile/as
E) both / and E) less/than
11. Coal produces ---- CO2 per energy unit ---- any 15. Human acvity has destroyed ---- plant species
other fossil fuel. that collecve acon is essenal for the
A) also / as C) such / that conservaonof those that remain.
B) more / than D) either / or A) more B) so many
E) so / as C) many more D) the most
E) as many
12. In the developing world, the public-sector health CEVAP ANAHTARI

care infrastructure is typically overwhelmed, 1.D 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.A
which is not surprising considering ---- naonal 6.A 7.E 8.E 9.C 10.A
governments spend on health as a share of
11.B 12.A 13.C 14.E 15.B
naonal income.
A) how lile B) few
C) so much D) just as much
E) how many
35
3. TENSES
Aşağıdaki tabloda gördüğünüz gibi İngilizcede on iki tane zaman yapısı vardır. BunlarPresent
, Past veFuture olmak
üzere üç temel zamana bağlıdır.
PAST PRESENT FUTURE

_____________________________________________ / __________________________________________
- Now-
• The simple past • The simple present • The future
• The pastconnuous • The present connuous • The future cont
• The pastperfect • The present perfect • The future perfect
• The past perfect cont. • The presentperfect cont. • The future perfect cont.
3.1. THE VERB "BE"

• English Word Order: İngilizce’de ve Türkçede cümle kurulumu farklıdır.
Türkçe de; İngilizce de;
Subject(Özne)+Object(Nesne)+Verb (Fiil) Subject+Verb + Object
- Ben dondurma severim. -I love ice cream.
• To be: "be" ili "am /is /are" şekline dönüşür. Fiil kullanılmayan, durum bildiren cümlelerdeyardımcı il görevi görür.
Singular Subject Pronouns Plural Subject Pronouns
I am We are
You are You are
He / she / it is They are
-I am a doctor -Are you sad?
-He is a lawyer. - Is he single?
- Weare happy. - Weare not from England.
- She is tall. - Itis not my dog.
- They are at home. - Theyare not mine.
• To be ili, il olmadığı durumlarda kullanıldığı gibi, zamanlarda da kullanılır.

- Present: am / is / are - Past :was /were - Perfect:been
36
YDS
PRESENT TENSES
3.2. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
• Bu zamanın kullanım kuralı:
I am
You are
He
she is
(not) V ing
It
we
You are
They
• Bu zaman ile birlikte kullanılan zaman zararı:
- now
- right now
- at present
- at the moment
- sll
- currently
- for the me being
- these days
- nowadays
• Kullanım yerleri:
a. İçinde bulunduğumuz ânı anlarken;
- Mother is in the kitchen now. She is cooking dinner.
b. Konuşma esnasında olmasa da o günlerde yapılan bir işi anlarken;

- I am taking a course for TUS exam.
c. Değişmekte olan durumları anlarken;

- The paent’s case is geng beer.
d. Memnun olunmayan durumaları anlarken (always, forever gibi süreklilik bildiren yapılarla);
- You are always smoking. Unless you give up smoking, you won’t get beer.
e. Yakın gelecek zamanda planlanmış durumu anlarken (next week, tomorrow gibi zararla);
- I’m leaving tomorrow.
37
3.3. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

• Bu zamanın kullanım kuralı:
I
You
V / don’t
We
They
He
She V -s, -es, -ies / doesn't V

It
• Bu zaman ile birlikte kullanılan zaman zararı:
• Every day / week / month …
• Sıklık zararı: (always, oen, usually, generally, frequently,

somemes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, hardly ever, scarcely
ever, almost never, never)
• once/twice / three mes a week / month
a. Genel durumları anlarken (yukarıda verilen zararla);
- She always sings in English.
- I somemes feel depressed.
- They usually don’t go out on Saturdays.
- A: Do yousmoke? B: No I never smoke.
- I generally have a rest in the evenings.
- A: I have a headache. B:Why don’t youtake an aspirin?
b. Doğa kanunlarını anlarken;

- Water boils at 100 degrees cengrade.
- Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen.
c. Gelecek zamanda gerçekleşecek ya da düzenli olarak gerçekleşen olayları ifade ederken;

- The plain from Germany arrives here at 10 everyday / tomorrow.
- I start to work at 8 o’clock everyday / tomorrow.
- The buses start at 6 a.m. every day.
d. Haber bilgileri (geçmişte kalmış bile olsalar)bu zamanla anlalır.

- Who murders the President?
- The suspicious person kidnaps a baby.
38
YDS
• Present Connuous ve Present Simple: Genel durumlar için Present Simple kullanılırken geçici
durum ifade ederken Present Connuous kullanılır.
- I live in Ankara but I’m living in Istanbul with my cousin for a while.
- She always reads the newspaper aer breakfast but now she is wring a report.
3.4. THE STATE VERBS

• STATE VERBS: İngilizce de bazı iller durum bildirdiği için connuous tense lerle kullanılmaz.
abhor (hor görmek) dislike (hoşlanmamak) lack (ihyaç olmak) require (istemek/gerekrmek)
admire (takdir etmek) doubt (şüphelenmek) last (devam etmek) resemble (benzemek)
adore (tapmaz) enjoy (hoşlanmak) loathe (ksinmek) sasfy (memnun etmek)
agree (aynı kirde olmak) envy (kıskanmak) maer (önemli olmak) seem (gibi gözükmek)
apply (başvurmak) equal (denk olmak) mean (anlamına gelmek) sound (gibi gelmek)
appreciate (takdir etmek) exist (var olmak) need (ihyaç olmak) stop (durmak)
astonish (şaşırmak) fear (korkmak) owe (borçlu olmak) suce (yeterli olmak)
believe (inanmak) forget (unutmak) own (sahip olmak) suppose (ummak)
belong to (alt olmak) forgive (bağışlamak) perceive (algılamak) surprise (şaşırmak/şaşırtmak)
care (özen göstermek) guess (tahmin etmek) please (memnun etmek) survive (hayaa kalmak)
come from (-dan gelmek) hate (nefret etmek) possess (sahip olmak) suspect (şüphelenmek)
concern (ilgilendirmek) hope (ummak) prefer (tercih etmek) trust (güvenmek)
contain (içermek) imagine (hayal etmek) presuppose (varsaymak) understand (anlamak)
cost (mal olmak) impress (etkilemek) reach (ulaşmak) want (istenmek)
deserve (haketmek) include (içermek) realize (farketmek) wish (ummak)
desire (arzulamak) involve (kapsamak) recall (harlamak)
despise (küçümsemek) keep (korumak) remain (geriye kalmak)
detest (iğrenmek) know (bilmek) remember (harlamak)
• Kural Bozan Durum Fiilleri (State Verbs):

1. Be:
Non-progressive I am very red. Çok yorgunum.(genel durum)
Progressive I am being red. Çok yoruluyorum.(değişken durum)
2. Have:
Non-progressive She has blue eyes. Mavi gözleri var.(Sahiplik bildirir.)
Progressive She is having a party now. O şu anda bir par veriyor.(Eylem bildirir.)
3. Think:
Non-progressive I think she knows the truth. Bence gerçeği biliyor.(genel durum)
Progressive She is thinking about her boy friend. Erkek arkadaşını dşünüyor.(Eylem bildirir.)
39
4. Smell:
Non-progressive These plants smell very nice. Bitkiler çok güzel kokuyor.(kokmak)
Progressive I am smelling the owers. Çiçekleri kokluyorum.
(koklamak)
5. See:
Non-progressive Whenever I go to this disco I always Ne zaman o diskoya gitsem, ünlü insanlar görürüm.
see famous people. (görmek)
Progressive She is seeing her denst tomorrow. Yarın diş doktoruyla görüşecek. (görüşmek
)
6. Taste:
Non-progressive My mom’s meals always taste delicious. Annemin yemekleri her zaman lezzetlidir. (Durum bildirir.)
Progressive The dinner is about to get ready. My Yemek neredeyse hazır ve babam çorbanın tadına
father is tasng the soup. bakıyor. (tadına bakmak)
7. Feel:
Non-progressive The armchair feels very hard so I can’t Koltuk çok sert görünüyor bu yüzden oturamıyorum. (gibi
sit there. görünmek)
Progressive She is feeling / feels very upset O hastalığı yüzünden çok mutsuz hissediyor. (hissetmek)
because of her illness.
("feel" ili bu kullanımda her ikisi de
olur.)
8. Look:
Non-progressive The sta looked surprised when they Haberi duyduklarında çalışanlar çok şaşırmış
heard the news. görünüyorlardı. (gibi görünmek)
Progressive They are looking at me surprisingly. Bana şaşırmış bir şekilde bakıyorlar. (bakmak)
9. Appear:
Non-progressive The invesgaon appears ambigious. Araşrma belirsiz görünüyor.(gibi görünmek)
Progressive When everybody concentrates on the Herkes oyuna dikkani vermişken, oyuncu aniden
play, the actor is appearing suddenly. göründü. (ortaya çıkmak)
10. Weigh:
Non-progressive She weighs only 30 kilosgrams. O sadece 30 kilodur.(Durum bildirir.)
Progressive She is weighing the cheese in the O markee peyniri taryor. (tartmak)

supermarket.
40
YDS
Have / has: Sahiplik bildiren have/has kalıbıhave got / has got şeklinde de kullanılır. Fakat kullanımlarında
farklılık vardır.
They havea boat. = They have got a boat.

We don’t have a baot. = Wehaven’t got a boat.
He doesn’t have a boat. = hehasn’t got a boat.
Do youhave a boat? = Have you gota boat?
3.5. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I He
You + have (not) + V3 She + has (not)+ V3
We It
They
• Bu Tense ile kullanılan zaman zararı:
- today / this morning...

- sll
- this week / year / month / century vb.
- for / since
- once / twice / three mes / several mes / many mes
- lately / recently
- already / just / yet
- so far / up to now / unl now / ll now/upto this date
- ever / never / all my life
- before
a. Geçmişte edindiğimiz tecrübeleri ifade ederken;
- I have been to Germany before.
- She hasn’t had any operaons in her life.
b. Geçmişte yapğımız bir eylemi zaman ve yer belirtmeden kullanırken;
- I have sent her a lot of e-mails but she hasn’t replied any of them yet.
- Has he told the truth?
41
c. Geçmişteki bir eylem ya da olayın sonucunun şu an görüldüğünü anlarken;

- Her nger is bleeding. She has cut it by accident.
d. Today, this morning, this year gibi henüz tamamlanmamış bir dönemden bahsederken;
- My grandmother has had two operaons this month.
- The sciensts have completed their invesgaon this week.
e.
This is superlave + noun (that) + Present Perfect
- This is the worst day I have ever had in my life.

- This is the most excing movie that I have watched.
f.
This is the rst / second etc. me + Present Perfect
her.
- It is / has been eight hours since I last ate / have eaten something.
g. gone / been kullanımı: “go” ilini Perfect Tense de been yada gone olarak iki farklı şekilde kullanırız. "Been"
olarak kullanıldığında "bulundu" anlamında, "gone" olarak kullanıldığında "gi" anlamındadır.
- I have been to Japan many mes.
- My children have gone to the cinema. They haven’t come back yet.
• Zaman zararının kullanım yerleri;

a. for /since
for 3 years
2001
2008 now
(since 2008)
- We have known each other for 3 years.

- We have known each other since 2008.
Examples:
for 2 years since 2000
3 days 18th century
years I moved there.
5 hours I graduated from the university
42
YDS
b. lately / recently
Son zamanlarda, son günlerde anlamında cümlenin sonunda kullanılır.
- I haven’t seen my doctor recently /lately.
- There have been too many trac accidents recently /lately.
c. already / just / yet

• Just henüz, şimdi anlamında yardımcı ille il arasında sadece olumlu cümlede kullanılır:
- The students have just nished their exam and they are giving in their papers now.
• already zaten, çoktan anlamında, yardımcı ille il arasında sadece olumlu cümlede kullanılır:
- I have already had my dinner, I am not hungry.
Recently zarnı, "kısa bir süre önce" olarak Simple Past Tense de görebilirsiniz.
- We ate hamburgers recently. (çok kısa bir süre önce)
• Yet henüz anlamında cümlenin sonunda olumsuz cümleler ve soru cümlelerinde kullanılır.
- She hasn’t phoned me yet.
- Have you nished your dinner yet?
d. once / twice / three mes / several mes / many mes (bir kez, iki kez, üç kez, birkaç kez, birçok kez anlamında
kullanılır)
- I have been to France once.
- I have eaten sushi many mes.
e. so far / up to now / ll- unl now / upto this date (Şimdiye kadar anlamındadır.)
- The surgeon hasn’t explained anything so far / up to now / ll- unl now.
- They have searched the case many mes so far / up to now / ll- unl now.
3.6. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
I He
You + have (not)+ been + Ving She + has (not)+ been + Ving
We It
They
43
• Bu Tense ile birlikte kullanılan zaman zararı:
- today
- sll
- this week / year / month / century vb.
- for / since
- lately / recently
- all day / week / month / year vb.
a. Geçmişte başlayıp, içinde bulunduğumuz anda hala devam eden veya henüz bitmiş olayları anlarken;
- I have been staying at this hotel for three days.
- It has been raining since last night.
b. "for, since, all day, all year" gibi yapılarla çok sık kullanılır.
- She has been wring her report all week.
- They have been preparing dinner for two hours.
THE PRESENT PERFECT OR THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1. Bu zaman yapısı, süreklilik bildiren illerle (live, stay, snow, rain, sit, watch etc.)kullanılır. Kısa süreli eylem bildiren
illerle (burn, break, fall etc.) kullanılmaz.
- It has been snowing for a week.
- She has burnt herself.
2. Durum bildiren iller, (state verbs) bu zamanla kullanılmaz.

- I have had a headache for hours.
- She has never forgiven him since 1998.
3. Bu zaman yapısı süreklilik bildirmediği once, twice, three mes, always, never gibi sıklık zararıyla için kullanılmaz.
- They have always had a row.
- He has been to Europe twice.
44
YDS
PAST TENSES
3.7. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
I
You
He
she
It V 2 /did not V1
we
You
They
- yesterday
- last night / last year / last week etc.
- 2 years ago / ve hours ago
-in 1979 / in the 16th century / in the past
- in the Middle Age / during 1950s
- at 3 o’clock yesterday
-when / while / as / just as bağlaçları
- this me last year / at this moment yesterday / at 4 o’clock last night . etc.
a. Geçmişte belli bir yerde olup bitmiş olayları anlatmak için kullanılır.
- She went to Paris last year.
- The twins le here at ten o’clock this morning.
- I lived in İzmir for ve years.
- I didn’t live in İzmir .
- A: Did youlive in İzmir?
B: No I didn’t /Yes , Idid.
- She worked this company.
- He didn’t wear a suit last night.
- I became a doctor 8 years ago.
- Where did yougo on holiday last summer.
b. Geçmişte yapılan alışkanlıkları ifade etmek için kullanılır. Sıklık zararıyla da kullanılabilir.
- I always went to the cinema when I had free me.
- They somemes studied science when they were at university.
45
• Fiiller "düzenli" ve "düzensiz" olarak ikiye ayrılır. Past yapısında düzenli illerin sonuna -d, -ed, -ied takılarından
biri gelirken, düzensiz illerde illerin geçmiş halleri farklıdır. Aşağıda düzensiz illerin listesi verilmişr.
Regular verbs examples:

- study –studied - work – worked - stay – stayed
- cry –cried - play – played - live – lived
IRREGULAR VERBS
V1 Base Form V2 Past Simple V3 Past Parciple V1 Base Form V2 Past Simple V3 Past Parciple
awake awoke awoken hurt hurt hurt
be was, were been keep kept kept
beat beat beaten know knew known
become became become lay laid laid
begin began begun lead led led
bend bent bent learn learned/learnt learned/learnt
bet bet bet leave le le
bid bid bid lend lent lent
bite bit bien let let let
blow blew blown lie lay lain
break broke broken lose lost lost
bring brought brought make made made
broadcast broadcast broadcast mean meant meant
build built built meet met met
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt pay paid paid
buy bought bought put put put
catch caught caught read read read
choose chose chosen ride rode ridden
come came come ring rang rung
cost cost cost rise rose risen
cut cut cut run ran run
dig dug dug say said said
do did done see saw seen
draw drew drawn sell sold sold
dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt send sent sent
drive drove driven show showed showed/shown
drink drank drunk shut shut shut
eat ate eaten sing sang sung
fall fell fallen sit sat sat
feel felt felt sleep slept slept
ght fought fought speak spoke spoken
nd found found spend spent spent
y ew own stand stood stood
forget forgot forgoen swim swam swum
forgive forgave forgiven take took taken
freeze froze frozen teach taught taught
get got goen tear tore torn
give gave given tell told told
go went gone think thought thought
grow grew grown throw threw thrown
hang hung hung understand understood understood
have had had wake woke woken
hear heard heard wear wore worn
hide hid hidden win won won
hit hit hit write wrote wrien
hold held held
46
YDS
3.8. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
I was
You were
He
she was
It (not) V ing
we
You were
They
- (at) this me yesterday/last year

- yesterday
- last night / last year / last week . etc.
- 2 years ago / ve hours ago
- in 1979 / in the 16th Century
- at 3 o’clock yesterday
- while, as, when gibi bağlaçlarla
a. Geçmişte devam eden olayları anlatmak için kullanılır.
- I was sleeping this me last night.
- My mother was cooking when the guests arrived.
- A: What were you doing at around noon last Sunday?
B: Iwas playing football with friends.
b. Geçmişte bir olayın başlangıç ve biş tarihi verildiğinde kullanılır.

- They were operang the paent from nine to eleven.
3.9. WHEN & WHILE SENTENCES

Simple Past ve Past Connuous Tense için "when" ve "while" kullanımı önemlidir.
1. When'li cümlede, bir olay olduğunda diğer olay oluyordu anlamı vardır.
When + Simple Past, Past Connuous
- When the ambulancearrived , the man was lying on the street.

- What wereyou doing whenI calledyou.
47
2. When’li cümle yan cümleyi oluşturur ve ard arda yapılmış olayları anlar.
When + Simple Past, Simple Past
- When Inished the report, Iwent out yesterday.

- She talked to mewhen she heard the news.
3. While’lı cümle yan cümleyi oluşturur ve bir olay oluyorken diğer olay oldu anlamındadır.
While + Past Connuous, Simple Past
- While the babies were crying , she fainted.

- They announced the ightwhile we were drinking tea at the airport.
4. While yan cümleyi oluşturur ve temel cümledeki eylemle aynı anda olan bir eylemi anlatmak için kullanılır.
While + Simple Past, Simple Past
- While shehad an interview, we waited her in the café.

5. While yan cümleyi oluşturmakla birlikte aynı anda olan iki olayı anlatmak için kullanılır.
While + Past Connuous, Past Connuous
- While the studentswere trying to answer the quesons, the childrenwere playing outside.

- While we were having breakfast, shewas sllsleeping .
Bu üç yapı da esnasında anlamındadır fakat just as tam o esnada anlamı verir.

while = as = just as
- While / as we were having an argument, she suddenly fainted.
- Just as I was explaining his promoon, he told that he wanted to resign.
3.10. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

I
You
He
she
had (not) V3
It
we
You
They
48
YDS
a. Geçmiş zamanda olan iki olaydan birincisini anlatmak için kullanılır. Present Perfect Tense geçmişte başlayıp
bugüne etki eği gibi, Past Perfect Tense'te de geçmişte olan bir olay yine geçmişte olan ikinci olayı etkiler.Bu
yüzden öncelik sonralık durumunu bildirmek için zaman zarf cümlelerinden birine (when, aer, before, unl, by
the me gibi) ihyaç duyar.
- When my mother arrived at home, I had prepared dinner.
- Before I went out, I had nished my homework.
b. Since, for, always, never , already, yet, just etc. zaman zararı geçmişte gerçekleşmiş olan bir olayı anlatmak
için kullanılır.
- When my father got rered, he had worked as an engineerfor 30 years.
- When the family heard the news, the couples had already got married.
When’li cümlenin ana cümlesinde Past Tense yada Past Perfect Tense kullanmak olayların sırasını
belirtmede değişik anlama yol açar.
- When we arrived at the staon, the train le. (İstasyona ulaşğımızda, tren hareket e.)
- When we arrived at the staon, the train had le. (İstasyona vardığımızda, tren hareket etmiş.)
3.11. SIMPLE PAST & PAST PERFECT TENSES WITH TIME CLAUSES
1.
Before + Simple Past, Past Perfect / Simple Past
- Before he came to the oce, the meeng nished / had nished.
2.
Aer + Past Perfect / Simple Past, Simple past
- Aerhe come / had came to the oce, the meeng started.
3.
Unl + Simple Past / Past Perfect, Simple Past
- He didn’t call me unl Inished / had nished my meeng.
4.
When + Simple Past, 1) Simple Past
2) Past Connuous
3) Past Perfect/Cont.
- When we performed ERCP, wesaw a stone.

- When they realised the case, theyhad been trying to stop bleeding for an hour.
- When the surgeon from America arrived , the other surgeons were searching for the second tumor focus.
49
5.
As soon as / Once + Past Perfect / Simple Past, Simple Past
- Once / As soon as the rain stopped / had stopped, we went out.
6.
By the me + Simple Past, Past Perfect
- By the me the teachercame, the students had already nished their exam.
3.12. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
I
You
He
she had (not) been V ing
It
we
You
They
Present Perfect Connuous yapısının past yapıda kullanılan halidir. Geçmişte başlayıp yine geçmişte bitmiş olayları
ya da o noktada devam eden olayları anlar.
- The condion of the paents had been improving when their relaves heard the news.
- They had been invesgang Behçet’s syndrome when it was accepted as an illness.
3.13. PAST CONTINUOUS & PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
- The doctors had been having an argument about him for hours.
When the paent arrived, Past Perfect Connuous) (...doktorlar onun hakkında saatlerdir tarşmaktaydılar.)
(
(Hasta geldiğinde) - The doctors were having an argument about him.

(Past Connuous) (...doktorlar onun hakkında tarşıyorlardı.)
FUTURE TENSES
3.14. THE FUTURE TENSE
I
You
He
she will / shall / be (am / is / are) (not) going to V
It
we
You
They
50
YDS
- tomorrow
- next year / next week . etc.
- in 2012 / in the 24th Century
- at 3 o’clock tomorrow
- in two days
- soon
- two days from now
a. Gelecekle ilgili tahminde bulunulduğunda WILL / BE GOING TO ; (Bu yapıyla birlikte I think, I hope, Perhaps,
Maybe gibi yapılarda kullanılır.)
- According to the weather forecast It will / is going torain in an hour.
- It’s almost 5 o’clock, she is going to / will arrive home.
b. Gelecekle ilgili bir plandan bahsediliyorsa BE GOING TO

;
- I have bought my cket to Miami, I am going to have a holiday there next week.
- We are going to have an exam next Monday because the teacher has announced the date of the exam.
c. Bir durum karşısında o anda bir şey yapmaya karar veriyor veya söz veriyorsakWILL
;
-A: I need some money.
B: Don’t worry, I will lend you some.
-A: I couldn’t nd anybody to move the box.
B: I promise, I will help you.
d. Gelecekle ilgili bir belir varsa BE GOING TO

;
- The man is driving carelessly. He is going to have an accident.
- The clouds are geng dark. It is going to rain.
e. Geçmiş zamanda gelecekle ilgili planladığımız ama yapamadığımız eylemleri anlatmak istediğimizdeam/is/
are going to’nun past biçimi WAS / WERE GOING TO ;
- I was going to study for the exam but I had a fever.
- The workers were going to go on strike but the boss accepted their demands so they gave it up.
51
3.15. FUTURE TENSES WITH TIME CLAUSES

1. Before
Once
When Simple Present
will / be going to
Unl Present Perfect
As soon as
Aer
3.16. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
I
You
He
she
will (not) be Ving
It
we
You
They
a. Gelecekte bir zamanda yapıyor olacağımız eylemler için kullanılır.
- I will be studying science at this me next week.
- I will be lying on the beach this summer andyouwill be working here.
b. Birinden bir ricada bulunduğumuzda kullanılır.

- Will yoube withdrawing some money from the bank for me when you go out?
- Will yoube cleaning my room for me tonight?
3.17. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
I
You
He
She will have (not) V3

It
We
You
They
52
YDS
a. Gelecekte bir zamanda tamamlanmış olaylar anlalırken kullanılır.
- My daughter will have graduated from the university by 2015.
- I will have completed my speech in half an hour.
b. “By” ve “By the me” kullanımı bu yapı için önemlidir.
By + Noun (3 o’clock, next year.etc.)

By the me + Sentence
- The sta will have nished the meeng by 8 o’clock.

- The sta will have nished the meeng by the me the boss arrive there.
3.18. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
I
You
He
She will (not) have beenVing
It
We
You
They
Gelecekte bir eylemi ne kadar zamandır yapıyor olacağımızı ifade ederken kullanılır.
- By next year ,my homemate and I will have been living togetherfor six years.
- When I rere next April, I will have been working here for 25 years.
3.19. TENSE AGREEMENT IN TIME CLAUSES
YAN CÜMLE ANA CÜMLE

Simple Present Simple Present
Future tenses
Present Modals
Imperaves
Simple Past Simple Past
Past Connuous
Past Modals
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Connuous
Past Cont. Past Connuous

Simple Past
Past Perfect/cont. Simple Past
Past Modals
53
When
yan cümle, ana cümle
1 When Present, Present
2 When Present, Future
Future Cont.
Future Perf./Cont.
Modal (Present)
İmperave
3 When Present Perf., Future
Modal(present)
İmperave
4 When Present Cont., Future
Modal(present)
İmperave
5 When Past, Past ( two acons happening at the same me)
6 When Past, Past Cont.
7 When Past Cont., Past
8 When Past. , Past Perf./ Past Perf.Cont.
9 When Past Perf., Past
While (As)
1 While Present Cont. , Future
(As) Present, Modal(present)
İmperave
2 While Past Cont., Past
(As)
While Past, Past Cont.
(As)
3 Past Cont., Past Cont.
Aer
1 Aer Present, Present
2 Aer Present, Future
Present Perf., Modal(present)
İmperative
3 Aer Past, Past
Past Perf., Past Perfect
 Once , Directly, Immediately, Just aer, As soon as, The moment ,The minute formül olarak Aer ile aynı
kullanılır.
54
YDS
Before
yan cümle, ana cümle örnek
1 Before Present, Present
2 Before Present, Future
Future Perf./Cont.
Modal(present)
İmperative
3 Before Past, Past
Past Perfect
By the me
1 By the me Present, Future Perf./Cont.
Present Perf., Future (to be)will be
2 By the me Past, Past Perf./ Past Perf.Cont.
Past ( to be) was-were
Past Cont. (sll)
Unl
1 Unl Present, Present
2 Unl Present, Future
Present Future Perf.
Perf., Modal (Present)
İmperative
3 Unl Past, Past
4 Unl Past Perf., Past
Since
1 Since Past, Present Perf.
Present Perf. Cont.
Just as
1 Just as Past Cont., Past
2 Just as Past, Past
Hardly / Barely / Scarcely ... when ...

No sooner ... than ...
Subject + HAD + hardly V3 when Subject + V2
barely
scarcely
Subject + HAD no sooner V3 than Subject + V2
55
4. MODALS
• Türkçede cümlenin sonuna –meli/-malı, -ebilmek gibi ekleri gererek oluşturduğumuz modal verbs yapıları
İngilizcede can, could, will, should, must, may, might gibi yapılarla illerin önüne gerilerek gereklilik, zorunluluk,
tavsiye, yetenek gibi anlamlar ifade etmeye yararlar.
• Modal verbler bütün tenselere dönüştürülerek kullanılabilir fakat anlamları değişebilir.
• Modal verblerden sonra kullanılan iller yalın haliyle kullanlır.
- I can play a guitar.
- I must study hard.
- I have to dy my room.
4.1. ABILITY: can / be able to / be capable of
SUBJECT +can / be able to / be capable of + V
• Yeteneklerimizi ifade ederken;

- She can / is able to sing a song.
- The students can / are able to play the violin but theycan’t / aren’t able to play basketball.
• Can yapısı sadece past tensecould olarak dönüşebilirkenbe able to yapısı bütün tenselere çevrilerek kullanılabilir.
is able to
was able to
He has been able to drive a car.
had been able to
should be able to
• Can yapısı izin alma ve verme anlamında kullanılırken;

- The paent: Can I some any bread while having breakfast?
- The doctor: Yes, you can eat only a slice of bread with cheese.
• Could yapısı geçmişte izin ifade etme anlamında was /were allowed to yapısı gibi kullanılır.
- We couldn’t / weren’t allowed to go out at night when we were students.
• Past yapıda, yetenek ifade ederken could ve was / were able to kullanılabilirken, bir durumun üstesinden gelme
anlamında sadece was/ were able to kullanılır;
- I could /was able to play the violin when I was only 5.
- The doctor was able to treat the paent aer he had an heart aack.
56
YDS
4.2. NECESSITY and PROHIBITION: must / have to / have got to
S + must / have to / have got to + V1
• Bu yapılar gereklilik ve zorunluluk bildirmektedir.

- The drivers must obey the trac rules.
- The drivers have to obey the trac rules.
- The drivers have got to obey the trac rules.
- Must you study hard? Yes, Imust.
- Do youhave to study hard? Yes, Ido.
• Must- Mustn’t:
Must yapısı olumlu haliyle kullanıldığında gereklilik ve zorunluluk bildirirken mustn’t yasak anlamı vermektedir.
- I must take the pills before the operaon.
- You mustn’t smoke or drink alcohol before the operaon.
- You mustn’t take any photos in the museum. It’s forbidden.
• Don’t-doesn’t have to / don’t-doesn’t need to / needn’t

Have to yapısı olumlu haliyle kullanıldığında zorunluluk yada gereklilik bildirirken, olumsuz hali olan don’t have to
(don’t need to/ needn’t) yapmaya gerek yok anlamına gelmektedir.
- My exam has been cancelled so I don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t study tonight.
- You have been recovering very fast so you don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t stay in bed any more.
Mustn’t ve don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t yapıları arasındaki farka dikkat ediniz. Her iki
yapıda must ve don’t have to’nun olumsuzu gibi görünse de anlamları tamamen farklıdır. Mustn’t yasak
bildirirken, don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t gerek yok anlamındadır.
- You mustn’t smoke here. (yasaklama ifadesi)
- At weekends we don’t have to get up early. (gerek yok ifadesi)
Had to :
Zorunluluk veya gereklilik bildiren yapıların (must / have to / have got to) past halihad to'dur.
S + had to + V1
- My parents didn’t let me go out at night for the party so I had to stay at home.
- I had to get up early when I was in the military.
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• Was / were to: Was / were to yapısı had to gibi zorunluluk bildirirken bu yapı daha çok bir otoriteden kaynaklanan
zorunluluk ifadesinde kullanılır.
SUBJECT + was / were to + V 1
- The rm was to close all the factories because of the banktruptcy.
• Didn’t have to / didn’t need to and needn’t have done:
Didn’t have to / didn’t need to geçmişte bir işi yapmaya gerek kalmadı anlamı verirkeni, needn’t have done yapısı geçmişte
bir işi yapmaya gerek yoktu boşu boşuna yapıldı ve boşuna enerji, zaman yada para vb. harcandı anlamı vermektedir.
- Aer we ate dinner, I didn’t have to / didn’t need to wash the dishes because my mother put them in the dish
washer. (yıkamama gerek kalmadı ve yıkamadım)
- Aer we ate dinner, I needn’t have washed the dishes, because my mother said “I was going to put them in the
dishwasher.” (yıkamama gerek yokmuş ama yıkadım ve boşuna enerji ve zaman harcadım.)
4.3. ADVISABILITY
• Should / ought to / had beer: Tavsiye bildiren yapılardır.
S + should / ought to / had beer + V1
- The students should / had beer / ought to study regularly.

- You should / had beer / ought to be at home before midnight because it can be dangerous for you when it
is dark and late.
Zamanlara göre kullanımı;
Present Simple, Future should / ought to do ( yapmalı/gerekir
)
Present Connuous should / ought to be doing ( yapıyor olmalı)
Present Perfect / Simple Past should / ought to have done ( yapmalıydı ama yapmadı)
Past Connuous should / ought to have been doing ( yapıyor olmalıydı, yapmadı)
- Why are you sll watching TV? You should be studying for your exam.
- He was driving fast and had an accident. He should have driven carefully / heshouldn’t have driven fast.
- Last night my children were playing computer games and stayed very late so they couldn’t get up on me in the
morning. They shouldn’t have been playing computer games. Theyshould have been sleeping .
4.4. REQUESTS
• I veyou özneleriyle kullanılırlar.Please kullanılarak daha kibar bir hale gerilir.
Can I informal
May I
formal
Could I
Will You
Could You formal
Would You
Can You informal
58
YDS
• Daha samimi ifadelerde;

- Can I help you?
- Can you wait for me?
• Daha nazik ve resmi durumlarda;

- May I /Could I have a cup of tea?
- Will you open the door, please?
- Would you / could you show me your ID?
• Kızgınlık ifade ederken;

- Will you ask me before using my computer?
 Olası Cevaplar:
- Sure.
- Certainly.
- Yes, certainly.
- Of course.
- Of course, you may.
- Yes, I’d (would) be happy.
- Yes, I would be glad to.
- No, of course not.
- Not at all.
- Don’t worry.
- No, sorry.
• Aşağıda yer alan birinci yapı, “Ben bir şey yaparsam sizce bir sakıncası var mı?”, 2. yapı “Siz bunu yaparsanız bir
sakıncası var mı?” anlamı verir ve bu yapılar rica etmenin en kibar şeklidir.
1. Would you mind If I + V2

2. Would you mind Ving
- Would you mind If I turned on the light?

- Would you mind turning on the the light?
• Requests with imperaves: Emir cümleleriyle de ricada bulunulabilir. İfade please kelimesiyle yumuşalır.
- Keep quiet, please!
- Come here, please!
- Please, don’t be late!
- Don’t switch on the TV, I am studying.
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4.5. EXPECTATIONS
• Be to / be due to / be supposed to: Bir tarifeye, bir plana ve programa göre olması gereken durumları ifade eder.
Be to vebe due to,be supposed to'ya göre daha güçlü bir ifadedir.
- The ight is to be here in ten minutes.
- The exam is due to nish at 12.
- The doctors are supposed to explain the results of the operaon.
4.6. SUGGESTIONS
Shall we / I
Let’s
May / Might
Why don’t / doesn’t
Could
• Shall we / I …? : ...yapalım mı? / ...yapayım mı?

- Shall I help you?
- Shall we watch a movie tonight?
• Let’s: Let us yapısının kısaltmasıdır. "Hadi" anlamı verir, sonuna shall we ya da okey eklenerek soru haline
dönüştürülebilir.
- Let’s have a pizza.
- Let’s not stay stay at home.
- Let’s walk for a while to relax, okey / shall we?
• May / Might: Öneride bulunurken, düz cümlede kullanılır.

- We have plenty of me. We may / might play a game.
- If we don’t have any chance, we may / might (as well) meet with her friends.
• Why don’t / doesn’t …? Cümle yapısı olarak soru cümlesi olmasına rağmen öneride bulunma amaçlı kullanılır.
- A: I’m geng bored. B: Why don’t we invite our friends to have fun?
- If he doesn’t feel good, why doesn’t he see a doctor?
• Could …: Öneri gerirken kullanılır; geniş zaman ve geçmiş zaman kullanımları mevcuur.
- We could go to the cinema aer work.
- If you had told me that you didn’t want to see them at your home, we could have told them we weren’t at
home. (isteseydik yapardık ama yapmadık)
- It was too late for that paent, the doctors couldn’t have done anything for him even if they tried.(deneselerdi
de yapamazlardı)
60
YDS
4.7. CERTAINTY
Modal verb’ler birinci anlamları dışında bir de kesinlik derecesi bildirmek için kullanılırlar.
FORMS RULES
must
may
PRESENT might +do
could
can’t
must
may
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE might +be doing
could
can’t
must
may
PAST might + have done
could
can’t
must
may
PAST PROGRESSIVE might +have been doing
could
can’t
will
Should
ought to
FUTURE
may +do
might
could
• Must: Olumlu cümlede % 95 kesinlik bildirir.

• May / might / could: Olumlu cümlede % 50 kesinlik bildirir.
• must not be: Olumsuz cümlede % 95 kesinlik bildirir.
• Can’t / couldn’t: Olumsuz cümlede % 99 kesinlik bildirir.
• May not / might not / could not : Olumsuz cümlede % 50 kesinlik bildirir.
• Present forms;
Where is the nurse?
- She is in the surgery. (Ameliyathanede.)
- She must be in the surgery. (Ameliyathanede olmalı.)
- She may / might / could be in the surgery.(Ameliyathanede olabilir.)
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Is the nurse in the surgery or anywhere else?

- She isn’t in the surgery.(Ameliyathanede değil.)
- She may not / might not be in the surgery.(Ameliyathanede olmayabilir.)
- She can’t / couln’t be in the surgery.(Ameliyathanede olamaz.)
• Present Progressive forms;

What are the doctors doing?
- They are diagnosing the tumor.(Tümörü teşhis ediyorlar.)
- They must be diagnosing the tumor.(Tümörü teşhis ediyor olmalılar.)
- They may / might / could be diagnosing the tumor.(Tümörü teşhis ediyor olabilirler.)
Are they operang the paent or diognasing the tumor?

- They aren’t operang the paent. (Hastayı ameliyat etmiyorlar.)
- They may not / might not be operang the paent.(Hastayı ameliyat etmiyor olabilirler.)
- They can’t / couldn’t be operang the paent.(Hastayı ameliyat ediyor olamazlar.)
• Past Forms;
I couldn’t nd the the painkiller, I put it in the cupboard in the morning.
- Someone took it.(Biri almış.)
- Someone must have taken it.(Biri almış olmalı.)
- Someone may /might / could have taken it.(Biri almış olabilir.)
- Someone may / might not have taken it.(Biri almış olmayabilir/ biri almış da olabilir almamışda.)
- Someone can’t have taken it.(Biri almış olamaz.)
• Past Progressive Forms;

What were the people doing in the garden?
- They were waing for the bank.(Banka için bekliyorlardı.)
- They must have been waing for the bank.(Banka için bekliyor olmalılar.)
- They may / might / could have been waing for the bank. (Banka için bekliyor olabilirler.)
Were they waing for withdrawing some money or paying in?

- They weren’t waing for paying in.(Ödeme yapmak için beklemiyorlardı)
- They can’t / couldn’t / must not have been waing for paying in. (Ödeme yamak için bekliyor olamazlardı.)
- They may not / might not have been waing for paying in. (Ödeme yapmak için bekliyor olabilirler de
olmayabilirler de.)
• Future Forms;
When is he going to gradute from the university?
- He will gradute from the university next year.(Gelecek yıl mezun olacak.)
- He should / ought to graduate from the university next year.(Gelecek yıl mezun olmalı.)
- He may / might / could gradute from the university next year.(Gelecek yıl mezun olabilir.)
- He won’t gradute from the university this year.(Bu yıl mezun olmayacak.)
62
YDS
4.8. PREFERENCE
Prefer: Tercihler ifade edilirken kullanılır. Fakat yapılar kullanım olarak birbirinden farklılık gösterebilir.
a. Present Preferences;
1.
S+ would rather / would sooner / would just assoon +V1 ….. than + V1
- I would rather / would sooner / would just as soon go abroad thanstay ve star hotel in my country. (Beş
yıldızlı bir otelde kalmaktansa yurt dışına gitmeyi tercih ederim.)
- The guests would rather / would sooner / would just as soon drink cold water than eat some sandwiches
because they are very hot because of the boiling weather.
2.
S+ would rather / would sooner / would just as soon + someone / something + V2
- I would rather / would sooner / would just as soonmy students studied regularly. (Öğrencilerimin düzenli
çalışmalarını tercih ederim.)
- The President would rather / would sooner / would just as soon the public voted him again.
3.
S+ would prefer + to do something + than / rather than (do ) something else.
- I would prefer to eatless than / rather than do sports regularly. (Düzenli spor yapmaktansa, az yemeyi
tercih ederim.)
- The children prefer to playoutside than / rather than watch a movie inside.
4.
S+ would prefer +someone + to do + something
- Her mother would prefer her to studyher lessons every day. (Annesi onun hergün ders çalışmasını tercih eder.)
- My parents would prefer me to studyabroad.
5.
S+ prefer + doing +something + to + (doing ) + something else.
- She prefersdrinking coee to(drinking) tea. (Kahveyi çay içmeye tercih eder.)

- I prefer walking to running.
6.
S+ prefer + to do+ something + rather than + (do ) something else.
- She prefersto drink coee rather than(drink) tea. (Kahveyi çay içmeye tercih eder.)
- I prefer to walk to run.
63
b. Past Preferences;
1.
S+ would rather / would sooner + have V3 + than + (have) + V3
- I would rather / would sooner have gone to work on foot than (have) gone to work by bus. (Otobüsle
gitmektense yürüyerek gitmeyi tercih ederim.)
- The people would rather / would soonerhave listened to radio than (have) watched TV in the past.
2.
S+ would rather / would sooner + someone / something + V2
- I would rather / soonermy father played me when I was a child. (Çocukken babamın benimle oynamasını
tercih ederim.)
- The doctorwould rather / sooner the paent stayed in the hospital one more night.
3.
S+ would rather / would sooner / would just as soon + someone / something + V2
- I would rather / would sooner / would just as soonthe paent stayed one more night. (Hastanın bir gece
daha kalmasını tercih ederim.)
- The guests would rather / would sooner / would just as soon me stayed with them.
4.9. HABITS: used to do / would do / accustomed to

Alışkanlıkları ifade ederken kullanılır.
Past habits: Geçmişteki alışkanlıklar Past Tense ile de ifade edilir fakat aşağıdaki yapılar da kullanılır.
a. USED TO: Geçmişteki alışkanlıklar ifade edilirkenused to yapısı kullanılır.
*** S +used to + V1 (Armave +)

*** S + didn’t use to / used not to / usedn’t to + V1(Negave -)
*** Did + S + Use to + V1 (Interrogave ?)
- He used to drive a car before the accident, but now he doesn’t. (Araba kullanmaya alışkındı...)
- He didn’t use to be very hardworking when he was a student.
b. WOULD: Used to gibi kullanılır fakat aralarında önemli bir fark vardır. Used to her iki durumda da kullanılabilirken
would sadece eylem bildiren durumlarda kullanılır.
*** (+ ) S + would + V1
*** (- ) S + wouldn’t + V1
*** (? ) Would + S + V1
- He drove / used to / would drive a car before the accident but now he doesn’t.
- I was / used to be very shy when I had to talk in front of the people. (Bu cümlede eylem bildirdiği için would
kullanılmaz.)
64
YDS
c. WAS / WERE + USED TO / ACCUSTOMED TO + V ing:"Geçmişte... yapmaya alışkındım." anlamı verir.
S + was / were used to / accustomed to + Ving / Noun
- My friends and I were used to / accustomed to going out aer school when we were at university.
• Present habits; "….. yapmaya alışkınım." anlamı verir.
S + am/is/are used to / accustomed to + Ving / Noun
- I used to drink tea when I was at university but Iam used to / accustomed to drinking coee now.
- The people are used to / accustomed to cycling in this town.
• GET USED TO + Ving: Bu yapı alışmak anlamı verir ve her zamanda kullanılabilir.
- I used to go to work by bus before but these days I am geng used to going to work on foot. (Yürüyerek işe
gitmeye alışıyorum.)
- Aer I rere, I will get used to reading books a lot.
65
MODALS TEST
1. Pure carbolic acid on a suspected rabies wound 5. Our modern knowledge of cell structure ----
---- the incubaon period but probably won’t kill without the electron microscope, rst developed
all the viruses; so its use ---- into general disfavour in the late 1930s with what ---- then the latest in
among doctors. electronic technology.
A) may prolong / has fallen A) could not have been obtained / was
B) might prolong / had fallen B) had not been obtained / had been
C) might have prolonged / might have fallen C) would not be obtained / has been
D) will prolong / fell D) was not obtained / is
E) would prolong / would have fallen E) has not been obtained / could be
2. In the 1960s, the modernist idea that there ---- 6. Western scholarship ---- impose itself on the
only one authenc style for the modem age ---- in developing world, but at last the West is beginning
favour of the idea of the plurality of styles. to realize that it has much to learn itself.
A) could be / will have been rejected A) ought to B) has to
B) can be / is rejected C) used to D) might
C) could have been / is being rejected E) would
D) could be / was rejected
E) can be / would be rejected
3. Though vitamin and mineral supplements ----, 7. No one ---- the powerful inuence that Plato ----
the preferred course of acon is ---- food choices on much subsequent philosophical work.
and eang habits. A) disputed / will have had
A) might be warranted / to have improved B) can dispute / has had
B) might have been warranted / having improved C) had disputed / had
C) might warrant / being improved D) may have disputed / had had
D) may have been warranted / to have been E) will have disputed / would have had
improved
E) may be warranted / to improve
4. Recently DNA molecules ---- to solve a parcular 8. Wolfram’s type of research ---- to praccal
problem in compung, leading to speculaon developments, but it ---- 50 or 100 years before
that one day DNA-based computers ----. these developments appear.
A) are used / are developed A) would have led / would be
B) were used / are being developed B) has led / has been
C) are being used / could have been developed C) can lead / could be
D) had been used / may have been developed D) may lead / had been
E) have been used / may be developed E) leads / would have been
66
YDS
9. Geologists ---- that the Paleozoic sedimentary 13. Cosmologists believe that equal amounts of
rocks of the Peruvian Andes are made of debris maer and anmaer ---- in the early universe,
that ---- from a neighboring landmass. but since maer and anmaer annihilate each
A) had found / should have eroded other, something ---- to create an excess of
B) have found / must have eroded maer, leading to the universe we see today.
C) would nd / could have been eroding A) are created / happened
D) nd / would be eroding B) have been created / had happened
E) would have found / was eroding C) had been created / has happened
D) may have been created / must have happened
E) would be created / has been happening
14. Heatstroke is a life-threatening condion which

10. Various agencies ---- to keep pescide use within
---- from extreme exposure to heat, in which a
safe limits, and most consumers feel they ---- on
person ---- enough to lower body temperature.
them.
A) had resulted / does not sweat
A) were set up / have depended
B) resulted / won’t sweat
B) have been set up / can depend
C) has resulted / would not sweat
C) would be set up / were depending
D) results / cannot sweat
D) are being set up / must have depended
E) will result / did not sweat
E) would have been set up / must depend
11. Doctors who had been studying longevity ---- an 15 I can sll remember my excitement when I ----
assortment of genes that ---- life span in dierent for the rst me how one’s understanding of the
organisms. concepts of probability and risk ---- to and enhance
A) will idenfy / had inuenced diagnosc and therapeuc problems in clinical care.
B) have idened / will be inuencing A) saw / could be applied
C) idened / will have inuenced B) had seen / could have been applied
D) had idened / could inuence C) could see / will be applied
E) idenfy / could have inuenced D) have seen / was applied
E) see / had been applied
12. Sea bindweed Calystegia soldanella ---- a 16. ---- missing heat-shield les or a failed
eshyleaved cousin of the more widespread, undercarriage door have allowed the airframe---?
whiteowered hedge bindweed (C. sepium) that A) Could / to melt
---- fences and hedges everywhere in the summer. B) Would / melt
A) might be / had clothed C) Might / to be melng
B) is / clothes D) Can / melng
C) should be / has clothed E) Will / be melng
D) could be / would have clothed
E) was / can clothe
67
17. Common fungicides ---- for the puzzlingly high levels 22. Migraine-paents who go untreated for too long
of DDT sll found in some soils, even in regions ---- structural changes in their brains, so they ----
where this potent inseccide ---- decades ago. proper therapy.
A) are blamed / would have been banned A) are incurring / insisted on
B) could be to blame / was banned B) incurred / would insist on
C) were blamed / must be banned C) incur / used to insist on
D) might be blamed / would be banned D) must incur / would have insisted on
E) are to blame / has been banned E) may incur / should insist on
18. For a long me, sciensts believed that funconal 23. Japanese researchers ---- that tomato juice ----
decits in certain brain regions ---- ausm – the prevent emphysema, a smoking-related lung
result of complicaons in brain structure that no disease.
change in wiring among neural networks ----. A) will say / may have helped
B) said / will have helped
A) might cause / had xed
C) say / had helped
B) caused / could x
D) have said / could help
C) have caused / xes
E) had said / will help
D) cause / could have xed
E) would have caused / xed
24. Rising health insurance costs and harsh social
sgmas ---- many employers to overlook workers’
19. We ---- chemistry as the science of the
mental health needs, but ignoring the problem
composion and structure of materials and of
---- more than addressing it.
the changes that materials ----.
A) will cause / had cost
A) had dened / underwent B) cause / will have cost
B) can dene / undergo C) are causing / may have cost
C) have dened / had undergone D) caused / has cost
D) dened / will have undergone E) have caused / should have cost
E) dene / would have undergon
25. Julius Caesar ---- a great historian if the making
20. Sciensts ---- various methods over the years to of history ---- him the me and the inclinaon to
search for genes that ---- to the development of write it.
human intelligence. A) could be / could have allowed
A) have used / may have contributed B) would be / allowed
B) use / will contribute C) had been / would have allowed
C) used / have contributed D) would have been / could allow
D) had used / contribute E) could have been / had allowed
E) are using / should contribute
21. New experiments on animals ---- hope that a cure CEVAP ANAHTARI
based on transplanng stem cells --- a reality in
1.A 2.D 3.E 4.E 5.A
the future for paents with Parkinson’s disease.
6.C 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.B
A) could have given / had become
11.D 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.A
B) gave / becomes
C) will give / has become 16.A 17.B 18.B 19.B 20.A
D) give / could become 21.D 22.E 23.D 24.C 25.E
E) had given / became
68
5. PASSIVE VOICE
5.1. PASSIVE FORMS

• İngilizcede cümleler Türkçede olduğu gibi ETKEN (Acve) veEDİLGEN (Passive) diye ikiye ayrılır.
Türkçe İngilizce
Etken yapı Ben evimi temizlerim. I clean my house.
Edilgen yapı Evim (benim taramdan) temizlenir. My house is cleaned (by me).
• Bir cümlenin Passive olabilmesi için llin mutlaka geçişli il (nesne alabilen ill) olması gerekir. Kimi ve neye
sorularına cevap vermelidir. Geçişsiz illerle Passive cümle oluşturulamaz.
Geçişli illere örnekler wash, read, write, clean, develop, tell … etc.
Geçişsiz illere örnekler come, go, rain, snow, walk, run… etc.
• Passive’e çevrilemeyen zaman yapıları da vardır. Passive yapılabilen zaman yapıları aşağıdaki tabloda verilmişr.
ZAMANLAR ETKEN CÜMLELER EDİLGEN CÜMLELER
Present Simple Tense I clean my house. My house is cleaned.
(am/is/are (not) V3)
Present Connuous Tense I am cleaning my house. My house is being cleaned.
(am/is/are (not) being V3)
Past Tense I cleaned my house. My house was cleaned.
(was/were (not) V3)
Past Connuous Tense I was cleaning my house. My house was being cleaned.
(was/were (not) being V3)
Present Perfect Tense I have cleaned my house. My house has been cleaned
(have/has(not) been V3)
Past Perfect Tense I had cleaned my house. My house had been cleaned.
(had(not) been V3)
Future Tense I will clean my house. My house will be cleaned.
*(will(not) be V3) I am going to clean my house. My house is going to be cleaned.
*(am/is/are(not) going to be V3) I would clean my house. My house would be cleaned.
*(would(not) be V3) I was going to clean my house. My house was going to be cleaned.
* (was/were(not) going to be V3)
Future Perfect tense I will have cleaned my house. My house will have been cleaned.
(will (not) have been V3) I would have cleaned my house. My house would have been cleaned.
(would (not) have been V3)
5.2. USAGES OF PASSIVE (Edilgen Yapıların Kullanım Yerleri)

• Eylemi yapanın önemi olmadığında;
- The rubbish is collected everyday.
- Aer the accident, the injured driver was taken to hospital immediately.
69
• Eylemi yapan kişinin belli olmadığı durumlarda;

- My car was stolen last night.
- The old car has just been sold in an aucon.
• Özne kişileri nitelediğinde;
- They are supposed to be lived under these circumstances in Africa.
- All the candidates will be required to submit a project.
5.3. PASSIVE WITH "BY"

• Eylemin kim tarandan yapıldığını ifade etmek istediğimizde;
- Hamlet was wrien by Shakespeare.
- The next symposium will be organized by our university next year.
• Eylemin kim tarandan yapıldığı bilinmediği durumlarda by yapısı kullanılmaz;

- Coal is mined in Zonguldak.
- Paper is made from wood.
5.4. PASSIVE WITH "GET"

• Get yapısı "to be" yerine kullanılabilir
;
- I was bored last night, so I went out for a drink. (durum bildirir)
- I did not know anybody at the meal, so I got bored. (değişkenlik bildirir)
5.5. QUESTION FORMS OF PASSIVE

SORU YAPISI;
- Acve: Is Ann taking a photo now?
- Passive: Is the photobeing taken by Ann?
- Acve: When did Mike maket his lm?
- Passive: Whenwas the lmmade by Jake?
- Acve : Who brokethis window?
- Passive: Who was this windowbroken by?
(By whom was this window broken? )
- Acve: Who does she play this game with?
- Passive: Whois the gameplayed with?
(With whomis the gameplayed?)
- Acve: What have they done for the exam?
- Passive: What has been done for the exam?
70
YDS
5.6. PASSIVE WITH TWO OBJECTS

• Give somebody something – give something to somebody
• Send somebody something – send something to somebody
• Award somebody something – award something to somebody
• Provide somebody with something – provide something for somebody
• Serve somebody something – serve something to somebody
• Hand somebody something – hand something to somebody
Acve;
- I gave her some owers for our anniversary.
12
OR
- I gave some owers to her for our anniversary.
12
Passive;
- She was given some owers for our anniversary.
OR
- Some owers are given to her for our anniversary.
5.7. PASSIVE WITH "BORN"

Doğmak anlamında kullanılan "to be born" yapısı hep Passive şeklinde kullanılır
.
- I was born in 1979.
- The twins were born yesterday.
5.8. PASSIVE WITH MODALS

Modal + be + past paritciple
will
can
may
should
ought to
be done
had beer
had to
must
am / is / are supposed to
was / were supposed to
- The windows should be cleaned .
- The people were supposed to be informed about the event
71
Modal + have been + past parciple

should
shouldn’t
can’t have been done
must
ought to
Örnekler:
- He was driving fast and carelessly so he had an accident. The car shouldn’t have been driven fast and carelessly.
- He must have been told about the bad news; otherwise, he wouldn’t be upset now.
5.9. STATIVE PASSIVE

• Bazı cümlelerde illerin üçüncü hali cümlede sıfat işlevi görür.
- I am very interested in meeng new people.
- When we came to the house, the window was broken.
- The lm was boring so I was bored.
• Stave Passive bildiren illerin çoğu bir preposion’la kullanılır.
- I have been married to him for two years.
- I am sure he will be impressed with this year’s report.
Verb Preposion Verb Preposion

derived involved in
terried from
related
used
crowded
opposed
annoyed addicted
to
equipped engoged
blessed engaged
pleased accustomed
commied
connected with
fed up scared
of
red
impressed
associated based on
synchronized prepared for
provided confused about
5.10. PASSIVE WITH GERUND & INFINITIVE

• Enjoy, hate, like, love gibi iller hem nesne alabilen hem de nesne alamayan illerdir. Sadece nesne aldıkları
zaman Passive olarak kullanılabilirler.
- I hate laughing at people(nesnesiz)
- I hate someone laughing at me.(nesneli )
- I hate being laughed at.(passive)
- I want to pass the exam. (nesnesiz)
- The manager wants us to nish the report by next Friday.(nesneli )
- We are wanted to nish the report by next Friday. (passive)
- The manager wants the report to be nished by next Friday. (passive)
72
YDS
5.11. MAIN CLAUSE + NOUN CLAUSE PASSIVE

• İki cümleli Passive şu şekillerde oluşabilir.
“Peoplesay that heworks as a director.”
Passive 1:- Itis said that heworks as a director.
Passive 2:- Heis said to work as a director.
Say, believe, consider, think, report, claim, understand, esmate, expect, assume, suppose gibi iller
çoğunlukla bu yapıyla kullanılan illerdir.
Tenselere göre Passiveler:

Present (am is are) People say that he is a director It is said that heis a director. He is said to be a director.
Simple Present People say that heworks as a It is said that heworks as a director He is said to work as a director
director
Present Progressive People say that heis working as It is said that heis working as a director He is said to be working as a
a director director
Past (was /were) People say that hewas a It is said that hewas a director. He is said to have been a
director director.
Simple Past People say that heworked as a It is said that heworked as a director He is said to have worked as
director a director
Past Progressive People say that hewas working It is said that hewas working as a director He is said to have been
as a director working as a director
Present Perfect People say that he hasworked It is said that he hasworked as a director He is said to have worked as
as a director a director
Future Tense People say that he will/is going It is said that hewill/ is going to work as He is said to work as a
to work as a director a director director
Present Passive People say that heis elected. It is said that heis elected . He is said to be elected.
Past Passive People say that hewas elected. It is said that hewas elected. He is said to have been elected.
73
TENSES-PASSIVES TEST
1. By the end of the week he ---- the rst stage of the 5. A new book ---- which ---- to give the interested
treatment, and we’ll know then if he ---- well to it. layman an overall picture of modern medicine.
A) would have completed / responded A) is being published / will have been designed
B) has completed / was responding B) has been published / is designed
C) will have completed / is responding C) had been published / had designed
D) is compleng / has responded D) would have been published / was designed
E) will complete / will respond E) will have been published / is being designed
2. When photography rst appeared, some people 6. Soon, with all these advances in technology,
predicted that it ---- the death of painng. paents with weak hearts ---- from the comfort
A) will have caused of their own homes.
B) will cause A) will have been monitored
C) would have caused B) are being monitored
D) caused C) will be monitored
E) would cause D) would be monitored
E) have been monitored
3. Ever since the advent of Industrializaon, social 7. Unl the me of World War II, it ---- that human
sciensts ---- the term “the masses” to “the beings ---- to the requirements of technological
people”. systems with great ease.
A) have preferred A) is assumed / adapted
B) had preferred B) has been assumed / were adapng
C) will have preferred C) was assumed / are adapng
D) would have preferred D) had been assumed / could adapt
E) would prefer E) assumed / have adapted
4. The use of sweeteners in food manufacturing 8. In his acknowledgement, the writer thanked his
---- steadily over the past two decades and ---- no wife for the support she ---- him while he ---- the
signs of abang. book.
A) would rise / will show A) had given / was wring
B) had risen / would show B) gave / is wring
C) has risen / shows C) gives / has been wring
D) would have risen / had shown D) has given / will be wring
E) rose / will show E) was giving / had wrien
74
YDS
9. Since Swedish industrial relaonships ---- so many 13. The robot has just the sort of features that ----
fundamental changes, it is hardly surprising that to Japanese consumers when it ---- on sale there
the existence of a “Swedish model”----. later this year.
A) were undergoing / will be quesoned A) would appeal / went
B) underwent / has been quesoned B) will appeal / goes
C) had undergone / had been quesoned C) have appealed / went
D) are undergoing / was being quesoned D) appeal / will go
E) have undergone / is being quesoned E) are appealing / is going
10. The cell theory ---- in 1855 by Rudolph Virchow, 14. America ---- that some of the commodies Iraq
who stated that new cells ---- only by the division was allowed to import under the oil-for- food
of previously exisng cells. programme ---- military uses.
A) was put forward / are formed A) argued / could have had
B) would be put forward / were formed B) has argued / will have had
C) has been put forward / had been formed C) had argued /would have had
D) is put forward / form D) was arguing / can have had
E) was being put forward / formed E) would argue / can have been having
11. Although the concept of evoluon ---- by 15. The discontent that ---- in many countries at last
philosophers and naturalists through the ages, it ---- an outlet in the wave of revoluons which
was Charles Darwin who rst ---- the theory of spread across Europe in 1646.
evoluon to the noce of the general public. A) was brewing / had found
A) was discussed / had brought B) had been brewing / found
B) had been discussed / brought C) brewed / will nd
C) was being discussed / has brought D) has been brewing / has found
D) has been discussed / brings E) would be brewing / was nding
E) might be discussed / had to bring
12. Since Taiwan ---- its recession the retail clothing 16. Unfortunately, there ---- as yet no evidence to
industry ---- very badly. suggest that a surge of growth in the US economy
A) has entered / would have been doing ---- more Jobs.
B) had entered / would do A) is / is creang
C) would enter / has done B) was/has created
D) was entering / will be doing C) has been / will have created
E) entered / has been doing D) will be / created
E) had been / was creang
75
17. Tradion generally ---- the introducon of 21. For most people exchange rates ---- how much
chocolate to France to Jewish chocolate- makers they ---- when they go on holiday abroad.
who ---- in Bayonne In 1609, having been hounded A) determine / can spend
out of rst Spain and than Portugal. B) determined / had spent
A) aributes / seled C) have determined / will have spent
B) has aributed / had seled D) had determined / spent
C) aributed / have seled E) would determine / could have spent
D) would aribute / were seling
E) is aribung / had been seling
18. This parcular rocket motor ---- to burn out aer 22. On a broader scienc level, undersea mapping
about 65 seconds, aer which the cra ---- to ---- fundamental knowledge about the Geological
coast upward for about 20 seconds. forces that ---- the ocean oor.
A) was being designed / has connued A) will provide / would shape
B) had been designed / will connue B) had provided / had shaped
C) was designed / had connued C) would provide / will shape
D) would be designed / connued D) is providing / shape
E) has been designed / connues E) provides / would have shaped
19. The company’s involvement in refrigeraon ---- 23. Seahorses ---- too exoc for Brish waters, but
as early as 1918, but more than a decade sale ---- a new study ---- that two species live and breed
poor. around Britain’s shores.
A) began / remained A) will seem / would nd
B) had begun / have remained B) seemed / had found
C) was beginning / are remaining C) have seemed / may nd
D) has begun / would remain D) would seem / is nding
E) would begin / had remained E) seem / has found
20. Britain ---- French and German demands that the 24. Some Italian lm-makers believe that once
EU ---- to plan and run its own military operaons. Americans ---- making lms in Rome again, local
A) is accepng / will have been able lms ---- as well.
B) accepted / has been able A) would start / had ourished
C) had accepted / was able B) have started / will have ourished
D) accepts / had been able C) will start / are ourishing
E) has accepted / should be able D) start / will ourish
E) started / would ourish
76
YDS
25. The US presidenal elecon of 1800 ---- notorious 29. Since 1997, when the spacecra ‘‘The Mars
on account of the unforeseen constuonal Global Surveyor’’ ---- over the surface of Mars for
problems it ----. the rst me, sciensts ---- by the considerable
A) is / has presented magnec anomalies idened on the planet.
B) has been / presented A) has own / are intrigued
C) would be / presents B) ies / were intrigued
D) had been / would present C) had own / had been intrigued
E) was / presented D) was ying / may have been intrigued
E) ew / have been intrigued
26. Earthquake rupture ---- to occur by enlargement 30. In 1998, 16 per cent of the world’s coral reefs ----
of a crack, but more recent observaons ---- a by bleaching caused by El Nino, but half of those
“pulse-like” mode of rupture enlargement. reefs ---- signs of recovery, especially in protected
A) had been thought / would be indicated areas where it is illegal to harvest coral.
B) can be thought / had indicated A) have been killed / showed
C) was thought / will have indicated B) were killed / are showing
D) has been thought / indicate C) had been killed / would have shown
E) must be thought / may have indicated D) have been killed / show
E) could be killed / had shown
31. French authories ---- trials of gene therapy aer

27. Cosmologists are addressing some of the
a boy ---- a disease similar to leukaemia.
fundamental quesons that people ---- to
resolve over the centuries through philosophical A) had suspended / has contracted
thinking, but they ---- this based on systemac B) suspend / may have contracted
observaon and quantave methodology. C) suspended / contracts
A) would aempt / have done D) will have suspended / had contracted
B) aempt / will do E) have suspended / contracted
C) may aempt / did
D) aempted / should do
E) have aempted / are doing
28. From the year 1665, when Robert Hooke ---- cells, 32. Since 1985, Bolivia ---- economic changes that ----
unl the middle of the tweneth century, biologists phenomenally successful.
---- only light microscopes for viewing cells. A) implemented / had been
A) used to discover / could have had B) has implemented / have been
B) had discovered / would have C) was implemenng / were
C) discovered / had D) implements / are
D) has discovered / have had E) had implemented / will be
E) could discover / have
77
33. For a long me, psychologists ---- that major 37. Rockets ---- to have originated with the Chinese
personality makeovers ---- impossible. before the thirteenth century, which is when
A) have believed / are they ---- to appear in Europe.
B) believe / are going to be A) may be believed / were beginning
C) believed / will be B) could be believed / have begun
D) would have believed / have been C) were believed / had begun
E) had believed / had been D) have been believed / could begin
E) are believed / began
34. When Germany ---- Yugoslavia 1941, Bosnia and 38. Prevenon is the ideal way to approach pain,
Herzegovina ----- part of the Nazi-controlled and several educaonal programmes that ----
Croaa. workers to avoid lower back injuries ---- some
A) has invaded / had been made eecveness.
B) had invaded / would have been made A) are training / would show
C) invaded / were made B) would train / had shown
D) invades / have been made C) have trained / showed

E) was to invade / could have been made D) train / have shown
E) trained / will show
39. Psychologists, psychiatrists and neurosciensts

35. There ---- no doubt that the oil sector ---- the basis
---- for years over how much of our behaviour
of the Iraqi economy for many years to come.
---- driven by our genes versus the environment
A) has been / may have formed
in which we grow up and live.
B) is / will form
A) had argued / had been
C) was / has formed
B) used to argue / would be
D) had been / formed
C) have argued / is
E) will be / would form
D) argue / would have been
E) argued / will be
36. Geology and biology ---- since life ----. 40. Although 25 to 30 per cent of all people ---- some
A) are intertwined / has begun form of excessive mood disturbance during their
B) were intertwined / had begun lifeme, only about 10 per cent ---- a disorder
C) have been intertwined / began severe enough to require medical aenon.
D) would be intertwined / begins A) would experience / have had
E) could be intertwined / will begin B) experienced / will have had
C) had experienced / had had
D) will have experienced / would have
E) experience / have
78
YDS
41. In the US, the percentage of obese people ---- 45. Sciensts ---- that by the year 2050, robot brains
over the past two decades, and at present, 35% based on computers that have the ability to
of the populaon ---- overweight. execute 100 trillion instrucons per second ----
A) could have doubled / would be rivalling human intelligence.
B) had doubled / was A) are predicng / are starng
C) has doubled / is B) have predicted / would start
D) would double / will be C) predicted / would have started
E) doubled / has been D) predict / will start
E) would predict / will have started
42. The Pyramid of the Sun ---- in stages in the second 46. NASA ---- experiments on the surface of the moon
and third centuries A.D. and ---- about 200 feet for eight years when they ---- them down in 1977
high and 700 feet in length. for nancial reasons.
A) was built / measures A) conducted / would have to shut
B) had been built / may measure B) has been conducng / have to shut
C) could have been built / was to measure C) had been conducng / had to shut
D) has been built / would measure D) was conducng / have had to shut
E) could be built / had measured E) would have conducted / would have had to
shut
43. Sub-Saharan Africa ---- at a relavely stable rate 47. It is hoped that alternave forms of energy, such
since the mid-1990s, and its growth ---- in the as wind energy and geothermal energy, ---- more
following years. widely used in the near future, once technical
A) was growing / connues problems ---- completely resolved.
B) has been growing / should connue A) become / had been
C) has grown / should have connued B) are becoming / will be
D) grew / has connued C) will become / are
E) is growing / will have connued D) have become / were
E) would have become / have been
44. In a clever experiment carried out during 48. For a long me, sciensts ---- by the fact that the
the 1980s, a team of psychologists at Cornell French ---- to eat fay diets rich in red meat but
University ---- that being in a happy mood ---- to live as long as those on lean and vegetarian
people generate more creave soluons to diets.
problems. A) had been intrigued / are tending
A) have found / will help B) were intrigued / would have tended
B) had found / helped C) would be intrigued / have been tending
C) are to nd / would help D) will have been intrigued / would tend
D) found / helps E) have been intrigued / tend
E) would nd / has helped
79
49. Although people ---- with both “good” brown 52. In Britain, the highest-level medical jobs connue
fat cells and normal white fat cells, usually the to be dominated by men of 55 or more, but
former ---- aer infancy. these disnguished consultants and professors
A) have been born / lose ---- within the next ten years, and this ---- more
B) were born / will lose women to reach the top er.
C) are born / are lost A) will have been rering / is allowing
D) had been born / had lost B) have rered / allowed
E) are to be born / had been lost C) would have rered / will be allowing
D) had been rering / has allowed
E) will be rering / will allow
53. Janet Malcolm, who is an admired photographer

50. As part of an eort by the UK government to
and ---- pictures since the early 1960s, generally
track down people at risk of a heart aack, Brish
---- her summers photographing people and
doctors ---- to invesgate the family history of
places in Africa.
those of their paents who ---- high cholesterol.
A) took / has been spending
A) had been told / are having
B) had been taking / will spend
B) are telling / have had
C) has been taking / spends
C) would be told / will have
D) takes / has spent
D) have been told / have
E) had taken / would spend
E) had told / had had
51. The latest research nding that older adults 54. Without television cameras, the famine now
are generally happier than younger ones ---- ravaging Ethiopia ---- the aenon of the well-
supercially at odds with many studies that ---- fed world that ---- with oers of money and other
older people are at higher risk for depression and forms of aid.
other mental health problems. A) won’t have caught / will respond
A) seems / have found B) did not catch / responded
B) seemed / will nd C) will not catch / had responded
C) has seemed / would nd D) would not have caught / has responded
D) had seemed / have been nding E) is not catching / is responding
E) could have seemed / would have found
80
YDS
55. The nest achievement of Europe’s post-1945 59. During the past 40 years, research ---- to support
leaders was their recognion that, unless the hypothesis that physical acvity ---- with both
Germany ---- into the evolving Western system, cardiovascular health and improved psychological
insecurity ---- across the connent. funconing.
A) has been integrated / had reigned A) is accumulang / has been associated
B) had been integrated / has reigned B) accumulates / will be associated
C) is integrated / reigned C) accumulated / had been associated
D) integrates / will reign D) has been accumulang / would be associated
E) was integrated / would reign E) has accumulated / is associated
56. Our sense of self ---- by the roles and qualies 60. On long space ights, astronauts’ bones ----,
that our peers and teachers ---- to us. much as if they ---- from osteoporosis, at a rate of
A) was formed / have assigned 1-2% per month.
B) is formed / assign A) thin / were suering
C) is being formed / will be assigning B) will thin / suer
D) had been formed / assigned C) are thinning / have suered
E) will have been formed / would assign D) will have thinned / would have suered
E) have thinned / will suer
57. It is hoped that the construcon of the world’s 61. When governments nally ---- measures to
tallest residenal building, the Chicago Spire, control the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory
which ---- at the end of last year, ---- by late 2018 Syndrome (SARS) in March 2003, the infecon ----
A) was commenced / will have been completed more than 580 lives in 29 countries.
B) commences / will complete A) had taken / has already cost
C) has been commenced / would be completed B) had taken / were already cosng
D) has commenced / has been completed C) were taking / are already cosng
E) had commenced / is to be completed D) took / had already cost
E) were taken / already cost
58. Humanity ---- an unusual period of food surplus 62. Imagine what your life would be like if you ----
since the Green Revoluon ---- in the mid-1960s. one morning and everything you ---- had been
A) enjoyed / was beginning forgoen!
B) was enjoying / had begun A) wake up / have ever learned
C) has enjoyed / began B) woke up / had ever learned

D) has been enjoying / has begun C) had woken up / ever learned
E) is enjoying / would begin D) will wake up / ever learn
E) have woken up / will ever learn
81
63. Imhotep, god of medicine, ---- as a mythological 67. A baery cell that ---- popular during the
gure in the minds of many scholars unl the end nineteenth century ---- in 1836 by the English
of the 19th century, when it ---- that he was a real chemist John Frederick Daniell.
historical personage. A) had become / had been constructed
A) existed / was established B) would have become / has been constructed
B) has existed / has been established C) is to become / is constructed
C) had existed / was being established D) became / was constructed
D) will exist / will have been established E) will become / may have been constructed
E) exists / had been established
64. People who ---- it hard to give up smoking oen 68. Cells that ---- the fastest, such as those in the
---- outside assistance. blood-forming ssues in bone marrow, ---- most
A) are nding / are sought seriously by nuclear radiaons.
B) had found / are seeking A) will divide / must have been aected
C) could have found / will seek B) have divided / had been aected
D) nd / seek C) divided / will be aected
E) would have found / had been sought D) had divided / have been aected
E) divide / are aected
65. Although alcohol consumpon per capita ---- a 69. Some new research ndings ---- that growing old
peak in the United States during the rst three ---- from stress and oxidave damage to cells and
decades of the 19th century, now it ---- down in DNA.
all age groups. A) suggest / may not result
A) reached / is going B) suggested / has not resulted
B) has reached / goes C) will suggest / did not result
C) will reach / will go D) had suggested / would not result
D) was reaching / went E) have suggested / had not resulted
E) would reach / has gone
66. For more than three thousand years, from the age 70. According to a study led by a group of researchers
of the pharaohs unl the 1500s, people ---- that in Britain, breast screening ---- the number of
the sun, the stars, and the planets ---- around the breast cancer deaths by 30 per cent since the
earth. naonal campaign ---- in 1989.
A) have believed / had moved A) reduced / has been introduced
B) believe / have moved B) has reduced / was introduced
C) had believed / move C) reduces / is introduced
D) were believing / could have moved D) may reduce / should be introduced
E) believed / moved E) was reducing / had been introduced
82
YDS
71. Since the early 1990s, people ---- to professionals 75. Over the last few years, physicians ----
called “life coaches” for help in managing majör pharmacogenec tesng to idenfy thousands of
changes in their lives in the general belief that childhood leukaemia suerers whose genes ----
they ---- soluons. them to a severe reacon to certain drugs.
A) had turned / might have provided A) have used / predispose
B) turned / are providing B) used / would have predisposed
C) have turned / could have provided C) had used / will predispose
D) are turning / had provided D) were using / must predispose
E) have been turning / provide E) use / had predisposed
72. Contrary to the prevailing economic view, some

experts ---- that more free trade ---- the global
crisis.
A) have said / would not have eased
B) said / is not going to ease
C) are saying / had not eased
D) say / will not ease
E) were saying / has not eased
73. To help secure the Union’s froners against illegal

immigrants, the European Union ---- ideas for a
21st century integrated border management
system that ---- heavily on advanced technology.
A) considered / has been relying
B) is considering / will rely
C) had considered / relies
D) would consider / had relied CEVAP ANAHTARI
E) will be considering / relied 1. C 2.E 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.C 7.D
8.A 9.E 10.A 11.B 12.E 13.D 14.A
15.B 16.A 17.A 18.E 19.A 20.E 21.A
74. Psychologists from many dierent countries 22.D 23.E 24.D 25.E 26.D 27.E 28.C
---- their ndings in an eort to understand the 29.E 30.B 31.E 32.B 33.A 34.C 35.B
mystery of how the brain ----. 36.C 37.E 38.D 39.C 40.E 41.C 42.A
A) combined / had funconed 43.B 44.D 45.D 46.C 47.C 48.E 49.C
B) have combined / funcons 50.D 51.A 52.E 53.C 54.D 55.E 56.B
C) combine / funconed 57.A 58.C 59.E 60.B 61.D 62.B 63.A
D) will combine / was funconing 64.D 65.A 66.E 67.D 68.E 69.A 70.B
E) had combined / has funconed 71.E 72.D 73.B 74.B 75.A
83
6. GERUND & INFINITIVE
• Gerund ve Innive dediğimiz iller cümlede isim gibi işlev gören illerdir.Gerund
ile -ing takısının eklenmesiyle,
i nnive iseto ekiyle ya da ilin yalın halde kullanılmasıyla elde edilir.
- Jogging is the best way to be t. (özne görevinde gerund)
- I hate sleeping too much. (nesne görevinde gerund)
- I need to study hard. (nesne görevinde innive)
- To communicate with this girl is very dicult. (özne görevinde innive)
6.1. GERUND
• Gerund cümlede özne görevi üstlenebilir;
- Watching television is his favorite hobby at nights. (Geceleri TV izlemek onun en favori hobisidir.)
• Gerund cümlede nesne görevi üstlenebilir;
- The man near us admied kidnapping the child. (Yanımızdaki adam çocuğu kaçırdığını kabul e.)
• Gerund alan iller:

admit (kabul etmek) delay (ertelemek) involve (kalmak) recollect (harlamak)
ancipate (tahmin etmek) deny (yalanlamak) keep (saklamak) remember (harlamak)
appreciate (takdir etmek) detest (nefret etmek) mean (ifade etmek) resent (gücenmek)
avoid (sakınmak) discuss (tarşmak) menon (anlamına gelmek) resist (karşı koymak)
can’t help (elinde olmamak) dislike (hoşlanmamak) mind (önemsemek) risk (risk almak)
can’t stand (katlanmamak) enjoy (hoşlanmak) miss (önemsemek) stop (durmak)
complete (tamamlamak) nish (birmek) postpone (ertelemek) suggest (önermek)
contemplate (tasarlamak) imagine (hayal etmek) pracce (uygulamak)
- The doctors suggested taking the pills three mes a day.

- They have avoided operang him.
• " excuse" (aetmek)ve "

understand" (anlamak) illeri de bu gruba dahildir fakat bunlar, kendilerinden sonra iyelik
sıfa isterler.
Ex: Nobody can excuse their leaving early.
The paent will understand his recovering soon.
• Bir preposion (edat)’dan sonra isim gelir; il gelecek ise ilin isim hali olan Gerund kullanılır.
- I am looking forward to graduang from the university. (Üniversiteyi birmeyi dört gözle bekliyorum.)
- She has objected to being an engineer. (O, mühendis olmaya karşı çık.)
- I prefer listening to music to watching TV. (Müzik dinlemeyi, TV izlemeye tercih ederim
84
YDS
KURAL: Preposion+ Gerund
abstain from (çekinmek) feel like (gibi hissetmek)

apologize for (özürdilemek) forget about (unutmak)
argue about (tarşmak) forgive for (bağışlamak)
accuse of (suçlu olmak) insist on (ısrar etmek)
believe in (inanmak) involve in (kalmak)
blame for (suçlamak) look forward to (dört gözle beklemek)
comment on (yorumlamak) keep from (-den saklamak)
complain about (şikayet etmek) object to (karşı çıkmak)
consist of (içermek / -den okumak) parcipate in (kalmak)
care about (önemsemek) plan on (planlamak)
concentrate on (konsantre olmak) prevent from (önlemek)
complain about (şikayet etmek) punish for (cezalandırmak)
congrulate on (tebrik etmek) refer to (ifade etmek)
deal with (ilgilenmek/çözmek) stop from (vazgeçirmek)
decide against (aleyhinde karar vermek) suspect of (şüphelenmek)
depend on (bağlı olmak) take advantage of (faydalanmak)
dream of (hayal kurmak) talk about (e hakkında konuşmak)
deter from (vazgeçirmek) think about / of (düşünmek)
devote to (adamak) thank for (minnear olmak)
discourage from (cesareni kırmak) warn about / against (uyarmak)
exposed to (maruz kalmak) worry about (endişelenmek)
• Gerund alan yapılar;

a. There’s no point in; (bir anlamı yok)
- There is no point in wearing coat. in this weather (Bu ılık havada kaban giymenin bir anlamı yok).
b. It’s worth; (yapmaya değer)
- It’s worth tasng the fruit. It’s really delicious. (O meyveyi tatmaya değer.)
c. It’s no use / good; (bir anlamı yok)
- It’s no use / good trying to persuade her. She has already decided to leave him. (Onu ikna etmeye çalışmanın
bir anlamı yok.)
• Perfect Gerund: Yüklem ile Gerund alan yapılar arasında zaman farkı var ise bu yapıya ihyaç duyarız. Eğer
gerund yapı yüklemden önce gerçekleşyse bu farkı vermek için “
doing” yerine “
having done” kullanabiliriz.
- The student denied that hehad cheated in the examinaon.(Sınavda kopya çekme eylemi önce, yalanlama
eylemi daha sonra gerçekleşmektedir.)
The student deniedcheang / having cheated in the examinaon.
- The commiee menoned that they had met to help the poor countries.
The commiee menonedmeeng / having met to help the poor countries.
85
Deny ve admit illeri bu yapıda en yaygın olarak kullanılan illerdir.

illerdir.
6.2. INFINITIVE
• Innive cümlede özne görevi üstlenebilir;
- To watch television is his favorite hobby at nights.
• Innive cümlede nesne görevi üstlenebilir;
- All children deserve to have a good family.
Genelde cümlenin öznesinin Gerund veya Innive olması fark etmez ancak Gerund daha genel bir
durumu, Innive ise daha özel bir
bir durumu ifade eder.
- Listening to music is my favorite acvity.
acvity. (Müzik dinlemek benim favori akvitem)
- To listen to rock music is my favorite acvity.
• Innive alan iller ve isimler:

aord
aord (güc
(gücü
ü yetme
yetmek)
k) challeng
challenge
e (mey
(meydan
dan encourage lear
arn
n (ö
(öğr
ğre
enm
nmek
ek)) pre
preten
end
d (r
(rol yap
yapm
mak
ak)) temp
mptt (ö
(özen
end
dirme
mek)
k)
okumak) (cesaretlendirmek)
agree (aynı kirde command expect (ummak) manage (üstesinden proceed (devam tend (eğilimi olmak)
olmak) (emretmek) gelmek) etmek)
appear (a
(ayarlamak) compel (z
(zorlamak) fail (b
(başarısız ol
olmak) mean (k
(kas
asttetmek) prove (k
(kanıtlamak) threaten (t
(tehdit
etmek)
arrange (görünmek / convince (ikna for
orbi
bid
d (y
(yas
asak
akla
lama
mak)
k) need
need (i
(ih
hyyac
acıı olm
olmak
ak)) refu
refuse
se (h
(ha
arl
rlat
atma
mak)
k) urge
urge (ı
(ısr
srar
ar et
etme
mek)
k)
ortaya çıkmak) etmek)
advise (ö
(öğüt ve
vermek) care (ö
(önemsemek) force (z
(zorlamak) oer (t
(teklif et
etmek) remind (h
(harlamak) volunteer (g
(gönüllü
olmak)
allow (i(izin ve
vermek) claim (i(iddaa et
etmek) happen (o
(olmak) order (s
(sipariş ve
vermek, reques
estt (i(istem
emek
ek)) war
arn
n (u
(uyar
arm
mak
ak))
emir vermek)
ask (sormak) consent (izin hesitate (tereddüt oblige (zorunda requir
require
e (ge
(gerek
rekrme
rmek)
k) wish (umm
(ummak)
ak)
vermek) etmek) bırakmak)
appoint (tayin decide (karar hope (u
(ummak) permit (i(izin ve
vermek) seem (g
(gözükmek) wait (b
(beklemek)
etmek) vermek)
beg (yalvarmak) demand (talep hire (k
(kiral
alam
amak
ak)) per
erssuad
ade
e (i(ikn
knaa et
etme
mek)
k) strugg
gglle (ç
(çab
abal
alam
amak
ak)) wan
antt (i(isteme
mekk)
etmek)
choo
choose
se (s
(seç
eçme
mek)
k) dese
deserv
rve
e (h
(hak
aket
etme
mek)
k) impl
implor
ore
e (r
(ric
icaa et
etme
mek)
k) pref
prefer
er (t
(ter
erci
cih
h et
etme
mek)
k) swea
swearr (y
(yem
emin
in et
etme
mek)
k) wo
woul
uld
d li
likke (i
(ist
stem
emek
ek))
cau
ause
se (ne
(nede
den
n olma
olmak)
k) di
dirrec
ectt (yön
(yönet
etme
mek)
k) instr
instruc
uctt (tal
(talim
imat
at promi
promise
se (sö
(sözz verme
vermek)
k) teach
teach (ö
(öğr
ğret
etmek
mek))
vermek)
cau
auo
on
n (u
(uyyar
arma
mak)
k) darre (c
da (ces
esar
aret
et et
etme
mek)
k) in
invi
vite
te (d
(dav
avet
et et
etme
mek)
k) prep
prepar
are
e (h
(haz
azır
ırla
lama
mak)
k) tell
tell (s
(söy
öyle
leme
mek)
k)
- I have chosen to be at home because I don’t want go out. (Evde olmayı tercih etmek...)
- Nobody dares to shout at him. (Hiç kimse ona bağırmaya cesaret edemez.)
86
YDS
• Perfect Innive: Bu yapı da aynen Perfect Gerund'da olduğu gibi yüklemle eylemin farklı zamanlarda yapıldığını
ifade etmek için kullanılır. Eğer Innive yapı yüklemden önce gerçekleşyse bu farkı vermek için to have done
şeklinde değişrilir
değişrilir..
- I am happy that
that I have heard good news about the wounded soldiers.
soldiers.(Birinci
(Birinci “have heard” eylemi “am happy”
eyleminden önce gerçekleşmişr).
I am happy to have heard good news about the wounded soldiers. (Yaralı askerlerle ilgili iyi haberler
duyduğuma sevindim).
- He claimed that he had seen a man in their garden at midnight.

midnight. (Geceyarısı bahçelerinde bir adam gördüğünü
idda e).
He claimedto have seen a man in their garden at midnight.
Bu yapı, gerçek olmayan olaylardan bahsederken modal illerle de kullanılır. (should, would, could etc.)
- You needn’t have waited for the doctor because he had been on holiday for a while. (Doktoru
beklemene gerek yoktu boşu boşuna bekledin anlamı vermektedir.)
- You shouldn’t have shouted at your wife in front of the people. (İnsanların önünde eşine
bağırmamalıydın.)
6.3. GERUND OR INFINITIVE

• Gerund ve Innive alan iller: Bu iller her iki yapıyla da kullanılır ve anlam değişikliğine uğramaz.
advise (öğüt vermek) connue (devam etmek) hate (nefret etmek) neglect (gözardı etmek)
allow (izin vermek) dislike (hoşlanmamak) intend (niyet etmek) permit (izin vermek)
aempt (teşebbüs etmek) dread (korkmak) like (hoşlanmak) prefer (tercih etmek)
begin (başlamak) encourage (cesaret etmek) love (sevmek) recommend (önermek)
cannot bear (katlanamamak) forbid (yasaklamak) need (ihyacı olmak) start (başlamak)
- I can’t bear to hear / hearing his voice.

- My mother hates ironing / to iron .
- My trousers need to be washed / washing .
• Gerund ve Innive aldığında anlamı değişren iller:

a. Forget: Geçmişte yapğımız bir işi daha sonra unutmak anlamını Gerund, planladığımız bir işi yapmayı
unutmak anlamını Innive
I nnive verir.
- I always forget to lock the door if I’m in a rush.
- Yesterday I forgot locking the door before going out.
b. Remember: Geçmişte yapğımız bir işi daha sonra harlamak anlamını Gerund, planladığımız bir işi yapmayı
harlamak anlamını Innive verir.
- I remember meeng him in a rainy day.
- I can never remember to lock the door when I go out.
87
c. Stop: Yapıyor olduğumuz bir işi tamamıyla biriyorsak Gerund

, bir süreliğine başka bir iş için durduruyorsak
Innive kullanılır.
- When I saw him at hospital I stopped to walk to chat with him for a while.
- tumor,, he stopped smoking.
Aer he learned that he has a tumor
d. Try: Denemek anlamında Gerund
, çabalamak anlamında Innive alır.
- Aer I heard the news I tried giving advice to her to calm down but it didn’t work.
- During the exam, I tried to concentrate on the quesons but I was very red and I couldn’t.
e. Mean: Anlamına
Anlamına gelmek anlamında Gerund kastetmek anlamında Innive alır.
, kastetmek
- While giving concert, he meant to stop his career for resng for a few years.
- Having a baby means having no me for some hobbies.
f. Regret: Geçmişte yapılan veya yapılamayan bir olaydan dolayı pişmanlık duymak anlamında
anlamında Gerund
, üzgünüm
üzgünüm
(I’m sorry) anlamında Innive alır.
- I have already regreed not going to the university so I couldn’t nd a good job now.
regreed
- I regret to tell you that your mother has been taken to hospital.
6.4. CAUSATIVES (Ergen Yapılar)

• have somebody do something (birine işini yaprmak)
- I had the plumper x the tap yesterday.
- My mother will have the tailor make three dresses for the wedding ceremony.
• have something done (işi yapan kişinin önemli olmadığı durumlarda birine bir şey yaprmak.)
- I had the tap xed yesterday.
- My mother will have three dresses made for the wedding ceremony.
• get somebody to do something (ikna yoluyla birine bir şey yaprmak)

- I got my mother to make a chocolate cake.
- His brother always gets his sister to do his homework by giving some money.
• get something done (işi yapan kişinin önemli olmadığı durumlarda birine bir şey yaprmak.)
- I got a chocolate cake made (by my mother).
- His brother always gets his homework done by giving some money.
• make somebody do something (birine bir işi zorla yaprmak)

- Whenever I talk to her, she always makes me feel angry.
- The book made me cry aer nishing it.
• be made to do something (birine bir şeyi zorla yaprmak)

- I was made to clean the room.
- I think she will be made to leave the city
city..
88
GERUND-INFINITIVE TEST
1. The successful educaon of children with speech 5. A good way ---- understanding of the geodynamo
defects involves ---- all means of approach. ---- to compare computer dynamos (which lack
A) to explore turbulence) with laboratory dynamos (which lack
B) exploring convecon).
C) having explored A) to be improved / will be
D) having been explored B) to have improved / has been
E) to have explored C) having improved / could be
D) improving / could have been
E) to improve / would be
6. Having found
found the appropriate archives, it is now
2. Ultrasound beams could make it possible ----
possible ---- with some degree of certainty what
brain disease with gene therapy without ---- a
really ----.
single incision.
A) reconstruc
reconstrucng
ng / happens
A) to be treated / having made
B) to reconstruct / happened
B) to treat / making
C) to have reconstruct
reconstructed
ed / has happened
C) being treated / to have been made
D) having reconstruct
reconstructed
ed / had happened
D) having treated / being made
E) to be reconstruct
reconstructed
ed / was happening
E) to have treated / having
having been made
3. On rst ---- the hotel we ---- by the starkness and 7. In April 1953, Watson
Watson and Crick ---- the scienc
hardness of the place. world with a succinct paper ---- their model for
A) having to enter / had
had been
been struck
struck DNA.
B) having entered / are struck A) were shaking / to explain
C) entering / were struck B) had been shaking / to have explained
D) to enter / will be struck C) have shaken / to be explaining
E) to be entering / are being struck D) shook / explaining
E) had shaken / having explained
4. Before long, ---- down a half-remembered piece 8. Epidemiology,

Epidemiol ogy, which ---- as a science unl the 19th
of music ---- as easy as humming the tuna. century, is a branch of medicine that invesgates
A) having to track / was factors ---- to improved health, or the occurrence
B) having tracked / would be of a disease in a parcular populaon.
C) to track / has been A) could not have
have evolved
evolved / having
having contributed
contributed
D) to have tracked / is B) had not evolved / to contribute
E) tracking / will be C) has not
not evolved
evolved / to
to have
have contributed
D) did not evolve / contribung
E) could not evolve / to be contribung
89
9. Sciensts ---- the common cold as ---- by a family 13. Programmes of this type ---- electricity, gas and
of over 200 viruses. water supply networks ---- from a central control
A) were regarded / having
having been caused point.
B) are regarded / having caused A) allowed / managing
C) regard / being caused B) allow / to be managed
D) have regarded / to have caused C) would allow / to have been managed
E) regarde
regarded
d / to have been caused D) have allowed / to
to have
have managed
E) will allow / having been managed
10. For a long me now,

now, Asia’s emerging economies 14. Obviously a great many improvements ---- but
---- the world’s most dynamic, with GDP ---- at an many people connue ---- by the connuing
annual rate of 7.5%. poverty in the region and lack of diversity.
A) were / to have grown A) will have been achieved/ to have been
B) would have been / having grown troubled
C) have been / growing B) were achieved / having been troubled
D) would be / to be growing C) are being achieved / being troubled

E) are / to grow D) have been achieved / to
to be troubled
E) had been achieved / having troubled
15. Included with the account of his journey down

11. In the end he admied that he ---- the re ---- at
at
the Amazon there ---- engaging stories ---- by the
such a speed.
unusual people he meets.
A) hadn’t expected / to spread
A) have been / recounng
B) didn’t expect / to have spread
B) were / being recounted
C) wasn’t expecng / spreading
C) are / recounted
D) hadn’t been expecng / having
having spread
spread
D) will be / to have been recounted
recounted
E) wouldn’t expect / to be spreading
E) would be / to be recounted
12. As long as he ---- reasonable care of himself, he 16. The shule ---- the atmosphere at precisely 38°
has every chance of ---- a complete recovery. for heat shields below the fuselage and the wings
A) will take / being made ---- the cra from heat damage.
B) took / having made A) must re-enter / to protect
C) has taken / having been made B) has re-entered / having protected
D) takes / making C) re-entered / to have protected
E) was taking / having to make D) re-enters / to be protecng

E) should re-enter
re-enter / to
to have
have been protecng
90
YDS
17. Underwater archaeology is generally considered

to ---- its rst major encouragement during the
winter of 1853-54, when a parcularly low water
level in a Swiss lake ---- bare enormous quanes
of wooden posts, poery and other arfacts.
A) be receiving / has laid
B) be received / would lay
C) have been received / had laid
D) receive / could have laid
E) have received / laid
18. Upon the compleon

com pleon next month
mo nth ofo f its
it s
renovaon and expansion, the museum ---- its
exhibion space and added an auditorium ---- for
performances and lectures.
A) will have
have doubled / to be used
B) doubled / to have used
C) has doubled / to have been used
D) doubles / being used
E) had doubled / to use
19. One oil company in parcular claims ---- its beso

balance economic progress with environmental
care and social responsibility.
A) to be done
B) having done
C) doing
D) having been done
E) to have done
20. It is not unusual for adversing campaigns

---- even before the new products ---- onto the
market.
A) to have been launched / have
have come
B) being launched / will come CEVAP ANAHTARI
C) to be launched / come 1.B 2.B 3.C 4.E 5.E 6.B 7.D
D) having been launched / are coming 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.A 12.D 13.B 14.D
E) to have been launched / will
will have
have come
come 15.C 16.A 17.E 18.A 19.E 20.C
91
7. CONDITIONALS & WISH CLAUSE
7.1. CONDITIONALS
1. IF CLAUSES
TYPE IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
0) Real Condion (Prensent) Simple Present Simple Present
1) Future Possibility Simple Present Future
Present Cont. Modals (Present)
Present Perfect Imperave (Emir Cümleleri)
Modal Present Other Expression (Let’s…., Shall we…?, Why don’t you…?,
* Should Why doesn’t he…?)
2) Unreal Present Simple Past Would

Modals (Past) Could V1
Were + to innive Might
Would
Could be Ving
Might
3) Unreal Past Past Perfect Would

Could have V3 Could have V3
Might
Would
Could have been Ving
Might
4) Mixed Type 1 a) Past Perfect Would
Could have V3 Could V1 / be Ving
Might
5) Mixed Type 2 b) Simple Past Would

Could have V3
Might
Type 0:
A. Real Condion (Present)

Neden-sonuç ilişkisi açısından her zaman geçerli koşulları ifade eder.
- If you press this buon, the machine starts working.
- She always calls me if she has problems.
- The metal expands if it is heated.
92
YDS
Type 1:
B. Future Possibilty
Gelecek zamandaki bir olasılığı ifade etmek için kullanılır.
- If we can manage to arrive there on me, Iwill be very happy.
- If the goverment keeps its policies, the economywill be beer.
may
might
Future Possibility
could
- If you really have to/must/should see him, youmust have an appoinment.
- If you have no plan for the night,shall we go out?
why don’t we go out?
let’s go out.
- If the company hires me, Iwill be working as a sales representave next month.
- You can leave now if youhave already nished typing the report.
- Will you buy me something to drink if youare going to the super market.
- Can you tell Jim to call me if youshould see him?
if youhappen to see him?
If Clause içerisinde kullanılan should "gereklilik" anlamında değil "olasılık" anlamındadır vehappen to ile
aynı anlamda kullanılır.
Type 2:
C. Unreal Present
If cümlesi içinde kullanılan Simple Past geçmişi ifade etmez. İçinde bulunduğumuz anda olma olasılığı olmayan
durumları ifade eder.
- I am a poor man. If I were a rich man, Iwould live in a big house.
- He is not here now. He could/would/might help me if hewere here now.
- I am going to Ankara this weekend. I could/might come to your party if Iweren’t going to Ankara this weekend.
- Turkey is not a member of the European Union. If Turkey were a member of the EU, we could be travelling in
Europe without visa.
Type 3:
D. Unreal Past
Geçmişte yaşanan bir olayın tersini düşünmek veya hayal etmek için kullanılır.
You did not listen to me, so you went bankrupt.
- If you had listened to me, youwouldn’t have gone bankrupt.
93
She could not pass the exam, so he could not go to the USA for MA last year.
- If she could have passed the exam, shecould have gone to the USA for MA last year.
Since I was busy last night, I could not come to your party.
- I could have come to your party if Ihad not been busy last night.
(might have come)
(would have come)
Since he came to oce late yesterday, the manager got annoyed.
- The manager wouldn’t have got annoyed if hehadn’t come to oce late yesterday.
E. Mixed Type
1. Sonucu şu an görülen ama sebebi geçmişe ait olan yapılar.
I lost my wallet, so I am broke now.
- If I hadn’t lost my wallet, Iwouldn’t be broke now.
I didn’t learn English when I was at university.
- But if I had learnt English when I was at university, Icould/might/would have a beer job now.
We missed the 5 o’clock bus, so we are waing for the next one now.
- If we hadn’t missed the 5 o’clock bus, wewouldn’t be waing for the next one now.
2. Sonucu geçmişte yaşanan bir durumun, sebebinin bugünkü duruma ait olduğu yapılar.
He is a very generous man. He helped me with my nancial problem.
- If he weren’t a generous man, hewoudn’t have helped me with my nancial problem.
He is a very rude man. He shouted at his wife in front of many people.

- He wouldn’t have shouted at his wife if he weren’t a rude man.
She is a careful driver. She avoided an accident last night.
- She couldn’t/might not have avoided an accident last night if she weren’t a careful driver.
2. PROVIDING THAT, PROVIDED THAT, AS/SO LONG AS, ONLY IF, ON THE CONDITI ON THAT
Bu yapılar koşulu anlamca güçlendiren yapılardır (ancak …… olursa) ve If Clause tablosunda verilen formüller bu
yapılar için de geçerlidir. Ancak Only if ile başlayan bir cümlede ana cümle devrik (Inverted) yapıda olur.
- Only if
you take your medicine regularly can you feel beer. (Ancak ilaçlarını düzenli alırsan...)
(You can feel beer only if you take your medicine regularly.) (Eğer ilaçlarını düzenli alırsan...)
- Only if
he saves enough money can he buy a car.
(He can buy a car only if he saves enough money.)
- Only if
she nishes her project on me will she be able to go for a holiday.
(She will be able to go for a holiday only if she nishes her project on me.)
94
YDS
3. EVEN IF / WHETHER……..(OR NOT) (OLSA BILE /OLSADA OLMASA DA)

Real / Present:
- Even if he apologies to me, I won’t forgive him. (Benden özür dilese bile, onu bağışlayacağım.)
Whether he apologies to me (or not), I won’t forgive him.
Unreal / Present:
- Even if he were a rich man, he couldn’t be a member of this club. (Zengin olsaydı bile, bu kulübün üyesi olmazdı.)
Whether he were a rich man (or not), he couldn’t be a member of this club.
Unreal / Past:
- Even if he had run aer the bus, he couldn’t have caught it. (Otobüsün arkasından koşmuş bile olsaydı da,
yakalayamazdı.)
Whether he had run aer the bus (or not), he couldn’t have caught it.
4. IF IT WEREN’T FOR / BUT FOR + NOUN / NOUN PHRASE

IF IT HADN’T BEEN FOR / BUT FOR + NOUN / NOUN PHRASE
(OLMASA / OLMASAYDI)
- If it weren’t your help, I couldn’t solve my problem
(But for your help, …….)
(Senin yardımın olmasa, sorunumu çözemezdim)
- If it hadn’t been for the wind, the re wouldn’t have spread that much.
(But forthe wind, ………)
(Rüzgar olmasaydı, yangın o kadar çok yayılmazdı)
5. INVERTED IF CLAUSE (DEVRİK KOŞUL CÜMLELERİ)

IF cümlesi should, were / were to innive veya had V3 içeriyorsa IF alıp devrik hale gerilebilir
.
- If you (should) come earlier, let me know.
Should you come earlier, let me know.
- IfI were the Prime Minister, I would change some health policies.
Were I the Prime Minister, I would change some health policies.
- If I had known that you were ill yesterday, I would have visited you.
Had I known that you were ill yesterday, I would have visited you.
6. IMPLIED CONDITIONS (GİZLİ KOŞUL CÜMLELERİ): BUT, OTHERWISE / OR (ELSE),WITHOUT

a. But
- I would have called you last night, but I did not have your phone number.
(If I had had your phone number, I would have called you last night.)
- She could help you now, but she is very busy.
(If she weren’t busy, she could help you.)
- I wouldn’t be waing in front of the door now, but I forgot my keys in the oce.
(I wouldn’t be waing in front of the door now if I hadn’t forgoen my keys in the oce.)
95
b. Otherwise / Or (Else)
- I don’t know his e-mail address ; otherwise, I could have wrien him an e-mail last night.
(If I knew his e-mail address, I would have wrien him an e-mail last night.)
- I don’t feel well, or (else) I could go shopping with you.

(I could go shopping with you if I felt well.)
- He didn’t study well for the exam ; otherwise, he wouldn’t have failed.
(If he had studied well for the exam, he wouldn’t have failed.)
c. Without
- Without your help, I cannot translate this arcle into English now.
(If you don’t help me, I cannot translate this arcle into English now.)
- Without water, we couldn’t live.

(If it weren’t for water, we couldn’t live.)
- Without the money my father gave me, I couldn’t have bought this t-shirt yesterday.
(If my father hadn’t given me money, I couldn’t have bought this t-shirt yesterday.)
7. UNLESS
-medikçe, -madıkça veya olmadığı takrde anlamına gelen bu bağlaç anlam olarak olumsuz olduğu için yan cümlede
olumsuz yapı genellikle kullanılmaz. Ancak, bu bağlacın bir de except if (….nın dışında) anlamı vardır ve bu anlamıyla
olumsuz yapı kullanmak mümkündür. Aynı if cümlelerinde olduğu gibi unless’in de future possibility, real condion
(present), unreal present ve unreal past kullanımları mümkündür .
- Unless you are a member of the club, you are not allowed to take part in such an organizaon.
- I won’t forgive him unless he apologizes to me. (I won’t forgive him if he does not apologize to me.)
- He wouldn’t be absent from the meeng unless he were ill. (He wouldn’t be absent from the meeng if he were not ill.)
- I would not lend you money unless you were broke. (I would not lend you money if you were not broke)
- Unless he had seen it with his own eyes, he would not have believed that.(If he had not seen it with his own eyes,
he would not have believed that.)
- Unless you had told me your problem, I could not have helped you with it.(If you had not told me your problem,
I could not have helped you with it.)
Unless = except if (…nın dışında, hariç)

- Unless it were on Sunday, I would go to the internaonal fair.
(Except if it were on Sunday, I would go to the internaonal fair.)
- Don’t disturb me unless you really have a problem.

(Except if you really have a problem, don’t disturb me.)
96
YDS
8. SUPPOSE (THAT) / SUPPOSING (THAT) / WHAT IF

Suppose (that) ve supposing (that) Türkçeye "farzet ki" olarak çevrilebililir
. What if
ise "ya…olsa/olsaydı" anlamındadır.Bu
bağlaçlar genellikle günlük konuşma dilinde sıklıkla kullanılırlar ve if tablosundaki kurallar bu bağlaçlar için de geçerlidir.
- Suppose (that) you were the prime minister, what would you change in the educaon system?
- Suppose (that) I miss the last bus, how else can I get there?
- What if I cannot talk to the manager tomorrow?
(What will happen if I cannot talk to the manager tomorrow?)
- What if he were here now?
(What would happen if he were here now?)
- What if you hadn’t called the police last night?
(What would have happened if you hadn’t called the police last night?)
9. IN CASE / JUST IN CASE / LEST (…… olur(sa) diye)FOR FEAR THAT (….. korkusuyla / endişesiyle)
Bu bağlacın bulunduğu cümle bir olasılığı belirrken, ana cümle bu olasılığa karşı alınan tedbiri veya bir tavsiyeyi
içerir. Bu bağlacın bulunduğu yan cümle ile ana cümle arasında zaman uyumu söz konusudur .
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Simple Present Simple Present
In case * should Present Connuous

Present Perfect
Modals (present)
Future (will / be going to)
Modals (Present)
Imperaves
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

Past Tense Would
Past Perfect Tense Past Tense
In case
* should Past Perfect Tense
could, couldn’t
- You had beer take the TOEFL exam in case you want to connue your educaon in the USA aer you graduate
from university.
- The weather is very cloudy. Take your umbrella with you in case it rains.
- She is planning to buy a cheaper car in case she has to sell it in the future.
- My father gave me his credit card just in case I wanted to do some shopping.
- In case he had not received my invitaon card, I called him to invite for my wedding.
- She went to see a doctor yesterday and took the previous medical reports with her in case / lest the doctor
could want to see them.
- In case / Lest they should cancel the party due to the bad weather, my friends and I made another plan to
spend me together.
- She always keeps the lights on while going out at night for fear that someone may break into her house.
97
• In case bağlaç cümlesinin içinde kullanılan Should tavsiye veya gereklilik anlamında değildir. Olasılığın
düşük olduğunu gösterir.
- I put some money aside every month (just) in case I (should) need it urgently in the future.
7.2. WISH CLAUSE

WISH & IF ONLY Türkçeye “keşke” olarak çevrilebilir ve dilekte bulunmak amacıyla kullanılır. Keşke diye ifade edilen
bir durum gerçekte olmadığı (unreal) için dilekte bulunulan zamanın bir derece geçmiş zamanda ifade edilmelidir.
, şimdiki zamanla ilgili bir dilek için am/is/are Ving yerine
Örneğin, gelecek zamanla ilgili bir dilekte; will yerinewould
were Ving kullanmak gibi.
Unreal Situaon
Real Situaon
(Wish – Only if)
Present • It is snowing now. * I wish it weren’t snowing now.

* If only it weren’t snowing now.
• He smokes a lot. * His mother wishes he did not smoke a lot.

* If only he didn’t smoke a lot.
• She can’t speak Turkish. * I wish she could speak Turkish.

* If only she could speak Turkish.
• They don’t visit us very oen. * We wish they visited us very oen.
* If only they visited us very oen.
Future • He will not be able to come to your concert. * I wish he would be able to come to your concert.
• He is not going to apply for this posion. * I wish he were going to a pply for this posion.
• According to the weather report, the weather will be rainy tomorrow. * I wish the weather would not be rainy tomorrow.
Past • He was not at the meeng yesterday. • I wish he had been at the meeng yesterday.
• If only he had been at the meeng yesterday.
• My brother couldn’t answer some of the quesons at job interview. • My brother wishes he could have answered all the
quesons at the job interview.
• If only my brother could have answered all the
quesons at the job interview.
• I met her a short me ago a nd she changed my life.

• I wish I had met her much earlier.
• If only I had met her much earlier.
• He wasn’t listening to me.

• I wish he had been listening to me.
98
YDS
1. If only cümleciğinin içinde gelecek zamandaki bir dileği ifade etmek için would (not) veya was/were
(not) going to kullanılmaz. Bunların yerine Past Tense veyacould kullanılır.
• I wish you would be able to come to the concert with us tomorrow.
• If only you went / could come to the concert with us tomorrow.
2. Wish’den önce gelen özne ile kendinden sonra gelen cümlenin öznesi aynı ise gelecek zamanda bir
dilek için would veya was/were going tokullanılmaz. Onun yerine Past Tense veya couldkullanılır.
• I wish I could visit you tomorrow, but I will be very busy.
• He wishes he went home early today, but he has to work in his oce unl late hours.
3. Aşağıdaki zamanlar ve yapılar wish veya if only ile kullanılamaz.
• Present Tense
• Present Connuous Tense
• Present Perfect Tense
• Present Perfect Connuous Tense
• Modals (Present)
• Future Tense (will / am-is-are going to)
• Could (not) have V3 hariç, tüm Perfect Modal yapılar (must have V3, should have V3, may have V3,
would have V3, vb.)
4. If only ile başlayan cümle tek bir cümle olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Ama if clause’da olduğu gibi if
only'yi sonuç cümlesi takip edebilir.
• If only he were here now.
• If only he were here now, he could help me with my problem.
• If only you hadn’t been driving fast last night.
• If only you hadn’t been driving fast last night, you could have avoided the accident.
• If only I were a rich man.
• If only I were a rich man, I could travel around the world.
99
CONDITIONALS TEST
1. If they ---- the child to the hospital a lile earlier, 5. If such a treatment for tuberculosis ---- available
these complicaons ----. centuries ago, it ---- the course of history.
A) would have brought / wouldn’t develop A) had been / will have changed
B) would bring / won’t develop B) was / could have changed
C) have brought / haven’t developed C) would have been / might change
D) brought / hadn’t developed D) had been / might have changed
E) had brought / would not have developed E) has been / should have changed
2. The healthy individual possesses means of 6. If it ---- for the severe air polluon of 1952, which
arresng minor haemorrhages; if this ---- so, was responsible for 4,000 deaths, the UK Clean
trivial cuts ---- to a fatal loss of blood. Air Act of 1956 ----.
A) was not / have led A) weren’t / hadn’t been passed
B) were not / would lead B) was not / won’t be passed
C) is not / led C) hadn’t been / wouldn’t have been passed
D) will not be / would have led D) wouldn’t be / hadn’t been passed
E) would not be / had led E) isn’t / was not passed
3. If he ---- the condions of the insurance policy 7. If the birth rate in India ---- controlled, the
carefully, he ---- that it did not cover such populaon ---- in the next 25 or 30 years,
eventualies. increasing from about 900 million to about 1,800
A) has read / realized million.
B) reads / has realized A) is not / will double
C) is reading / realizes B) will not be / double
D) were reading / had realized C) has not been / would double
E) had read / would have realized D) would not be / could have doubled
E) was not / would have doubled
4. If there ---- any delay in geng him to hospital, 8. If microchips ---- back in the late 1950s, computer
the outcome ---- fatal. technology ---- as advanced as it is today.
A) had been /could have proved A) weren’t developed / isn’t
B) is / would have proved B) hadn’t been developed / wouldn’t be
C) were / will have proved C) wouldn’t have been developed / weren’t
D) has been / is proving D) wouldn’t be developed / wouldn’t be
E) will be / would prove E) weren’t being developed / won’t be
100
YDS
9. If Australian conservaonists ---- an extensive 13. If the permafrost ----, it ---- huge amounts of
preservaon campaign back in the 1960s, the methane.
populaon of saltwater crocodiles of the north A) melted / can release
--- even less than the present number of 100. B) had melted / had released
A) have not implemented / is C) were to melt / released
B) would not implement / would have been D) melts / could release
C) weren’t implemenng / will have been E) is melng / would release
D) weren’t implemented / will be
E) had not implemented / would be
14. If things ---- according to plan, the book ---- by

10. If the United States Department of Agriculture this me next year.
(USDA) ---- all animal and animal product imports
A) go / will have been published
from high-risk areas in 2001, the US ---- the same
B) have gone / would have been published
consequences of foot-and-mouth disease as the
C) went / was to be published
UK did that year.
D) were going / has been published
A) didn’t ban / would suer
E) will go / will be published
B) had not banned / would have suered
C) weren’t banned / would have been suered
D) hadn’t been banned / suered
E) shouldn’t have banned / hadn’t suered
11. If we ---- the materials of technology, silicon ----- 15. Sciensts predict that should the current rate of
the rst on that list. deforestaon in the rainforests ----, a great many
A) are lisng / was of the species they support ---- completely by the
B) listed / had been turn of the 22nd century.
C) were to list / would be A) connue / will have disappeared
D) had listed / is B) is connued / will disappear
E) are to list / has been C) was connued / would disappear
D) had connued / would have disappeared
E) will connue / would have disappeared
12. If you ---- long hours on the job, most probably 16. If the doctor ---- for addional tests to be
your stress level ----, leaving you more vulnerable performed, then this illustrates that he ---- other
to cravings for unhealthy food. problems.
A) have worked / had risen A) had asked / suspects
B) are working / will rise B) would ask / may suspect
C) worked / is rising C) asks / suspects
D) had worked / will have risen D) has asked / had suspected
E) work / rose E) asked / will suspect
101
17. If all of the Arcc ice ----, global sea levels ---- by
23 feet, submerging most coastal areas.
A) melted / will rise
B) is to melt / are rising
C) were to melt / could rise
D) will melt / rise
E) had melted / rose
18. If she ---- more pessimisc, most probably she ----

up, but instead, she went on trying.
A) were / had given
B) has been / has given
C) had been / may have given
D) is / will give
E) were / would have given
19. It is predicted that the world’s fossil fuel sources

---- completely by the turn of the century unless
strict policies to use them wisely ---- at present,
before it is too late.
A) will have been exhausted / are implemented
B) will be exhausted / would be implemented
C) would be exhausted / would have been
implemented
D) would have been exhausted / were
implemented
E) were exhausted / were to be implemented
20. If she ---- to the interview in a more posive state

of mind, she ---- a beer impression.
A) will go/would make
CEVAP ANAHTARI
B) goes/has made
1.E 2.B 3.E 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.A
C) had gone/might have made
8.B 9.E 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.A
D) would go/had made
15.A 16.C 17.C 18.E 19.A 20.C
E) has gone/makes
102
8. NOUN CLAUSES
İngilizce’de YAN CÜMLE olarak adlandırılabilecek 3 tür cümlecik vardır:

• Noun Clauses (İsim Cümlecikleri)
• Adjecve (Relave) Clauses (Sıfat Cümlecikleri)
• Adverbial Clauses (Zarf Cümlecikleri)
8.1. NOUN CLAUSES

• İki ve daha fazla cümleyi tek bir cümlede birleşrir. Bir cümlede İSİM gibi bir göreve sahipr. Yani Noun Clause;
o Cümlenin ÖZNESİ olabilir,
o Cümlenin NESNESİ olabilir,
o Sıfatlardan sonra gelebilir,
o TO BE
ilinden sonra gelebilir.
8.2. THE USAGES OF NOUN CLAUSES

1.
S (Noun Clause) + V + ………
- What we have been talking about doesn’t concern you.

- Whether she is sll alive (or not) is not known yet.
- The fact that/That the chairman canceled the meeng without declaring any reason shocked all the
members of the board.
2.
S + V + O (Noun Clause)
- Most of us sll don’t know where the meeng will be held .

- I believe that he did not deserve such a punishment.
- The police asked some people whether they had witnessed the murder (or not).
3.
S (Noun Clause) + V + O / Subject Complement (Noun Clause)
- The fact that/That he rejected to aend the meeng showsthat he has some problems with the administraon.
- What I want to menon isthat we cannot overcome our problems withoutsharing our thoughts.
4.
S + to be + Noun Clause
- The problem is that we may face a harsh opposion from our clients about our new prices.
- The queson was who would be volunteer in such a study.
5.
Adjecve (preposion) + Noun Clause
- It is certain that he will win the elecons .

- It was not obvious why he was arrested by the police last weekend .
- I am not sure whether the new system will work well (or not).
103
• Yukarıda verilen kalıplar ve örneklerden de görüleceği gibi 3 tür Noun Clause bulunmaktadır:
1. Noun Clauses with “That/The fact that”
2. Noun Clauses with “Whether (or not) / If or not
3. Noun Clauses with Queson Words (Wh- Quesons)
8.3. NOUN CLAUSES WITH THAT / THE FACT THAT

A. Cümlenin Öznesi Konumunda Olan THAT / THE FACT THAT Cümlecikleri
He came to the oce very late this morning. This annoyed the manager.
- The fact that/ That he came to oce very late this morning annoyed the manager.
SUBJECT VERB
The prociency exam is thought to be very dicult.This worries most of the students.
- That the prociency exam is thought to be very dicult worries most of the students.
The new health policies have aracted opposion from a lot of doctors.This is not surprising.
- That the new health policies have aracted opposion from a lot of doctors isn’t surprising
- It isn’t surprising that the new health policies have aracted opposion from a lot of doctors.
B. Cümlenin Nesnesi Konumunda Olan THAT / THE FACT THAT Cümlecikleri

He is a very modest person. Everybody knowsthis.
- Everybody knows (that / the fact that) he is a very honest person.
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
The country may face another economic crisis. Some of the economists thinkthis.
- Some of the economists think (that) the country may face another economic crisis.
Bazı iller kendilerinden sonra gelen Ad Öbeği'nin ardından That cümleciği alırlar.
- She was able to convice his father that she had not told him lies.
- He has informed me that I will also aend the meeng.
- The doctor advised my mother that she should be away from stress.
- I have to tell you that we may run out of gas soon.
Özne konumundayken That veya The fact that İsim Cümlesinin başında kullanılmak zorundayken, Nesne
konumundayken that veya the fact that kullanılmak zorunda değildir.
104
YDS
C. Sıfatlardan Sonra Kullanılan That / The fact that Cümlecikleri

1.
S + TO BE + ADJECTIVE + THAT ……
- I am sure that John will accept our job oer.

- She was afraid that her thesis would be rejected by the jury.
Sıfatlar kendinden sonra edat alıyorlarsa "The fact that" kullanılır.
- be afraid of the fact that…. - be proud of the fact that ….

- be happy about the fact that …. - be aware of the fact that ….
2.
IT+ TO BE ADJECTIVE+THAT …..
- It is surprising that she invited you to her wedding.

- It was apparent that some of the member countries in the UN would veto the proposal of that country.
D. Tümleç Olarak Kullanılan THAT [-S (NOUN PHARSE) + TO BE + THAT..]

She has diculty in speaking English. This is her main problem.
- Her main problem is that she has diculty in speaking English.
I should reduce the consumpon of salt. This is my doctor’s suggeson.

- My doctor’s suggeson is that I should reduce the consumpon of salt.
E. Açıklama Germek Amacıyla Kullanılan THAT Cümleciği

Women cannot be good at some professions. This assumpon is ridiculous.
- The assumpon that women cannot be good at some professions is ridiculous.
He was involved in the bribery. This allegaon shocked everybody.

- The allegaon that he was involved in the bribery shocked everybody.
F. Şart Kipi Gerekren Bazı Fiil, Sıfat ve İsimlerden Sonra Gelen THAT Cümleciği
İngilizcede ana cümlenin ilinin zamanı ne olursa olsun bazı il, sıfat ve isimlerden sonra gelen that cümleciği
içinde kullanılacak il ya yalın halde kullanılır ya da ilin önüne şart kipi olan should gerilir. Bu duruma İngilizcede
Subjuncve Form denilmektedir.
105
FİİL LİSTESİ
advise (öğüt vermek) desire (istemek) propose (teklif etmek) suggest (önermek)
insist (ısrar etmek) recommend (önermek) urge (ısrar etmek)
command (emretmek) order (emretmek) rule (yönetmek)
demand (talep etmek) prefer (tercih etmek) require (istemek)
SIFAT LİSTESİ
advisable (tavsiye edilebilir) imperave (zorunlu) obligatory (zorunlu)
crucial (önemli) important (önemli) urgent (acil)
desirable (arzu edilen) mandatory (zorunlu) recommendable (önerilebilir)
essenal (gerekli) necessary (gerekli)
İSİM LİSTESİ
advice (öğüt) necessity (gereklilik) proposal (teklif) requirement (gereksinim)
insistence (ısrar) obligaon (zorunluluk) recommendaon (öneri) suggeson (öneri)
- The doctor advised that I (should) do regular exercises every day.
- He insists that he (should) be consulted for any possible changes in the system.
- It is very crucial that we (should) be there in me.
- It was advisable that he (should) be promoted.

- He took no noce of the order that he (should) not leave the town unl the interrogaon was over.
- The insistence of the workers that their salary (should) be increased has not been taken into consideraon by the
authories.
8.4. NOUN CLAUSES WITH WHETHER / IF .. (OR NOT)

Whether
veyaIf, Yes-No Queson formandaki cümlelerin İsim Cümlesine dönüştürülmesinde kullanılır.
A. Cümlenin Öznesi Konumunda Olan WHETHER Cümlecikleri

Has he been able to convince his boss? This is not known yet.
- Whether (or not) he has been able to convince his boss is not known yet.
SUBJECT VERB
Will the new educaon campaign held by the ministry be successful? This will be apparent in the next academic year.
- Whether the new educaon campaign held by the ministry will be successful (or not) will be apparent in the
next academic year.
106
YDS
Özne konumunda If kullanılmaz.
B. Cümlenin Nesnesi Konumunda Olan WHETHER / IF Cümlecikleri

Will he run for the parliament? Nobody knows this.
- Nobody knows whether / if he will run for the parliament.
OBJECT
Is it necessary to revise some health regulaons? The government will assess this.
- The government will assess whether/if it is necessary to revise some health regulaons .
C. Sıfatlardan Sonra Kullanılan WHETHER / IF Cümlecikleri

1.
S+ TO BE ADJECTIVE+ WHETHER / IF ……
- I am not sure whether/if I will be able to come to your party next weekend.
- He was curious whether / if he would be successful in the song contest.
- She is not interested in whether her colleagues will give her a welcome-party (or not).
2.
IT+TO BE ADJECTIVE+ WHETHER / IF ……
- It was not certain unl last Monday whether/if the commiee would hold a meeng to discuss possible
reconstrucon work.
- It is quesonable whether/if he really meant to hurt you with his words.
D. Tümleç Olarak Kullanılan WHETHER Cümleciği (S (NOUN PHRASE) + TO BE + WHETHER…)

Will I be able to get a visa to the USA? This is my main problem.
- My main problem is whether I will be able to get a visa to the USA.

Have you ever worked in such a eld before? This is the crucial queson.
- The crucial queson is whether you have ever worked in such a eld before.
E. Açıklama Germek Amacıyla Kullanılan WHETHER Cümleciği

- The queson whether I will take part in such a movement is not your business.
- The main issue of the cabinet whether they have been able to meet the needs of the private sector remains to be seen.
107
8.5. NOUN CLAUSES WITH WH- WORDS

A. Cümlenin Öznesi Konumunda Olan WH- Cümlecikleri
Why didn’t he submit his report? This is not known yet.
- Why he didn’t submit his report is not known yet.
SUBJECT VERB
Who can take such a responsibility? This is uncertain.

- Who can take such a responsibility is uncertain.
Where does she live? This doesn’t concern us.
- Where she lives doesn’t concern us.
B. Cümlenin Nesnesi Konumunda Olan WH- Cümlecikleri

How many people were there at the party? I don’t know this.
- I don’t know how many people there were at the party .
OBJECT
How did he manage to pay all his debt? We must nd out this.
- We must nd out how he managed to pay all his debt.
C. Sıfatlardan Sonra Kullanılan WH- Cümlecikleri
S + TO BE ADJECTIVE + WH-…./ IT + TO BE ADJECTIVE + WH- ….
- I am not sure how I can help them.

- It is unbelievable how much he earns in a month.
D. Tümleç olan WH- Cümlecikleri

Where did they meet rst? This is the queson they should answer.
- The queson they should answer is where they met rst.
When will the government build the nuclear power plant? This is an unseled issue.
- An unseled issue is that when the government will build the nuclear power plant.
E. Açıklama Germek Amacıyla Kullanılan WH- Cümlecikleri

- The queson, how he could survive in such a dicult life, is important.
- The uncertainty about what the nal decision of the judge will be troubles us.
- The issue, why he wanted to resign, could never be solved.
108
YDS
8.6. TENSE AGREEMENT FOR NOUN CLAUSES
S V O (Noun Clause)
Present Tense TÜM ZAMANLAR

Present Cont. Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Cont. Tense
Future Tense
Modals (Present)
S (Noun Clause) V O
TÜM ZAMANLAR Present Tense

Present Cont. Tense
Future Tense
Modals (Present)
S (Noun Clause) V O
Past Tense Past Tesne

Past Cont. Tense Past Cont. Tense
Past Perfect Tense Modals (Past)
Past Perfect Cont. Tense
Would / was- were going to
Modals (past/perfect)
Noun Clause V Noun Clause
TÜM ZAMANLAR Present Tense TÜM ZAMANLAR

Present Cont. Tense
Future Tense
Modals (Present)
109
Noun Clause V Noun Clause
Past Tense Past Tense Past Tense

Past Cont. Tense Past Cont. Tense Past Cont. Tense
Past Perfect Tense Modals (Past) Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Cont. Tense Past Perf. Cont. Tense
Would / was-were going to Would/ was-were going to
Modals (Past-Perfect) Modals (Past –Perfect)
S / IT TO BE ADJECTIVE Noun Clause
Present Tense TÜM ZAMANLAR

Present Perf. T.
Future Tense
S / IT TO BE ADJECTIVE Noun Clause
Past Tense Past Tesne

Past Cont. Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perf. Cont. Tense
Would
Was-were going to
Modals (Past-Perfect)
8.7. REDUCTION OF NOUN CLASUSES

• That cümleciklerinin kısaltmaları ana cümlenin iline ve/veya ana cümlede kullanılan sıfan özelliğine gore;
- Etken (Acve) Cümleler için to –innive, to have V3 veya Ving, having V3 ile,
- Edilgen (Passive) Cümleler içinto be V3 veya being V3 ile kısallır.
• Whether veWh- İsim Cümlecikleri ise;

- Etken (Acve) Cümleler için to-innive
- Edilgen (Passive) Cümleler için to be V3 ile kısallır.
That cümleciklerindeki kısaltmalar için ana cümledeki ilden veya sıfaan sonra to Innive mi yoksa Gerund
mı geleceğine dair Gerunds and Innives konusunda geçen il ve sıfat listesine bakınız.
110
YDS
I.THAT Cümleciklerinin Kısallması

A. Adjecve + that ….
I am happy that I see my friends at the weekend.
- I am happy to see my friends at the weekend.
He was sorry that he disturbed me.

- He was sorry to disturb me.
They were surprised that they were invited to the opening ceremony.
- They were surprised to be invited to the opening ceremony.
He was happy that he had met such well-known writers.

- He was happy to have met such well-known writers.
Susan is sorry that she has not been granted loan from the bank.
- Susan is sorry not to have been granted loan from the bank.
B. Verb + that …..

He claims that he lives in Ankara.
- He claims to live in Ankara.
She pretended that she was listening to me.

- She pretended to be listening to me.
He forgot that he had to buy his cket at least two days earlier.
- He forgot to buy his cket at least two days earlier.
She claims that she was mugged by two men last night.
- She claims to have been mugged by two men last night.
They admied that they stole my wallet.

- They admied stealing my money.
She denies that she lost the keys.

- She denies having lost the keys.
He suggested that we (should) go abroad for summer holiday.

- He suggested going abroad for summer holiday.
Jack denies that he is involved in such a movement.

- Jack denies being involved in such a movement.
111
C. Turn out, appear, happen, seem illerinden (It + turn out/appear/seem that….) sonra gelen That cümleciklerinin
kısallması
It turned out that he was innocent.
- He turned out to be innocent.
It seems that they will reconsider my proposal.

- They seem to reconsider my proposal.
It appeared that he misunderstood her words.

- He appeared to have misunderstood her words.
It seems that he is wring an e-mail.

- He seems to be wring an e-mail.
It happens that he was interested in taking my advice.

- He happens to have been interested in my taking my advice.
II. WHETHER ve WH- Cümleciklerinin Kısallması

I cannot decide whether I should change my thesis or not.
- I cannot decide whether to change my thesis or not.
He did not know how he could tackle with such a problem.

- He did not know how to tackle with such a problem.
He told me what I would do in case of emergency.

- He told me what to do in case of emergency.
I would like to know where I can park my car.

- I would like to know where to park my car.
Nobody in the group showed me how I could start the engine.

- Nobody in the group showed me how to start the engine.
112
9. ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES
İngilizce'de 3 tür yan cümle ya da cümlecikten biri olan Adjecve (Relave) Clause’un özellikleri şunlardır:
• Bir cümle içinde ismin arkasından gelerek ismi tanımlayan cümledir.
• Cümlede ismi tanımlamasından dolayı cümlede tanımladığı isimle beraber özne veya nesne görevi görür.
• İki tür Adjecve (Relave) Clause vardır:
o Dening Relave Clause: Tanımladığı ismi diğerlerinden ayırt etmeyi sağlayan yan cümlecikr. İsme “Hangi”
sorusunu sorup cevap almamızı sağlar. Hangi adam?, Hangi ev? Hangi soru? Hangi tarih? gibi.
o Non-dening Relave Clause: Tanımlanan isim hakkında ek bilgi veren, daha önce tanımlanmış bir ismin
arkasından virgüller içine alınarak kullanılan yan cümlecikr. Özel isimlerden sonra veya ismin önünde veya
sonrasında tanımlayıcı kullanılan isimlerden sonra gelir.
9.1. THE FORMS OF PRONOUNS

• Who, that, whom, whose, which, where, when gibi relave pronoun (zamir)’lar bu cümleciklerin başında kullanılır.
Aşağıdaki tabloda Pronoun’ların kullanışları gösterilmişr.
Relave Pronouns Usage (Dening & Non-dening) Explanaon

who / that • The man who/that is reading a newspaper over there is Who vethat ‘ten sonra il gelmesi bu
(only for people) my uncle. zamirlerin sıfat cümlesinin öznesi olduğunu
• The police talked to the woman who/that witnessed the gösterir.
robbery.
• Mr. Kahraman, who is my next door neighbour, is a writer.
• I want to introduce you my father, who is a real patriot. • Non-dening Relave Clause’larda that
kullanılmaz.
who/who(m) / that • Some of the people (who/whom/that) I invited to my • Who/whom vethat ’ten sonra özne ve
party did not come. il gelmesi bu zamirlerin sıfat cümlesinin
nesnesi olduğunu gösterir.
• Do you know the professor (who/whom/that) you father • Denig Relave Clause’larda nesne
is talking to. konumunda olan who/whom/that
kullanılmak zorunda değildir.
• Prof. Turhan, whom/who I met at a conference last year, is • Non-dening relave clause’larda
a well-konwn academician in his eld. - that kullanılmaz.
• Do you know that man, who/whom your father is talking -who vewhom alamaz.
to.
which/that • New technological devices which/that make it possible • Which ve that’ten sonra il gelmesi
(As the Subject of the for thedoctors to hold their operaons by remote control bu zamirlerin sıfat cümlesinin öznesi
Relave Clause) have been produced lately. olduğunu göstermektedir.
• Have you read the book which/that is about the bing • Non-dening Relave Clause’larda that
bang theory? kullanılmaz.
• The Others, which is a horror lm, is worth seeing.
• Some very important examples of Ooman art are kept in
the Topkapı Museum, which is located in Istanbul.
113
which/that • The lm (which/that) we saw last night was really very • which vethat ’ten sonra özne ve il
(As the Object of the boring. gelmesi bu zamirlerin sıfat cümlesinin
Relave Clasue) • I wish I were the owner of the dog (which/that) I saw in nesnesi olduğunu gösterir.
the park yesterday. • Denig Relave Clause’larda nesne
konumunda olan which vethat
kullanılmak zorunda değildir.
• This book, which I bought last week, gives detailed
informaon about the French Revoluon. • Non-dening Relave Clause’larda
• I want to buy Ahmet’s car, which I drove last night. ○ that kullanılmaz.
○ which alamaz.
whose • The woman whose son was shot in the High Street last • whose ve… of which tanımlanan isimler
(for people, things and night burst into tears. için iyelik zamiri olarak kullanılır.
animals) • Mrs. Çelik, whose book has aracted great interest, lives • whose tüm isim türlerini tanmılayan iyelik
in England. zamiri olarak kullanılabilirken, …… of
• The horse whose le leg got broken in the race had to be which kalıbı sadece nesneler, hayvanlar,
shot. kavramlar, olgular için iyelik zamiri olarak
• The horse the le leg of which got broken in the race had kullanılabilir.
….. of which to be shot. • Hem whose hem de… of which Dening
(for things and animals) • Istanbul, whose populaon is more than 15 million, is a ve Non-deining Relave Clause’larda
fantasc place. kullanılabilirler ve alamazlar.
• Istanbul, the populaon of which is more that 15 million,
is a fantasc place.
where The city is famous for its hand-made carpets. I was born • Relave Clause içerisinde yer olarak
preposion which there. tanımlanan isimden sonra tanımlayıcı
whichSubject+Verb+prep. • The city where I was born is famous for its hand-made zamir olarak where kullanılır.
*that Subject+Verb+prep. carpets. • Dening Relave Clause’larda tamınlanan
*Ø Subject+Verb+prep. • The city in which I was born is famous for its hand-made yer isminden sonra where yerine;
carpets. ○ preposion which
• The city which/that I was born in is famous for its hand- ○ which Subject+Verb+prep.
made carpets. ○ that Subject+Verb+prep.
• The city Ø I was born in is famous for its hand-made ○ Ø Subject+Verb+prep
carpets. Kullanmak mümkündür.

I love the City Center Hotel. I will stay there for 5 days next • Non-dening Relave Clause’larda
week. tanımlanan yer isimlerinden sonra;
• I love the City Center Hotel, where I will stay for 5 days ○ that veyaboşluk kullanılamaz.
next week.
• I love the City Center Hotel, in which I will stay for 5 days
next week.
• I love the City Center Hotel, which I will stay in for 5 days
next week.
when • 1914 is the year when the World War I broke out. • Zamanı tanımlamak için Relave
preposion which • 1914 is the year in which the World War I broke out. Clause’un zamiri (pronoun) olarak when
* that Subject + Verb • 1914 is the year that the World War I broke out. ve türevleri kullanılır.
* Ø Subject+Verb • 1914 is the year Ø the World War I broke out. • Fakat, Non-dening Rlave Clause’larda;
veyaboşluk kullanılmaz.
that
why • The reason why I came here late was due to heavy trac.
for which • The reason for which I came here late was due to heavy
that trac.
Ø • The reason that I came here late was due to heavy trac.
• The reason Ø I came here late was due to heavy trac.
, which ……. • I got the highest mark in the exam, which surprised my • Bu Relave Clause tek bir isimi nitelemek
(referring to whole friends. yerine tüm cümleyi tanımlar. Türkçeye “ki
sentence) bu da” şeklinde çevrilir.
• Non-dening Relave Clause olarak
kurulur ve virgülle kendiden önce gelen
cümleden ayrılmak zorundadır.
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9.2. THE USAGES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

A. The Use Of “Who / That” In Dening Relave Clauses And “Who” In Non-Dening Realve Clauses As Subject
Of The Clause
• Nobody in the oce knows the man. He wants to talk to the manager urgently.
Nobody in the oce knows the manwho/that wants to talk to the manger urgently.
• My mother has wrien a lot of short stories.She lives in a village.
My mother, who lives in a village, has wrien a lot of short stories.
B. The Use Of “Who / Whom / That” In Dening Relave Clauses And “Who / Whom” In Non-Dening Relave
Clauses As Object Of The Clause
• The journalist gave me an appointment for the next Saturday. I calledhim yesterday
The journalist whom/who/that/ Ø I called yesterday gave me en appointment for the next Saturday.
• Everybody wonders what the decision of the court will be about Marry White. The police arrested her for
smuggling.
Everybody wonders what the decision of the court will be about Marry White,whom/who the police arrested
for smuggling.
• The applicant accepted to sign the contract. I talked to her personally.
The applicantwhom/who/that/Ø I talked to personally accepted to sign the contract.
The applicantto whom I talked personally accepted to sign the contract.
, who veboşluk kullanılamaz .
Bir edaan (preposion) sonra that
C. The Use Of “Which / That” In Dening Relave Clauses And “Which” In Non-Deninng Realve Clauses As
Subject Of The Clause
• The new health reforms have been appreciated by the public.They have recently been put into acon.
The new health reformswhich/that have recently been put into acon have been appreciated by the public.
• Have you read Hamlet? It is one of the best works of Shakespeare.
, which is one of the best works of Shakespeare.
Have you readHamlet
D. The Use Of “Which/That” In Dening Relave Clauses And “Which” In Non-Dening Relave Clauses As Object
Of The Clause
• The government have sent food and medicine to the border. The refugees needthem.
The government have sent food and medicine to the borderwhich/that/Ø the refugees need.
• The professor’s last arcle has caught great aenon. I readit a few days ago.
The professor’s last arcle, which I read a few days ago, has caught a great aenon.
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E. The Use Of “Whose /…Of Which” In Dening And Non-Dening Relave Clauses
• The singer has been nominated to the Eurovision Song Contest.His last album sold more than one million.
The singerwhose last album sold more than one million has been nominated to the Eurovision Song Contest.
• This singer has been nominated to the Eurovision Song Contest.His last album sold more than one million.
This singer, whose last album sold more than one million, has been nominated to the Eurovision Song Contest.
F. The Use Of “Where” In Dening And Non-Dening Relave Clauses

• When I was in England last year, I had a chance to visit the house. Shakespeare lived there (in that house).
When I was in England last year, I had a chance to visit the house where Shakespeare lived.
When I was in England last year, I had a chance to visit the housein which Shakespeare lived.
When I was in England last year, I had a chance to visit the housewhich Shakespeare lived in.
When I was in England last year, I had a chance to visit the housethat Shakespeare lived in.
When I was in England last year, I had a chance to visit the houseØ Shakespeare lived in.
• This gorgeous hotel belongs to a Turkish businessman. We stayed there (in that hotel) last summer.
This gorgeous hotel, where we stayed last summer, belongs to a Turkish businessman.
This gorgeous hotel, in which we stayed last summer, belongs to a Turkish businessman.
This gorgeous hotel, which we stayed in last summer, belongs to a Turkish businessman.
Level, stage, posion, instance, situaon, case, point gibi isimlerden sonra da where veyapreposion which
kullanılabilir.
• We are in such a situaon where/in which everybody should be aware of the possible crisis.
• Our country has reached a point where/at which it has a big inuence in the internaonal polics.
• In a few months, you will get the desired stage where/at which you will be able to operate the system
eecvely.
Yer isimlerinden sonra kullanılacak uygun zamirin (pronoun) kullanılmasında dikkat edilecek hususlar.
a. Tanımlanan yer ismi Sıfat Cümlesinin Öznesi konumundaysa Dening Relave Clause’dawhich ya dathat
; Non-
Denig Relave Clause ise sadece which kullanılır. Bu durumdawhere kullanılmaz.
• The city has lots of natural and historical beaues.It aracts both domesc and foreign tourists every year.
The citywhich aracts both domesc and foreign tourists every year has lots of natural and historical beaues.
b. Tanımlanan yer ismi Sıfat Cümlesinin Nesnesi konumundaysa Dening Relave Clause’dawhich/that/Ø
; Non-
dening Relave Clause’da ise sadece which kullanılır. Bu durumdawhere kullanılmaz.
• The city has lots of natural and historical beaues. I sawit on tv last night.
The citywhich/that/Ø I saw on tv last night has lots of natural and historical beaues.
116
YDS
c. Tanımlanan yer ismi Sıfat Cümlesininde yer olarak işaret edilirse where ve türevleri
kullanılabilir.
• The city has lots of natural and historical beaues. I spent my summer holiday there (in that city) last summer.
The citywhere I spent my summer holiday last summer has lots of natural and historical beaues.
Sınavda bu tür bir yer ismine ait soru geldiğinde doğru cevabı vermek için;
• Boşluktan sonra il veya zarf+il geliyorsa which/that,
• Boşluktan sonra gelen cümlenin öznesi ili var ama nesnesi yoksa which/that/Ø,
• Boşluktan sonra tam cümle geliyorsa where ve türevleri kullanılır.
G. THE USE OF “WHEN” IN RELATIVE CLAUSES

• 1923 is the year.The Turkish Republic was founded then (in that year).
1923 is the yearwhen the Turkish Republic was founded.
1923 is the yearin which the Turkish Republic was founded.
1923 is the yearthat the Turkish Republic was founded.
1923 is the yearØ the Turkish Republic was ounded.
• The Medieval Age was a bad period in the history of Europe. The people were under the control of the Church
then (in that age).
The Medieval Age, when the people were under the control of the Church, was a bad period in the history of Europe.
The Medieval Age, in which the people were under the control of the Church, was a bad period in the history of Europe.
H. THE USE OF “WHY” IN RELATIVE CLAUSES

• I cannot understand the reason. She rejected the job oer.
I cannot understand the reason why she rejected the job oer.
I cannot understand the reasonfor which she rejected the job oer.
I cannot understand the reasonthat she rejected the job oer.
I cannot understand the reasonØ she rejected the job oer.
I. THE USE OF “WHICH” TO REFER THE WHOLE SENTENCE

• The NATO forces decided to intervene the civil war in the country. This is not surprising.
The NATO forces decided to intervene the civil war in the country, which is not surprising.
• She suddenly le the meeng. I found this rather rude.
She suddenly le the meeng, which I found rather rude.
J. THE USE OF “QUANTIFIERS” IN RELATIVE CLAUSES

• John is a great writer. Some of his books have been translated into many other languages.
John is a great writer, some of whose books have been translated into many other languages.
• This money will be spent on health and educaon.Most of it was donated by the richest man in our town.
This money,most of which was donated by the richest man in our town, will be spent on health and educaon.
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9.3. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

Sıfat Cümlelerindeki kısaltmalar için şu hususlara dikkat edilmelidir:
• Öznesi who, which vethat
olan sıfat cümlelerinde kısaltma yapmak mümkündür. Kısaltmalarda Sıfat Cümlelerinin
Dening veya Non-Dening olması önemli değildir.
• Kısaltmalarda Sıfat Cümlesindeki il Etken (Acve) iseVing veya HAVING V3,
• Kısaltmalarda Sıfat Cümlesindeki il Edilgen (Passive) iseV3, BEING V3 veyaHAVING BEEN V3 kullanılır.
• Tanımlanan ismin önünde;
o the srt, the second, the next, the last
gibi sıra bildiren sıfatlar varsa,
o en üstünlük derecesinde sıfat
varsa,
o ismin önünde the only
varsa
• Etken (Acve) Sıfat Cümlesinin kısallması TO V , Edilgen (Passive) Sıfat Cümlesinin kısallmasında TO BE V3
kullanılır.
Sıfat Cümlesinin Öznesi Konumunda Olan Sıfat Cümlelerinin Kısallması
1. TO BE Fiili İçeren Sıfat Cümlelerinde Kısaltma

- Alfred Nobel, who was the famous Swedish chemist, founded the Nobel Prize.
Alfred Nobel, the famous Swedish chemist, founded the Nobel Prize.
- Some chemical substances which are in the food can be a risk for human health.
Some chemical substances in the food can be a risk for human health.
2. To be Fiili Dışındaki Etken (Acve) Fiilleri İçeren Sıfat Cümlelerinde Kısaltma (Ving, Having V3)
- Those people, who are waing outside, want to see the minister.
The people,waing outside, want to see the minister.
- The candidates who applied for the posions will be interviewed on Sunday.
The candidatesapplying/having applied for the posions will be interviewed on Sunday.
Cümlenin yüklemi Future Tense (Gelecek Zaman) ve Sıfat Cümlesinin ili (to apply) Past Tense (Geçmiş Zaman)
olduğu için having V3 kısaltması yapılabilir.
3. To be Fiili Dışındaki Edilgen (Passive) Fiilleri İçeren Sıfat Cümlelerinde Kısaltma (being V3, V3, having been V3)
- The suspect who is being kept in the police staon now will be taken before the judge next Friday.
The suspectbeing kept in the police staon now will be taken before the judge next Friday.
- Human insulin is a hormone which is produced by genecally engineered bacteria.
Human insulin is a hormoneproduced by genecally engineered bacteria.
- We will repair our house, which was destroyed by the recent storm.
We will repair our house, destroyed/having been destroyed by the recent storm.
118
YDS
4. Sıfat Cümlelerinin Innive ile Kısallması (TO V / TO BE V3)
A. Sıra Bildiren Sıfatlarla (the rst, the second, the next, the last… ) Başlayan İsimlerden Sonra Gelen Sıfat
Cümlelerinde Kısaltma
- He was the rst scienst who made important observaons on infants’ biological mechanism.
He was the rst scienst to make important observaons on infants’ biological mechanism.
- This is the second book which was published in this eld.
This is the second bookto be published in this eld.
B. The only Sıfayla Başlayan İsimleri Takip Eden Sıfat Cümlelerinde Kısaltma
- I was the only student who submied the term paper to the teacher before the deadline.
I was the only studentto submit the term paper to the teacher before the deadline.
- This is the only book which is wrien on our subject.
This is the only book to be wrien on our subject.
C. En Üstünlük Derecesiyle Tanımlanan İsimleri Takip Eden Sıfat Cümlelerinde Kısaltma

- The unemployment was the most important problem that was tackled by the new government.
The unemployment was the most important problemto be tackled by the new government.
- I think Ahmet is the best man who can help us nd a soluon to your problem.
I think Ahmet is the best manto help us nd a soluon to your problem.
D. Kipler (Modals) veya Gelecek Zaman (Future Tense) İçeren Sıfat Cümlelerinde Kısaltma
- Due to the unexpected economic crisis, the Prime Minister has declared some austerity measures which will/
should/must be taken immediately.
Due to the unexpected economic crisis, the Prime Minister has declared some austerity measuresto be taken
immediately.
- Everybody in the class is waing for the professor who will announce the nal exam.
Everybody in the class is waing for the professorto announce the nal exam.
- Unfortunately, she is not a person who(m) we can trust on.
Unfortunately, she is not a personto trust on.
- I have to nd a place where I can park my car.
I have to nd a placeto park my car.
E. Sahiplik Fiili “to have” İçeren Sıfat Cümlelerinin “With” ile Kısallması
- The people who have diabetes should be very careful about their diet.
The people with diabetes should be very careful about their diet.
- Those who had the lowest marks in the nal test have to take the same course again next semester.
Thosewith the lowest marks in the nal test have to take the same course again next semester.
119
Non-dening Relave Clause’ların kısallmış haliyle cümleye başlamak mümkündür ve kısallan yapı ana
cümleden virgülle ayrılır.
• The people in this town, who don’t think of the future generaons, pollute the environment.
The people in this town, not thinking of the future generaons, pollute the environment.
Not thinking of the future generaons, the people in this town pollute the environment.
• This mosque, which was built in the 17th century, is one of the many historical places in the city.
This mosque, built in the 17th century, is one of the many historical places in the city.
Built in the 17th century, this mosque is one of the many historical places in the city.
• Mr. Ayhan, who is founder of this company, is a very modest man.

Mr. Ayhan, the founder of this company, is a very modest man.
The founder of this company, Mr. Ayhan is a very modest man.
• Elizabeth, who had been to Italy before, did not want to join our trip to Rome.
Elizabeth, having been to Italy before, did not want to join our trip to Rome.
Having been to Italy before, Elizabeth did not want to join our trip to Rome.
120
NOUN & ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES TEST
1. An annual scienc meeng will be held so as 6. The anaemia of folate deciency, ---- DNA synthesis
to facilitate communicaon among surgeons ---- slows and the body’s cells lose their ability to
primary interest lies in the eld of oncology. divide, is characterized by large, immature blood
A) where B) of whom cells.
C) when D) in which A) in which B) for whom
E) whose C) how D) in that
E) why
2. Elasn and collagen are proteins ---- form the

spongy material that lies under our skin and gives it 7. The number of frauds in the US ---- the criminal
bounce and exibility. uses someone else’s credit card number doubled to
A) in which B) which 162,000 cases in 2002.
C) whose D) whichever A) in which B) by whom
E) whatever C) of which D) which
E) with whom
3. Today virtually all country and suburban weeklies

and small dailies are produced by oset lithography, 8. Many surgeons believe that a paent ---- face bears
a procedure ---- photographs can be reproduced a calm expression immediately before an operaon
inexpensively. is likely to require less anaesthesia during the
A) why B) that procedure.
C) which D) whether A) what B) which
E) by which C) whatever D) that
E) whose
4. Wetlands lter out excess nutrients and pollutants

by trapping them in roots and soil, ---- plants 9. If there is one thing that is more astonishing than
and bacteria break them down into less harmful the ability of the adult human to talk, it is the
substances. process ---- he learns to do it.
A) where B) which A) whichever B) where
C) wherever D) how C) that D) however
E) whether E) by which
5. The part of an animal ---- gases are exchanged with 10. Sciensts recently completed the largest-ever
the environment is called the respiratory surface. astronomical survey of the sky, during ---- they
A) how B) which retained images that are expected to help them
C) whatever D) what understand the origins of galaxies.
E) where A) whose B) that
C) when D) whom
E) which
121
11. Chloroform is no longer used as an anaesthec 16. Geometry, ---- name is derived from Greek words
for several reasons, the most important of ---- is meaning “earth measurement,” is one of the
the relavely high risk of complicaons, including oldest branches of mathemacs.
possible heart failure. A) as B) which
A) that B) whose C) that D) whose
C) what D) which E) its
E) it
12. One type of family is the single-parent family, in 17. Long ---- as a rat poison, arsenic ---- to halt a
---- children live with an unmarried, divorced or deadly blood cancer called acute promyelocyc
widowed mother or father. leukaemia.
A) which B) that A) being used / can be shown
C) them D) where B) using / was shown
E) whom C) used / has been shown
D) to be used / is shown
E) having used / had been shown
13. The heart is a hollow organ ---- interior contains 18. Benne’s novel “the Old Wives’s Tale” is the one
two muscular and membranous ssue walls, one ---- he is likely to be best known by posterity.
vercal and one horizontal. A) whose B) for whom
A) whenever B) which C) by which D) in which
C) where D) whose E) that
E) that
14. Anaemia is a condion ---- there is a deciency in 19. Several important ports, ---- export mber,
the quality of the blood. aresituated on the shores of the White Sea.
A) as if B) that A) most of which B) that many of them
C) which D) in which C) those which D) whichever of them
E) so that E) of which they
15. The hard truth is that money alone, ---- form it 20. Galileo originated the method of controlled
takes, is unlikely to solve Germany’s demographic experiment ---- now forms the basis of
problems. sciencinvesgaon.
A) which B) what A) what B) who
C) however D) whatever C) where D) whom
E) whoever E) which
CEVAP ANAHTARI
1.E 2.B 3.E 4.A 5.E 6.A 7.A
8.E 9.E 10.E 11.D 12.A 13.D 14.D
15.D 16.D 17.C 18.C 19.A 20.E
122
10. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
İngilizcede Zarf Cümlecikleri zaman, sebep-sonuç, zıtlık, koşul gibi durumları ifade etmek için kullanılan ve ana
cümleden önce veya sonra kullanılabilen cümleciklerdir.
• Zarf Cümlecikleri ilk cümle olarak kullanıldıklarında ana cümleden virgülle ayrılırlar, ama ana cümleden sonra
kullanılmaları durumunda –bazı zarf cümlecikleri hariç- virgül kullanımına gerek yoktur.
• Zaman (since hariç), Koşul, Amaç bildiren zarf cümlecikleri ile ana cümleler arasında zaman uyumuna dikkat
edilmelidir.
• As, just as, since, while gibi kimi bağlaçlar farklı anlamlara sahip olduklarından dolayı birkaç zarf cümlecik türünde
kullanılmaktadırlar.
• Adverbial Clause ve Sentence Connector konuları İngilizce gramer konuları içinde en kapsamlı konular olduğundan
bu konular ile ilgili soruların sayısı sınavda fazla olacakr.
• Zarf Cümlecik Türleri:
Time Reason Condion Purpose Manner Excepon
Place Contrast Result Degree/Proporon Comparison
Bu zarf cümleciklerden Time, Condion, Result ve Comparison belirten zarf cümlecikleri daha önceki konularda
açıklandığı (bkz. MODULE I- 3, 7, 2.5 ve 2.7) için bu bölümde diğer zarf cümlecikleri incelenecekr.
10.1. TIME (Zaman)
when aer once unl

whenever soon aer directly by the me
everyme just aer before hardly …when….
while/as as soon as since barely….when…
just as the moment/the minute ever since scarcely…when...
no sooner…than..
10.2. PLACE (Yer)

where anywhere as far as
whereever everywhere as near as
• The child who was afraid of the dog ran as far as he could.
• Wherever/Everywhere I go in Turkey, I am faced with dierent cultures.
• Tell him that he can park his car anywhere he likes.
• My brother found a wallet in the street, but I told him to put the wallet where he found it.
• If we want to see the singer, we should move towards the stage as near as we can.
123
10.3. REASON (Sebep)

I. II. III.
because because of because of the fact that
as due to due to the fact that
since owing to owing to the fact that
inasmuch as thanks to on account of the fact that
seeing that on account of in view of the fact that
* now that on the grounds that
*in that
- Sebep belirten zarf cümlecikleri 3 gruba ayrılmaktadır. I. Grup ve III. Gruptaki bağlaçlar kendilerinden sonra cümle
alan yapılardır.
- II. Gruptakiler Preposional Phrase (Edatlı kelime grubu) olduklarından bu yapılardan sonra isim veya isim öbeği
kullanılır ama cümle alamazlar.
- Her üç gruptaki yapılar anlamca birbirlerinin aynısı veya benzeri (…dığı için,…dığına göre, gerekçesiyle, …den
dolayı, …..nın yüzünden gibi) olmalarından dolayı birbirlerinin yerine kullanılabilirler.
• Nearly 4,000 Londoners died of bronchis in 1952 because (of the fact that) the air was a concocon of smoke
parcles and acid.
• Nearly 4,000 Londoners died of bronchis in 1952 because of/due to/owing to/on account of a concocon of
smoke parcles and acid in the air.
• Since/As/Because/Owing to the fact that aspirin causes bleeding in the stomach and small intesne, it is being
used less to control pain and fever.
• Due to/Owing to/On account of the bleeding which is caused by aspirin in the stomach and small intesne,
aspirin is being used less to control pain and fever.
• The number of cardiac transplant centers in the world has increased due to/thanks to/because of advances in
cardiac transplantaon.
• The number of cardiac transplant centers in the world has increased as/because/since/due to the fact that there
are advances in cardiac transplantaon.
• Now that: mademki, ark anlamına gelen bu zarf cümleciği aynı zamanda Zaman (Time) Zarf Cümleciklerinin de
içinde yer alabilir.
- Now that you have nished your arcle, you can publish i t in a scienc conference.
• In that: …bakımından, …..açısından anlamına gelen bu zarf cümleciği genellikle ikinci cümle olarak kullanılır.
- Some researches are very important in the scienc world in that they have proved that some types of cancer
may be taken under control by the appropriate treatment.
124
YDS
10.4. CONTRAST (Zıtlık)

İngilizcede Zıtlık belirten zarf cümlecikleri ikiye ayrılır:
• Concessive Contrast (Unexpected Result): Umulmayan veya beklenmedik sonuçları göstermek için kullanılırlar.
• Direct Contrast: Bire bir zıtlık gösteren zarf cümleleridir ve bu zarf cümlecikleriyle ana cümlede anlam birbirinin
zı olmalıdır.
A. CONCESSIVE CONTRAST
I. II. III.
although despite despite of the fact that
even though in spite of in spite of the fact that
* though * notwithstanding notwithstanding (the fact) that
* even if
Adj/Adv + as
much as
however +adj/adv+S
-ever words
- Although/Even though/Despite the fact that cells may appear to be very diverse, the fundamental features are
remarkably similar.
- Despite/In spite of/Notwithstanding the diversity of cells, the fundamental features are remarkably similar.
- However diverse the cells may appear, the fundamental features are remarkably similar.
- Diverse as cells may appear, the fundamental features are remarkably similar.
- Whatever the diversity of cells is, the fundamental features are remarkably similar.
- Much as/Although/In spite of the fact that you are busy these days, you should see a doctor soon.
- You should see a doctor soon despite/notwithstanding/in spite of your being busy these days.
- You should see your doctor soon however busy you are these days.
- Busy as you are these days, you should see your doctor soon.
• Even if: “Condionals” konusunda ele alınan bu bağlaç aynı zamanda anlamından dolayı zıtlık belirten zarf
cümlecikleri içinde de yer almaktadır.
• Though: “- e rağmen”
anlamında bir zarf cümlesi olarak kullanıldığı gibi; “ama, fakat”
anlamına da sahip olan bu
yapı Senetnce Connector (Cümle Bağlacı) olarak iki cümlenin arasında veya ikinci cümlenin sonunda kullanılabilir.
- Though/Although I did not like look of the doctor, he was so understanding and friendly.
- I didn’t like the look of the doctor, though/but/yet he was so understanding and friendly.
- I didn’t like the look of the doctor. He was so understanding and friendly, though.
• Notwithstanding: “- e rağmen” anlamında olan bu yapı pkı despite ve inspite of gibi kendisinden sonra
cümle yerine isim ya da isim öbeği olan bir bağlaç gibi; “ama, fakat, yine de”
anlamına da sahip olan bu yapı
Senetnce Connector (Cümle Bağlacı) olarak iki cümlenin arasında da kullanılabilmektedir.
- Notwithstanding/Despite any law to the contrary, the medical use of marijuana by a qualifying paent shall be
permied only if:” they have been recommended it by a doctor. (Hawaii Medical Marijuana Laws)
- The the gua sha technique is an extremely widespread “folk” medicine technique.Notwithstanding/Nevertheless/
However, the technique is also important a part of the legimate pracce of the specialist praconers of
125
Tradional Chinese Medicine.

• However+adj/adv+S & -ever words: Whatever, whoever, wherever ve however
gibi yapılarno maer
what,
no maer
how,no maer
who,no maer where şeklinde de kullanılabilir.
* However young you are,……/No maer how young you are, …..
* Whereever I go,………./ No maer where I go, ……..
B. DIRECT CONTRAST
while whereas
While/Whereas: ….iken anlamına gelen bu yapılar birinci veya ikinci cümlenin başında kullanılabilirler. Bu bağlaçlardan
while yine aynı anlamla Zaman Zarf Cümleciklerinde de yer almaktadır.
- In most Western countries, the average diet contains about 700 milligrams of cholesterol each day , whereas/
while only about 300 milligrams is the recommended maximum.
- The cause of the ulcer dictates the type of drug treatment. For example, whereas/while people with ulcers
caused by infecon receive anbiocs, those with ulcers caused by drugs disconnue their use.
10.5. CONDITIONALS (Koşul)
if even if what if
only if wheter (or not) in case
providing (that) unless just in case
provided (that) suppose (that) lest
on the condion that supposing (that) for fear that
as/so long as assuming (that) wish/if only
10.6. RESULT (Sonuç)
so +adv.+ that such+a/an+N+that

so + adj +that such+a/an+adj+N.+that
so+ adj+ a/an +N+that Possesive+Noun+be+such that
Sentence, so(that) Sentence so many….that/ such a lot of …that
so few ….that/ such a few……that
so much….that/ such a lot of….that
so lile ….that/ such a litlle…..that
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10.7. PURPOSE (Amaç)

I. II.
in order that in order to V/be V3 - so as to V/be V3
so that to V/be V3 - for Ving/being V3
in order for somebody to V/to be V3
Hem birinci hem de ikinci gruptaki yapılar …..mek için anlamına gelmektedir ve birinci bölümdeki yapılardan sonra
cümle gelirken; ikinci bölümdekilerde ise for ’ dan sonra Ving gelirken diğer yapılarda V
, yani ilin yalın hali kullanılır.
Şayet kullanılacak olan il Edilgen (Passive) yapıda olacaksa be V3 kalıbı kullanılır.
- Every home should have the best medical facility so that/in order that no one needs to worry about any medical
situaon.
- Every home should have the best medical facility in oder for everbodynot to worry about any medical situaon.
- It is the medical social worker’s job to arrange for the home care service to be in place so that/in order that the
paent can be discharged.
- It is the medical social worker’s job to arrange for the home care service to be in place in order for the paent to
be discharged.
- It is the medical social worker’s job to arrange for the home care service to be in place in order to discharge/so
as to discharge/to discharge/for discharging the paent.
- In order to/So as to/ To avoid and stay away from medical bankruptcy, one must have a proper, even the best
insurance.
- In order that/So that one can avoid and stay away from medical bankruptcy, s/he must have a proper, even the
best insurance.
10.8. DEGREE/PROPORTION (Derece/Oran)
the …..er, the .....er as in so far as

the more….., the more….. as….(so) to the degree/extent that
Bu yapılar …dıkça, …. dığı ölüçüde anlamlarına gelmektedir. Bu yapılar içerisinde as daha önceki zarf cümlecik
türlerinin bazılarında farklı anlamlarla ele alınmışr.
- To the extent that/To the degree that /In so far as the quality of the evidence is poor, any subsequent inference
and the clinical decision it generates will be weakened.
- As the number of medical stu increases in a hospital, so does the me allocated for each paent.
- As people get older, they should be more careful about their diets.
- The older my brother grew, the more his obesity problem increased.
- The more your dreaming is restricted,the more you are inclined to dream when allowed to sleep.
10.9. MANNER (Durum)
as just as
much as as if / as though
Bu bağlaçlardan as if veas though hariç diğerlerigibi, ….dığı gibi, ….dığı biçimiyle anlamlarını vermektedirler. Much
as ve Just as, pkı …. gibi anlamıyla As’den daha vurgulu bir anlama sahiprler.
- As/Just as/Much as this scienst has pointed out, the eart may face a very serious health problem which may be
caused by a new virus.
- You should do the exercises regularly as/just as/much as your doctor told you.
- Inferliy, as dened in very simple terms this arcle, is a decreased ability to produce children.
As if/as though: As if ve As thoughsanki, gibi, …mış gbi anlamlarına sahipr ve Condionals (Koşul Cümleleri)
konusunda olduğu gibi Real (Gerçek) ve Unreal (Gerçek/Olasılık Dışı) durumları ifade edebilirler.
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Real Situaons:
- Those wanng to work in the medical community and feel as if/as though they are serving a specic group of
people with their services can specialize in certain populaons.
- The doctor have spoken as if/as though there is nothing to get worried about my mother ’s health.
- She looked as if/as though she was so ill yesterday.
- It looks as if/as though you are going to say something.
Unreal Situaons:
- The doctor who tesed at the trail said that lethal injecon shouldn’t be scrutunized as if/as though it were a
medical procedure.
- Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were tol ive forever (Ghandi).
- She looked as if/as though she were ill yestarday.
- Although he was informed abot the news, he talked as if/as tough he hadn’t heard about it.
10.10. COMPARISON (Karşılaşrma)
as…..as just as…..also

just as ….., (so) Comperaves
just as….., so too Superlaves
10.11. EXCEPTION (İssna)

except that: ….nın haricinde, ……nın dışında anlamına sahipr. Yine bu anlamları veren ama kendisinden sonra cümle
yerine isim ya da isim öbeği alan except (for), apart from, other than, with the excepon ofgibi yapılar bulunmaktadır.
10.12. REDUCTION OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (Zarf Cümlelerin Kısallması)

• Genellikle zarf cümlelerindeki kısaltmalar zar cümlesiyle ana cümlenin öznesi aynı olduğunda gerçekleşir. Ama
Sebep belirten “because” gibi yapılarda yan cümle ile ana cümlenin özneleri aynı olmasa bile kısaltma yapmak
mümkündür.
• Kısaltma yapılabilecek zarf cümlecikleri: Zaman (Time), Sebep (Reason), Zıtlık (Contrast), Koşul (Condiditon) ve Hal
(Manner) Zarf Cümlecikleri.
• Kıslatmaları 3 başlıkta ele almak mümkündür. TO BE illi zarf cümleciklerin, TO BE ili dışındaki Etken (Acve) Fiilli
zarf cümleciklerin ve Edilgen (Passive) Fiilli zarf cümleciklerinin kısallması.
○ TO BE illi zarf cümleciklerinin kısallmasında özne ile birlikte to be ili alır. Ancak Sebep belirten because,
as, since gibi zarf cümleciklerinin kısallmasında bu bağlaçlar alır ama to be ili being’e dönüştürülür.
○ Etken (Acve) Filli zarf cümleciklerinde Ving; zarf cümleciğinin yüklemi ana cümlenin yükleminden önce
tamamlanmışsa HAVING V3 ile kısallır.
○ Edilgen (Passive) Filli zarf cümleciklerinde V3; zarf cümleciğinin ili Connuous Passive ise BEING V3; zarf
cümleciğinin yüklemi ana cümlenin yükleminden önce tamamlanmışsa HAVING BEEN V3 ile kısallır.
A. TO BE Fiillli Zarf Cümlelerinin Kısallması

- When I was at university, I used to work and earn my life in summers.
When at university, I used to work and earn my life in summers.
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- He looked as if he was not sure about what he was doing.

He looked as if not sure about what he was doing.
- While I was in Eygpt for four days, I had a chance to visit the Pyramids.
While in Eygpt for four days, I had a chance to visit the Pyramids.
- Although he was very ill, he decided to aend the meeng under the control of his doctor.
Although very ill, he decided to aend the meeng under the control of his doctor.
- Because/As/Since he is the general manger now, he has more responsibilites than before.
Being the general manager now, he has more responsibilies than before.
B. Etken (Acve) Fiilli Zarf Cümlelerinin Kısallması (Ving, Having V3)

• Zaman (Time) Zarf Cümleleri
- While she was living in England last year, she had many dicules.
(While) living in England last year, she had many dicules.
- When/As soon as I heard the accident my brother had last night, I rushed to hospital.
(On/Upon) hearing the accident my brother had last night, I rushed to hospital.
- When you go out in the hot weather, you had beter wear a hat to protect yourself from the sun.
When going out in the hot weather, you had beter wear a hat to protect yourself from the sun.
- Aer I learnt that my applicaon was rejected, I got shocked.

(Aer) learning that my applicaon was rejected, I got shocked.
- Aer he had resigned from his post, he le the town.

Having resigned from his post, he le the town.
- I have always gone to the same denst since I seeled in in this town.
I have always gone to the same denst since seling in this town.
• Zıtlık (Contrast) Bildiren Zarf Cümlecikleri

- Although he lived in ver poor condions in his life, he never complaint about it.
Although living in very poor condions in his life, he never complaint about this.
- Though I have already typed my report, I will not submit it.
Though having already typed my report, I will not submit it.
• Sebep (Reason) Bildiren Zarf Cümleleri

Bu zarf cümlelerinin kısallmasında cümlelerin özneleri aynı olmak zorunda değildir.
- As/Since/Because I did not have any idea about the topic, I prerfered not to say anything.
Not having any idea about the topic, I prefered not to say anything.
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- Since it was cold yesterday, I did nothing other than watch tv.
It being cold yesterday, I did nothing other than watch tv.
• Hâl (Manner) Bildiren Zarf Cümleleri

- Judging from his life style, he looks as if he earns a lot of money.
Judging from his life style, he looks as if earning a lot of money.
- Why did you look as though you had seen a ghost?

Why did you look as though having seen a ghost?
• Edilgen (Passive) Fiilli Zarf Cümlelerinin Kısallması (V3, being V3, Having been V3)
A. Zaman (Time) Zarf Cümleleri

- When he was given the prize, the professor made a great speech to thank the jury.
(When) given the prize, the professor made a great speech to thank the jury.
- While she was being quesoned by the inspector from the ministery, she tried to hide the truth.
While being quesoned by the inspector from the ministery, she tried to hide the truth.
- Once you are asked for your opinion, do not hessitate to menon it.
Once asked for your opinion, do not hessitate to menon it.
- Aer we had been given the instrucons about what to do, we set to work.
Having been given the instrucons about what to do, we set to work.
B. Zıtlık (Contrast)Zarf Cümleleri

- Although he wasn’t nominated by his party, he decided to run fort he parliament independently.
Although not nominated by his party, he decided to run fort he parliament independently.
- Though I have been asked to write a part in the book, I think I will not be able to do so since I am so busy these
days.
Though having been asked to write a part in the book, I think I will not be able to do so since I am so busy these
days.
• Sebep (Reason) Zarf Cümleleri

- Since he was involved in the bribery, he was dissmised from the company.
Involved in the bribery, he was dismissed from the company.
- Because they have been already paid, they have to nish their job in me.
Having been already paid, they have to nish their job in me.
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• Koşul (Condion) Zarf Cümleleri

- Are you going to give a speech if you are invited to the opening ceromony?
Are you going to give a speech if invited to the opening ceremony?
- Unless he is found guilty, he cannot be kept in prision.
Unless found guilty, he cannot be kept in prision.
• Hal (Manner) Zarf Cümleleri

- As it is shown in the table, the number of the paents with diabets has increased by 20% in the last 5 years.
As shown in the table, the number of the paents with diabets has increased by 20% in the last 5 years.
- He seemed as if he was so bored.

He seemed as if so bored.
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11. SENTENCE CONNECTORS / TRANSITIONS/ PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
11.1. TRANSITIONS / CONNECTORS

1. LISTING (Listeleme, Sıralama)
Firstly, rts of all, rst, to begin with, second, secondly, third, İlki, ilk olarak, il önce, ikincisi, ikinci olarak, bir sonraki, son olarak…
thirdly, next, last, nally
The rst…,the second…,the third…, the last…, Birincisi, ikincisi, üçüncüsü, sonuncusu
In the rst place, in the second place, in the third place, … İlk olarak/ilk sırada, ikinci olarak/ikinci sırada…
For one thing, for another, besides/moreover.. İlk önce/bir kere, diğer bir taraftan, ayrıca
First and foremost, also, besides/moreover… En başta, ayrıca da, bununla beraber/dahası
- Dear parcipants, rst of all, I would like to thank Professor Gibson for his great contribuons to this amazing
organizaon.
- There are several benets of taking these tablets. In the rst place, these ease your pain. In the second place, it
will help your digeson.
2. ADDITION (Ek bilgi)

Also, besides, further, furthermore, in addion, moreover, what Ayırca, üstelik, bundan başka, buna ilaveten, dahası, buna ek
is more olarak, hem de…
- Studies have shown that mental health professionals are poor at predicng whether a person will commit a
dangerous act. Moreover , the legal system is designed to protect people from prevenve detenon.
- People with ulcers caused by infecon receive anbiocs, whereas those with ulcers caused by drugs disconnue
their use. In addion, all treatment plans aim to relieve pain, heal the ulcer, and prevent recurrence.
3. RESULT (Sonuç)
So, therefore, hence, thus, as a result, as a consequence, conse- Bu yüzden, böylece, bundan dolayı, bu nedenle
quently, in consequence, accordingly, because of this/that/it
- The development of a child’s immune system is closely related to the child’s physical development and, hence,
takes a very long me.
- Exposure to any virus or bacterium can be fatal to the children without immune protecon. Therefore, they are
sealed into sterile quarters to isolate them from the microorganisms that are part of the normal world.
4. CONTRAST (Zıtlık)
A. Concessive Contrast
But, yet, sl, however, nonetheless, nevertheless, even so, despite Fakat, ama, buna rağmen, yine de
this/that, in spite of this/that
- Ionizing radiaon has proved to be most valuable, for example, in clinical diagnosis and radiotherapy.However,
inadvertent exposure to relavely high doses of ionizing radiaon is capable of injuring and killing cells.
- Arcial sweeteners permit people to keep their sugar and energy intakes down, yet sl they enjoy the delicious
sweet tastes of their favourite foods and beverages.
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B. Direct Contrast
In contrast, by contrast, conversely, however, on the other hand Buna karşın, buna karşılık, diğer taraan
- The Society for Medical Anthropology today constutes the largest group within the American Anthropological
Associaon. In contrast, the medical sociology and health psychology secons of their parent organizaons have
never constuted more than a small percentage of overall membership.
- Physicians who spend too much me serving as a spokesperson to the community run into the problem of losing
the much-needed support of medical sta physicians. On the other hand, physicians who spend too much me
on an organizaon’s internal workings may become ignorant of market condions.
5. REFUTATION (Yalanlama, Çürütme, Aksini Belirtme)

On the contrary Tam aksine
- It has been observed that male medical graduates desire a career with immediate nancial rewards irrespecve of
lifestyle issues. The female medical graduates, on the contrary, have social determinants (family consideraons,
childrearing, etc.) while choosing a specialty of choice.
6. EXEMPLIFICATION (Örnekleme)
For example, to illustrate, for instance, Örneğin
- Wring an arcle for a journal is a good way to test out your wring skills. First pick your journal. Choice of journal
will depend on the type of arcle that you want to write. For example, the Brish Medical Journal contains
reports on original research as well as review arcles on topics of broad interest to doctors.
7. PARTICULARIZATION (Vurgulama, Özellik belirtme)

Especially, in parcular, parcularly, specically, notably Özellikle, bilhassa
- Some disorders are so likely to be seen in the elderly. Especially, depression is dangerous for older men.
8. EXPLANATION (Açıklama)
Namely, that is, that is to say, in other words Yani, başka bir değişle
- Unintenonal weight loss is a decrease in body weight that is not voluntary.In other words, you did not try to loss
the weight by dieng or exercising.
- For a translator to make so few mistakes in translaon work, s/he should have a Superior medical degree.That is
to say, s/he should have at least a 4-year medical degree.
9. TRANSITION (Geçiş)
As for, as to, as far as …is concerned ...ya gelince, ile ilgili olarak,
- Marry wants to connue her educaon aer university. Af for John, he wants to have a job as soon as possible
and begin to earn his life.
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10. CORRECTION (Düzeltme)

Rather, to be (more) precise Daha doğrusu, tam olarak söylemek gerekirse,
- Once you begin to work in our company, you won’t need to look elsewhere again, or rather you wouldn’t want to.
11. ALTERNATIVE (Alternaf, Seçenek)

Alternavely, Alternaf olarak
- The psychosocial history may reveal life problems or losses that can account for the depression.Alternavely , the
paent’s medical history may implicate a physical disorder or the use of prescripon, nonprescripon, or illegal
drugs that can cause depression.
12. NEGATIVE CONDITION / WARNING (Olumsuz Koşul / Uyarı)

Otherwise, or else Yoksa, aksi takrde
- Everybody must obey the rules; otherwise, we cannot restore the order.
13. SUMMARY / CONCLUSION (Özet / Sonuç)

In brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, all in all, to sum up, Özetle, kısaca, sonuç olarak
- …….. According to one study, “medical directors spent most of their me on ulizaon review/quality assurance
issues, followed by those involving medical educaon, physician recruitment, and Peer Review Organizaons.
In summary, the medical director should be an individual knowledgeable in the languages of medicine and
administraon.
14. TIME (Zaman)

At rst Önceleri
Aerwards/Later/Then Daha sonra
In the meanme / Meanwhile Bu arada
- Aboron Essay is a kind of essay wring topic which is composed of some medical terms. For wring such an
essay, you may start looking for highly technical terms about the medical process. Aerwards, you may devise a
process in which you can segregate the topics in a paragraph form.
15. SIMILARITY (Benzerlik)

Likewise, similarly, correspondingly, in the same way, by the same Aynı şekilde, aynı biçimde, benzer bir şekilde
token
- Lab results are only one part of a broad array of tools a doctor uses to diagnose and manage diseases or disease
states. Likewise, a full medical examinaon, images (X-Rays, CT Scans, etc.), paent history, and other diagnosc
tools help your physician diagnose and treat illnesses and diseases.
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16. EMPHASIS (Vurgu)

In fact, actually, as a maer of fact, indeed Aslında, esasında, aslına bakılırsa
- Placebos are widely used in medical research and medicine and the placebo eect is a pervasive phenomenon;
in fact, it is part of the response to any acve medical i ntervenon.
11.2. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

1. CAUSE (Sebep)
Because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, on account of …den dolayı, ..nın yüzünden, …nın sayesinde, …e bağlı olarak
- Because of the adverse eects of cocaine, the Coca-Cola Company agreed to use decocainized coca leaves in 1903.
2. PURPOSE (Amaç)
For, for the purpose of İçin, …mek için
- The primary job of the medical transcriponists is to transcribe dictated material into clear and understandable
text, generally for the purpose of charng informaon on paents.
3. CONTRAST (Zıtlık)
A. CONCESSIVE CONTRAST
Despite, in spite of, for all, notwithstanding …e rağmen
- Despite the absence of a pediatric medical emergency team (PMET), researchers at a Canadian hospital found a
decrease in hospital mortality over me.
B. DIRECT CONTRAST
Dierent from/than, in contrast to, unlike, as opposed to, contrary to …den farklı olarak, ….nın akisne/tersine
- In contrast to acute pain that arises suddenly in response to a specic injury and is usually treatable, chronic pain
persists over me and is oen resistant to medical treatments.
- Contrary to medical advice, it’s okay for many women to eat peanuts when pregnant.
4. TIME (Zaman)
Aer, subsequent to ….den sonra
Prior to, before ….den önce
During Esenasında, süresnce
- Several studies suggest that listening to music can be eecve in reducing blood pressure by calming or diverng
paents prior to surgery, which lessens stress andanxiety.
- Bradycardia during anesthesia inducon can occur due to various anesthec drugs as well as other medical and
iatrogenic reasons.
5. ADDITION (İlave, Ekleme)

In addion to, besides, as well as, apart from …den başka, …nın yanı sıra, ….e ek olarak
135
- In addion to usual medical care, manipulave therapy accelerates recovery of shoulder complaints at higher
costs.
- A medical administrator must possess a degree in health service administraon, public health, or at least business
administraon. Apart from educaonal qualicaons, s/he must also possess so skills like good communicaon
and organizaonal skills.
6. EXCEPTION (Hariç)
Except (for), apart from, with the excepon of, other than ….nın haricinde, ….nın dışında
- There are many choices available to medical students once they graduate in a variety of elds other than the
convenonal ward nurse or doctor.
- Aer recent volcanic erupons, lile impact has been seen in people’s health,except for those with lung problems
who were close to the volcano.
7. EXEMPLIFICATION (Örnekleme)
Like, such as Gibi
- Most heart aack paents needing procedures such as balloon angioplasty at another hospital are not transferred
in recommended me.
8. CONDITION (Koşul)
But for, Olmasa(ydı)
in the event of, in case of …durumunda
- Brownies are a delicious treat, but for kids with wheat allergies, they may be o limits.
- In case of emergency, dial 112
9. TRANSITION (Geçiş)
regarding, as regards, with regard to, with respect to, in regard to …ile ilgili olarak
in terms of bakımından
from the point of(view of) açısından
- With respect to diving, the major issues are the eects on the body from the surgery and/or radiaon/
chemotherapy treatments.
- Some certain soware programmes provide the full support in terms of reading as well as wring the informaon
to and from the paents’ database.
- This research aims to study the quality of life from the point of view of parents in pre-lingual deaf children aer
1,5 years of cochlear implantaon.
136
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES / CONJUNCTIONS TEST
1. The whole of society may suer if its government is 5. Wellington’s abandonment of an aempt to make a
aacked; ----, the enre body is harmed if the brain Tory government was not ---- due to threats of civil
is damaged. war ---- to Peel’s refusal to join a Tory government .
A) otherwise C) on the other hand A) so far / as if C) as much / than
B) similarly D) nevertheless B) as / as D) so much / as
E) however E) even / more
2. In recent years the trend in the study of child 6. In the works of many tweneth-century dramasts
development has been an increased emphasis on it is possible to see ---- the individual writer’s ideas
the processes underlying the changes, ---- simple and experience ---- some of the social and polical
descripons of age changes. developments of his period.
A) as if B) just as A) as much / as C) only / such as
C) rather than D) even so B) not only / but also D) more / than
E) such as E) whether / or
3. Poisoning ---- drug overdose is a frequent and sll 7. ---- Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, a French painter who
increasing cause of admission to hospital. was happy to design posters and to illustrate books,
A) according to C) on behalf of many modern arsts have found it necessary to
B) due to D) in excess of supplement their incomes in various ways.
E) in spite of A) Due to B) Firstly
C) Despite D) In case of
E) Like
4. Dizziness is a distressing symptom in advanced old 8. At room temperature, unsaturated fats, such as
age, and alarms relaves ---- the paent. those found in oil, are usually liquid, ---- saturated
A) no less than C) in accordance with fats, such as those found in buer, are solid.
B) as lile as D) consenent on A) whereas B) indeed
E) in case of C) moreover D) whether
E) so far as
137
9. Japan, which is the world’s second largest 14. The slavery issue was ---- one reason ---- the
market for mobile phones, plans to limit their northern and southern states fought against each
use ---- growing concern about the impact of other during the US Civil War.
electromagnec radiaon on the brain. A) on the other hand / which
A) in case of B) as a result of B) as such / whereas
C) in spite of D) by means of C) only / why
E) in terms of D) moreover / that
E) thus / in that
10. The bellies of countless African children are 15. The United Naons has, on numerous occasions,
swollen ---- severe malnutrion. tried to assert its authority to mediate a dispute
A) contrary to B) besides between naons, ---- has oen been ineecve
C) apart from D) due to ---- the naons involved refused to acknowledge
the right of the United Naons to intervene.
E) regardless of
A) yet / that B) but / because
C) either / or D) therefore / because of
E) however / as far as
11. The eects of hypothermia depend on ---- there is 16. ---- corporaons grow in size and diversity,
whole body exposure ---- exposure only of parts. the diculty of managing employee relaons
A) both / and B) whether / or increases.
C) if / but D) so / as A) Lest B) In case
E) even / so C) Whether D) So that
E) As
12. The purpose of this bridge project is ---- to 17. ---- had so many people complained so loudly for
eliminate the cause of such accidents ---- to keep so lile cause.
trac moving at a steady rate. A) Only once C) At the beginning
A) only / but also B) both / and B) For the rst me D) Up to this me
C) not only / and D) as much / than E) From the start
E) for / by
13. The term “man-machine system” fell somewhat 18. ---- economic development projects in
into disrepute and was replaced by “person- developing countries are carefully thought out
machine system”---- the need to avoid sexist and implemented, they can actually contribute
language. to ‘environmental deterioraon’.
A) contrary to B) despite A) Provided that B) Unless
C) in case of D) in accordance with C) Since D) So long as
E) instead of E) Whenever
138
YDS
19. Many human characteriscs are quantave 24. There is no reason why man, ---- the other
traits; ----, they represent some measurable animals, should have a monopoly on laughter ----
quanty ---- height. a social tool.
A) for example / just as B) on the other hand / like A) in addion to / so
C) moreover/as D) that is / such as B) compared with / such
E) in other words / as regards C) in opposion to / thus
D) as opposed to / as
E) on account of / just
20. Certain drugs and some molecules found in dust 25. Even in the middle of the last century, educaon
are ---- small to be angenic, ---- they do smulate was the excepon ---- the rule.
immune responses. A) according to B) except for
A) both / and B) rather / even C) with regard to D) rather than
C) enough / thus D) neither / nor E) as well as
E) too / yet
21. In vertebrates, the central nervous system (CNS) 26. ---- concentrang on creang training
consists of a brain and a spinal cord, which are opportunies, their government ought to turn its
linked to the body’s muscles and organs ---- the aenon to creang more jobs.
peripheral nervous system. A) Far from B) More than
A) with regard to B) instead of C) Instead of D) In accordance with
C) in case of D) by means of E) In case of
E) according to
22. Cellulite forms where the body is least inclined 27. Trade-union membership in Germany, ---- in the
to consume fat deposits, ---- reducing it takes rest of Europe, is shrinking.
persistent good dietary measures. A) so B) whether
A) whereas B) as if C) though D) as
C) so D) whether E) unless
E) even if
23. In the past it was not clear ---- proteins might be 28. ---- the bubonic plague overturned the social
associated with membranes. order in Medieval Europe, ---- AIDS seems likely
A) even if B) how to reshape Africa.
C) in case D) whereby A) Even so / though B) Similarly / even
E) while C) In case / moreover D) Accordingly / as
E) Just as / so
139
29. No pharaoh is more famous than Tutankhamen 34. Quesons about global warming are obviously of
but, ---- his fame, very lile is actually known concern to the general public, ---- to governments
about him. and their scienc advisors.
A) even if B) In case of A) except B) so as
C) in excess of D) In order to C) on the whole D) as well as
E) despite E) less than
30. ---- some countries possess nuclear weapons 35. The US dollar’s slide may connue, but ----
and others do not, there will be chronic global handled carefully, it might not harm the world
Insecurity. economy.
A) Thanks to B) In case of A) unl B) whether
C) So long as D) Just as C) though D) if
E) As if E) whereas
31. Apparently, the remen are ---- asking for higher 36. The Brish workforce works longer hours
wages, they are ---- demanding a reducon in than most of its European counterparts, ----
their working hours. producvity is not improved as a result.
A) not only / also B) both / and A) so B) therefore
C) also / but D) even / sll C) since D) as
E) neither / nor E) yet
32. They were immensely pleased with their nd, 37. ---- jet engines, which are also reacon engines,
----, although the crater’s size is not parcularly modern rockets carry their own oxygen supply to
noteworthy, its structure is unique. burn their fuel and do not require any surrounding
A) nevertheless B) but atmosphere.
C) however D) for A) Instead of B) Even
E) unless C) Whereas D) Unlike
E) Whereby
33. Many of the most important developments in 38. Most of us think that random events tend to be
absolute dang ---- World War II have come from equally spread, ---- the contrary seems to be true:
the use of radioacve clock. randomness tends to occur in clusters.
A) since B) during A) as if B) but
C) unl D) before C) so D) moreover
E) up to E) since
140
YDS
39. Many basic issues, ---- the relaonship between 44. Recently, researchers have found that ---- certain
gravity and quantum physics, remain unsolved. genes remain acvated long enough, they can
A) except for B) despite dramacally enhance an organism’s health and
C) such as D) in case of extend its life span.
E) instead of A) even if B) while
C) in case D) if
E) although
40. Roentgen, which is the unit of radiaon exposure, 45. Tourists gathered to admire the mushroom
is dened ---- the number of ions produced in one clouds during nuclear tests in Nevada between
cubic cenmeter of air by the radiaon. 1951 and 1963 ---- at the me there was complete
A) in view of B) as well as ignorance of the dangers of radioacve fallout.
C) due to D) in terms of A) since B) so as to
E) on behalf of C) when D) so that
E) unless
41. ---- our bodies are exposed to cold, their rst rule 46. A laptop maker recently released a model that
of survival is to maintain the brain and internal lets users change the processor, graphics card
organs at a temperature of 37°C. and other parts by just removing one panel, ----
A) Since B) Although spending hours disassembling the computer.
C) When D) Just as A) due to B) on behalf of
E) Unl C) instead of D) with regard to
E) in order to
42. They are installing a great deal of informaon 47. ---- oral decongestants reduce cold symptoms by
technology, ---- the sta are quite incapable of 20%, nasal sprays can reduce symptoms by as
using it. much as 70%.
A) owing to B) whenever A) While B) Because
C) as if D) even so C) Unless D) As long as
E) even though E) Supposing
43. She can have the job ---- she is willing to work on 48. ---- a new an-viral drug is developed, sciensts
Saturdays. rst test it on the hepas C virus.
A) apart from B) owing to A) Even if B) Before
C) except D) provided C) Since D) Because
E) whereas E) Whenever
141
49. A brain abscess may be fatal ---- it is treated with 54. ---- English contains a vast lexical inheritance
anbiocs. from Lan, Persian has absorbed a great number
A) but B) whereas of Arabic loanwords.
C) just as D) unless A) As long as B) Because
E) in case C) Even if D) Just as
E) Whether
50. Lycopene is an important part of the body’s cell 55. Some 30 women are running in the Kuwai
protecon system which neutralizes free radicals general elecon, ---- few, if any, are expected to
and ---- decreases the risk of cardiovascular win.
disease. A) so that B) in that
A) on the contrary B) on the way C) whether D) because
C) as well D) yet E) although
E) in this way
51. Toxic amblyopic, usually involving only one eye, 56. Fish oen spend much of their me in the deep,
is a condion ---- retrobulbar neuris, which cool waters of a lake ---- oxygen levels there
usually aects both eyes. become depleted by decomposers.
A) the same as B) similar to A) as if B) just as
C) as regards D) according to C) now that D) unless
E) as well as E) so as
52. Perfeconism constricts people just when the 57. In 2002, ---- Australia’s Great Barrier Reef was hit
fast-moving world requires more exibility, and hard by unseasonable warming, 95 per cent of its
----, it turns them into success slaves. coral was adversely aected.
A) consequently B) nevertheless A) so that B) if
C) sll D) however C) when D) so long as
E) contrarily E) in case
53. ---- Americans are generally marrying less, they 58. ---- a violent storm is over, it leaves a cooler ocean
sll marry, divorce and especially remarry at behind, lowering the likelihood that more storms
rates higher than in most other countries. will are up, at least not immediately.
A) As B) When A) Once B) Even so
C) Since D) Just as C) Even if D) Since
E) Even though E) While
142
YDS
59. Humans, like all warm-blooded animals, can 63. In veterinary medicine, federal governments and
keep their core body temperatures prey much professional associaons keep data on animal
constant ---- dierences in the temperature in the euthanasia and, ---- the research results obtained
world around them. so far, have developed guidelines and procedures.
A) as of B) regardless of A) in the hope of B) as of
C) instead of D) in terms of C) in case of D) in accordance with
E) because of E) on behalf of
60. ---- physical acvity can enhance physical 64. During the second half of the 20th century,
funconing, reduce anxiety, stress, and the fracture rates among high-risk European
depression, it also poses some hazards to one’s populaons grew higher, ---- this increase was
physical and psychological health. modest compared with that of the urbanized
A) Although B) Since populaons in Southern Asia.
C) Whether D) In case A) in case B) because
E) Unless C) unless D) but
E) now that
61. ---- surgeons in France had performed the 65. Cizens of countries that are members of the EU,
rst paral face transplant late in November, as well as cizens from the US, Canada, Australia
psychologists began to queson whether the and New Zealand, do not need a visa to visit
paent was mentally stable enough to handle the Germany ---- their stay does not exceed three
stressful, high-risk procedure. months.
A) Suppose that B) So long as A) whereas B) as if
C) As soon as D) Because C) so long as D) whether
E) If E) so that
62. ---- people have been diagnosed with 66. Every Turkish cizen over the age of 25 is eligible
cardiovascular disease (CVD), they typically enter to be a deputy in Parliament ---- he or she has
a cardiac rehabilitaon programme to change completed primary educaon and has not been
their lifestyle and thereby avoid subsequent CVD. convicted of a serious crime.
A) Whereas B) Aer A) with the idea that
C) While D) Even though B) from the point of view that
E) As if C) despite the fact that
D) by the fact that
E) on condion that
143
67. The existence of galaxies was not recognized 72. All eorts by the Chinese government to
unl the early 20th century, ---- since then eliminate the most widespread parasic infecon
galaxies have become one of the focal points of in the country failed, ---- a new drug arrived in
astronomical invesgaon. the 1980s that was said to be highly eecve in
A) even B) because controlling the disease.
C) but D) if A) just as B) so that
E) whether C) in case D) even aer
E) whereby
68. A gemstone used in the making of jewellery must 73. Aer Hurricane Katrina hit the US city of New
be durable, ---- it cannot withstand the process of Orleans in 2005 and le it without electricity for
being handled or shaped. many weeks, mold and spores easily grew in the
sll-habitable houses, ---- respiratory and skin
A) thus B) even if
problems are sll widespread.
C) although D) or else
A) because B) so
E) while
C) although D) yet
E) whenever
69. ---- it has a great potenal for creang new 74. It is assumed ---- an educaonal programme
organisms, experimental recombinaon of genes should emphasize the valid aspects of the cultural
is viewed by some sciensts as dangerous and and historical past.
unethical. A) whereby B) since
A) As long as B) Unless
C) as D) that
C) Just as D) Before
E) in case
E) Because
70. ---- does geology provide a beer understanding 75. The most rewarding aspect of taking photographs
of the Earth’s evoluon and its present features, is to be able to immortalize on your lm people’s
but it also serves society in a variety of praccal hearts, smiles, and soul ---- you can always feel
ways. like you are a part of their world.
A) Either B) So A) while B) as though
C) Not only D) So long as C) so that D) whereas
E) Not once E) whenever
71. ---- the so-called swine u turns out to be less 76. Painters ---- diverse ---- Goya, Manet, and Picasso
frightening than rst feared, it is only a maer of were inspired by Tian and other Renaissance
me before a deadlier one comes along. painters.
A) Unless B) Even if A) as / as B) both / and
C) Whether D) While C) not only / but also D) so / that
E) When E) such / as
144
YDS
77. It is generally thought that animals love us ---- 82. A survey of 1,449 Finns found that married people
who or what we are. and people living with a partner were 50% less
A) so long as B) no maer likely to develop demena in later life, ---- single
C) provided that D) because of or divorced people had three mes the risk.
E) for the sake of A) instead B) otherwise
C) even if D) since
E) whereas
78. In less-developed parts of the world, there are 83. ---- certain lifestyle changes can result in weight
few modern urban water networks,----- the loss for some, many obese paents need more
people living in these areas do not have access to ecacious intervenons for weight reducon.
safe drinking water. A) Because B) Although
A) so B) even if C) When D) If
C) because D) while E) As long as
E) though
79. Every year, more than 15,000 scuba dives are 84. ---- doctors advise their paents to eat well and
performed o the coral reefs of Cayman Islands, exercise for their health, they should be telling
---- these sites can actually support only 5,000 them to sleep well.
dives per year without any damage to the reefs. A) Even B) Because
A) since B) but C) Just as D) Although
C) if D) just as E) As if
E) in case
80. What you say about the problem may be true in 85. ---- are moods more under the spotlight than in
theory, ---- in pracce it does not contribute to our most inmate relaonships.
the soluon of the problem. A) No sooner B) Neither
A) when B) so that C) Not only D) Not once
C) although D) for E) Nowhere
E) because
81. Thanks to a newly developed baery-charging 86. ---- everyone appears to dislike a person who is
device called “the Chargepod,” we will no longer known as a “gossip,” it is an exceedingly unusual
have to use dierent chargers ---- recharge individual who doesn’t enjoy a bit of gossip.
dierent mobile gadgets, like cell phones and A) If B) Unless
iPods.
C) Although D) Whenever
A) with reference to B) due to
E) Once
C) in order to D) with regard to
E) according to
145
87. ---- inuencing how we think, digital technology 92. A mixture is a material ---- can be separated by
is altering how we feel and how we behave. physical means into two or more substances.
A) Despite B) Besides A) whereas B) whereby
C) Whereas D) As if C) whether D) that
E) Owing to E) as
88. ---- sciensts can tell, our prehistoric ancestors 93. In immunodeciency disorders, the immune
lived in relavely small groups where they knew system doesn’t funcon adequately, ---- infecons
everyone else in the group. are more common, recur more frequently and
A) Despite the fact that B) Apart from last longer than usual.
C) As far as D) As much as A) so B) but
E) Unlike C) even if D) although
E) as if
89. ---- being a personal relaonship between 94. People cannot minimize the consequences of
two people, marriage is one of society’s most heart failure ----- they introduce changes in their
important and basic instuons. lives and strictly obey the instrucons given by
A) Instead of B) In addion to the doctor.
C) Because of D) In opposion to A) but B) if
E) In case of C) whereas D) unless
E) whether
90. ---- the source of energy for nuclear power plants 95. ---- sterilizaon creates a pathogen-free
and weapons can be the same, a typical nuclear environment, 5 to 10 per cent of paents sll
power plant does not contain enough ssionable contract an infecon during their stay at hospital.
material in high enough concentraon to produce A) Once B) Since
a nuclear explosion. C) As long as D) When
A) Although B) When E) Although
C) If D) Just as
E) In case
91. Enormous underground beds of sodium and 96. An increasing number of young adults in India
potassium compounds formed ---- lakes and seas wish to have more choice in the selecon of their
became isolated by geological events. future wives or husbands ---- they sll let their
A) as long as B) so that parents arrange their marriages.
C) even if D) unless A) because B) although
E) when C) unless D) unl
E) as if
146
YDS
97. ---- you were born poor and lack good looks,
there is sll plenty you can do to improve your
chances of success.
A) While B) As if
C) When D) Even if
E) As far as
98. ---- an individual grows to maturity, he acquires a

personal structure condioned by the posion he
occupies in the social system.
A) Unless B) Although
C) Before D) Whether
E) As
99. Soon aer the end of World War I, pioneers began

to show that, ---- popular opinion, longdistance CEVAP ANAHTARI
ights across oceans could be made in safety. 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.E
A) due to B) owing to 8.A 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.B 13.D 14.C
C) in order to D) contrary to 15.B 16.E 17.A 18.B 19.D 20.E 21.D
E) as regards 22.C 23.B 24.D 25.D 26.C 27.D 28.E
29.E 30.C 31.A 32.D 33.A 34.D 35.D
36.E 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.D 41.C 42.E
43.D 44.D 45.A 46.C 47.A 48.E 49.D
50.E 51.B 52.A 53.E 54.D 55.E 56.D
57.C 58.A 59.B 60.A 61.C 62.B 63.D
100. Unlike many other European naons, Finland
64.D 65.C 66.C 67.D 68.D 69.E 70.C
has not been the desnaon of large groups of
71.B 72.D 73.B 74.D 75.C 76.A 77.B
foreign workers, ---- has it ever been a colonial
power. 78.A 79.B 80.C 81.C 82.E 83.B 84.C
A) and B) nor 85.C 86.C 87.B 88.C 89.B 90.A 91.E
C) or D) also 92.D 93.A 94.D 95.E 96.B 97.D 98.E
E) not 99.D 100.B
147
148
MODULE
QUESTION
2 TYPES
1. Cloze Test & Tests
2. Sentence Compleon & Tests
3. Translaon & Tests
4. Paragraph Compleon & Tests
5. Irrelevant Sentence & Tests
6. Dialogue Compleon & Tests
7. Reading Comperehension & Tests
8. Restatements & Tests
9. Answer Keys
1. CLOZE TEST & TESTS
Cloze Test bölümü daha çok kelime ve dil bilgisi becerilerini ölçmeye yönelik olarak hazırlanmışr. Ama yapı ibariyle
bakıldığında, bir paragraan oluşur. Dolayısıyla soruların kiminde boşluğun olduğu ipuçlarından yararlanarak kelime ve
bağlaç bilgilerinin ölçüldüğü boşluklar için men bütünlüğü de önemlidir.
Cloze Test Sorularında Dikkat Edilecek Noktalar:

1. İlk olarak soru seçeneklerine bakılmalı, her bir seçenek grubu hangi konudaki bilginin ölçüldüğünü anlamamızı
sağlar. Şıklar üzerinde fazla zaman harcanmamalı, sadece boşluklarda kelime sorusu varsa isim mi, sıfat mı, zarf mı
ona bakılmalı, şayet dil bilgisine yönelik her bir şıkkın hangi konuya ait olduğu bilinmelidir. (tense, passive-acve,
conjucons, noun clause, modals gibi).
2. Soru şıkları ile yukarıdaki analiz yapıldıktan sonra, parçanın genel kri ve parçanın ne tür bir paragraf (sebep-
sonuç- kronolojik, karşılaşrma, vb.) olduğunu anlamak için paragraf hızlı bir şekilde okunmalıdır.
3. Bu bölümde genellikle paragran ilk cümlesinde boşluk bırakılmaz. Paragraf Tamamlama ve Paragran İçinde Anlamı
Bozan Cümleyi bulma soru tarzlarında da belirldiği gibi bir paragran ilk cümlesi genellikle o paragran KONU
CÜMLESİ’dir. Paragran konusunu anlamak, gerek dil bilgisi gerekse kelime sorularında size yardımcı olacakr.
4. Bu bölümdeki soruları doğru cevaplamak için dil bilgisinde geçen her bir konunun kendine has özellikleri
harlanmalıdır.
Örneğin;
• Boşluk zaman bilgisini ölçüyorsa, cümle içindeki now, yesterday, since 2008, by next week gibi zaman zararına
bakılmalı,
• Boşluğa ait şıklarda, when, where, which, who gibi kelimeler varsa boşluktan önceki kelimeye bakıp boşluğa
gelecek olan kelimenin Sıfat Cümlesine mi, Zarf Cümlesine mi yoksa İsim Cümlesine mi ait olduğuna karar verilmeli,
• Boşluğa ait şıklarda Edatlar (Preposions) varsa, boşluktan önce ve/veya sonra gelen kelimeye bakılmalı,
• Boşluğa ait şıklarda however, consequently, likewise gibi bağlaçlar varsa, boşluğun olduğu cümle ile boşluktan
önce gelen cümle iyi anlaşılmalı ve bu iki cümle arasındaki bağlan tespit edilmeli,
• Boşluğa ait şıklarda every, all, some, a few, a lile, none, any gibi miktar belirten kelimeler varsa boşluktan sonra
gelen İsmin sayılabilir / sayılamaz olduğuna ve cümlenin ilinin tekil / çoğul olduğuna bakılmalı,
• Boşluğa ait şıklarda etken ve edilgen iller varsa boşluktan sonra isim gelip gelmediğine bakılmalı vb.
5. Bu bölümde kelime soruları genellikle parçanın konusuna bağlı olarak sorulur. Bu yüzden parçanın genelinden
alacağınız ana kir ve özellikle paragran ilk cümlesi olan Konu Cümlesi iyi anlaşılmalıdır.
6. Ayrıca kelime sorularında dikkat edilmesi gereken başka bir husus da kimi zaman boşluktan sonra edat kullanılmış
olabilir. Bu edatlar doğru cevabın bulunması için önemli ipuçları olabilir.
150
YDS
Örneğin,
It is obvious that the Ministery of Health will not li the sancons unless the owners of the new private hospital fully
…………… with the regulaons.
A) accomplishes C) evolve B) rejects D) complies E) compete
Bu soruda, yalnızca E ve D şıkkındaki kelimeler kendilerinden sonra with eda alabilir. Cümlede, yeni özel hastanenin
sahiplerinin kanunlara tamamen uymadıkça Sağlık Bakanlığı'nınyaprımları kaldırmayacağı açıklanmalıdır. E şıkkındaki
kelime REKABET ETMEK, YARIŞMAK ve D şıkkındaki kelime UYMAK anlamında olduğu için cevap E şıkkıdır.
Zarf Cümlesi veya Bağlaç sorularında boşluktan önce ve sonra gelen cümle beraber ele alınmalıdır.
7. Bu bölümde sorular paragraf içinde verildiğinden kimi zaman her bir boşluğun doğru cevabına ulaşmak için parça
içinde verilen ipuçları gözden kaçabilir. Bu yüzden size verebileceğimiz en iyi tavsiye gerekirse paragra parçalara
ayırıp, her bir soruyu pkı kelime ve gramer bölümündeki birer soru gibi ele almanızdır. Bu şekilde yaparak
boşluğun olduğu cümledeki ipuçları daha kolay fark edilecekr.
151
TEST - 1 TEST - 2
In the pharmaceucal industry, vaccines have long Satellite-servicing technology is being used to upgrade
been poor stepsisters to big, glamorous drugs. the Hubble Space Telescope to perform beyond its inial
Immunizaon campaign; have worked wonders (1) --- design requirements. Twice astronauts have replaced
-- scourges such as polio. (2) ----- annual global sales the telescope’s solar panels (1) ------ higher-performance
of vaccines have fallen o during (3) ---- years and the ones. The most impressive improvement, however, has
number of major companies (4) ---- them has shrunk
come with the (2) ----- of a new camera to record the
from 20 in the 1980s to just 4. This is a sure sign that it
images seen by the Hubble . Its increased sensivity
(5) ---- an economic business to be in.
makes it ten (3) ------ as powerful as its predecessor,
and it (4) ------ dramacally sharper images, some of them
of stars and galaxies that were (5) ------ to the old Hubble.
1.
A) comming B) pulling down 1.
C) wiping out D) interfering with A) from B) with

E) exposing C) to D) against
E) over
2.
A) Yet B) Consequently 2.
C) Apparently D) As far as A) distribuon B) applicaon
E) Regarding C) installaon D) duplicaon
E) reacon
3.
A) present B) contemporary
3.
C) laer D) recent
A) mes B) gures
E) nal
C) degrees D) periods
E) points
4.
A) to sell B) having sold
4.
C) to be selling D) to have sold
A) will produce B) had produced
E) selling
C) has produced D) may produce
E) would produce
5.
A) didn’t have to be
B) hasn’t been 5.
C) wouldn’t be A) incapable B) inappropriate

D) didn’t use to be C) inadequate D) indestrucble
E) shouldn’t be E) invisible
152
YDS
TEST - 3 TEST - 4
Saturn and its 47 diverse moons have been (1)---- Educaon is both a consumpon and an investment
the close watch of the Cassini probe since 2004. The good. The (1) ---- of knowledge by reading a book can
probe’s main (2)---- in its planned 74 orbits is to gather give pleasure and benets to an individual equivalent to
detailed images of the second largest planet in our consuming an ice-cream or seeing a lm at the cinema.
But educaon can also help advance in a chosen career
solar system, its icy moons and spectacular rings, (3)-
(2) ---- success is achieved in specic examinaons. If a
--- span (4)---- 272,000 kilometres. So far, the probe
nancial gain is thereby achieved, then the me spent
(5)---- some of the best images we have of Saturn, and
in the educaonal process (3) ---- seen as an investment .
provided astronomers with a wealth of new data.
By invesng in yourself you hope that your enhanced
skills add to your potenal earning power in the labour
market; your qualicaons should help you to compete
that much beer against those (4) ---- qualied for a
parcular job. As far as an employer is concerned, your
educaonal qualicaon is a means (5) ---- ltering where
there is keen compeon for a post.
1. 1.
A) under B) in A) contribuon B) exclusion
C) with D) through C) obscurity D) acquision
E) over E) connuaon
2.
2.
A) stage B) objecon A) even so B) since
C) assumpon D) controversy C) if D) as if
E) aim E) unless
3. 3.
A) whatever B) where A) might have been B) would be

C) who D) which C) was D) had been
E) whereas E) can be
4. 4.
A) completely B) almost A) as much B) less

C) largely D) adversely C) least D) the same
E) slightly E) fewer
5.
5.
A) of B) by
A) is capturing B) captures
C) over D)with
C) has captured D) had captured
E) through
E) will capture
153
TEST - 5 TEST - 6
Nearly een years aer South Africa’s democrac The portrait, as it is known today, was born in the
overthrow of apartheid, the country is facing growing (1) Renaissance. In fact, portraits (1) ---- before the
---- over the rise of “economic apartheid” and the way Renaissance, of course: (2) ---- think of the Pharaohs
it (2) ---- millions of South Africans in the same, if not a with their colossal statues, or the busts of the Roman
worsening economic posion than they endured prior emperors, (3) ---- those gures seemed very (4) ----.
to 1994. (3) ---- South African government stascs, Renaissance arsts, by contrast, sought to create not
the average black household has become 15% poorer just a likeness of their subjects, but also (5) ---- of their
over the last fourteen years, while an average white spirit.
household has seen its wealth grow (4) ---- some 19%.
There has been a 20% decrease in the income of the
poorest 50% of South Africans, and black South Africans
have lost (5) ---- two million jobs over the same period.
1. 1.
A) interest B) demand A) exist B) would exist
C) encouragement D) cricism C) have existed D) would have existed
E) threat E) had existed
2. 2.
A) is leaving B) had le A) Just B) Already
C) would have le D) le C) Always D) Usually
E) was leaving E) Previously
3. 3.
A) Because of B) According to A) whenever B) when
C) Instead of D) In addion to C) but D) while
E) Contrary to E) so far as
4. 4.
A) through B) for A) principal B) prospecve
C) in D) with C) enthusiasc D) recent
E) by E) remote
5. 5.
A) yet B) mostly A) many B) anything
C) hardly D) nearly C) something D) any
E) also E) few
154
YDS
TEST - 7 TEST - 8
People who (1)---- in malaria-infested areas or who We must not (1) ---- the element of pleasure and
travel to them can take certain (2)----. They can use long- enjoyment which comes from the reading of literature.
lasng inseccide sprays in homes and outbuildings, This is surely itself one of the great benets which
place screens (3)---- doors and windows, use mosquito (2) ---- from being an educated person. But, over
neng over their beds, and apply mosquito repellents and above that, let us recognize (3) ---- certain other
on their skin. They can (4) ---- wear enough clothing, fundamental skills and capacies are developed (4) ----
(5) ---- aer sundown, to protect as much of the skin the reading of literature, which are important to us all
as possible against mosquito bites. as educated people, (5) ---- in our private pleasures or
our personal philosophies, but also in the day-to-day
exercise of our responsibilies.
1. 1.
A) reduce B) live A) subside B) assert

C) discharge D) expose C) interpret D) witness
E) persist E) underesmate
2. 2.
A) precauons B) supplements A) had come B) comes
C) occurrences D) setbacks C) would have come D) came
E) levels E) was coming
3. 3.
A) beyond B) of A) so that B) in case
C) with D) on C) just as D) that
E) ll E) although
4. 4.
A) either B) more than A) at B) in
C) also D) as such C) through D) over
E) as well as E) to
5. 5.
A) similarly B) extraordinarily A) not only B) either
C) commonly D) fairly C) both D) more
E) parcularly E) as well as
155
TEST - 9 TEST – 10
(1) ---- all the polical ideologies of the early nineteenth Anyone looking for a way to something for the
century, naonalism is the most dicult to grasp. Its environment need look no further than their own
(2) ---- are elusive. What, exactly, counted as a naon? home. In its struggle to (1) ----- with the Kyoto Protocol
Who demanded a naon, and what did their demand of 1997 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
mean? In the early nineteenth century, naonalism to (2) ----- 1990 levels, the EU ( 3) ----- to reduce
was usually aligned with liberalism. (3) ---- the century energy consumpon in the home. This is (4) -----
progressed, (4) ----, it became increasingly clear that surprising since theEU’s 160 million buildings are (5)
naonalism (5) ---- to t any doctrine. ----- responsible for a staggering 40% of all energy
consumed by its 15 states.
1. 1.
A) By B) About A) coincide B) agree
C) From D) For C) augment D) compete
E) Of E) comply
2. 2.
A) credenals B) comments A) forward B) above
C) premises D) subsidies C) behind D) below
E) amendments E) back
3. 3.
A) As B) Because A) to have sought
C) Even if D) If B) would seek
E) Whether C) having sought
D) would be seeking
E) is seeking
4. 4.
A) furthermore B) however A) hardly B) nevertheless
C) moreover D) therefore C) more D) indeed
E) so E) just
5. 5.
A) dened B) has been dened A) nearly B) apparently
C) is dened D) could be dened C) therefore D) likely
E) denes E) permanently
156
2. SENTENCE COMPLETION & TESTS
ÖSYM tarafından hazırlanan İngilizce sınavlarında soru dağılımına bakıldığında Cümle Tamamlama soru sayısının
fazla olduğu görülmektedir. Öncelikle bilinmesi gereken Cümle Tamamlama sorularının doğru cevaplanabilmesi için
iyi bir Gramer bilgisine, belliKelime hazinesine sahip olunmalı ve sorularda size verilen bölümle şıklar arasında
Anlam
Bütünlüğüne dikkat edilmesi gerekmektedir.
Cümle Tamamlama Sorularında Dikkat Edilecek Noktalar:

1. Cümle Türleri, Özellikleri ve Anlamsal Bütünlük: Bilindiği gibi İngilizcede 3 tür yan cümlecik (Noun-Adjecve-
Adverbial Clauses) ve ara bağlaçların (sentence connectors/transions) oluşturduğu bileşik cümleler vardır.
Dolayısıyla sorular bu konulara dayalı olarak oluşturulmaktadır.
Bu cümle türlerinde dikkat edilecek hususlar:
•
Adverbial Clauses (Zarf Cümleleri):
A. Time (Zaman Zarf Cümleleri): Soru kökünde veya şıklardawhen, while, aer, unl, by the me gibi zarf cümlelerinin
bulunduğu sorularda kesinlikle zaman uyumuna dikkat edilmeli ve sizlere kitabın Tenses konusunda verilen formüller
iyi bilinmelidir. Şayet formüllere uyan birden fazla şık varsa bu durumda anlam bütünlüğü ve özne nesne uyumlarına
bakılmalıdır.
Ayrıca bazı zaman zarf cümlecikleri kendilerine has kalıplar içinde kullanılır.
No sooner………than….. / hardly ……… when….. / scarcely ……when…. / barely ……. when…….. gibi. Bu kalıplarla Past
Perfect-Past kullanımı mümkündür. Bu kalıplardan oluşturulacak soruların çok kısa sürede doğru cevaplanması
mümkündür.
Örnek Sorular
1. ……..unl James Watson and Francis Crick proposed a model for its structure that had extraordinary explanatory
power.
A) Many genes encode proteins that are not enzymes
B) A great deal was known about the physical and chemical properes of DNA
C) DNA was not widely accepted as the genec material
D) DNA is made of two polynucleode chains intertwined to form a double helix
E) The idea that genes and enzymes are related in some way was rst clearly stated in 1908
Cevap
Soru kökündeki unl Zaman Zarf Cümlesi, Simple Past olduğu için zaman uyumuna göre B ve C şıkkı dışındakiler
anlamlarına bakılmaksızın elenir. Fakat soru kökü ile B ve C şıkkı arasında anlam ilişkisine bakıldığında James
Watson ve Francis Crick’in DNA için daha açıklayıcı güce sahip bir model gelişrdikleri bilgisinden dolayı doğru
cevap C şıkkıdır.
157
2. Assoon as a diagnosis of vasculis has been established, ……………

A) this would amount to aggressive therapy
B) a decision regarding therapeuc strategy must be made
C) in general, aggressive therapy should be avoided
D) the drug will be disconnued immediately on remission
E) this produced an adequate response almost immediately
Cevap
Soru kökündeki as soon as Zaman Zarf Cümlesi, Present Perfect olduğu için zaman uyumuna göre A ve E şıkları direk
olarak elenir. Soru kökündeki konu ile C ve D şıkkındaki konu bütünlüğü uyuşmadığından doğru cevap B şıkkıdır.
B. Condionals (Koşul Cümleleri): Bu zarf cümlesinden oluşturulan soruların cevaplanması zaman zarf cümleciklerin-
den oluşturulan soruların cevabı gibi bir takım formüllere dayalı olarak kolayca yapılabilir. Soru kökünde veya şıklarda
if, unless, providing (that), provided (that), wish, if only, only if gibi yapıların bulunduğu sorularda real, unreal (pres-
ent ve past) durumlarına dikkat edilmeli ve kitabın condionals bölümünde sizlere verdiğimiz formülleri uygulayarak
soru çözümlenmelidir. Fakat formüllere uyan birden fazla şık varsa bu durumda anlam bütünlüğü ve özne nesne
uyumlarına bakılmalıdır.
Örnek Soru
1. ………………. if they are to remain eecve.
A) Mass vaccinaon programmes may lead to a false sense of security
B) Before the vaccines were dispatched refrigeraon facilies in the disaster area were checked
C) The vaccinaon policy to be adopted should have been decided at a naonal level
D) The vaccinaon campaigns are of prime importance in any predisaster plan
E) Most vaccines require refrigeraon and careful handling
Cevap
If cümlesinin zamanı ile şıkların zamanları karşılaşrıldığında B ve C şıkkı elenir. If cümlesi içindeki “they are to remain
eecve” cümlesi anlam olarak “etkili olmaya devam edeceklerse” ile anlamsal bütünlüğe sahip olan şıkkın E şıkkı
olduğu görülecekr.
C. Contrasts and Reason (Zıtlık ve Sebep Cümleleri): Soru kökünde veya şıklarda although, even though, despite, in
spite of, while, whereas gibi zıtlık belirten yapılar ve because, as, since, in as much as, because of, due to gibi sebep
belirten yapıların bulunduğu sorularda;
• Soru kökü ve şıklar arasında anlam bütünlüğüne,
• Zaman uyumuna,
• Soru kökündeki özne ve nesnenin şıklarda kullanılıp kullanılmadığına bakılmalıdır.
158
YDS
Örnek Sorular:
1. Though it is important to clear the whole area of a cancer, ………………….. .
A) as much healthy ssue as possible must be le behind
B) more cancerous cells could have been removed
C) the brain tumor was the major excepon
D) with the laser a breakthrough in treatment seems likely
E) stascally, the chances of recovery seem to be the same
Cevap
Soru kökünde zıtlık olduğunu gösteren yan cümle kanserli bir bölgenin tamamının temizlenmesinin önemli olmasına
rağmen anlamına gelir. Bu yan cümlede genel bir bbi ifade Present Tense ile verildiği için B ve C şıkkı zaman
uyumsuzluğu ve konu bütünlüğünü sağlamadıkları için elenirler. Diğer taraan D ve E şıkları da soru kökündeki
konuyla bütünlüğü sağlamadığı için cevap A şıkkıdır.
2. As he is very advanced in age, ……………….

A) the others scarcely seemed worried by it
B) I wished I could have sent for his daughter
C) they will operate on him only in the last resort
D) no one will be prepared for such an event
E) any other paent would have complained bierly
Cevap
Soru kökündeki "As" sebep belirten bir yapıdadır ve bu yan cümle onun yaşı çok ilerlediği için anlamına geldiğinden bu
yaş ilerlemesinin muhtemel sonucunu gösteren şıkkı bulmak gerekmektedir. A şıkkında soru kökündeki “he” öznesine
işaret eden bir zamir bulunmadığından; B şıkkı, anlam olarak kişinin yaşının ilerlemiş olmasından kaynaklanacak bir sonuç
olamayacağından; D şıkkı bu tür bir olay anlamına gelen “such an event” ile soru kökündeki bilginin anlam ilişkisi olmadığından;
E şıkkı ise "would have V3" yapısının gerçek olmayan bir durumu işaret etmesinden dolayı doğru cevap C şıkkıdır.
D. Result (Sonuç Cümleleri): Kimi zaman soru köklerinde;

• S + V/to be + so adj. ………
• S + V/to be + so adv. ……..
• S + V/to be + so adj. + a/an +noun ……
• S + V/to be + such+(a/an)+noun……
• S + V/to be + so many/few/much/lile ……
• S + V/to be + such a lot of/a few/a lile ….
• So + adj + to be + S …….
• So + adj + a/an + S………
• So + adv + Auxaliry Verb(Yardımcı Fiil) + S + V …….
159
Kalıplarından birisi varsa boşlukta muhakkak that cümlesi gelmelidir. Şayet şıklarda birden fazla that cümlesi varsa;
• That cümlesinin tam cümle olmasına (S + V + O),
• Soru köküyle that cümleli şıklar arasındaki zaman ilişkisine,
• Soru kökündeki özne ve nesne ile that cümlesindeki özne ve nesne uyumuna dikkat edilmelidir.
E. Degree/Proporon(Derece): Çok sık olmasa da kimi zaman Cümle Tamamlama sorularında the more ….. the
more…. / the …er, the …er / the more…. the ..er / the ..er, the more…gibi Comperave yani karşılaşrmaların olduğu
sorular sorulabilir. Örneğin,
The more a person consumes sugar ………… sorusunda boşluğa gelecek yapı da yine "the more" ya da sıfan sonuna
gelen karşılaşrma eki olan "–er" alan bir yapı takip etmelidir.
F. Comparision (Karşılaşrma): Kimi zaman soru köklerinde;
S + V/ to be as adj/adv… veya S + (not) V/to be so adj/adv……. yapıları bulunabilir. Bu tür soru köklerinin devamında
as + S + Verb/Auxaliry Verb (Yardımcı Fiil) veya as + Noun gelmelidir. Örnek: This subject is not as/so difficultas you
think.
•
Sentence Connectors/Transions: Bilindiği gibi so, therefore, but, yet, however, on the other hand, in
contrast, on the contrary vb. bağlaçların bulunduğu Cümle Tamamlama sorularında her ne kadar soru kökü ve
şıklar arasındaki Zaman bağlamları gibi gramer kurallarına bakılması gerekse de en dikkat edilecek husus bu
bağlaçları içinde barındıran soru kökü ve/veya şıklar arasında anlamsal bütünlüktür. Öncelikle bu bağlaçların ne
anlama geldiği çok iyi bilinmelidir ki boşluğu dolduracak cümle ile anlam ilişkisi içinde olabilsin.
•
Adjecve (Relave) Clauses (Sıfat Cümleleri): Daha önceki sınavlarda çıkan Cümle Tamamlama soruları
incelendiğinde Sıfat Cümleleri ile ilgili 2 tür soru tarzı olduğu görülmektedir:
1. Soru kökünde which, that, who, whom, whose, where gibi zamirlerin bulunduğu sorulardır. Bu tür bir soruda
en çok dikkat edilemesi gereken "that" zamirli olan soru köküdür. Çünkü "that" hem Sıfat Cümlelerinde hem
de İsim Cümlelerinde kullanılmaktadır. Ayrım yapmanın en kolay yolu, that ’den sonra Fiil (Verb) geliyorsa veya
that ’li cümlenin Nesnesi (Object) eksikse; bunun Sıfat Cümlesi olduğunu anlamakr. Böyle bir durumda ise
hem that hem de diğer which, who, whom, whose olan soru köklerinden önce gelen boşluğu dolduracak şıkkın
uygun isimle (Noun) (insan, yer, cansız varlık, nesne, hayvan gibi) bitmesi gerekmektedir.
2. Soru türü, sonunda İsim (Noun) ile biten bir soru köküdür. Bu şekilde bir soru kökündeki isme uygun zamir –
who, which, whose, where, when, that gibi- aranmalıdır.
160
YDS
Bir soru kökünde virgül which varsa which zamiri tüm cümleyi tanımlıyor olabilir.
Örnek Sorular
1. Dr. Marn took his students to see the paent …………..
A) if he had an open heart operaon
B) that he was coughing badly
C) who had made such a good recovery
D) unless he was given the right medicine
E) whoever he is treang
Cevap
Soru kökündeki cümle isim ile biğinden cümlenin devamında hastayı (paent) tanımlayacak bir Sıfat Cümlesi
olması gerekiyor. Bu soruda B şıkkı en yanılcı şıkr ama yan cümle içerisinde “he” öznesi şıkkın elenmesine neden
olmaktadır. Diğer şıklar arasında Sıfat Cümlesi olan C şıkkıdır.
2. …………….. whose diagnosis turned out to be correct.

A) There’s sll no informaon
B) That’s the doctor
C) Several doctors are of the same opinion
D) Their advice seems to be the best
E) There’s sll a queson
Cevap
Soru kökündeki Sıfat Cümlesinin zamiri olan “whose” bilindiği gibi hem insanlar hem de canlı-cansız varlıklar için kullanılabil ir.
Ancak Sıfat Cümlesi içindeki “teşhis (diagnosis)” ismini yani teşhisi yapacak bir insan olacağı için doğru cevap B şıkkıdır.
• Noun Clauses (İsim Cümleleri): Sıfat Cümlelerinde olduğu gibi İsim Cümleleri ile ilgili bilgiyi ölçmek için 2 tür
soru tarzı vardır.
1. Soru kökünde that/the fact that, whether/if (not) ve wh- soru zamirlerinden oluşan sorulardır. Bu yapılar kimi
soru köklerinde başta yer alıp Özne (Subject) görevinde olurlar ya da boşluktan sonra gelip Nesne (Object)
veya Özne Tamamlayıcı (Subject Complement) görevini üstlenirler.
Ancak That veya The fact that ile başlayan bir soru kökü hariç,whether veya wh- soru zamirleriyle başlayan soru
köklerine dikkat etmek gerekir, çünkü whether (or not) Zarf Cümlesi olarak da kullanılabilirken, wh- soru zamirlerinin
bazıları (who, where, when, which vb.) Zarf Cümleleri ve/veya Sıfat Cümlelerinde de yer almaktadır.
2. Soru kökünde;
a) S + V ……… (I know ……..)
b) S + to be/V + adj …….. (He was sure …….)
161
c. It + to be/V + adj. ……. (It is certain ……..)

d. S + to be ……… ( The problem is ……..) gibi yapılar söz konusuysa boşluklar that/the fact that, whether (or
not)/ if (or not) veya wh- soru zamiriyle başlayan uygun bir İsim Cümlesi ile doldurulmak zorundadır.
Bu ikinci soru tarzı ile ilgili bilinmesi gereken hususlardan birisi soru kökündeki ilin zamanı Simple Present, Present
Connous, Present Perfect, Future ise İsim Cümlesinde her hangi bir zamanın kullanılabileceğini, eğer soru kökündeki ilin
zamanı Simple Past, Past Connous ise İsim Cümlesinin zamanında sınırlandırma olacağını bilmekr. Bir diğer önemli nokta
da soru kökündeki il veya sıfan anlamına bakarak soru cümlesi mi yoksa düz cümle mi geleceğine karar vermekr.
Örnek Sorular:
1. Dr. Hall's secretary wanted to know……………….
A) unless the pain got worse
B) if I had an appointment
C) that he is feeling beer
D) so the medicine was having bad side eects
E) whether I will take another course of treatment.
Cevap
Soru kökü ille biği için boşluğu bir İsim Cümlesi dolduracakr. Bu yüzden A ve D şıkkı elenir. C ve E şıkkı ise soru
kökündeki ilin zamanı Simple Past olduğu için elenir. Doğru cevap B şıkkıdır.
2. ………………… whether there is whole body exposure or exposure only of parts.

A) The eects of hypothermia depend on
B) The reducon in the metabolic rate that accompanied the hypothermia
C) Abnormal core body temperature above 40°C occurred
D) Children have recovered totally aer hours of submersion in icy waters
E) There have been cases of successfulresuscitaon of those in hypothermia related coma
Cevap
B şıkkı cümle konumunda değildir, çünkü şıkta il bulunmamaktadır. C, D ve E şıkları tam cümle olduklarından
İsim Cümlesi almazlar. Soru kökündeki "whether" İsim Cümlesinden önce gelecek ana cümlenin sonunda whether
sorusunu gertecek il veya sıfat olması gerekir. Doğru cevap A şıkkıdır.
2. Kelime Bilgisi : Cümle Tamamlama sorularında cümle türlerinin yanı sıra önemli olan bir başk a nokta soru kökünde
verilen kelimelerin anlamlarının bilinmesi veya doğru tahmin edilebilmesidir. Kimi sorularda, soru kökünde geçen
örneğin bir fiilin isim hali veya sıfatın zarf hali veya eş anlamlıları doğru şıkta kullanılabilmektedir.
3. Zamirler (Pronouns): Soru kökünde he, she, they, her, his, it, them, itself, my, ours gibi zamirlerin boşluğu dolduracak
cümlede karşılıklarının bulunması çok önemlidir. Bu noktada zamirlerin tekil veya çoğul olması da çok önemlidir. Diğer
taraan soru kökünde özne veya nesne konumunda kullanılan özel veya cins isimlerin boşluğu dolduracak cümlede
uygun zamir hallerinin bulunması da doğru cevaba ulaşmada çok önemlidir.
162
YDS
TEST - 1 4. Though frustraon is a patent factor in elicing

aggressive behaviour, ----.
1. As long as the vicms are dry and reasonably well A) these implicaons could never be sasfactorily
clothed, ----. discarded
A) even natural disasters in cold countries could B) the intensity of the reacon would have been
have been avoided accurately predicted
B) the health hazards of having no place to C) both the availability and inuence of aggressive
shelter aer an earthquake are small models had been taken into consideraon
C) the need to provide emergency shelter aer a D) some children do not react aggressively to
disaster naturally varied greatly blocking and deprivaon
D) food shortages in the immediate aermath of E) the intenon has always been to cause injury
a disaster are almost unavoidable to others
E) the distribuon systems may seriously reduce

the absolute amount of food available aer a
ood
2. When the body has been without adequate food 5. Unl a child is at least three years old ----.
for a long me, ----. A) the amount of milk consumed has usually
A) the digesve system suers in the same way decreased
as an unused muscle B) thumb-sucking could have been overcome
B) herbs will be prescribed in order to increase with humour and paence
the appete C) it is hardly surprising if they need an aernoon
C) this was a serious condion known as anorexia sleep
D) the process of food absorpon could not be D) the usual immunizaon programme will have
hurried been followed
E) an urgent condion was developing calling for E) bed-weng should not be regarded as a
a thorough medical invesgaon problem
6. Tiredness, unlike exhauson, is a condion ----.

3. ---- if they are to remain eecve.
A) which naturally follows a period of unduly
A) Mass vaccinaon programmes may lead to a
hard or intensive work
false sense of security
B) that young children would apparently never
B) Before the vaccines were dispatched
have experienced
refrigeraon facilies in the disaster area
were checked C) that it debilitates young and old alike
C) The vaccinaon policy to be adopted should D) so that a good night’s sleep is all that is needed
have been decided at a naonal level E) as if the body had sent out a warning
D) The vaccinaon campaigns are of prime
importance in any predisaster plan
E) Most vaccines require refrigeraon and
careful handling
163
7. Obstrucve sleep, that is, apnea, can lead to 10. There is nearly always some evidence of vitamin
excessive sleepiness during the day ----. deciency, especially among the elderly, ----.
A) why oxygen levels in the blood fall A) which increased their nutrional requirements,
B) so that vicms are unaware of the disturbed making their usual diet insucient
sleep paern B) even if paents had not developed a
C) which makes suerers more accident-prone nutrional disorder
D) whether snoring is actually a serious health C) however well nourished the community as a
problem whole may appear to be
E) since there are several physical factors D) while energy expenditure could vary
contribung to sleep dicules enormously from person to person
E) as ocial recommendaons were being
blatantly disregarded
8. ----, water-borne diseases such as cholera will 11. The Victorian father was very much the autocrat
never be stamped out. in his home, ----.
A) Though there has always been an abundant A) though his wife was supreme in her own
supply of water in these parts domain
B) So long as the’ naves are educated in the B) that has been the subject of many lms of the
ways of hygiene age
C) Unl their understanding of hygiene had been C) even if his children have behaved as they liked
reinforced elsewhere
D) Unless there is a safe water supply D) even if there is a queen on the throne
E) If the mere boiling of water were adequate E) so daughters in parcular know what is
permissible and what is not
9. Some thirty years ago a group of doctors working 12. The story of the Trojan War is told in Homer’s
on diabecs began to suspect ----. Iliad ----.
A) since there had been a relaonship between A) whereas the posion of Troy was of vital
sugar intake and aging importance for the control of sea trac
B) that sugar aects how the body ages between the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara
C) whether their paents aged unduly rapidly B) whereby the war was ended through the trick
D) even though sugars are an indispensable of the Wooden Horse
source of energy C) while, according to others, Troy was destroyed
E) since it was likely to delay the inevitable by re
process of growing old D) so that, in the late 3rd millennium B.C., Troy
became a prosperous trading centre
E) where Achilles is the major hero of the Greeks,
and Hector of the Trojans
164
YDS
13. As Haring’s short but intensely acve career 16. ----, they will know how to cope even in such a
shows, ----. desperate situaon.
A) so that ne arsts could reach a broader A) If the remen had been trained to meet any
public eventuality
B) it is sll possible for original arsts to aract B) Since they are experienced Red Cross workers
the aenon of a wide public C) Though relief supplies came too late
C) in addion to what had been achieved so far D) As soon as the medical supplies came through
D) unless these arsts wanted to reach a wider E) Even before anyone capable of supervising
public the work appeared
E) if only he hasn’t commied himself to
commercial interests
14. ----, unless they are put into force eecvely and 17. Since worrying never puts anything right, ----?
immediately. A) what is the point of worrying
A) The company shows every sign of going B) were they really convinced of the feasibility of
bankrupt the plan
B) That isn’t the way to stop drug abuse C) hadn’t the me come to reach a nal decision
C) If s not enough simply to catch criminals and D) has the money sll not been accounted for
put them on trial
E) why are his worries so irraonal
D) These new measures won’t have any
signicant eect upon the economy
E) The answer is not simply to increase the nes
for trac oences
15. If only he’d sought the advice of an expert ----. 18 ----, the landscape is rich with autumn colours.
A) Before we have begun to appreciate it
A) the whole family had been spared a great deal
of worry B) As poets love to sing of
B) his nancial posion has already started to C) Even unl the snow came
improve D) Wherever you look
C) his business aairs wouldn’t be in such a E) If he hasn’t realized it
terrible state now
D) the legal charges have obviously been
needlessly excessive
E) the situaon hadn’t got completely out of
control
165
19. ----, he was succeeded by Dr David Owen, who at 22. Though it is important to clear the whole area of
the age of 37, was the youngest person to hold a cancer, ----.
this oce over the past forty years. A) as much healthy ssue as possible must be le
A) Apart from the fact that Anthony Crosland had behind
inuenced the Prime Minister B) more cancerous cells could have been
B) However opposed to the European Union removed
Anthony Crosland and some of his colleaques C) the brain tumor was the major excepon
may have been D) with the laser a breakthrough in treatment
C) When Britain’s Foreign Secretary Anthony seems likely
Crosland died in February 1977 E) stascally, the chances of recovery seem to
D) Unless Anthony Crosland had a landslide be the same
victory in the elecons
E) If Anthony Crosland had reached an agreement
with some African leaders on further trade
23. Even if broccoli doesn’t protect one from colon
concessions
cancer, ----.
A) some authories connued to argue that it
did
20. Unl people got into the habit of collecng and B) one can’t enjoy it more than twice a week
arranging documents ----.
C) several other vegetables were found to be
A) the best type of history is. aer all, social and equally rich in vitamins
personal D) it certainly has other benecial funcons
B) it was virtually impossible to record history E) it might also increase the risk of heart trouble
with any degree of accuracy
C) the present preferred style of history had
already come into being
24. ---- that acve people need more protein than do
D) the archeological evidence would have been
sedentary people.
adequate
A) They ignored the essenal aim of the project
E) our atude to modem trends may have been
B) The evidence we have gathered through our
mistaken
research suggests
C) Long-distance runners are exceponal
D) The reference is to athletes in training
21. If the problem is caught in me, ----.
E) Acvies of all kinds are encouraged
A) one must sincerely hope that the war on
hunger will be won
B) several types of treatment had proved
eecve 25. As he is very advanced in age, ----.
C) these paents were three mes less likely to A) the others scarcely seemed worried by it
have heart aacks B) I wished I could have sent for his daughter
D) dysentery has further depleted the store of C) they will operate on him only in the last resort
nutrients in the body D) no one will be prepared for such an event
E) the life of a starving child may be saved by E) any other paent would have complained
careful nutrion therapy bierly
166
YDS
TEST 2 5. Some studies report greater weight losses ----.

A) as if movaon can be taken into account
1. Some people may be obese ----. B) which had already been conrmed
A) that the real cause is under acvity C) when people eat or drink arcially sweetened
B) although they eat far too much products
C) because they spend too lile energy D) because the last meal of the day would be a light
D) if this would jeopardise health one
E) as oen as they go on a new diet E) though there is a “sugar-free” label on the packet
6. The central concept of Freud’s theory in The

Interpretaon of Dreams is ----.
2. The results of these experiments suggest ----.
A) that dreams reveal a censored representaon of
A) that such a serious heart condion has
our inner feelings and concerns
responded to treatment
B) whether the brain rids itself of unnecessary
B) that genecs does not play an important role in
informaon by dreaming
determining a person’s suscepbility to cancer
C) because dreaming takes place only during REM
C) whether the body can adapt itself to such a
sleep
drasc change
D) the fact that mammals exhibit the various REM-
D) if all such fat gains were followed by
associated characteriscs observed in humans
corresponding losses
E) a major part of human acvity is sex- orientated
E) where the adverse reacons are certainly quite
minor
7. Researchers in Northern Ireland quesoned a
group of young mothers to nd out ----.
A) how many of them have been unable to aend
the local clinic
3. In this chart, each group has been color-coded ----.
B) whether they are beneng from the services of
A) though these aren’t the major sources for the
health professionals
data
C) if there has been a need for emoonal support
B) that are listed at the head of each page
D) what specialist services will be most appreciated
C) as if there will have been several dierent
E) why they had given up breaseeding
categories
D) which makes it easier to nd individual items
8. ----, but some were traumazed by the pressure of
E) which would have helped to conserve space
blood leaking from the split artery.
A) As soon as brain cells were damaged by the lack
of blood
B) Not only did some of the brain cells die from the
4. His temperature has returned to normal ----. lack of blood
A) unl he goes o to another football match C) Providing brain cells died from the lack of blood
B) if he stays quietly at home for a day or two D) When brain cells died as a result of a blockage in
C) that he will take two more aspirins in the evening the artery
D) why we all worried so much about him E) Despite the fact that brain cells were damaged
E) so there is no need to call a doctor as a result of a blockage in the artery
167
9. According to one study, electric toothbrushes are 13. Though there were 1,100 cases of E. coli 0157 in
only beer than manual ones ----. Britain last year, ----.
A) if they are of the right design A) the infecon had been picked up at an unknown
B) whose head spins rapidly to and from source
C) unless they rotate in just one direcon B) fewer than 20 per cent were due to food
D) which were obviously much cheaper poisoning
E) since the vibrang type is not recommended C) fast-food companies have rarely been at fault
D) a day out in the country might have been just as
dangerous
E) animals are undoubtedly the main threat
10. ---- blood transfusion should be undertaken at
once.
A) As spontaneous improvement occasionally 14. Though medicaon can alleviate the symptoms of
occurs depression, ----.
B) Since all marrow elements were depleted A) the prognosis fell short of expectaons
C) When anaemia is so severe that life is B) it had increased dramacally over the years
endangered C) it cannot exnguish the disease
D) Though the diagnosis turned out to be incorrect D) it would somemes have a reverse eect
E) As the haemoglobin level had been falling E) they were sure to connue indenitely
gradually for some me
15. ---- that ancipaon and expectaon might be
11. The brain requires a very high rate of blood ow --- linked to genuine health benets.
-. A) Opmism can aid recovery from many chronic
A) if one of the major arteries had become blocked disorders
B) why aenon to respiratory funcons is so B) Mood changes are linked to stress hormone
important for paents with brain damage levels
C) that it cannot store glucose or use anaerobic C) There is considerable evidence to suggest
metabolism D) Pleasurable experiences can in themselves be as
D) as its metabolic rate is very high benecial
E) which could have led to a rise in intracranial E) The absence of hope stands in the way of
pressure recovery
12. ---- why genes inuence human behaviour. 16. ---- how the brain works by modelling its workings
A) The book gives an extremely lucid account of with convenonal computer soware.
B) Evoluonary psychology is indeed a controversial A) Communicaon between neurons and silicon is
eld feasible
C) There’s also a survey of the most interesng B) Some researchers are aempng to nd out
research carried out in the eld C) In the brain, single neurons are not nearly so
D) Such knowledge is now made accessible to the important as groups
average intelligent reader D) The human brain is a highly complex organ
E) Altogether, the book has a refreshingly balanced E) The technology might well be more useful for
perspecve medical implants
168
YDS
17. ---- to which adults are very sensive. 20. American interest in the African economy has
A) Babies cry an average 4,000 mes before the recently intensied ----.
age of two A) that many American companies had invested
B) Crying is an alarm signal that aracts the parent heavily in mining
C) Crying and laughing are actually very close B) even if the Bush administraon fully supports
D) The therapeuc benets of crying cannot be the American involvement in Africa
ignored C) as a series of arcles published in The New York
E) Babies cry in a pitch Times last year gave the issue new prominence
D) because most American mulnaonals had
recognized that Africa might constute a threat
E) before the United Naons began carrying out a
survey country by country
18. Much has been wrien about theories of 21. ----, there is rarely one simple cause.
knowledge, ----. A) Though the results of the incident were
A) that philosophical discussions in general devastang
threaten empirical research and should B) However closely the boy kept his secret
therefore be avoided
C) Since so many children witness violence within
B) though lile aenon has been given to their their own family
implicaons for empirical research
D) When biological factors were also involved
C) unless they can resolve some of the problems
E) When young people manifest serious emoonal
faced by social sciensts
problems
D) whether the status of social science is seriously
in doubt
E) in case methodology needs to be crical and not
merely descripve
19. Hungary was founded by peoples of Finno-Ugrian 22. The Minister emphasized how necessary it was ----.
and Asiac Turkish origin ----. A) if inaon could have been avoided
A) who had moved westward in the early Middle B) that all instuons should be willing to work
Ages and conquered the nave Slavs with the government to bring down inaon
B) as they were tradionally called “the Magyars” C) as long as private enterprises worked alongside
C) so that they could have escaped persecuon by state instuons to ensure prosperity
their enemies D) if privazaon may be desirable and cost-
D) even though their leader Arpad united them eecve
E) so long as Arpad’s warriors had been a E) as, in my opinion, unemployment is the crucial
community of free and equal men factor
169
23. When we stop trying to t people into a common

mold, ----.
A) it should be realized that people develop
dierently
B) their natural talents as well as their limitaons
became apparent
C) people who don’t t the mold are regarded as
stupid
D) we’ll be able to produce brighter, more eecve
cizens
E) this should be recognized by educators and
parents alike
24. Although the colonists enjoyed unusual prosperity

at least unl 1764, ----.
A) Britain would have aempted to ghten imperial
supervision
B) the system did, in fact, t the needs of the new
country
C) they had, nevertheless, certain economic
grievances
D) only the commercial laws have irritated the
colonists
E) monetary legislaon came in too late
25. ---- if there are no shared acvies.

A) It is almost impossible to create a sense of
community
B) Cultural diversity has many advocates
C) The problem with relavism is that it has led,
almost inevitably, to separasm
D) Too many people failed to recognize the dangers
of diversity
E) This sense of common purpose would have
been undermined
170
3. TRANSLATION & TESTS
Bu bölümde Türkçe-İngilizce ve İngilizce-Türkçe çevirileri detaylı olarak ele almadan önce, iki dilde cümleyi oluşturan
öğelerin sıralanışında, yan cümle ve temel cümlelerin yerinde ve dil bilgisi kurallarında farklılık olduğu bilinmelidir.
En basit şekliyle, Etken bir Türkçe cümlenin öğelerinin sıralanışı “ÖZNE + NESNE + YÜKLEM” iken, bu sıralama Etken
bir İngilizce cümlede “ÖZNE + YÜKLEM + NESNE” şeklindedir. Ayrıca Türkçede Gizli Özne denen bir unsur varken
İngilizcede böyle bir durum söz konusu değildir.
Çeviri Sorularında Dikkat Edilecek Noktalar:

1. Hem İngilizce-Türkçe, hem de Türkçe-İngilizce çeviri sorularında ilk izlenecek yol, cümlenin YÜKLEMİNİN tespit
edilmesi ve yukarıda verilen Türkçe ve İngilizce cümlelerde yüklemin nerede yer aldığını iyi bilmekr. Sadece
yüklemin doğru tespi ve analiziyle bile bazı çeviri sorularında doğru cevaba ulaşabilmeniz mümkün olabilir.
Cümlenin yüklemini analiz ederek,
• Cümlenin zamanının ne olduğu,
• Etken mi yoksa edilgen bir yapıyamı sahip olduğu,
• Olumlu mu yoksa olumsuz mu olduğu hakkında bilgi ediniriz.
Bu noktada unutulmaması gereken bir husus, Türkçedekinin aksine Modals yani kiplerin illerin önüne gerilmesidir
(can come, must stay, couldn’t go, don’t have to read gibi).
Fakat, İngilizcede read, write, think, hope, want, speak gibi hem durum hem de eylem belirten illerin dışında
zamanlara göre çekimi olan TO BE (am-is-are/ was-were/ have been-has been/ had been/ will be gibi) ili ve bu
ili takip eden bir tümleç gelebilir. İngilizcede sıfat veya ismi Türkçedeki gibi cümlenin yüklemi yapmak söz konusu
olmadığı için bu ilden yararlanılır.
Örneğin;
Kuduz çok korku verici bir hastalıkr, çünkü belirleri bir kez ortaya çıkğında kesinlikle öldürücüdür.
Cümle incelendiğinde ilk cümledeki hastalık bir isimdir ve sonuna gelen –r ekiyle cümlenin yüklemi olmuştur. Aynı
şekilde, ölümcül sıfatının sonuna –dür eki getirilerek sıfat cümlede yüklem görevini üstlenmiştir.
Bu cümlenin İngilizceye çevirisinde TO BE ilinden yararlanılır:
Rabies is a very frightening disease because once symptoms develop, itis absolutely fatal.
2. İngilizce cümlede yer alan There is – There are gibi yapılar çoğunlukla “vardır” ya da “bulunmaktadır” şeklinde
çevrilir. Ancak there’den sonra gelen to be ilinin hangi zamanda kullanıldığına dikkat edilmelidir.
3. Gerek İngilizceden Türkçeye, gerekse Türkçeden İngilizceye çeviri sorularında cümlelerdeki İsim Cümlesi (Noun
Clause), Sıfat Cümlesi (Relave/Adjecve Clasue) ve Bağlaçlara (Conjuncons) / Zarf Cümlesine (Adverbial Clause),
Geçişlere (Transions) dikkat edilmelidir.
171
A. İsim cümleleri (Noun Clauses) :

• That the Ministry of Health has recently put new health reform into acon has been appreciated by the majority of
İSİM CÜMLESİ (NOUN CLAUSE) - ÖZNE (SUBJECT)
the public.
Sağlık Bakanlığının yeni sağlık reformunu hayata geçirmesi toplumun büyük bir bölümü tarandan takdir edilmişr.
İSİM CÜMLESİ - ÖZNE (SUBJECT)
• Studies have shown that aminoguanidine lowers diabecs’ urine albumin.

İSİM CÜMLESİ (NOUN CLASUSE) – NESNE (OBJECT)
Araşrmalar,aminoguanidinin, şeker hastalarının idrar albüminini düşürdüğünügöstermişr.
İSİM CÜMLESİ -NESNE (OBJECT)
• We are not sure about what the reasons are for the rapid spread of the disease in the area.
SIFAT İSİM CÜMLESİ
Bölgede hastalığın hızlı yayılmasının sebeplerinin ne olduğu konusunda emin değiliz.
İSİM CÜMLESİ
• The main problem is that there are sll not enough beds in most of the public hospitals.
İSİM (NOUN) + TO BE İSİM CÜMLESİ (NOUN CLAUSE)
Asıl sorunçoğu devlet hastanelerinde hala yeterli yatak sayısının olmamasıdır .

İSİM CÜMLESİ
B. Sıfat Cümleleri (Adjecve/Relave Clauses) :

Her iki dilde de Sıfat Cümlelerinin görevi ismi nitelemekr. Fakat iki dil arasındaki en önemli fark; İngilizcede Sıfat
Cümlesi ismin arkasına gelirken, Türkçede ismin önüne gelir. Bu yüzden İngilizceden Türkçeye çeviri yapılırken ilk önce
Sıfat Cümlesi çevrilir ve isme bağlanır. Türkçeden İngilizceye çevirilerde de bunun tersi yapılır. İngilizcede bir insanı
tanımlarken kullanılan who, whom, that, whose; nesneyi, olguyu, hayvanı tanımlamak için kullanılan which, that,
whose, …. of whcih; yeri tanımlamak için kullanılan where ve zamanı tanımlamak için kullanılanwhen’in yanı sıra
tüm cümleyi tanımlamak için cümlenin sonuna virgülden sonra gerilen which cümlesi genellikle “ki bu da” şeklinde
başlayarak çevrilir.
• There are several types of malaria which vary in frequency from one part of the world to another.
NOUN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Sıklık bakımından dünyanın bir bölgesinden ötekine farklılık gösteren değişik sıtma türleri bulunmaktadır.
SIFAT CÜMLESİ İSİM
172
YDS
• In Alzheimer’s disease, cells are lost in certain parts of the brain, includingthe areas that are important in thinking and
recalling. NOUN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Alzheimer hastalığında, düşünme ve harlama için önemli olan alanlar dahil, beynin belli kesimlerinde hücreler
SIFAT CÜMLESİ İSİM
kayba uğrar.
• People who do not consume milk products or other calcium rich foodsthat provide even half of the recommended
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (1) ADJ. CLAUSE (2)
amount may benet from calcium supplements.
Tavsiye edilen kalsiyum miktarının yarısını bile karşılayacakmiktarda süt ürünleri ya da kalsiyum bakımından zengin
SIFAT CÜMLESİ (1) (2)
diğer besinleri tüketmeyen insanlar kalsiyum desteğinden yararlanabilirler.
C. Bağlaçlar (Conjuncons) / Zarf Cümleleri (Adverbial Clauses) ve Geçişler (Transions)

Bu konu her iki dilde de çok kapsamlıdır. Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken hususların başında yer (where, wherever,
vb.), zaman (when, while, aer, before, unl, by the me, vb.), sebep (because, since, as, vb.), zıtlık (although, even
though, though, while, whereas, vb.), koşul (if, providing that, unless, vb.), sonuç (so +adj/adv+that ) gibi zarf cümlesi
veya bağlaçların İngilizce cümlelerde birinci veya ikinci cümle konumunda olabileceği vardır. Bu bağlaç türlerinden
herhangi birisinin bulunduğu İngilizce bir cümlede bu bağlaçlar ikinci cümle konumunda bile olsa Türkçeye çevirirken
birinci cümle konumunda çevrilmelidir. Türkçe'den İngilizce'ye çeviri yaparken ise bu bağlaçların İngilizcede birinci
veya ikinci cümle konumunda olabileceği unutulmamalıdır.
Diğer taraan so, therefore, however, likewise, in addion, in contrast, on the contrary, aerwards, later gibi iki cümle
arasında kullanılan Geçişlerin (Transions) bulunduğu cümlelerin çevirisinde cümle sıralarının yerinde değişiklik
yapılmadan çevrilir.
Örnekler:
• Because much is sll unknown about breast cancer and no single treatment works all the me, doctors may have
dierent opinions about the most appropriate treatment.
- Göğüs kanseri hakkında çok şey hâlâ bilinmediğinden ve hiçbir tedavi tek başına her zaman sonuç
vermediğinden, hekimler, en uygun tedaviye ilişkin farklı görüşlere sahip olabilirler.
• Alcohol was used for centuries as an anaesthec, but it was dicult to determine the correct dosage because
doctors could never be sure how much would be fatal.
- Alkol yüzyıllar boyunca anestek olarak kullanılmışr, ancak doğru dozu belirlemek zordu çünkü doktorlar ne
kadarının öldürücü olacağından asla emin olamıyorlardı.
173
• Chewing destroys the structure of the food mechanically, while the saliva starts breaking down the food
chemically.
- Tükürük besini kimyasal olarak parçalamaya baslarken çiğneme besinin yapısını mekanik olarak bozar.
• Women with hypertension do not have the increased risk of preeclampsiaprovided blood pressure measurements
are within normal limits throughout pregnancy.
- Kan basıncı ölçümleri gebelik boyunca normal tutulması koşuluyla, yüksek tansiyonlu kadınlar, artmış
preeklampsi riski taşımazlar.
• Although cells may appear to be very diverse, the fundamental features are remarkably similar.
- Her ne kadar hücreler çok farklı gibi görünse de temel özellikleri dikkate değer şekilde benzerdir.
• Following surgery, there is oen intermient pain which may increase when the paent coughs or laughs or
when the dressings are changed.
- Ameliyat sonrasında, hasta öksürdüğü veya güldüğünde ya da sargıları değişrildiğinde artabilen, genellikle
aralıklı bir ağrı vardır.
174
YDS
TEST - 1 (İNGİLİZCE-TÜRKÇE) 2. Japan’s Prime Minister, Yoshiro Mori has warned

Japanese researchers to avoid a proposed
1. As it was also pointed out by one of the speakers internaonal project to clone humans.
this morning, the colonial history of America is A) Japonya Basbakanı Yoshiro Mori’nin yapğı
in part the story of the expansion of Europe and uyarı uzerine, Japon arasrmacılar insanları
of the rivalries of European naons for territorial klonlamak icin baslalan uluslararası projede
gains. yer almayacaklar.
A) Bu sabah da konusmacılardan biri, Amerika’nın B) Japon arasrmacılar, insanları klonlamak
koloni dönemi tarihinde gerek Avrupa’nın amacıyla hicbir uluslararası projeye
yayılmacılığına gerekse Avrupa devletlerinin kalmamaları konusunda Basbakan Yoshiro
toprak elde etmek icin birbir1eriyle Mori tarandan uyarılmısr.
casmalarına iliskin oykulerin onemli bir yeri C) Japon arasrmacılar, Basbakan Yoshiro
olduğunu belir. Mori tarandan uyarıldıkları icin, insanları
B) Bu sabahki konusmacılardan birinin klonlamaya yonelik uluslar arası hicbir projeye
belirğine gore, koloni dönemi Amerikan kalmamaya karar verdiler.
tarihi, belli bir noktaya kadar, hem Avrupa’nın D) Japonya Basbakanı Yoshiro Mori, insanları
genislemesinin hem de Avrupa devletlerinin klonlamak icin teklif edilmis olan uluslar arası
toprak kazanımına yonelik rekabetlerinin bir bir projeden uzak durmaları konusunda Japon
oykusu olarak algılanır. arasrmacıları uyarmısr.
C) Bu sabah konusmacılardan biri tarandan E) Japonya Basbakanı Yoshiro Mori’nin yapğı
belirldiği gibi, Amerika’nın koloni dönemi uyarılar, Japon arasrmacıların insanları
tarihi bir bakıma, Avrupa’nın yayılmasının klonlamak icin uygulamaya, konulan uluslar
ve toprak kazanımı icin Avrupa devletlerinin arası projeden cekilmelerine neden oldu.
rekabenin bir oykusudur.
D) Konusmacılardan bir tanesinin bu sabah iddia
eği gibi, koloni dönemi Amerikan tarihi,
kısmen de olsa Avrupa’nın buyumesinin
değil Avrupa devletlerinin toprak elde etme
mucadelelerinin bir oykusudur.
E) Bu sabahki bir konusmacının vurguladığı
gibi, Avrupa’nın yayılma isteği ve Avrupa
devletlerinin toprak kazanmak icin birbirleriyle
casmalarının oykusu bir dereceye kadar
koloni dönemi Amerikan tarihini olusturur.
175
3. In a report prepared by a biparsan commiee, 4. As some columnists have also pointed out, the
it is recommended that the President should give year 2000 was a year in which the world shied
his science adviser more authority to let research its balance.
objecves and coordinate the budgets of the 20 A) Bazı kose yazarlarının belirğine gore,
or so research agencies. dunyadaki dengeler 2000 yılında oldukca
A) İki parli bir kurul tarandan hazırlanan değismisr.
raporda, Baskan’ın, arasrma hedeerini B) 2000 yılında dunyanın dengesini değisrdiği,
belirlemede ve 20 kadar arasrma kurulusunun bazı kose yazarlarının ortak gorusudur.
butcelerinin esgudumunu sağlamada kendi C) Bazı kose yazarları, 2000 yılında dunyanın
bilim danısmanına daha cok yetki vermesi dengesinin değisği konusunda gorus birliği
tavsiye edilmek1edir. icindedir.
B) Karma bir kurul tarandan hazırlanan raporda, D) Bazı kose yazarlarının da belirği gibi, 2000
Baskan’ın bilim danısmanıyla birlikte arasrma yılı dunyanın dengesini değisrdiği yıl oldu.
polikalarının ortaya konması ve 20’ye E) Bazı kose yazarlarının da vurguladığı gibi,
yakın arasrma kurulusunun butcelerinin dunya dengesinin en cok değisği yıl, 2000
esgudumunun sağlanması icin daha cok yetki yılıdır.
kullanması tavsiye edilmektedir.
C) Baskan, iki parli bir kurulun hazırladığı
rapordaki oneriye uyarak, kendi bilim
danısmanına arasrma hedeerini ortaya
koymak ve 20 kadar arasrma kurulusunun
butceleri arasında esgudum sağlamak
konusunda daha cok yetki vermisr.
D) İki parnin uyelerinden olusan kurul,
hazırladıkları raporda, arasrma alanları
belirlemek ve 20’ye yakın arasrma 5. The German poet Goried Benn, who was born
kurulusunun butceleri arasında esgudumu in Prussia, spent most of his life in Berlin as a
sağlamak amacıyla bilim danısmanlarına medical specialist.
daha fazla yetki verilmesini Baskan’a tavsiye A) Prusya’da doğmus olan Alman sair Goried
etmisr. Benn, yasamının buyuk bir bolumunu Berlin’de
E) Karma bir kurul tarandan hazırlanan raporda p uzmanı olarak gecirdi.
yer alan onerilerden biri de Baskan’ın, bilim B) Prusya doğumlu olan Alman sair Goried
danısmanın arasrma hedeerini ortaya Benn, bir p uzmanı olarak tum yasamını
koyması ve 20’den fazla arasrma kurulusunun Berlin’de gecirdi.
butcelerinin esgudumunu yapması konusunda C) Prusya’da doğan Alman sair Goried Benn,
tam yetki vermesidir. Berlin’deki yasamını hep p alanındaki
calısmalarla gecirmisr.
D) Prusya’da doğan ve bir p uzmanı olan Alman
sair Goried Benn, yasamının hemen hemen
tumunu Ber1in’de gecirmisr.
E) Yasamının onemli bir bolumunu Berlin’de
geciren Alman sair Goried Benn, Prusya’da
doğmus bir p uzmanıydı.
176
YDS
6. A balanced diet containing correct amounts of 7. The Beni-lsrael is a Jewish community of some
the basic food substances is essenal, but there thousands, known as the White Jewish and found
is no evidence that when, or at what intervals, chiey in Bombay and the coastal towns of south-
one eats makes the slighlest dierence. west India.
A) Dengeli beslenmenin temel gıda maddelerini A) Birkac bin kisiden olusan Beni-İsrail Yahudi
yeterli miktarda icermesi sarr, ancak ne topluluğu, genellikle Beyaz Yahudilerden
zaman ve hangi aralıklarla yemek yenildiğinin olusur ve bunlar Guneyba Hindistan’ın
bu hususta herhangi bir fark yaratmadığı Bombay ve oteki kıyı kentlerinde toplanmısr.
kanıtlanmısr. B) Bombay ve Guneyba Hindistan’ın kıyı
B) Dengeli beslenmede doğru miktarda bulunması kentlerinde yasayan birkac bin nufuslu Beni-
sart olan temel gıda maddelerinin ne zaman İsrail Yahudi topluluğu, genellikle Beyaz
ve hangi aralıklarla yenmesi gerekğine iliskin Yahudiler olarak bilinmektedir.
en ufak bir kanıt bulunamamısr. C) Birkac bin nufuslu bir Yahudi topluluğu
C) Temel gıda maddelerini doğru miktarlarda olan Beni-İsrail icinde Beyaz Yahudiler
iceren dengeli bir beslenme esasr, ancak olarak bilinenler, Bombay dâhil Guneyba
ne zaman veya hangi aralıklarla yemek Hindistan’ın kıyı kentlerinde bulunmaktadır.
yenildiğinin en ufak bir fark olusturduğuna D) Beni-İsrail olarak bilinen ve nufusu birkac bini
iliskin kanıt bulunmamaktadır. gecmeyen Beyaz Yahudi topluluğu, Bombay
D) Dengeli olması icin beslenmenin temel dâhil Guneyba Hindistan’ın kıyı kentlerinde
gıda maddelerini doğru oranlarda icermesi yasar
onemlidir, ancak yemeğin ne zaman veya E) Beni-İsrail, Beyaz Yahudiler olarak bilinen ve
hangi aralıklarla yenmesi gerekği konusunda genellikle Bombay ve Guneyba Hindistan’ın
en ufak bir kanıt henuz yoktur. kıyı kentlerinde mbulunan birkac bin nufuslu
E) Dengeli beslenmek icin esas olan temel gıda bir Yahudi topluluğudur.
maddelerinin ne miktarda yenmesi gerekği
bilinmektedir, fakat bunların yenme zamanı
ve aralıklarının nasıl bir fark yaratacağı
konusunda kesin bir bilgi yoktur.
177
8. Ten years ago there was not enough electricity 10. Some psychologists are of the opinion that
available in the region to support the, selnterest is the basic reason why humans tend
extraordinary growth we have experienced over to cooperate.
the last two years. A) Bazı psikologlar, insanların isbirliği yapmaya
A) Son iki yılda gozlediğimiz hızlı buyumeyi eğilimli olmalarında temel nedenin, kisisel
destekleyecek kadar elektrik, son on yıl icinde cıkar olduğu gorusendedirler.
bile urelmemis. B) Bazı psikologların dusuncesine gore, insanları
B) Son iki yılda gorduğumuz muazzam buyumeyi isbirliği yapmaya zorlayan asıl etken kisisel
desteklemek icin on yıl oncesinde bolgede cıkardır.
yeterli elektrik bulunması gerekiyordu. C) Bazı psikologlara gore, kisisel cıkar1ar, insanları
C) On yıl once, bolgede son iki yılda yasadığımız isbir1iği yapmaya eğilimli yapar.
olağanustu buyumeyi destekleyecek yeterli D) Bazı psikologlar, insanların isbirliği yapmasının
elektrik mevcut değildi. temelinde, kisisel cıkarları goruyorlar.
D) On yıl oncesi gibi, son iki yılda gorulen E) Bazı psikologların da belirği gibi, kisisel
olağanustu buyumeyi desteklemeye yetecek cıkar, insanların isbirliği yapma eğiliminde
elektrik yoktu. olmalarının baslıca nedenidir.
E) On yıl once bolgede elektrik bulunmadığı icin
son iki yıldan beri gorulen muazzam buyumeyi 11. Old Istanbul, enclosed within the sll impressive
desteklemek cok zor oldu. walls, largely retains the air of an ancient city,
with clusters of picturesque old houses, historical
monuments and the splendour of the Ooman
period.
A) Pek cok renkli, eski evleri ve tarihi anıtlarıyla
9. At the end of World War I the great powers felt Osmanlı doneminin ihsamını buyuk
that internaonal relaons should be conducted olcude korumakta olan eski İstanbul, hala
solely on the basis of jusce. etkileyici surların icinde eski bir kent havasını
A) I. Dunya Savası’nın sonunda guclenen devletler, tasımaktadır.
uluslararası iliskilerin tamamen adalet temeli B) Sıra sıra renkli eski evleri, tarihi anıtları ve
uzerine oturtulmasını arzu ediyorlardı. Osmanlı doneminin ihsamıyla eski bir kent
B) I. Dunya Savası sonunda, buyuk gucler uluslar havasını buyuk olcude korumakta olan eski
arası iliskilerin sadece adalet temeli uzerinde Đstanbul, her zaman etkileyici gorunumdeki
surdurulmesi gerekğini dusunuyorlardı. surlarla cevrilidir.
C) I. Dunya Savası sonunda, buyuk gucler yalnızca C) Halen eski bir kent havasını tasıyan eski İstanbul,
adalet temeline dayalı olan uluslar arası etkileyici muazzam surları, yer yer renkli eski
iliskilerin doğru olduğuna inanıyorlardı. evleri ve tarihi anıtlarıyla Osmanlı doneminin
D) Buyuk devletlerin I. Dunya Savası sonundaki ihsamını buyuk olcude korumaktadır.
ortak gorusu, uluslararası iliskilerin tamamen D) Hala etkileyici surların icine kapanmıs olan eski
adalet temeli uzerine kurulması gerekği istanbul, kume kume renkli eski evleri, tarihi
yolundaydı. anıtları ve Osmanlı doneminin ihsamıyla buyuk
E) I. Dunya Savası sonunda, uluslararası iliskilerin olcude eski bir kent havasını korumaktadır.
sadece adalet temeli uzerinde yurutulmesi E) Etkileyici muazzam surlarla cevrili eski İstanbul,
gerekğine inanan devletler buyuk bir guc yer yer renkli eski evleri ve tarihi anıtlarıyla
haline geldi. Osmanlı doneminin ihsamını anımsatan eski
bir kent havasını buyuk olcude surdurmektedir.
178
YDS
12. Since the Brish Factories Act of 1961 does not 13. Scienc research can cost extremely high,
give an explicit statutory denion of the term especially if it involves the use of expensive
accident, the courts have dened “accident” equipment.
as any unintended and unexpected occurrence A) Bilimsel arasrmaların maliyenin cok yuksek
which produces hurt or loss”. olmasının baslıca nedeni pahalı ekipman
A) 1961 İngiliz Fabrikalar Yasası, “kaza” kullanılmasıdır.
sozcuğunun anlasılabilir bir yasal tanımını B) Ozellikle pahalı ekipman kullanılması zorunlu
vermediği icin, “kaza”, mahkemelerce, zarara olan bilimsel arasrmalar cok pahalıya mal
veya kayba neden olan kasıtsız ve beklenmedik olmaktadır.
bir olay olarak tanımlanmısr. C) Bilimsel arasrma, cok pahalıya mal olsa
B) 1961 İngiliz Fabrikalar Yasası “kaza” da, ozellikle pahalı ekipman kullanmayı
sozcuğunun acık bir mevzuat tanımını gerekrmektedir.
vermediği icin, mahkemeler, “kaza”yı, zarara D) Bilimsel arasrma, ozellikle pahalı ekipman
veya kayba yol acan kasıtsız ve beklenmedik kullanmayı gerekriyorsa, cok pahalıya mal
bir olay olarak tanımlamıslardır. olabiliyor.
C) “Kaza” sozcuğunun yeterli bir yasal tanımı 1961 E) Bilimsel arasrmada cok pahalı ekipman
Đngiliz Fabrikalar Yasası’nda verilmediğinden, kullanılması gerekiyorsa doğal olarak maliyet
bu sozcuğunun tanımı, mahkemelerce, “zarar” de cok yuksek olur.
veya kayıp yaratan kasıtsız ve beklenmeyen bir
olay olarak belirlenmisr.
D) “Kaza” sozcuğunun tarsmasız yasal bir
tanımı 1961 Đngiliz Fabrikalar Yasası’nda
verilmemis olduğu icin, mahkemelere
gore, “kaza”, zarara veya kayba neden olan, 14. Since very lile of its land is suitable for farming,
kasıtsız ve beklenmeyen her turlu olay olarak Alaska imports about 90 percent of its food from
tanımlanmaktadır. the other states.
E) 1961 İngiliz Fabrikalar Yasasında, “kaza” A) Topraklarının cok azı tarıma elverisli olduğu
sozcuğunun tam bir yasal tanımı verilmemis icin Alaska yiyeceğinin yaklasık yuzde
olmasına rağmen, mahkemeler “kaza”yı, doksanını diğer eyaletlerden ithal eder.
zarar veya kayıp meydana gerip kasıtsız ve B) Tarıma elverisli toprakları cok az olan
beklenmeyen bir olay olarak, tanımlamaya Alaska’nın yiyecek gereksiniminin hemen
calısmıslardır. hemen yuzde doksanı diğer eyaletlerden ithal
edilmektedir.
C) Yiyeceğinin yaklasık yuzde doksanını
diğer eyaletlerden ithal eden Alaska’nın
topraklarının cok azı tarıma elverislidir.
D) Topraklarının neredeyse yuzde doksanı tarıma
uygun olmayan Alaska, yiyecek gereksiniminin
buyuk bir bolumunu diğer eyaletlerden
karsılar.
E) Topraklan tarıma pek elverisli olmayan
Alaska’nın diğer eyaletlerden ithalanın
neredeyse yuzde doksanı yiyecek maddesidir.
179
15. Lighng at airports is essenal for night ying or 17. Much of the progress in the natural sciences
during periods of poor dayme visibility. during the 18th century was due to the work of
A) Gece ucusları ya da gunduz gorusun kotu the Swedish botanist Carl Von Linne.
olduğu kosullarda hava alanlarındaki ısıklar A) Tabii bilimler alanında en hızlı gelisme, 18.
daha cok onemsenmelidir. Yuzyılda İsvecli botanikci Cari Von Linne›nin
B) Hava alanlarında ısıklandırmanın cok onemli calısmaları sayesinde olmustur.
olduğu dönemler, gece ucusları ya da gunduz B) 18. yuzyılda, İsvecli botanikci Cari Von
gorusun cok kotu olduğu donemlerdir. Linne›nin calısmaları sonucu tabii bilimler
C) Gece ucuslarında ya da gunduz kotu hava alanında cok buyuk ilerlemeler olmustur.
kosullarında en onemli sey hava alanlarının iyi C) İsvecli botanikci Cari Von Linne›nin calısmaları
ısıklandırılmıs olmasıdır. sonucu 18. yuzyılda tabii bilimler cok buyuk
D) Hava alanlarında ısıklandırma, sadece gece gelisme gostermisr.
ucuslarında ve gunduz gorusun kotu olduğu D) 18. yuzyılda tabii bilimlerdeki gelismelerin
durumlarda gereklidir. coğu, İsvecli botanikci Cari Von Linne›nin
E) Gece ucuslarında ya da gunduz gorusun calısmaları sayesinde olmustur.
kotu olduğu donemlerde hava alanlarında E) İsvecli botanikci Cari Von Linne›nin
ısıklandırma cok onemlidir. calısmalarının, 18. yuzyılda tabii bilimlerdeki
gelismelerin coğuna katkısı olmustur.
16. Man must have got the inspiraon for the 18. The French physicist Henri Becquerel discovered
invenon of the wheel from using logs as rollers radioacvity during his studies with uranium and
to move heavy objects. other substances.
A) İnsanoğlu tekerleğin icadı icin ilhamı, ağır A) Henri Becquerel, uranyum ve diğer maddelerle
nesneleri tasımak icin kutuklerin silindir gibi yapğı calısmalar sırasında radyoakviteyi
kullanılmasından almıs olmalı. kesfeden Fransız zikcidir.
B) Tekerleğin icadında insanoğlunun esin kaynağı, B) Radyoakvitenin kes, Fransız zikci Henri
ağır nesneleri tasımak icin kutuklerin silindir Becquerel’in uranyum ve diğer maddelerle
gibi kullanılması olabilir. yapğı calısmalar sırasında olmustur.
C) Ağır nesneleri tasımak icin kutuklerin silindir C) Uranyum ve diğer maddeler uzerinde
gibi kullanılmasından esinlenen insanoğlu calısmalar yapan Fransız zikci Henri Becquerel
tekerleği icat etmisr. bu sırada radyoakviteyi de bulmustur.
D) İnsanoğluna tekerleği icadında, kutuklerin D) Fransız zikci Henri Becquerel, uranyum ve
silindir gibi kullanılarak ağır nesnelerin diğer maddelerle yapğı calısmalar sırasında
tasınması ilham vermisr. radyoakviteyi kesfetmisr.
E) İnsanoğlu tekerleğin icadında esinini, ağır E) Uranyum ve diğer maddelerle yapğı
nesnelerin tasınmasında kullandığı silindir calısmalar sırasında radyoakviteyi kesfetmis
kutuklerden almısr. olan Fransız zikci, Henri Becquerel’dir.
180
YDS
19. Astronomers generally agree that most stars have 21. Biological warfare is the use for destrucve
approximately the same diameter as our sun. purposes of bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other
A) Astronomların genel olarak hemkir biological agents in order to spread disease or
oldukları bir konu, diğer yıldızların capının death among the enemy’s people or livestock.
bizim gunesimizinkiyle hemen hemen aynı A) Zarar vermek amacıyla, bakterilerin, virüslerin,
olduğudur. mantarların veya baksa biyolojik ajanların
kullanılması yoluyla düsman halka veya onların
B) Astronomlar, coğu yıldızın bizim gunesimizle
hayvanlarına hastalık veya ölüm saçmak biyolojik
asağı yukarı aynı capta olduğu konusunda
savasr.
genel olarak gorus birliği icindedirler.
B) Biyolojik savasta, bakteri, virüs, mantar gibi
C) Genel olarak astronomlar, coğu yıldızın bizim biyolojik ajanlar kullanılarak düsman halka veya
gunesimizle aynı capta olduğu gorusunu onların hayvanlarına hastalık veya ölüm saçılır.
savunurlar. C) Düsmanın halkının ve hayvanlarının biyolojik
D) Astronomların coğu, yıldızların hemen ajanlarla öldürülmesi veya hasta edilmesi demek
hepsinin bizim gunesimizin capına yakın olan biyolojik savasta, bakteriler, virüsler ve
capları olduğunu kabul etmektedirler. mantarlar kullanılır.
E) Coğu astronoma gore, genel olarak yıldızların, D) Bakterileri, virüsleri, mantarları veya diğer
bizim gunesimizin capına yakın buyuklukte biyolojik ajanları kullanarak, düsman halka veya
caplan vardır. onların hayvanlarına hastalık veya ölüm saçmak,
biyolojik savas olarak adlandırılır.
E) Biyolojik savas, düsmanın halkına veya
hayvanlarına hastalık veya ölüm saçmak için
bakterilerin, virüslerin, mantarların veya
baska biyolojik ajanların tahripkar amaçlarla
kullanılmasıdır.
20. The American lm star Marion Brando is 22. Alsace is one of the most densely populated
considered one of the most powerful actors in regions of France, the rural populaon being
the history of cinema. parcularly high in the Rhine plain.
A) Amerikan sinema tarihine bakıldığında, A) Alsas, Ren Ovası’nda özellikle yüksek olan
Marion Brando’nun en guclu aktorlerden biri kırsal nüfusla, Fransa’nın en yoğun nüfuslu
olduğu gorulur. bölgelerinden biridir.
B) Sinema tarihinde en guclu aktorlerden biri B) Alsas, Fransa’nın en kalabalık yerlesim
Amerikalı lm yıldızı Marion Brando’dur. bölgelerinden biridir ve kırsal nüfus yoğunluğu
özellikle Ren Ovası’nda yüksekr.
C) Amerikalı lm yıldızı Marion Brando, sinema
C) Özellikle Ren Ovası’ndaki yoğun kırsal nüfusu
tarihindeki en guclu aktorlerden biri olarak
ile Alsas, Fransa’da yerlesimin en yoğun
kabul edilir.
olduğu bölgedir.
D) Film yıldızı Marion Brando, Amerikan sinema
D) Ren Ovası’nda kırsal nüfusun çok yüksek
tarihindeki en guclu aktorlerden biridir.
olması, Alsas’ı, Fransa’nın en yoğun nüfuslu
E) Marion Brando, sinema tarihinin en guclu bölgesi haline germisr.
aktorlerinden biri olarak kabul edilen Amerikalı E) Fransa’nın en yoğun nüfuslu bölgelerinden
bir lm yıldızıdır. biri olan Alsas’ın, kırsal kesim nüfusu özellikle
Ren Ovas’nda çok yüksekr.
181
23. According to some historians, the destrucon in 24. In Egypt today, nearly all the Nile water is ulized
about 1750 B.C. of the Assyrian merchant-colony through the building of huge dams and reservoirs
at Kanes near Kayseri, probably marks the arrival and the establishment of intricate systems of
of the Hites in that area. irrigaon.
A) Bazı tarihçiler, M.Ö. 1750’lerde, Kayseri A) Bugün Mısır’da büyük barajların ve
yakınında bulunan Kanes’teki Asur caret göletlerin yapılması ve çok karmasık sulama
kolonisinin ortadan kalkmasının, Hitlerin sistemlerinin kurulmasının amacı, Nil›in
bölgeye yerlesğini açıkça gösterdiğini öne suyunun tamamından yararlanmakr.
sürmektedir. B) Nil›in tüm suyundan yararlanmak için,
B) Bazı tarihçilere göre, M.Ö. 1750 civarında, bugün Mısırda çok büyük barajlar ve göletler
Kayseri yakınındaki Kanes’te Asur caret yapılmakta ve karmasık sulama sistemleri
kolonisinin yok edilmesi, muhtemelen, kurulmaktadır.
Hitlerin o bölgeye gelislerine isaret C) Bugün Mısır, muazzam barajlar ve
etmektedir. göletler insa ederek ve karmasık sulama
C) Bazı tarihçilere göre, Hitler M.Ö. 1750’lerde, sistemleri olusturarak Nil›in tüm suyundan
Kayseri yakınındaki Kanes’te bulunan yararlanmaktadır.
Asur caret kolonisini yok ederek bölgeye D) Muazzam barajlar ve göletler insa eden ve
yerlesmislerdir. karmasık sulama sistemleri kuran Mısır, bugün
D) Bazı tarihçiler, Kayseri yakınındaki Kanes’te Nil›in suyundan en çok yararlanan ülkedir.
bulunan Asur caret kolonisini M.Ö. 1750 E) Bugün Mısır’da muazzam barajların ve
civarında o bölgeye gelen Hitlerin yıkğını göletlerin yapılması ve karmasık sulama
tahmin etmektedirler. sistemlerinin kurulmasıyla Nil›in neredeyse
E) Hitlerin Kayseri yakınındaki Kanes’e tüm suyundan yararlanılmaktadır.
gelisleri, muhtemelen, bölgedeki Asur caret
kolonisinin M.Ö. 1750 civarında yıkılmasına
25. In some countries, where the terrain is not
rastlamaktadır.
suitable for the use of convenonal equipment,
aircra are used to spread ferlizers.
A) Gübrelemenin uçaklarla yapıldığı bazı
ülkelerde, arazi geleneksel donanımdan
yararlanmaya uygun değildir.
B) Geleneksel donanımın kullanımı için arazinin
elverisli olmadığı bazı ülkelerde, gübre atmak
için uçaklar kullanılır.
C) Bazı ülkelerde, arazi, gübrelemede
geleneksel donanımdan yararlanmak için
elverisli olmadığından, bu is için uçaklar
kullanılmaktadır.
D) Bazı ülkeler, arazi kosulları elverisli olmayan
bölgelerinde gübre atmak için geleneksel
donanım yerine uçaklardan yararlanır.
E) Arazinin geleneksel donanımın kullanılmasına
elverisli olmaması, bazı ülkelerin gübre atmada
uçaklardan yararlanmasını gerekrmisr.
182
YDS
26. Galileo laid the foundaons of modern physics 28. The communists turned social democrats have
with his mathemacal studies on moon and the triumphed in Poland’s recent general elecon,
strength of materials. but the populists and the extreme right have
A) Galileo, hareke ve maddelerin gücünü become a surprisingly large minority.
matemaksel olacak incelemis ve böylece A) Sosyal demokratlığa geçmis olan
modern ziğin ortaya çıkmasına katkıda komünistlerin, Polonya’nın son genel
bulunmustur. seçiminde elde ekleri zafer, halkçılar ve
asırı sağcıların sasırcı büyüklükte bir azınlık
B) Galileo, matemaksel çalımsalar yapmakla
olusturmasını engelleyemedi.
kalmamıs, hareket ve maddelerin dayanıklılığı
üzerinde modern ziğe öncülük eden B) Polonya’da, sosyal demokratlara dönüsen
komünistler son genel seçimde üstün bir zafer
arasrmalar da gerçeklesrmisr.
kazanmıs olsalar da halkçılar ve asırı sağ sasırcı
C) Galileo, hareket ve maddelerin dayanıklılığına
bir sekilde oldukça büyük bir azınlık olusturdular.
iliskin matemaksel çalısmalarıyla modern
C) Halkçılar ve asırı sağın sasırcı büyüklükte bir
ziğin temellerini atmısr.
azınlık olusturmasına rağmen, sosyal demokratlığı
D) Modern ziğin öncülerinden biri de hareket
benimsemis olan komünistler Polonya›nın son
ve maddenin gücü üzerine matemaksel genel seçimlerinde büyük basarı kazandılar.
çalısmalar yapan Galileo›dur.
D) Sosyal demokratlara dönüsmüs komünistler,
E) Galileo, modern ziğin temellerini olusturan Polonya’nın son genel seçiminde zafer
hareket ve maddelerin mdayanıklılığıyla ilgili kazandılar, ancak halkçılar ve asırı sağ sasırcı
matemaksel arasrmalar yapmısr. bir sekilde büyük bir azınlık haline geldiler.
E) Polonya›nın son genel seçimi sosyal
demokratlığı benimseyen komünistlerin
zaferinin yanı sıra, halkçıların ve asırı sağın
büyük bir azınlık olusturmasıyla sonuçlandı.
29. Charles de Gaulle once said of France, “How can

you govern a country which has 246 variees of
27. During the 4th century B.C., Aristotle studied cheese?”
almost every aspect of science and summed up A) Bir tarihte Charies de Gaulle, Fransa hakkında
each as best he could. “246 çesit peyniri olan bir ülkeyi nasıl
A) M.Ö. 4. yüzyılda, Aristoteles, bilimin hemen yönetebilirsiniz?” demis.
hemen her yönünü arasrmıs ve her birini B) Charies de Gaulle›ün Fransa için söylediği
elinden geldiğince özetlemisr. bir söz söyledir: “246 çesit peynir üreten bir
B) M.Ö.4. yüzyılda, Aristoteles, tüm bilimleri ülkeyi insan nasıl yöner?»
arasrmıs ve herbirini ayrı ayrı özetlemisr. C) Charies de Gaulle Fransa›yla ilgili görüsünü su
C) M.Ö. 4. yüzyılda her bir bilimi ayrı ayrı sözle özetlemisr: “246 çesit peyniri olan bir
inceleyen Aristoteles, elde eği sonuçtan bir ülkeyi yönetmeniz nasıl mümkün olabilir?»
araya toplamısr. D) Charies de Gaulle, bir zamanlar, Fransa için
«246 tür peynir çesidi üreten bir ülke nasıl
D) Aristoteles›in M.Ö. 4. yüzyılda yapğı bilimsel
yönelir?» demis.
çalısmalar, tek bir eser halinde toplanmısr.
E) Geçmiste Fransa için, «246 çesit peynir üreten
E) Aristoteles›in M.Ö, 4. yüzyılda bir araya
bir ülkeyi nasıl yönetebilirsiniz?” diyen kisi
toplayabildiği bilimsel çalısmalar, aslında ayrı
Charies de Gaulle›dür.
ayrı yapılmıs arasrmalardı.
183
30. Whenever governments use globalizaon to TEST 2 ( TÜRKÇE – İNGİLİZCE)

deny responsibility, democracy suers another
blow and prospects for growth in the developing
1. Okyanus sularının ısınarak genislemesi ve
countries are set back a lile further.
buzulların artan bir hızla erimesi nedeniyle, 2100
A) Hükümetler sorumluluklarından kaçmak için
yılına kadar deniz seviyelerinin yaklasık yarım
küresellesmeyi bahane ederlerse gelismekte
metre yukselmesi muhtemeldir.
olan ülkelerdeki demokrasi yeni bir darbe
A) Sea levels are expected to rise by roughly half
alır ve büyüme ümitleri çok daha derinlere
a metre by the year 2100 if thermal expansion
gömülür.
connues and the glaciers connue to melt at
B) Ne zaman ki hükümetler sorumluluktan
the same speed.
kaçınmak için küresellesmeyi kullanır,
B) Due to the thermal expansion of ocean water
demokrasi bir darbe daha alır ve kalkınmakta
and the constant melng of glaciers, it seems
olan ülkelerdeki büyüme ümitleri biraz daha
likely that sea levels will have risen by at least
geriye alır.
half a metre by the year 2100.
C) Sorumluluktan kaçınmak isteyen hükümetlerin
C) With the thermal expansion of ocean water
küresellesmeyi bahane etmeleri, kalkınmakta
and the rapid melng of glaciers it seems that
olan ülkelerin demokrasisine darbe vurmakla
sea levels are set to rise by up to half a metre
kalmaz, büyüme ümitlerini de yok eder.
by the year 2100.
D) Sorumluluktan kaçmak için küresellesmeye
D) Because of the thermal expansion of ocean
sığınan hükümetler, demokrasiye darbe
water and the accelerated melng of glaciers,
vurduklarını ve gelismekte olan ülkelerin
sea levels are likely to rise by approximately
ümitlerini bosa çıkardıklarım bilmelidirler.
half a metre by the year 2100.
E) Sorumluluktan kaçmak için küresellesmeyi
E) A rise in sea levels of about half a metre
kullanan hükümetler, demokrasiye darbe
will result by the year 2100 because of the
vurmakta ve gelismekte olan ülkelerdeki
thermal expansion of ocean water and the
büyüme ümitlerini ortadan kaldırmaktadırlar.
rapid melng of the glaciers.
184
YDS
2. Avrupa tarihindeki savasların coğu, guc 4. Yakın zamanda yayımlanan “The Price Of
dengesinin yeniden kurulmasını sağladıkları Admiralty” adlı kitabında, tarihci John Keegan,
gerekcesiyle haklı gosterilmisr. sadece kazananın nicin kazandığını ortaya,
A) Most of the wars in European history are koymak icin bazı olağanustu deniz savaslarını
regarded as jusable since the alleged irdelemektedir.
purpose was to maintain the balance of power. A) Recently, hoping to come to an understanding
B) In the course of European history, the majority of exactly why the winner did win, the
of the wars were fought to maintain the balance historian John Keegan has examined a number
of power and so they were said to be jused. of signicant naval bales and records his
C) The need to maintain the balance of power ndings in “The Price Of Admiralty”.
was the alleged reason for the majority of the B) The historian John Keegan recently published
wars fought in Europe and this jused them. a book entled “The Price Of Admiralty” in
D) Most of the wars fought in Europe have sought which several extraordinary naval bales are
to restore the balance of power and so they analysed to nd out why the winner won.
have been regarded as jusable. C) In “The Price Of Admiralty”, that has just come
E) Most of the wars in European history have out, John Keegan examines several unusual
been jused on the grounds that they helped naval bales with a view to explaining exactly
to restore the balance of power. why the winner won.
D) In his recently published book entled “The
Price Of Admiralty”, the historian John Keegan
3. İsrail devlenin ilk basbakanı olan David Ben-
analyses some extraordinary naval bales to
Gurion, sadece unluu bir hap ve verimli bir yazar
discover just why the winner won.
değil, aynı zamanda ciddi bir Đncil ve felsefe
E) “The Price Of Admiralty”, wrien by the
arasrmacısıydı.
historian John Keegan, analyses a variety of
A) David Ben-Gurion, besides being the rst prime
naval bales, and suggests why, in each case,
minister of the state of Israel, was a notable orator
the winner did win.
and a prolic writer as well as a knowledgeable
student of the Bible and philosophy.
B) David Ben-Gurion, the rst prime minister
of the state of Israel, was not only a notable
orator and prolic writer but also a serious
C) In addion to being Israel’s rst prime minister,
David Ben-Gurion, was also an excellent orator
and a prolic writer as well as being an avid
D) Israel’s rst prime minister, David Ben-Gurion,
was not only a much admired orator and
prolic author but was also interested in the
Bible and philosophy.
E) David Ben-Gurion, who was the rst prime
minister of the state of Israel, was a brilliant
orator and prolic author, besides being an
authority on the Bible and philosophy.
185
5. İklim değisikliği uzerine hazırlanan bir rapora 6. Sosyal psikoloji acısından bakıldığında, kulturun
gore, onumuzdeki 25 yıl icinde, ozellikle Afrika, insanlar arasında yayılması, insane doğasındaki,
Akdeniz cevresi ve Orta Asya’da milyonlarca coğunluğu ve en basarılı kisieri taklit etme
insan ciddi su kıtlığından etkilenecek. eğilimiyle iliskilendirilebilir.
A) The report on climate change clearly shows A) Considered from the point of view of social
that millions of people, mostly in Africa but psychology, the spread of culture among
also around the Mediterranean and in Central humans can be related to the tendency in
Asia, are going to be badly aected by water human nature to imitate the majority and the
shortages within the next 25 year. most successful individuals.
B) According to this report on climate change, B) From the point or view of social psychology,
millions of people, mostly in Africa and around the spread of a culture seems to relate to
the Mediterranean and in Central Asia are, man’s desire to imitate either the majority or
within the next 25 year, likely to be adversely the most successful people.
aected by water shortages. C) The spread of a culture, if we consider it from
C) According to a report on climate change, within the point of view of social psychology, seems
the next 25 years, millions of people especially to be related to man’s need to conform with
in Africa, around the Mediterranean, and in the majority and successful individuals.
Central Asia, will be aected by serious water D) As regards social psychology, the desire to stay
shortages. with the majority and admire the successful
D) Within the next 25 years, millions of people has been a paramount force in the spread of
will be aected by water shortages, especially culture.
in Africa, around the Mediterranean and in E) The spread of culture is the result of social
Central Asia, at least that is what the report psychology whereby man has a tendency to
on climate change suggests. imitate the majority and the most successful
E) According to the report on climate change, individuals.
millions of people, especially those living
in Africa, around the Mediterranean and In
Central Asia, are going to suer from severe
water shortages for at least 25 years.
186
YDS
7. Malthus, öz olarak, eğer nüfus gecim 8. On alncı yuzyılda Doğuya yeni yollar kesfedilince,
imkânlarından daha hızlı artarsa, bunun daha Akdeniz carene hakim olan Cenova ve Venedik
dusuk bir yasam düzeyine yol açacağını iddia gibi İtalyan sehirlerinin gucu ve zenginliği
ediyordu. azalmaya basladı.
A) In essence, what Malthus claimed was that A) Once new routes to the East were discovered
when a populaon increased faster than in the sixteenth century, Italian cies like
the means of subsistence, living standards Genoa and Venice could no longer dominate
dropped. Mediterranean trade, so they lost their wealth
B) Malthus claimed in essence that, if a and power.
populaon increased faster than the means B) With the discovery of new routes to the East in
of subsistence, this would lead to lower living the sixteenth century, the wealth and power
standards. of such Italian cies as Genoa and Venice,
C) The essence of what Malthus suggested was which depended on Medi1erranean trade,
that if a populaon increased faster than the began to decline.
means of subsistence. a lowering of living C) The wealth and power of certain Italian cies
standards could be inevitable. such as Genoa and Venice, which depended
D) The claim of Malthus was that a lowering on Mediterranean trade, went into a decline
of living standards was inevitable as the aer new routes to the East were opened in
populaon had grown faster than the means the sixteenth century.
of subsistence. D) Following the discovery in the sixteenth
E) According to Malthus, living standards would century of new routes to the East, the
naturally fall mas the populaon was growing Italian towns of Genoa and Venice lost their
faster than the means of subsistence. power and their wealth with the decline in
Mediterranean trade.
E) When new routes to the East were discovered
in the six1eenth century, the power and
wealth of Italian cies like Genoa and Venice,
which dominated Mediterranean trade, began
to decline.
187
9. Sonunda ormanın kenarına ulasğımızda, uzun 11. Zirvenin son gununde liderler, küresel ekonominin
ekonominin
sure orada durduk ve onumuzde uzayıp giden iskrarını ve büyümesini sağlama almak icin bir
manzarayı seyrek. dizi ortak girişim kararı aldı.
A) With the forest nally behind us, we stood for
for A) Wishing to ensure the stability
stability and growth of
a long me looking at the countryside ahead the global economy, the leaders called a one-
of us. day summit to discuss collecve acons which
B) On nally geng through to the edge of the could be taken.
forest we paused for a while, to look at the B) On the last day
day of the summit, the leaders called
landscape that stretched out before us. for a number of collecve acons to ensure the
C) Once we had got through the forest, we paused stability and growth of the global economy.
to look at the landscape that lay ahead of us. C) At the last summit meeng, world leaders
D) When we nally got to the edge 0101 the forest, agreed on a number of collecve acons that
we stood there for a long while and looked at would ensure the stability and growth of a
the landscape that stretched out before us. global economy.
E) When we nally came out of the forest
forest we
we D) At last, the leaders of the summit
summit meeng
stood there, gazing for a long me at the have devised a number of collecve acons
countryside in front of us. which will lead to a stable and healthy global
economy.
E) It was only on the last day of the summit
summit that
10. Bu kısa oykude, yazar, dunyada her ulkeye
the leaders could agree on certain acons to
seyahat etmek ve her kitabı okumak isteyen,
ensure stability and growth throughout the
ancak bu imkânsız ihrası gerceklesremeyen bir
world.
kisinin duygularını anlatmaktadır.
A) In this short story
story,, the writer describes the
feelings of a man who wanted to travel 12. 17. yuzyılda termometrenin tamamlanmasına
trough every country in the world and read kadar hava sıcaklığı olcumleri her zaman doğruyu
every book, but who could not achieve this yansıtmıyordu.
impossible ambion. A) Up unl the 17th century, thermomete
thermometersrs
B) This short story is about a man who dreamed
dreamed were quite basic and they didn’t measure air
of travelling through every country in the temperature very accurately.
world and reading every book, but this was B) Accurate measurement of outside air
impossible and couldn’t be achieved. temperature was not possible unl the
C) The man in this shor1 story
story wanted
wanted to travel thermometer was invented during the L7th
through every country in the world and read century.
all the books, but this was an impossible C) Unl the
the perfecon
perfecon of
of thermometers
thermometers during
dream, never to be realised. the 17th century, measurements of air
D) The feelings of a man who wanted to to travel
travel temperature were very haphazard.
through every country in the world and D) Measurements of air tempera
temperature
ture did
read all the books, but failed to achieve his not always reect the reality unl the’
ambion, are the subject of this story
story.. thermometer was perfected in the 17th
E) The feelings
feelings of a man who had resolved to century.
travel through every country
country in the world and E) The invenon
invenon of the thermometer
thermometer in the
read all the books but who failed to reach his 17th century allowed people to record the air
goal are described in this short story.
story. temperature accurately for the rst me.
188
YDS
13. Bu kadar cok gelismis cihaz olmasına rağmen 15. Şatoyu çevreleyen derin
d erin ve geniş hendek,
keşif, bilinmeyen yerlerle ilgili bilgi toplamada savunma amacıyla hep su dolu tutulurdu.
hala en iyi yöntemdir. A) The deep and wide ditch surrounding the
A) Even though
though we can nd out a lot from the castle was always kept lled with water for the
many advanced devices available, physical purpose of defense.
exploraon of unknown places is sll B) The ditch
ditch around
around the castle, which was
was deep
necessary. and wide, was lled with water in order to
B) Though the devices available
available can
can tell us a lot, protect the building from aack.
exploraon cannot be improved upon as the C) One of the castle’
castle’ss defenses
defenses was a deep, wide
best way to gain informaon in previously ditch lled with water encircling the fortress.
unexplored territory. D) When they wanted to defend
defend the castle, the
C) Although there are so many
many advanced
advanced devices deep, wide ditch which encircled it was lled
available, exploraon is sll the best way of with water
water..
geng informaon about unknown places. E) The castle
castle was
was strategically
strategically easy to defend
defend as
D) When explorers are geng informaon it was surrounded by a deep, wide ditch lled
about unknown places, there are a number of with water
water..
advanced devices available to help them.
E) There are a number
number of advanced instruments
available to sciensts, but the advantages of
physically exploring unknown areas cannot be
equaled.
14. Endüstri öncesi toplumlarda mal ve hizmet, takas 16. Yurt dışında kaldığı beş yıl boyunca, ailesiyle
adı verilen bir yöntemle, para kullanmadan direkt yapğı telefon gorüşmeleri dışında ana dilini
olarak değişrilirdi. kullanma rsanı nadiren bulabildi.
A) Before the invenon of money during A) During his ve years spent abroad, he enjoyed
enjoyed
industrialisaon, people exchanged goods telephoning home as it was a rare opportunity
and services using a method called the barter to speak in his nave language.
system. B) During his last ve years
years abroad, the only
B) Before industrialisaon, most goods and mes he had the opportunity to talk in his
services were bartered, which means they nave language was when he telephoned his
were exchanged directly, without using family.
money. C) He has lived abroad now for ve years,
years, only
C) In preindustrial
preindustrial sociees, goods and services speaking in his nave language during his rare
were exchanged directly, without money, in a telephone conversaons with his family
family..
process called barter. D) Apart from his infrequent
infrequent telephone calls
D) In many underdeveloped
underdeveloped sociees,
sociees, people home, he hasn’t spoken his mother tongue at
Exchange goods and services directly
directly,, without all during his ve years abroad.
the need for money, in a process called barter. E) During the ve years
years he spent abroad,
abroad, he
E) When people
people exchange
exchange goods and services rarely found the opportunity to speak his
without using money, as they did in mother tongue, except on the phone calls he
preindustrial mes, we refer to the process as made to his family.
barter.
189
17. Küçük yaşlarda yaşanmıs acı deneyimler kişinin 19. Zararlı böcekler her yıl tüm dünyada milyarlarca
ileriki yaşamını mutlaka bir şekilde etkiler. dolar değerinde hasara neden olmaktadırlar.
A) If one has bier experiences at early ages, his A) Billions of dollars is spent every year
adult life will be aected by this to a certain aempng to eradicate harmful insects.
extent. B) Every year
year,, harmful insects cost billions of
B) These bier
bier experiences
experiences at such an early age dollars worldwide to destroy.
will certainly aect his later life in some way
way.. C) On a worldwide scale,
scale, the damage done by
C) Bier experiences
experiences lived at early ages ages will harmful insects amounts to billions of dollars
denitely aect one’s later life in some way. every year.
D) Bier experiences in early childhood can D) Harmful insects cause billions of dollars worth
denitely aect a person unl adulthood. of damage worldwide every year.
E) The eects
eects of bier
bier experiences
experiences at early ages E) The damage
damage done by harmful insects every every
will appear in one’
one’ss adult life. year is worth billions of dollars worldwide.
18. Göz diye bilinen oldukca sakin, bulutsuz 20. Mermerin soğuk beyazlığını beğenmeyen eski
merkezinden dolayı hortum, yukarıdan Yunanlılar, heykelleri ve binaları boyuyorlardı.
bakıldığında kocaman bir halka gibi görünür. A) The cold whiteness of marble was not to the
A) The overall
overall shape of a cyclone
cyclone resembles taste of ancient Greeks, who painted both
a huge ring with a comparavely quiet, their statues and buildings.
cloudless centre called the eye. B) Ancient Greeks,
Greeks, who did not like the cold
B) Viewed from above,
above, a cyclone looks like
like a huge whiteness of marble, painted the statues and
ring because of the relavely,
relavely, quiet, cloudless buildings.
centre known as the eye. C) Ancient Greeks
Greeks painted both marble statues
C) In the centre of a cyclone
cyclone there
there is a quiet, and buildings to disguise the cold whiteness
cloudless part, known as the eye, which of marble.
resembles a huge ring when viewed from D) Ancient Greeks
Greeks did not recognise the beauty
above. of pure white marble and painted their statues
D) If we look at a cyclone directly above
above us, we and buildings.
will noce that the centre, known as the eye, E) Cold white marble statues and buildings built
built
resembles a huge ring. by ancient Greeks were originally painted to
E) The top of a cyclone looks
looks like a huge ring, sasfy the owners.
which is because of the comparavely quiet,
cloudless centre called the eye.
190
YDS
21. Ulkemizde parlamento tarandan onaylanmıs 23. Bu rapor

rapor,, bbi
b bi bakım eksikliği sonucund
sonucunda,a,
olan herhangi bir uluslar arası antlasma, yasa gelismekte olan ulkelerde bircok cocuğun bir
statusu kazanır
kazanır.. yasına bile gelmeden olduğu
olduğ u gerceğini vurguluyor.
A) An internaonal treaty is legally binding A) It is stressed in this report that the death of
in a country only aer it has received so many children before the age of one in the
parliamentary recognion. developing countries could be prevented by
B) In this country
country,, if an internaonal
internaonal treaty
treaty is beer health services.
recognized
recognized by Parliament, it is legally binding. B) According to to this report
report it is denite
denite that
C) An internaonal
internaonal treaty is only legal
legal in our many children in the developing countries
country aer it has been discussed by die before they reach the age of one year as
Parliament. health facilies are so inadequate.
D) No internaonal
internaonal treaty
treaty has a legal status
status in C) This report
report emphasizes the fact that as a result
any country unl Parliament has approved it. of inadequate medical care, many children in
E) In our country
country,, any internaonal treaty that is developing countries die before they reach
approved by Parliament, acquires the status even one year old.
of a law. D) According to this very emphac report, children
under one year old in the developing countries
die because of the lack of medical care.
E) As this report underlines, it is the lack of medical
care that is responsible for so many deaths
among children who haven’t even reached their
rst birthday in the developing countries.
22. Reklamcılar, muziği, sozcuklerle etkili bir sekilde

ifade edilemeyecek anlamları iletmek icin
kullanır.
A) Adversers use music to great eect to
express what words cannot say in a convincing
manner.
B) Adversers make use of music
music to
to communicate
communicate
meanings that words cannot eecvely and
concisely express.
C) Since music can
can express
express concisely what words
cannot express, adversers make much use of
it.
D) Adversers use music to communicate
meanings that cannot be eecvely put into
words.
E) As music can suggest certain meanings more
eecvely
eecv ely than words, much use is made of it
it
by adversers.
191
24. New Deal sozuyle 1929’un sonunda so nunda patlak 25. Pek cok iksatcı, sanayilesme surecinde olan
veren buyuk ekonomik bunalımı asmak icin ulkelerde kapitalizm geliskce, kucuk isletmelerin
1933’te Amerika Birlesik Devletleri’nde Baskan zamanla yok olacağını iddia etmektedir.
Roosevelt’in aldığı onlemler ifade edilmektedir. A) Many economists
economists claim that,
that, as capitalism
A) In order to to deal with the great economic
economic develops in the countries that are in the
crisis that had broken out in the United States process of industrializaon, small businesses
of America at the end of 1929, President will eventually disappear.
disappear.
Roosevelt implemented the measures known B) In the opinion of many of these economists,
economists,
as the New Deal in 1933. small businesses will eventually disappear
B) In 1929
1929 and again in 1933,
1933, President
President Roosevelt in those countries presently undergoing
introduced the New Deal, a series of measures industrializaon and turning to a capitalist
designed to put an end to the great economic system.
crisis which had broken out in the United C) Many economists
economists presume that, with the
States of America. development of capitalism in the countries
C) The measures
measures known as the New Deal were now undergoing industrializaon, small
designed by President Roosevelt in 1933 to businesses are already disappearing.
put an end to the great economic crisis that D) The process of industrializaon in these
broke out in the United States of America at countries, together with developing
the end of 1929. capitalism, will inevitably, according to most
D) By the term New
New Deal is meant the measures
measures economists, lead to the closing down of small
taken by President Roosevelt in the United businesses.
States of America in 1933 to overcome the E) With the spread of industrializaon
industrializaon and the
great economic crisis which broke out at the growth of capitalism in these countries, many
end of 1929. economists feel sure that the small businesses
E) The measures
measures known byby the term New Deal, will eventually close down.
implemented by President Roosevelt in the
United States of America in 1933, succeeded
in overcoming the great economic crisis that
broke out in 1929.
26. Verilerin irdelenmesi, olayları, secilmis olan bir

hedefe doğru yonlendirmede ilk adımdır.
A) The rst step in direcng events towards a
specied goal is to rearrang
rearrange
e the data.
B) Analysis of data
data is the rst step
step in direcng
direcng
events towards a chosen goal.
C) So as to
to direct events towards a chosen goal,
one must rst analyze the data.
D) The analysis of data is only
only the rst
rst stage
stage in
the direcng of events towards a set goal.
E) Data analysis constutes
constutes the rst stage
stage in
direcng events towards a new goal.
192
YDS
27. Baslangıcta, “proletarya” terimi, eski Roma’nın 29. II. Dunya Savası’ndan once Winston Churchill
yoksul isci sınıarına aa bulunmak icin liderlik icin birinci aday olarak gorunmuyordu.
kullanılıyordu. A) Winston Churchill’s remarkable leadership
A) The poor working
working classes of ancient Rome
Rome qualies only emerged during World War II.
were known as the “proletariat” and that is B) Before World War II, Winston Churchill didn’t
the origin of the term. strike one as having any remarkable leadership
B) To start
start with, “proletariat” was the term used qualies.
to describe the poor workers of ancient Rome. C) Winston Churchill
Churchill hardly appeared to
to be a
C) The term
term “proletariat” was originally
originally used to prime candidate for leadership before World
refer to the poor labouring classes of ancient War II.
Rome. D) Unl World
World War II, the extensive
extensive leadership
leadership
D) The term “proletariat” dates back to ancient qualies of Winston Churchill were not at all
Roman mes when it was used to denote the apparent.
poor working classes. E) Prior to World
World War II, Winston Churchill’
Churchill’ss
E) The poor
poor labouring classes of ancient Rome excellent leadership qualies were not
were referred
referred to as the “proletariat” and that acknowledged.
is the origin of the word.
28. Bir cocuk, doğduğu zaman annesiyle

annesi yle babası 30. Evrenin genislemesi, tum galaksilerin birbirinden
evliyse “mesru”dur
“mesru”dur.. hızla uzaklasğı anlamına gelmektedir.
A) The parents
parents married when
when the
the child was born, A) As the universe expands, all the galaxies
galaxies are
making it “legimate”. inevitably fast receding from each other.
B) A child is said to be “legimate” if its parents B) The expansion of the universe implies that
that all
are married before it is born. the galaxies have rapidly been receding from
C) A “legimate”
“legimate” child is one whose parents are each other.
married at the me of its C) The expansion of the universe
universe entails the
the
birth. rapid movement of the galaxies away from
D) The child is “legimate”
“legimate” as, when it was born, each other.
the parents were married. D) As the galaxies move
move farther
farther apart, there is a
E) A child is “legimate”
“legimate” if its parents are married corresponding expansion of the universe.
when it is born. E) The expansion of the
the universe
universe and the driing
apart of the galaxies are inextricably related.
193
4. PARAGRAPH COMPLETION & TESTS
Paragraf Tamamlama (Paragraph Compleon) soruları yazma becerilerini ölçmek amaçlı hazırlanmış sorulardır.
Sorulara bakıldığında 3 tür soru çeşidi olduğu görülecekr. İlki, paragran ilk cümlesinin boş bırakıldığı; ikincisi
paragraf içersinde bir cümlenin boş bırakılması ve son olarak da paragran son cümlesinin boş bırakıldığı sorulardır.
Paragraf tamamlama sorularının doğru cevaplanabilmesi için öncelikle İngilizce kompozisyon özelliklerini ve en
önemlisi kompozisyon türlerini bilmek gerekmektedir. Bu türler şunlardır;
• Sebep-sonuç (Cause-Eect)
• Karşılaşrma (Compare-Contrast)
• Proses (Süreç) (Process)
• Kronolojik (Chronological)
• Tarşma (Argumantave)
Paragraf Tamamlama Sorularında Dikkat Edilecek Hususlar ve Soru Çözme Teknikleri
Öncellikle temel olarak İngilizce bir paragran genel özelliklerini inceleyelim.

1. Bir paragraf KONU CÜMLESİ (Topic Sentence) ile başlar. Paragran ilk cümlesinin boş bırakıldığı sorular diğer
sorularda Konu Cümlesini iyi anlamak sorunun doğru cevaplanması için çok önemlidir.
Konu Cümlesi, Konu (Topic) ve konunun hangi yönünün ele alındığını gösteren Sınırlayıcı Fikirden (Controlling Idea)
oluşur. Başka bir deyişle, genelde paragraarın ilk cümlelerinin öznesi o paragran konusunu gösterirken, il ve
sonrası konunun hangi yönünün ele alındığını gösteren kısımıdır.
Developments in the eld of anesthesia have been remarkably rapid.
KONU (TOPIC) SINIRLAYICI FİKİR
(CONTROLLING IDEA)
• Bu cümlede konu “anestezi alanındaki gelişmeler”dir. Fakat asıl önemli nokta konunun hangi yönünün ele alındığı
“oldukça hızlıdır” kısmıdır. Yukarıdaki cümlede sadece konuya odaklanılırsa, sorunun bulunduğu şıklarda sizi
yanıltmak amacı ile sizlere konunun farklı yönlerinin ele alındığı şıklar yazılı olacakr. Bu yüzden doğru cevabı bulmak
için “Anestezi alanındaki gelişmelerin oldukça hızlı” olduğunu destekleyen cümle üzerinde yoğunlaşılmalıdır.
194
YDS
• Sizleri yanıltmak için izlenen 2 yol vardır. Birincisinde, konu cümlesinin konusunu değişrmeden sınırlayıcı krin
değişrildiği cümleler şıklara yazılabilir.
Örneğin, Anestezi alanındaki gelişmelerden bazılarının istenmeyen sonuçlara neden olduğunu belirten bir şık.
• İkincisi de, konu cümlesinin sınırlayıcı krinin desteklendiği ama konunun değişrildiği şıklar.
Örneğin, Ameliyathanelerde kullanılan teknolojik araçlarda da gelişmelerin hızlı olduğunu belirten bir şık.
Many paents need special diets.

KONU SINIRLAYICI FİKİR
• Yukarıdaki cümlede konu “birçok hasta”dır. Görüldüğü gibi konu cümlesinin konusu oldukça geniş kapsamlıdır ve bu
yüzden konunun sınırlayıcı krinin doğru bir şekilde tespit edilip anlaşılması sorunun doğru cevabının bulunması için
çok önemlidir. Burada “birçok “hasta” konusunun sınırlayıcı noktası “özel diyetlere ihyaç duymakta”dır. Dolayısı ile
bu konu cümlesinden sonraki gelecek cümleler “özel diyetlerin” neler olduğu konusunda olmalıdır. Bu konunun dışına
çıkılmamalıdır. Bu cümlenin yer aldığı bir paragraa sizi yanıltmak için şıklarda konu cümlesinin konusunu aynı tutup
sınırlayıcı krini değişrebilirler. Örneğin, “birçok hastanın özel diyetler dışında ihyaç duydukları başka konulardan
(mesela ilaç tedavisi) bahsedebilir. Diğer taraan, yine sizi yanıltmak için konu cümlesinin sınırlayıcı noktasını aynı
tutup konuyu değişrebilirler. Örneğin, “bilhassa yaşlılarda özel diyetler takip edilmesi gerekği” söylenebilir.
2. İngilizce bir paragran diğer özelliklerinden biri, konu cümlesi olan ilk cümlenin ardından gelen cümlelerin
DESTEKLEYİCİ CÜMLELER (Supporng Ideas) olmasıdır. Başka bir deyişle konu cümlesindeki konu ve konunun
sınırlayıcı kri kendisinden sonraki gelen cümlelerle desteklenmelidir. Bu duruma paragraa “bütünlük (unity)”
denilmektedir. Fakat, ÖSYM’nin soruları incelendiğinde bu konuda 2 husus göze çarpmaktadır.
A. Bazı paragraar, konu cümlesinden sonra tek bir destekleyici cümle ve bu destekleyici cümleleri de destekleyen
küçük destekleyicilerden (minor supporng ideas) oluşabilir.
Many paents need special diets. For example, people with diabets have to be careful about what they eat.
In their diet, vegetables and dairyproducts should be given preference. Only very small quanes of fat, sugar
and salt are permied.
Bu paragraa, konu cümlesi “Birçok hasta özel diyetlere ihyaç duymaktadır.” Konu cümlesinden sonra uygun bir
bağlaç ile gelen “örneğin, diyabetli hastalar yediklerine dikkat etmelidir ” cümlesi konu cümlesini destekleyen cümledir
(supporng idea). Bu destekleyici cümleden sonra gelen “diyetlerinde sebze ve süt ürünleri tercih edilmelidir.Sadece
çok az miktarda yağ, şeker ve tuza izin verilir” cümleleri konu cümlesinden sonra gelen cümleyi destekleyen küçük
destekleyici cümlelerdir (minor supporng ideas).
B. Diğer taraan kimi paragraarda konu cümlesini destekleyen birden fazla temel destekleyiciler yer alırken ama
küçük destekleyicilerin yer almayabilirler.
Arising from some health stascs, it has been suggested that people in the US should adopt Mediterranean eang
habits and begin indulging in olive oil and wine. Actually, this would not really be appropriate for at least two reasons
In the rst place, diet is not the only factor implicated in disease causaon. Further, the dierences in lifestyles
between Mediterranean peoples and Americans could account for dierences in life expectancy.
195
Bu paragraa, “sağlık istasklerinden çıkan sonuç doğrultusunda, ABD’deki insanların Akdeniz yemek alışkanlıklarına
kendilerini adapte etmeleri ve diyetlerine zeyn yağı ve şarabı dahil etmeleri gerekği” konu cümlesinden sonra,
“aslında (actually)” bağlacıyla “bunun en az iki sebepten dolayı uygun olmayacağı” cümlesi “in the rst” ve “further”
ile başlayan iki temel destekleyici kirle desteklenmişr.
Sonuç olarak, paragraf tamamlama sorularında sizlere konu cümlesi verilmiş ve sizden paragran içinde boş bırakılan
yeri tamamlamanız isteniyorsa o boşluk ya konu cümlesini destekleyen temel bir destekleyici (major supporng idea)
ya da kendinden önce gelen temel destekleyici cümleyi destekleyen küçük destekleyici cümle (minor supporng idea)
olacakr.
Diğer taraan, paragran ilk cümlesi, yani konu cümlesi, boş bırakılmışsa boşluktan sonra gelen cümleler dikkatlice
incelenmeli ve bu cümlelerin temel destekleyicilerden mi yoksa hem temel destekleyiciler hem de küçük destekleyici
cümlelerden mi oluştuğu analiz edildikten sonra bu cümlelere dayalı olarak ve de boşluktan sonra gelen cümlede
varsa bağlacın anlamına ve işlevine bakarak paragran tamamını içine alacak genel bir konu cümlesi şıkların içinden
seçilmelidir. Kısacası, daha önce belirğimiz paragraa BÜTÜNLÜK (UNITY) ve de UYUM (COHERENCY) konu cümlesi
ile destekleyici cümleler arasındaki doğru ilişkiye dikkat edilmelidir.
Son olarak, paragran son cümlesinin boş bırakıldığı sorulara bakıldığında, bir İngilizce paragraa son cümle
SONUÇ CÜMLESİ (Concluding Sentence) olarak adlandırılır. Fakat, her ne kadar paragraf bütünlüğü içerisinde son
cümlenin içerisinde son cümle Sonuç Cümlesi konumunda olması gerekği düşünülse de, ÖSYM’nin sorduğu sorular
incelendiğinde, genel olarak boş bırakılan son cümle için doğru cevabın kendinden önce gelen cümleyi tamamlayan/
destekleyen cümle olduğu görülmektedir.
3. Paragraf Tamamlama sorularına doğru cevap verebilmek için bir diğer önemli nokta size verilen paragraarın
türlerini analiz etmekr. Genel olarak, paragraf türleri; sebep-sonuç (cause-eect) paragra, karşılaşrma
ve zıtlık (compare-contrast) paragra, kronolojik (chronological) paragraf, süreç (process) paragra, tarşma
(argumentave) paragradır.
Bu paragraf türlerinin kendilerine ait cümle bağlaçlarına (sentence connectors) hakim olmak sorunun doğru
cevaplanması için önemlidir. Çünkü, adından da anlaşıldığı üzere bu bağlaçların görevi cümleleri birbirine
bağlamakr.
196
YDS
Cümle Bağlaçları (Sentence Connectors)

SEBEP(REASON) İFADE EDEN BAĞLAÇLAR
because so because of as a result of
since therefore due to for this reason
as hence owing to be due to
inasmuch as thus on account of be caused by
SONUÇ (RESULT) İFADE EDEN BAĞLAÇLAR

as a result in consequence
as a consequence therefore
consequently hence
accordingly thus
AMAÇ (PURPOSE) İFADE EDEN BAĞLAÇLAR

in order to to so that
so as to in order that for the purpose that
DOĞRUDAN ZITLIK (DIRECT CONTRAST) İFADE EDEN BAĞLAÇLAR

while conversely contrary to this
whereas in contrast but
however on the contrary by contrast
on the other hand
BEKLENMEDİK SONUÇ (UNEXPECTED RESULT) İFADE EDEN BAĞLAÇLAR

although inspite of yet sll
even though despite however nonetheless
tough notwithstanding even so nevertheless
much as but even in any case
EK/LİSTELEME (ADD/LIST) İFADE EDEN BAĞLAÇLAR

and in addion (to) inially nally
also rst second(ly) lastly
besides rstly next in the end
further rst of all later as well
furthermore to begin with aerwards too/either
moreover in the rst place then as well as
197
ÖRNEK VERME (GIVE EXAMPLE) İFADE EDEN BAĞLAÇLAR

for example to demonstrate such as / like
for instance to illustrate e.g.
VURGULAMA (EMPHASISE) İFADE EDEN BAĞLAÇLAR

in fact as a maer of fact without doubt exteremely
indeed denetly undoubully surprisingly
actually certainly unquesonably surely
in parcular parcularly specically especially
AÇIKLAMA (EXPLANATION) YAPMA İFADE EDEN BAĞLAÇLAR

that is in other words to put in another way
that is to say to put in a dierent way / to put it dierently namely
ÖZET YAPMA/SONUÇLANDIRMA (SUMMARIZE/CONLUDE) İFADE EDEN BAĞLAÇLAR

in brief to sum up to conclude nally
to be brief in conclusion to summarize in summary
briey shortly/in short as a result as a consequence
BENZERLİK (SIMILARITY) İFADE EDEN BAĞLAÇLAR

likewise in the same way correspondingly
similarly in the same manner similar to ….
ZAMAN (TIME) İFADE EDEN BAĞLAÇLAR

at rst aer that as soon as at that me aer while
rst then perviously at the same me later since
second next before meanwihile as nally
third aerwards soon in the mean me when
KOŞUL (CONDITION) İFADE EDEN BAĞLAÇLAR

if provided (that) only if
providing (that) as/so long as unless
4. Paragraf Tamamlama sorularında dikkat edilmesi gereken bir diğer nokta parça içerisinde özellikle boşluktan
sonraki cümlede ve şıklarda geçen zamirlerin (this, that, these, those, such (a)….., he, his, him, they, them, their
vb) daha önceki tekil ya da çoğul isimlere işaret etmesidir. Bu durumda, ilk cümlesi yani konu cümlesi boş bırakılan
bir sorunun he, this, such a problem gibi zamirle başlaması mümkün değildir, bu yüzden bu tür bir soruda şıklar
içerisinde zamir ile başlayanları elemelisiniz.
Diğer taraan, boşluktan sonra gelen cümle içersinde zamir kullanılıyorsa şıklarda o zamrin yerini tutacak sözcüğü
bulmak gerekmektedir.
198
YDS
Örnek 1
1. Researchers at the University of Michigan carried out tests on group of healthy people who were exposed to
polluon equivalent to that experienced on a busy roadside. ……………. Such blood vessel constricon will be
especially serious among people who have, or are at risk of, heart disease.
A) High levels of smog and soot may also increase the risk of cardiovascular problems
B) Researchers have nally come close to nding a possible explanaon for the link
C) There is apparently a link between air polluon and deaths from heart aacks
D) Car exhaust fumes are one of the major sources of air polluon
E) Tests showed that their blood vessels had narrowed by two to four per cent
Cevap
Bu soruda, konu cümlesi “Michigan Üniversitesindeki araşrmacıların yoğun bir trağin bulunduğu ortamlarda kirliliğe
mağruz kalan bir grup sağlıklı insan üzerinde test yapması”dır. Boşluktan sonra gelen such blood vessel constricon
(bu tür bir damar daralması) sorunun çözümü için önemli bir ipucudur. Bir önceki cümlede damarların daraldığını
ifade eden cümle bulunmalıdır. E şıkkına bakıldığında constricon kelimesinin eş anlamlısı olannarrow kelimesi
bulunmakta ve bu şık “testlerin bu kişilerde 2-4% oranında damarlarda daralması olduğunu” ifade etmektedir. Ayrıca
aynı şık içinde geçen their zamirinin bir önceki cümlede geçen testlere tabi tutulan ve kirliliğe maruz kalan sağlıklı
insanları işaret ettiği de bilinmelidir.
2. Hospitals, with their warm, constant temperature and their immunecompromised paents, are ideal
incubators for germs and prime hosts for outbreaks. ……………... These new super germs have mulplied inside
thousands of hospitals.
A) Lapses in infecon control, as well as overuse of anbiocs are producing new drugresistant germs
B) Sixteen per cent of paents’ family members carry germs spread by the paent
C) Fortunately, a great many germs remain inacve
D) By the early 1960s it was already beginning to prove ineecve in many circumstances
E) Staphylococcus bacteria are among the most common in a hospital
Cevap
Bu soruda, these new super germs ifadesinde yer alan işaret zamiri boşluğu dolduran cümlede geçmelidir. Şıklara
bakıldığında A ve C şıkları dikkat çekmektedir. Doğru cevabı bulabilmek için boşluktan gelen cümlede bu yeni
mikropların hastanelerde binlerce sayıda çoğaldığını ve boşluktan önceki cümlede de hastanelerin ortamları gereği
mikropların üremesi için ideal yerler olduğunu belirtmektedir. C şıkkında bir çok mikrobun neyseki aktif olmadığını
belirtmesi paragraf bütünlüğüne uymadığı için doğru cevap A şıkkı olacaktır.
199
5. Son olarak, Paragraf Tamamlama sorularında size verilen paragran hangi zamanda yazıldığı sorunun çözümü
için bazı sorularda ipucu olabilir. ÖSYM Paragraf Tamamlama soruları incelendiğinde, kimi paragraf tamamlama
soruları için oluşturulan şıkların parçanın zaman yapısına uygun olmadan yanılcı amaçlı hazırlandığı görülecekr.
Kısacası, paragraf bütünlüğünü ve uyumu korumak için ani zaman değişkilliği gösteren şıklardan kaçınılmalı. Fakat,
unutulmaması gereken bir husus; kimi paragraarda uygun bir bağlaçla zaman değişikliği yapan şık doğru cevap
olarak karşımıza çıkabilmektedir. Bu tür bir şıkkı doğru cevap olarak işaretlemek için bu şıktaki cümlede meydana
gelen zaman değişikliğinin, kendinden sonra gelen cümle ile desteklenmesi şarr.
Örnek:
1. A US Food and Drug Administraon advisory panel voted 9 to 6 to recommend that silicone breast implants
be allowed back on the market. Their sale in the States was stopped in 1992 because of concerns that leaking
implants could cause serious problems. ……………………..
A) Later studies, however, found no evidence that implants caused the myriad chronic diseases that had been
aributed to them
B) These treatments delay the return of cancer and prolong survival in most women
C) For breast reconstrucon, a silicone implant or ssue taken from other parts of the woman›s body may be
used
D) Actually, the use of silicone implants was not at all likely to return to favour
E) It is generally agreed that women in highrisk categories for breast cancer should be screened annually
Cevap:
Paragrafa bakıldığında, paragran Geçmiş Zaman (Past Tense) ile yazıldığı görülmektedir. Parçadaki zaman bütünlüğü
açısından boş bırakılan kısmın aynı zamanla yazılmış bir şıkla doldurulması büyük olasılıkr. Şıklara bakıldığındaA ve
D şıklarının Geçmiş Zamanla yazıldığı görülmektedir. Parçanın konusuna bakıldığında göğüs silikonu implantlarının
tekrar marketlerde satılmasının ABD Yiyecek ve İlaç kurulu tarafından tavsiye edildiği ve bu implantların satışlarının,
sızma yapan implantların ciddi sorunlara neden olabileceği konusundaki kaygılardan dolayı 1992 yılında durdurulduğu
belirtilmektedir. Böyle bir parça için “Fakat daha sonraki çalışmalar, silikon implantların düşünüldüğü gibi ciddi sağlık
sorunlarına yol açmadığını bulmuştur” açıklamasını yapan A şıkkı doğru cevaptır.
200
YDS
TEST 1 3. The main health services provided free in Britain

by local authories include those of home
nurses, health visitors and midwives. ----. The
1. No drug, old or new, is completely safe, if by provision of domesc help during illness or old
“safe” we mean having absolutely no potenal age is an oponal service diering slightly from
for harm. ----. Clearly, in any one case, the doctor the ones above as the recipient pays according to
must weigh up the advantages and disadvantages his means.
of this or that drug before prescribing. A) Some of these voluntary services work in close
A) Some drugs can produce very dangerous side accord with the local authories
eects but even so, in certain circumstances, B) Despite the provision made by the state,
it would be wrong to withhold them voluntary services, oen funded by charies,
B) Then there are the new drugs which have connue
created a revoluon in psychiatry C) There are also special health services catering
C) Penicillin is praccally non-poisonous but to the needs of mothers and young children
some people are allergic to it D) Clubs for adolescents are also felt to be
D) It is also possible to esmate the toxicity of a necessary
drug for man by tesng it on certain animal E) Actually about one child in twelve gets free
species meals, the rest pay about half the cost
E) Tests for toxicity have always been undertaken
by reputable drug companies, but of course,
mistakes can sll happen
2. In England, special educaonal arrangements are 4. A person’s water needs vary, depending primarily
made for children with IQs of between 50 and 70 on diet, acvity, environmental temperature
or 75. Provision for dull and backward children and humidity. ----. Recommendaons for adults
in ordinary schools usually consists, in urban are expressed in proporon to the amount of
areas, of classes with specially adapted curricula energy expended under average environmental
and teaching methods. ----. In rural areas, it is condions. A person who expends 2000 calories
dicult, somemes impossible, to oer adequate a day needs 2 to 3 litres of water.
provision for backward children. A) This is why beverages containing caeine are
A) The causes of retardaon are usually several not good substutes for water
in any one case B) The body must excrete a minimum of about
B) Teachers who have, to some extent, specialized 500 millilitres of water each day as urine
in this work are employed C) Moreover, water is lost from the lungs as
C) In choosing between a day-school and a vapour and from the skin as sweat
residenal school such factors as temperament D) In fact, most fruits and vegetables contain up
and character are taken into consideraon to 90 per cent water
D) Somemes a child’s disability may be E) Accordingly, a general water requirement is
environmentally determined rather than the dicult to establish
result of intellectual defect
E) It is thought that roughly 10 per cent of the
school populaon needs special help
201
5. Arising from these health stascs, it has been 7. President George W. Bush announced various
suggested that people in the US should adopt measures to stop the nancing of terrorism.
Mediterranean eang habits and begin indulging He ordered the freezing of assets belonging to
in olive oil and wine. ----. In the rst place, diet various organizaons and individuals. ----. In
is not the only factor implicated in disease addion, he wanted a task force to be set up to
causaon. Further, the dierences in life-styles combat the problem.
between Mediterranean peoples and Americans A) There was no military retaliaon for nearly a
could account for dierences in life expectancy. month
A) Actually, this would not really be appropriate B) He also announced that acon would be taken
for at least two reasons against foreign banks that did not cooperate
B) It would be very useful to put this into pracce with an-terrorist measures
C) The method has been tried and has failed C) The United States has so far detained over 350
D) People have to eat what is most readily suspects in relaon to the terrorist aacks of
available September 11th
E) It is not easy to change one’s eang habits D) For him. the aack on America was “an aack
on freedom”
E) It is obvious that America will be ghng a war
on several-fronts
6. Wars are fought by soldiers but organized by 8. The story of this ballet is largely inspired by Evliya
governments. Most conicts, therefore, tend Çelebi’s account of his travels in and around the
to increase the power of the state, at least Ooman Empire. ----. Indeed, he combines the
temporarily. ----. In the two weeks following mental, inner journey of man and his physical
September 11th, the country has seen a sharp outward journey with commendable arsc skill
increase in the role of the federal government. and insight
A) America’s war against terrorism is no excepon A) His well-known book. Seyahatname, gives a
B) This may be why some people are always detailed and lively account of these travels and
opposed to war so it is also an important historical document
C) The coalion that America has assembled has B) Actually Çelebi spent more than forty years of
caused considerable speculaon his life travelling around the Ooman Empire
D) Defence is the area in which freedoms are C) The choreographer, however, is also deeply
most oen restricted interested in why man travels
E) Democracy is, aer all. another of the values D) The music underlines the duality of the theme
that the terrorists have sought to challenge E) As one has come to expect in a ballet, music,
movement and light blend impercepvely
202
YDS
9. ----. We are told how the Romanesque style of 11. Broken bones in themselves are not the most
the twelh century with its round arches was serious consequences of injuries causing
succeeded by the Gothic style with the pointed fractures. ----. The First Aid treatment of
arch; how the Gothic style was supplanted by the immobilizing the part, before transporng the
Renaissance, which had Its beginnings In Italy casualty, is designed to avoid this.
in the early eenth century and slowly gained A) Somemes nearby ssues or organs can be
ground in all the countries of Europe. The style damaged by the broken ends of the bones,
which followed the Renaissance is usually called and this is far more serious.
Baroque. B) A “simple” or “closed” fracture is where
A) It is true to say that the Renaissance style of only the bone is broken without damage to
building has connued from Brunelleschi’s surrounding ssues
days down to our own C) Then area are compound fractures, and the
B) It is not always easy to give a date to a work of danger here is that the bone may become
art infected
C) Almost up to our own me, architects have D) A “greensck” fracture is quite common in
used from south to north in the 15th and 16th children
centuries that the same basic forms E) A bone infecon does not yield easily to
D) The history of art Is somemes presented as treatment with anbiocs
the story of a succession of various styles
E) The period around 1700 saw the culminaon
of the Baroque movement in Europe
10. It can be argued that Henry Benson is the most 12. The real benet of using sugar alcohols is that
feared photographer in the world. ----. So do they do not contribute to dental crisis. ----. They
royalty. Fellow photographers are Jealous, but are, therefore, valuable in chewing gums, breath
sll they stand in awe of him. Editors know his mints and other products that people keep in
value and pay the high fees he asks. their mouths for a while.
A) The famous and the infamous alike, know only A) Provided that they are not given to children,
too well his ability to capture them o-guard they will cause no harm
B) He earns his living by recording scandal B) Bacteria in the mouth cannot metabolize
C) Even so, newspapers of any standing do not sugar alcohols as rapidly as sugar
print his photographs C) As well as sugar alcohols there are arcial
D) Presumably, he has a large group of ‘advisers’ sweeteners and, of course, sugar itself
who tell him where to go and when D) They are used as an alternave to sugar by
E) The only Job sasfacon he enjoys must surely people with diabetes
be the money he receives for his photographs E) Their side eects make them less aracve
than the arcial sweeteners.
203
13. Except for people with Phenyl Keton Una, 15. Industrial work lasts for a good many hours
aspartame is safe. Some individuals may exhibit everyday, and inevitably causes a certain amount
vague, but not dangerous symptoms due to of fague, but a good night’s rest can lead to
unusual sensivity to aspartame. ----. Indeed, like complete recovery and enable the worker to be
saccharine, aspartame has been approved for use quite t to start on his work next day. ----. This
in more than 100 countries. state is liable to be cumulave over successive
A) Methyl alcohol, a potenally toxic compound, days and weeks, and tends to impair his health
is momentarily produced and lower his eciency of producon.
B) Some people are sll worried about the A) If not, he is probably suering from the
products aspartame yields in the body beginnings of over-fague
C) Nevertheless, it is generally regarded as safe B) Boredom is another related condion
D) Long-term studies using animals have directly C) Thus, the weekend rest is not a luxury, it is a
tested this product necessity
E) Clearly more tests are called for D) In the long run, excessive working hours lead
to a fall of output
E) The fague produced naturally varies very
greatly with the nature of the work performed
14. The vitamins are powerful substances as their 16. The object of the air trac control ocers is to
absence proves. Vitamin A deciency can cause achieve the highest densies in all parts of the
blindness, and lack of Vitamin D can retard bone controlled air space that is consistent with safety
growth. ----. In parcular one should not put too and the eliminaon of collision risk----. The
much trust in vitamin supplements as they do not amounts of the separaon are partly dependent
oer the many benets that come from vitamin upon the means available for determining
rich foods. accurately the posion and course of the various
A) A well-balanced diet is far more important aircra.
B) A diet that includes plenty of vegetables, fruits A) For purposes of air trac control, air space is
and grain products is low in fat and rich in divided and then subdivided
vitamins B) Military aviaon originally held itself outside
C) The role of vitamins in supporng a strong any air trac control but for a long me now
immune system should not be underesmated this has not been praccable
D) Vitamins are organic and so they can easily be C) They, therefore. direct the captains of aircra
destroyed so as to maintain adequate vercal and
E) Even so, vitamins should not be regarded as a horizontal separaon between aircra
cure for all kinds of health problems D) As these are within controlled air space a pilot
intending to y along them must le a ight
plan.
E) The “ight progress strip” gives an indicaon
of what is happening to any aircra in the area
204
YDS
17. The Wankel engine has many advantages over 19. Germinaon is the iniaon of growth in a newly
the reciprocang piston engine. Fewer moving formed plant-structure, or the resumpon of
parts are necessary because it produces a rotary growth aer a period of rest, as in fungus and
movement without using a connecng rod and a bacterial spores, but exemplied most vividly in
cranksha.----. In addion, it has no valves and it seeds.---- . Growth is stopped and respiraon is
is smaller and lighter than convenonal engines extremely slow. At germinaon, development is
of the same power. resumed and there is a spectacular acceleraon
A) Though there are advantages, there are also of funcon.
disadvantages A) The essenal point about germinaon is the
B) Because of this rotary, movement it has no sudden change from a resng state to one of
vibraon intense acvity
C) A fresh charge is then induced into the cylinder B) The development of the new plant starts at
D) The Wankel piston is triangular with curved ferlizaon
sides C) Before full physiological acvity can be
E) Fuel enters the cylinder through the inlet port resumed, the dehydrated ssues must
become fully turgid with water
D) As the embryo swells it ruptures the seed coat
E) In the resng condion, the life processes are
slowed down to a minimum
18. Thermal insulaon is concerned with the problem

20. Improved eciency of the use of fuel is a theme to
of reducing the transfer of heat from one place to
which more aenon has been given as the cost of
another and depends upon the thermal resistance
fuel has increased.---- . The processing of raw fuel
of the insulang medium.---- . However, this
into the form in which it is to be used is another.
is not very sasfactory in an ordinary air space
A) The ecient and economical use of fuels is
because radiaon is also involved in the transfer
indeed one of the chief aspects of the work of
of heat
the fuel technologist
A) Since air is a very poor conductor, an air gap,
B) Each type of fuel and each process naturally
narrow enough to minimize convecon, may
has its own problems
be used for insulaon
C) There is a sta to advise on methods of
B) Thermal conducvity is a term that is only
increasing the eciency of the use of fuel in
strictly applicable to homogeneous materials
industry
C) In general, the lighter the material per unit
D) It is well known that the probable resources of
volume, the greater its insulang value per
coal are very extensive
unit thickness
E) Fuel technology is now a recognized and even
D) The vercal air spaces used in insulang
an essenal profession
buildings are actually only about one third as
thick
E) The opmum thickness must also be chosen
to avoid condensaon of moisture inside the
walls
205
TEST 2 3. The power loom was invented by Dr Edmund

Cartwright in the early 19 century. However,
many improvements were necessary before it
1. Sciensts are only just beginning to explore
came into common use. Gradually its range was
the seabed. Remote-controlled submarines are
extended to include all bres and types of cloth.
bringing up sediment from an apparently lifeless
----. At the same me, speed and precision were
sea oor. ----. Indeed, so many new species are
increased.
being idened that the deep seabed may turn
A) Recently, the cra of hand-loom weaving has
out to support a greater bio-diversity than the
gained in popularity
rainforests.
B) The running speeds of looms vary according
A) There are trenches in the seabed that are 11
to various factors, including width and type of
km deep
cloth
B) But under the microscope this sediment
C) In fact, by about 1850, it had superseded the
teems with life
hand loom almost enrely
C) By means of echo-sounding much can be
D) The warp threads are kept taut by iron weights
learned about the surface of the seabed
E) Since about 1900, automac looms have been
D) Sedimentaon is a slow process of creang
progressively introduced
land masses
E) There, ocean-oor magma vents support an
ecology independent of sunlight
2. The science of how re spreads is simple enough. 4. Some years ago, measurement on ice cores
----. This means that in a typical house re, the showed that the concentraon of carbon dioxide
ames and fumes move upwards unl they meet in the atmosphere was lower during ice ages than
an obstrucon, such as a ceiling, where they it is today. ----. Some researchers have sought an
mushroom out laterally unl they reach a wall. explanaon by suggesng that the whole-ocean
A) The opening of a door or window requires reservoir of algal nutrients was larger during
great cauon as it may cause a violent glacial mes than it is now. Others by proposing
outbreak of ames that the biological pump was more ecient then.
B) Today re - ghters begin their basic training A) So far no one has ever red to solve this puzzle
with physics B) As yet there is no broadly accepted explanaon
C) One of the most skilled techniques employed for this dierence
by re-ghters is venlaon C) The reason for this was soon obvious
D) Venlaon helps to reduce the risk of D) There have been large cyclic variaons in
explosions resulng from the build-up of hot climate and glaciaon during the past two
gases million years
E) Once air is heated, it becomes lighter, rises E) The experiment focuses on the open ocean
and seeks to escape through any openings surrounding Antarcca
that may be available
206
YDS
5. Concrete is strong in compression but it is 7. Food industrialists hail biotechnology as a miracle,

relavely weak in tension. That means it is strong but there are many people who feel disnctly
when pushed together, but connuous at slab uneasy about this new development. ---. They
will not stretch well and might crumble. ---- . Steel wonder what unknown changes take place when
is generally used for this purpose as it improves the genes of living things are manipulated and
the elascity of concrete. what the long-term consequences might be.
A) To overcome this weakness and control A) One of the most exing and fearful areas
cracking, concrete has to he reinforced in genec research today is the cloning of
B) The base materials of concrete are sand, animals
cement and aggregate B) These people feel that tampering with
C) Dierent percentages of the base ingredients genecs may change organisms in ways not
are used depending on the strength required yet fully understood, even by the sciensts
D) Signs of corrosion and cracking somemes who developed the techniques.
appear soon aer construcng C) Indeed it is now possible to select desirable
E) Nevertheless, concrete is not as popular a traits from a number or species and insert
building material as previously them into the genec material of crops and
animals.
D) Biotechnology means the use of biological
systems or organisms to create or modify
products.
E) Biotechnology promises to produce greater
crops yields, leaner meats and beer nutrient
composion.
6. Space research is the scienc study of the
universe by means of vehicles in space. ----.
Unlike other scienc disciplines, space research
is thus disnguished by technical means not by
eld of study. 8. The drag of an airship is made up of two parts ----.
A) The long life of satellites makes possible the The laer include an oen important increase of
observaon of occasional phenomena such as the former due to disturbance of ow, and may
the eects of solar ares approach 50 % of the former.
B) Geophysics and astrophysics are also subjects A) The maximum cross-seconal area is about
for space research but are not completely one- seventh of the “weed surface”
comprehended in it B) Hulls are usually given a neness rao of
C) This is why space vehicles can make direct about 6, which means the length is six mes
studies of phenomena of interest above the the maximum diameter.
dense atmosphere C) There is the drag of the bare hull and the
D) Experiments involving the arcial creaon eecve drag of all appendages
of new condion in space have also been D) As a result, model experiment is quite
conducted unsuitable
E) Space, in this connecon, means regions E) One stroke horse-power for each 100 Ib gross
beyond the earth which cannot be reached by weight may be expected to give speed of
airborne vehicles such as balloons about 75 miles per hour
207
9. When an aircra collides with a bird, the result 11. The world’s ten most important coral reef
can be a potenally catastrophic damage. ----. hotspots have been idened. The sites,
This is why a team at Britain’s Defence Evaluaon which are all over the world, have one thing in
and Research Agency plants to use crystals that common: ----. The ndings contradict a long held
glow when fractured to warn of such unseen contenon that marine species are unlikely to
damage. become exnct because of their vast geographic
A) In this instance, the impact damage resulted ranges in the oceans.
in 60 per cent of the material’s compressive A) they are all rich in marine species found only
strength being lost in small areas and therefore highly vulnerable
B) This makes visual inspecons for damage to exncon
unreliable B) habitat destrucon leads to loss of biodiversity
C) Geng an aircra back into the air quickly can C) most of the world‟s coral reefs are under
be vital threat from human acvies, in parcular
D) But, if planes are made of carbon composites, from polluon
one cannot see the damage. D) the advantages of an integrated land and sea
E) Ultrasound and X- ray techniques have both conservaon strategy are suggested by at
been used, but these are slow and costly least eight of them
E) the ten hotspots account for a ny 0,017
percent of the oceans, but 34 per cent of
restricted range coral reef species
10. Dust devils, which look like miniature tornadoes, 12. The training for tourists travelling into space is
form when sunlight warms air just above the tough; the journey itself is even tougher. ---- .
ground ---. Once it has started spinning, it can Moreover, the G-forces push their organs and
draw in more air, forming a whirlwind that picks blood to the back of their body. Eight minutes
up dust from the ground. later they should be 805 km above Earth,
A) This is why there is always a dusty haze to be travelling at speeds of more than 40,234 km/h.
seen around Mars A) Besides the vigorous training programme,
B) Dust devils oen develop in dry areas on Earth there are stringent medical and tness tests
too B) The view and the experience, however, more
C) A few much larger ones have been spoed on than compensate for any unpleasantness
Mars C) Aer ignion the force of acceleraon drags
D) These small whirlwinds load the Maran on the tourists with the weight of eight men
atmosphere with dust D) Would-be travellers to space have also to
E) Small breezes can then give a twist the rising complete a 22-month training programme
warm air. E) The G-force exercises are perhaps the most
demanding part of the training
208
YDS
13. One important aim of this “Scienc 15. Acid rain not only kills sh, it also erodes buildings.
Opportunies” organisaon is to create a more Airborne urban polluon, including SO2, nitric
welcoming environment for creave, invenve acid and carbon parcles (soot) is deposited on
thinkers. ----; but they are tools that aren’t used the wet surfaces of stonework to form unsightly
nearly enough. Too many young people become black crusts. ---- . Porous stones and sandstone
bored with science and maths educaon, and they are especially vulnerable.
learn far too lile about what the great inventors A) To make maers worse, the features of many
have done to create the world we live in. of these statues have also been eroded away
A) Other skills are naturally required if the job is B) Air polluon was much worse in Western
to be done properly cies 30 years ago than it is today
B) No cause is more important than culvang C) The crust is essenally soot, mixed with
the potenal of the human mind gypsum - the so mineral calcium sulphate
C) Every trade has its own tools and special which forms when stone reacts with sulphuric
equipment acid
D) Invenon and creavity are humanity‟s most D) Another problem that used to be associated
powerful tools for making the world a beer with acid rain was lead poisoning, but plasc
place pipe work has more or less eliminated this risk
E) This is its long-standing mission and to achieve E) Rural sources of acidity from industrial sites
it every available tool is being used have similarly been increasing at an alarming
rate
14. There is very lile similarity between the chemical
composion of river water and that of sea water.
The various elements are present in enrely
dierent proporons. ----. An important reason
for the dierence is that immense amounts of
calcium salts are constantly being withdrawn
from sea water by marine animals for the making
of shells and skeletons. 16. Everyone in the US has been shocked by the
recent series of high school murders commied
A) The ocean is the earth‟s greatest storehouse
by male students. People are also extremely
of minerals
puzzled by them. ----. Presently, many sciensts
B) The rivers bring in four mes as much calcium
are even seeking biological explanaons for this
as chloride, for example; yet in the ocean the
not common but certainly destrucve, social
proporons are reversed; there is 46 mes as
pathology.
much chloride as calcium
A) In fact, only a relavely small percentage of
C) Although the earth is constantly shiing her
adolescents will agree to overlook acts of
component materials from place to place, the
violence
heaviest movements are always from land to
sea, not from sea to land B) No one knows where the border between
normal and abnormal is
D) The annual ow of water seaward is believed
to be about 5,500 cubic miles, and this inow C) Some people argue that the brain is the cause
of river water gives the ocean several billion of aggression and the cure for it
tonnes of salts D) Clearly there is no easy way to eliminate
E) In a single cubic mile of sea water there are, on school violence
the average, 166 million tons of dissolved salts E) They want to know why they have happened
209
17. The arguments for and against adversing have 19. The precise health and environmental eects
been complicated by the diculty of isolang of noise polluon are not fully known. ----.
adversing costs. ----. For instance, the expense Moreover, sounds of high intensity and long
involved in making the yearly style changes in duraon can cause permanent damage to the
American cars is put down as a manufacturing auditory system.
cost, but it could well be argued that it should be A) Noises from industrial operaons are usually
put down as a selling cost.
conned to the plant structure
B) The impact of vehicle noise on a populaon
A) It has been claimed that, in some cases, one
usually depends on trac concentraons
cannot disnguish between manufacturing
rather than on any individual vehicle
and selling costs
C) Prolonged noise exposure may cause
B) Conversely, it can be argued that adversing general personal distress, either singly or in
contributes to economies in manufacture combinaon with other stress
C) Nevertheless, the true cost of adversing is D) The other important secondary eect of noise
extremely dicult to recompense on human health is noise-induced vibraon
D) This is because adversing on a mass scale E) Noise has the same general eects on animals
enables a manufacturer to produce goods as it does on humans
in greater quanes, and therefore more
cheaply.
E) The two main types of adversing are the
informave and the compeve
18. It has been argued that “capitalism” entails the 20. The troubadours belong to 11th century France.
producon of goods or the provision of services for They were poet musicians about whom we
prot ----. Even though many of these transacons know lile as praccally none of their music
has survived. ----. Contemporary with them in
were barter exchanges, this does not mean that
Germany were “the Minnesingers” but their
prot was enrely absent. It was simply some form
songs were mostly similar to ecclesiascal hymns.
of protable exchange that did not involve money.
A) Not unl the 15,h century did England begin to
A) By capital we mean not just money but more
make a signicant contribuon to the history
especially a means of producon of music
B) As it happens, in a capitalist society only a B) The earliest history of Western music is closely
very small proporon of industrial acvity bound up with the Church
is under the control of the government, and C) Probably their music was largely secular
somemes none at all. and their songs were mostly about love and
C) This noon of private ownership of the means beauty
of producon as a central feature of capitalism D) Meanwhile in 14lh century Italy a quite
should not arouse controversy separate form of music was developing
D) This, however, will not serve to idenfy E) Indeed, lile is known about the history of
capitalism as a disncve system since goods secular music
and services have at all mes been exchanged
with a view to striking a good bargain
E) However, it is necessary to limit the applicaon
of the term “capitalism” to a discernible
paern of social and economic relaons
210
5. IRRELEVANT SENTENCE & TESTS
Bu soru tarzında size verilen paragraa anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi bulmanız istenerek yazma beceriniz
ölçülmek istenmektedir. Aslında bu soru tarzı ile bir önceki konuda yer alan Paragraf Tamamlama sorularını
cevaplama tarzı arasında benzerlikler vardır.
Anlamı Bozan Cümle Sorularında Dikkat Edilecek Noktalar:
1. Bir paragraf asla geçiş bağlaçları (transions) adını verdiğimizso, therefore, hence, thus, but, however, on the other
hand, in contrast, on the contrary, likewise, similarly vb. gibi bağlaçlarla başlamaz. İlk cümlede bu tür bağlaçlardan
birinin kullanımıyla paragran başlaması direk olarak birinci cümlenin anlamı bozan cümle olduğunu gösterir.
2. Bir paragraf he, she, they zamirlerinin özne görevi gördüğü bir cümle ile başlayamaz, çünkü bu zamirler kimin
yerini tuuğunu göstermemektedirler.
3. Paragraf Tamamla bölümde bahsedildiği gibi bir paragran ilk cümlesi konu cümlesi görevini üstlenir. Dolayısıyla,
bu soru tarzında ilk cümledeki konuyu ve de bilhassa sınırlayıcı kri anlamak diğer cümlelerin konu cümlesiyle
bir bütünlüğe sahip olup olamadığını belirlemede kilit rol üstlenir. Konu cümlesinin genel bir yargı içeren ça
görevini gören özelliğini aklınızda tutarak diğer cümleler içinden hangisinin konu cümlesindeki konunun sınırlayıcı
krinden uzaklaşğını tespit etmek daha kolay olacakr.
4. Cümleler arasında kullanılan bağlaçlara dikkat edilmelidir. Bir önceki bölümde belirldiği gibi bağlaçların,
cümleleri, birbirine anlam bütünlüğü ve uyum açısından bağladıkları unutulmamalıdır. Bir cümleden diğerine
genelde bağlaçsız veya referansız (he, she, it, they, such a programme, this suaon, in this year gibi) geçiş
yapılamaz. Bir cümleden diğerine geçerken bağlaç veya referansların takip eden cümle içerisinde kullanılmaması
o cümlenin anlam bütünlüğünü bozduğunu gösterir.
Bağlaçlar ve referans kelimeleriyle ilgili dikkat edilmesi gereken çok önemli bir diğer husus ise kimi zaman bunların
sizi konudan uzaklaşrmak, başka konuya çekmek için çeldirici niteliğinde kasıtlı olarak kullanıldığını bilmekr. Bu
yüzden referans kelimelerinin ve bilhassada bağlaçların bulunduğu cümleleri ilk etapta konu cümlesiyle daha sonra da
kendinden önce gelen cümleyle beraber ele almak ve doğru cevabı bulmak için bağlaçlı cümleden sonra gelen cümlenin
bağlaçlı cümleden önce gelen cümlenin devamı mı yoksa bağlaçlı cümlenin devamı mı olduğuna bakılmalıdır.
5. Paragraa anlam bütünlüğünün yanı sıra zaman (tense) bütünlüğüne de bakılmalıdır. Cümlelerde ani zaman
değişikliği gösterenlere temkinli yaklaşılmalıdır; parçanın zaman bütünlüğünü bozan cümle genellikle doğru cevap
olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
211
6. Birbirini takip eden cümlelerde daha önceki cümlede geçen kelimelerin aynen, eş anlamlıları ile veya diğer
formlarda (sıfat, isim, zarf veya il hali gibi) kullanılması cümleler arası bütünlük olduğunu gösteren önemli
ipuçlarıdır.
7. Bu soru tarzında belki de en zor olan ilk cümlenin paragraf bütünlüğünü bozan cümle olduğunu tespit etmekr.
Sınavda adayların genel eğilimi ilk cümlenin doğru olacağı şeklinde bir kre kapılmalarıdır. Unutulmamalıdır ki size
bu bölümde sorulan sorulardan en az bir tanesinde ilk cümle konu bütünlüğünü bozan cümle olarak karşımıza
çıkmaktadır. Bu tür bir soru oluşturulurken ilk cümle ve ikinci cümlede şu çeldiricilere başvurulur:
A. Birinci ve ikinci cümlede aynı konu üzerine olup her birinde konunun farklı sınırlayıcı kirlere sahip olması:
Bu tür bir paragraa üçüncü cümle belirleyici olacakr. Üçüncü cümlenin, birinci cümlenin mi yoksa ikinci
cümlenin mi devamı olduğuna bakılmalıdır.
B. Birinci ve ikinci cümlede farklı konuların ele alınması: yine böyle bir durumda üçüncü cümle doğru cevabı
bulmada anahtar görevi üstlenecekr.
Birinci ve ikinci cümle arasında bağlaç ve/veya ikinci cümlede referans kelimeleri yoksa bu iki cümleden
birisinin yanlış olma olasılığı çok yüksekr.
Kısaca özetleyecek olursak bu soru tarzında; konu bütünlüğüne, bağlaçların ve referansların kullanımına, zaman
bütünlüğüne; birbirini takip eden cümlelerde kelimelerin aynı, eş anlamlı veya diğer formlarının kullanımına dikkat
edilmelidir.
212
YDS
TEST – 1 4. (I) They hadn’t expected to see rolling hills doed

by family farms with herds of cale grazing
around. (II) Richardson County is in the south-
1. (I) Some historians point out that cannibalism did
eastern corner of Nebraska, abung Kansas and
not exist before 1492. (II) They would argue that
Missouri and washed by the Missouri River. (III)
it was invented by Columbus. (III) Of course, this
It is the heart of the heartland, the American
is not to deny that cannibalism was unknown in
mythologized, in 1943, by Oscar Hammerstein
the ancient world.(IV) It seems always to have
in the lyrics of “Oklahoma!”(IV) Yet, today, this
existed, or to have been said to exist, usually in
“other” places.(V) Therefore, it is true that the part of the prairie America connues to possess
word “cannibal” is a corrupon of the Amerindian very lile of its pastoral and tradion charm.
word “Carib”, which means “bold” or “erce”. (V) Unfortunately, Industrializaon and reckless
urbanizaon have destroyed much of it and
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
turned the place into a wasteland.
2. (I) Michael Levy’s recently published book
Florence: A Portrait is a masterly survey of
Renaissance and post-Renaissance Florence. (II)
His portrayal of this magnicent city is that of an
eminent art historian elegantly at home in painng, 5. (I) For almost 40 years, relaons have been frozen
sculpture, and architecture.(III) As one visits this between the United States and Cuba.(II) This is
principal city, a dilemma characterisc of postwar mainly due to the glaring dierences between the
Europe is unavoidably insistent.(IV) He is at his regimes of the two countries.(III) Many, on both
best especially when he is analyzing parcular sides, have ceased to hope for an improvement
masters and sites.(V) Indeed, it is fascinang to in the relaons.(IV) More surprisingly, the
read his learned account of the achievements of
recent papal trip to the island has had an eect
the great Florennes like Bocelli, Brunelleschi,
in Washington, too.(V) Mr. Castro will not ease
Michelangelo and the others.
his grip unl he dies; nor will the policy makers
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V in Washington be ready to life the American
embargo against trade with Cuba.
3. (I) Throughout the Middle Ages Chrisan Europe A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
launched many allied expedions against the
Muslim rule in Spain to bring it to an end.(II)
Historically the ancient palace of the Muslim
rulers at Granada in Spain is called “Alhambra”.(III)
Originally, it was designed, built, and developed 6. (I) Medieval and Renaissance architecture can
into an architectural masterpiece in the thirteenth best be appreciated in Italy. (II) Venice is one of
and fourteenth centuries.(IV) Unfortunately, the the most popular beauty spots in the world.(III)
stylisc uniformity of the palace was spoiled when At the centre of the city is St. Mark’s Square, one
in the sixteenth century Charles V turned part of of the nest squares in the world.(IV) On one
it into a modern residence.(V) However, the most side stands St. Mark’s cathedral with its great
beauful parts of the interior, including the court Byzanne dome.(V) On another side there is
of Alberca and the Court of Lions, have survived the famous place of the Doge with its mixture of
and preserve their original charm. Gothic and Renaissance architecture.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
213
7. (I) Economists have long known that people are 10. (I) Fears of one kind or another are almost
an important part of the wealth of a naon.(II) universal in early childhood.(II) Yet, psychologists
However, drasc measures are needed to prevent disagree about the methods used in child care.(III)
a rapid increase in the populaon.(III) Obviously Experimental studies have shown that their highest
the producve capacity of human beings is incidence is at around three years of age.(IV) Fear
what really contributes to a naon’s wealth. is, of course, a normal response to real danger.(V)
(IV) Therefore, it is imperave that every naon However, the lile child can be as intensively afraid
of imaginary danger as of real danger.
should invest in its people.(V) Clearly, the most
eecve form of investment in people is through A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
good educaon in all its aspects.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 11. (I) Man now drives energy from many dierent
sources.(II) Coal and water are, however, by far the
most important of these sources.(III) Of course, he
may ulize other sources too.(IV) For instance,
8. (I) Racism is the doctrine that one race is the power represented by atomic cohesion is an
inherently superior or inferior others. (II) It has other major source of energy.(V) Admiedly, the
no connecon whatever with the study of race eciency of the steam turbine is relavely poor.
as a contents. (III) Moreover, It is not concerned A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
with the invesgaon of racial dierences,
which is a science pracced by the physical
12. (I) The balance of payments has recently been a
anthropologist. (IV) Racism is simply a vulgar serious problem parcularly in Eastern Europe.(II)
superson believed in by the ignorant or the The late 1950s and the early 1960s saw a decline
mortally, unbalanced. (V) Today in the world an- in Brish compeveness. (III) As a result, the
Semism is not so widespread as it used to be in Brish share in world exports of manufacturers
the past. fell steadily. (IV) On the other hand, there was a
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V rapid increase in imports or manufactured goods.
(V) Consequently, the balance of payments
deteriorated, and the country was, heading
towards a major economic crisis.
9. (I) In general the term “abstract art” is used A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
to describe new movements and techniques
in plasc arts in the tweneth century.(II) The
13. (I) In October 1979 the Arab oil producing states
underlying principle of this art is that it is not
took the decision to restrict oil supplies to the
the subject at all but form and colour which
West and raise oil prices.(II) The restricon of
really possess aesthec value. (III) Obviously,
supplies was iniated as a short-run weapon in
we cannot disregard the fact that the vitality of
the Arab-Israeli conict. (III) In fact, it revealed a
art throughout history is closely bound up with
potenal for obtaining higher prices, which had
some form of religion.(IV) Most art historians not previously been exploited by the oil countries.
suggest that the impressionist, especially (IV) Most economists argue that the exploitaon of
Cezanne, can be considered to be the pioneers North Sea oil has been a mixed blessing for Britain.
of this art. (V) Also there are some who strongly (V) Being aware of this potenal, the internaonal
argue that the origins of abstract art are to be oil cartel OPEC raised the price for a barrel of crude
sought in the designs of primive people as well oil from 1.75 US dollars in September 1973 to 7.00
as folk art. US Dollars in January 1974.
214
YDS
14. (I) It was Engels in 1844 who rst referred to 17. (I) On 15 June 1977 the rst free parliamentary
the industrial Revoluon in Britain.(II) For him, elecons for 41 years were held in Spain.(II) This
the transformaon of Britain from a merely was a decisive step on the road from dictatorship
agricultural country into a predominantly to democracy, and in July the new two chamber
industrial one was of a revoluonary nature. parliament replaced the old “Cortes” of General
(III) In the nineteenth century Britain colonized
Franco.(III) Indeed, the most crucial issue for the
future of Spain-was the separast Basque terrorism
most of Africa and South East Asia.(IV) Actually,
in the north of the country.(IV) The rst task of the
the industrial Revoluon had begun in the late
new government sad parliament was the drawing
eighteenth century with the mechanizaon of up of a new democrac constuon.(IV) Also, in the
the texle industry.(V) This was soon followed meanme, a wide range of polical and economic
by major technological and other industrial reforms were introduced, and in the 1980s Spain
developments which made Britain the most emerged as a major economic power in Europe.
prosperous country in the world. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
18. (I) In the early 1900s, various lm producon
companies appeared in the United States and
15. (I) In 1965 when Mrs. Indria Gandhi became entered into erce compeon with each other.
the prime minister of India, she faced serious II) It was in the late 1920s, however, that the
polical problems in the country.(II) For instance, golden era of Hollywood really began. (III) Many
she followed a pro-Soviet Foreign policy and, companies then created stars sll popular and
hence did not react against the Soviet invasion famous today.(IV) Financial dicules became
of Afghanistan.(III) In the rst place, she had to even more pressing during the depression years.
consolidate her authority in the Congress Party (V) Among these, the best known and most
against the opposion from the Party’s old famous of all was, of course, Charlie Chaplin.
guard.(IV) Also she had to deal with the terrorist A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
acvies in various parts of the country.(V)
19. People used to think that germs appeared from
However, she took courageous steps in her rule
nowhere when things went bad.(II) Today we
and won a landslide elecon victory in 1971.
know that germs are living things born of other
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V germs.(III) Very few germs survive when exposed
to sunshine.(IV) For instance, food goes bad
16. (I) To understand the Brish system of government because germs get into it and grow on it.(V) It
does not go bad of its own accord.
it is essenal to appreciate the importance of the
party system.(II) Naturally, pares exist to form A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
governments, and in Britain the path to this goal
lies in the House of Commons for the party which 20. (I) Solomon is tradionally regarded as one of the
obtains a majority of seats has the right to form the wisest kings of ancient mes. (II) By the end of his
government. (III) Since the seventeenth century, reign his subjects were extremely discontented
two pares have usually been predominant in with his policies. (Ill) His reputaon for wisdom is
Brish polics. (IV) Unl the 1920s these were not without foundaon. (IV) Since he inherited a
large and relavely peaceful empire from his father,
the lories (the Conservaves) and the Whigs (the
David, he was able to concentrate on economic
Liberals), and since the 1930s the Conservaves
maers. (V) Soon he proved a genius at exploing a
and the Labour. (V) So far many reforms have been number of major trade routes as well as developing
introduced to improve the local elecon system. the copper mines south of the Dead Sea.
215
TEST 2 4. (I) Michael Levey’s recently-published book

Florence; A portrait is a masterly survey of
Renaissance and post-Renaissance Florence. (II)
1. (I) For almost 40 years, relaons have been
His portrayal of this magnicent city is that of an
frozen between the United States and Cuba.
eminent art historian elegantly at home in painng,
(II) This is mainly due to the glaring dierences
sculpture and architecture. (III) As one visits this
between the regimes of the two countries. (III)
princely city, a dilemma characterisc of postwar
Many, on both sides, have ceased to hope for
Europe is unavoidably insistent. (IV) He is at his
an improvement in the relaons. (IV) More
best especially when he is analysing parcular
surprisingly, the recent papal trip to the island
masters and sites. (V) Indeed, it is fascinang to
has had an eect in Washington, too. (V) Mr.
read his learned account of the achievements of
Castro will not ease his grip unl he dies; nor will
the great Florennes like Bocelli, Brunelleschi,
the policy makers in Washington be ready to li
Michelangelo and the others.
the American embargo against trade with Cuba.
5. (I) They hadn’t expected to see rolling hills doed

by family farms with herds of cale grazing
2. (I) High oil prices helped Venezuela to emerge, around. (II) Richardson County is in the south-
two years ago, from a long recession. (II) Soon eastern corner of Nebrasca, abung Kansas
the government launched a comprehensive and Missouri and washed by the Missouri River.
economic reform programme, which was to be (III) It is the heart of the heartland, the America
nanced through the oil revenue. (III) In fact, the mythologized, in 1943, by Oscar Hammerstein
ow of money through trade could have enabled in the lyrics of “Oklahoma!”. (IV) Yet, today, this
them to avoid taking unpopular decisions. (IV) part of prairie America connues to possess
However, with the recent precipitous drop in very lile of its pastoral and tradional charm.
oil prices the economic situaon has again (V) Unfortunately, industrialisaon and reckless
begun to deteriorate. (V) In parcular, the urbanisaon have destroyed much of it and
governments seems likely to cut down on the turned the place into a wasteland.
reform programme which it embarked on with A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
high hopes.
6. (I) As recently as the 1980s, poverty rates among
the elderly in Britain were more than double those
of the populaon at large. (II) Many experts and
3. (I) Some historians point out that cannibalism did policy makers contend that the problems of the
not exist before 1492. (II) They would argue that rerement system have oen been exaggerated.
it was invented by Columbus. (III) Of course, this (III) A great number of old people were largely
is not to deny that cannibalism was unknown in dependent on the charity of their children and
the ancient world. (IV) It seems always to have on local assistance programmes. (IV) However,
existed, or to have been said to exist, usually in by 1995 most of these people had improved
“other” places. (V) Therefore, it is true that the their living condions. (V) This was partly due
word “cannibal” is a corrupon of the Amerindian to the fact that the country had become more
word “Carib”, which means “bold” or “erce”. prosperous in general.
216
YDS
7. (I) Today the worst problem facing the 10. (I) Fish farming, which is pracced in many
government of South Africa is unemployment. countries, has developed into an industry in recent
(II) This now aects a third of the populaon and years. (II) This has made scienc research into sh
is rising rapidly. (III) Actually, the end of South biology of vital importance. (III) Hence, advances
Africa’s isolaon from the world meant that in disease control and in sh nutrion are likely
companies had to cut jobs to be compeve. (IV) to be impressive in the years ahead. (IV) Fish
Moreover, in order to meet the government’s farming has succeeded only where it can compete
with other forms of food producon in terms of
ght decit targets, there are now cuts being
costs. (V) Moreover, for most sh species, genec
made in the number of the public-service sta,
improvements through breeding have already
which makes unemployment even worse. (V) In
been achieved to make the industry protable.
the economic sector, the situaon is even more
hopeful for there has been a wave of reforms and
mergers among banks and insurance companies.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 11. (I) Heat stroke happens under unusually hot and
moist condions. (II) In either case one must send
urgently for medical help. (III) This is because the
evaporaon of sweat cannot take place in an
8. (I) For governments and instuons, disaster atmosphere already saturated with moisture.
preparedness is of vital importance. (II) This is (IV) The paent becomes burning hot with a red
especially so in countries where the risk of disaster dry skin and a fast, forceful pulse. (V) He may
is real. (III) Since disaster preparedness is a mul- suddenly collapse and go into coma.
sectoral acvity, the funcons and respecve A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
responsibilies of each sector must be clearly
dened. (IV) In fact, few types of natural disaster 12. (I) Archeological evidence has shown that the
can be predicted accurately. (V) Moreover, a earliest libraries were built by the Sumerians. (II)
precise division of labour among instuons All libraries are classied to facilitate reference,
and agencies, and detailed predisaster planning and the favourite system is the Dewey Decimal
will reduce enormously the adverse eects of a System, which divides the whole eld of
disaster. knowledge into ten main classes. (III) These are
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V General Works, Philosophy, Religion, Sociology,
Philology, Natural Science, Useful Arts, Literature,
and History. (IV) Each of these main classes is again
subdivided into ten main divisions.(V) Then, each
9. (I) In Brazil, as in much of Lan America, oil division is marked by decimals within itself.
in parcular has long been a polical symbol. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
(II) This has been represented by the country’s
federal oil company Petrobras. (III) Consequently, 13. (I) Roughly six centuries before Columbus crossed
mismanagement and subsidized pricing paralyzed the Atlanc, Mayan society abruptly collapsed.
the system with debt. (IV) When founded in (II) No one knows precisely why. (III) Sciensts
1962, it was regarded as an icon of emancipaon and historians have come up with various
from foreign economic dominaon. (V) Yet, today suggesons. (IV) Other empires arose in place
the Brazilian government has taken serious steps of the Mayan empire. (V) None of these are in
to end, through privazaon, Petrobras’s oil any way original; they include overpopulaon,
monopoly. disease, climate change and war.
217
14. (I) Poverty is not primarily hereditary. (II) While 17. (I) The latest cause for concern in drinking water
children born into poverty have a higher than is aluminium. (II) It can occur naturally in peaty
average chance of ending up poor, there is sll moorland waters. (III) More oen it is added in the
an enormous amount of economic mobility from form of aluminium sulphate to water at treatment
one generaon to the next. (III) In this way many works. (IV) Apparently, some countries in the world
parents work to ensure that their children will are not yet fully aware of the danger. (V) Water
enjoy easier lives. (IV) Indeed there is nearly as authories do this because it removes ny parcles
suspended in the water that can make it brown.
much economic inequality among brothers as
in the general populaon. (V) This means that A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
inequality is recreated anew in each generaon,
even among those who start life in essenally 18. (I) Boston High School is America’s oldest and
idencal circumstances. one of its nest public schools. (II) Indeed Boston
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V is a city with large black populaon. (III) Sarah
Wessman, who is 14, wants to go there. (IV) She
applied last autumn and was rejected. (V) That
might have been the end of the story except that
Sarah found she was one of ten white candidates
15. (I) Several months ago the Czech nance minister rejected by Boston High School while ten black
announced that his country’s four biggest banks candidates with lower scores wore admied.
would shortly be privased. (II) Even so a poll A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
showed that nearly half of the Czech people
opposed the new interests rates in the country. 19. (I) All countries have a central bank, in many
(III) Since then, however, there has been a cases owned and operated by the government.
change of government which naturally slowed (II) One of the oldest of the central banks is the
down proceedings. (IV) Moreover, a row over the Bank of England. (III) The dues of a central bank
value of one of the banks has further delayed the usually include the issuing of new bank notes.
maer. (V) So has a recent startling revelaon (IV) It originated in 1694 when a number of
concerning loan policies in one of the banks. business men grouped together to form a bank
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V to raise a loan for the government. (V) This bank-
government relaonship connued to develop
and in 1946 the Bank of England was naonalised.
16. (I) Fire-ghng is presently geng a boost from 20. (I) As supplies of natural resources, prices and
technology. (II) Nevertheless, re-ghng doesn’t so on, change throughout the world, dierent
rate so high in the list of dangerous occupaons. countries may nd their areas of comparave
(III) With the new system, data-base informaon advantage changing. (II) One example of this is
gets into the hands of the people on the scene. in the producon of steel. (III) South Korea, for
(IV) As a result, a re-ghter can immediately instance, has become increasingly compeve in
determine the locaon of re hydrants, hazardous steel products. (IV) The consumer goods exported
materials, elevator shas and electrical panels. from Japan constute a similar compeve threat.
(V) Further, the planning of rescue routes has (V) The result is, steelmakers in Western Europe
become quicker and more reliable. are losing some of their markets to South Korea.
218
6. DIALOGUE COMPLETION & TESTS
Bu bölümdeki sorular adayların karşılıklı konuşma içerisinde konuşma becerilerini ölçmeye yönelikr. Sorularda boş
bırakılan kısımdan önce ve sonra gelen ifadeler ve diyalogda yer alan kişilerin statüleri (hasta-doktor, müdür-sekreter
vb.) doğru cevaba ulaşmak için önemlidir. Diğer taraan diyaloğun formal veya informal olması; taraarın kullanacağı
dili, grameri ve kelime seçimini etkileyecekr.
Diylog Tamamlama Sorularında Dikkat Edilecek Noktalar:
1. Diyaloğun formal mi yoksa informal bir yapıya mı sahip olduğu tespit edilmelidir. Çünkü, iki yapıda da kullanılan
dilde farklılıklar vardır.
Örneğin
Formal yapıdaki bir diyalog içerisinde taraar birbirlerinden birşeyler rica eder, istekte bulunurken veya izin isterken
kullanacakları Kipler (Modals) formal yapıya uygun olmalıdır:
May I …….? Will/Would you……?
Could I ……? Could you …………?
I was wondering if I could…. I was wonderin if you could …..
Would you mind if I…..? Would you mind Ving………
Diğer taraan iki arkadaş veya aile bireyleri arasında geçen informal bir diyalogda kişiler birbirlerinden birşeyler
isterlerken bulunurken Emir Cümleleri (Imperaves), Can you …….? gibi yapılar kullanılabilir.
2. Boşlukta bir soruya yanıt mı aranıyor yoksa bir soru sorulması mı isteniyor dikkat edilmelidir.
Boşlukta bir yanıt isteniyorsa boşluktan önce gelen soru türü (Yes/No Quesons, Wh- Quesons- where, when, why,
what, who vb.) doğru cevaba ulaşmak için önemlidir.
Diğer taraan, boşlukta bir soru sorulması isteniyorsa boşluktan sonra gelen cümlenin Yes veya No, Certainly, Of
course, Sure, I would be glad/happy to gibi ifadelerle başlaması, boşlukta Yes-No sorusunun sorulması gerekğini
gösterir. Bu ifadeler dışında kullanılmış ifadeler ise wh- sorularından uygun olanın sorulması gerekğni gösterir.
3. Diyalogda Zaman (Tense) bütünlüğüne dikkat edilmelidir.
4. Soru kökünde kullanılan Zamirlere (pronoun) dikkat edilmelidir. Zamirler daha önceden kullanılan bir ismin yerine
kullanılabilirler. Örneğin boşluktan sonra gelecek cümlede They, Them, Their gibi zamirlerin kullanılması boşlukta
çoğul bir ismin yer alması gerekğini gösterir.
219
TEST - 1 2. Terence:- It is a fact that the overseas marime

exploraons in the late eenth and early
sixteenth centuries improved our knowledge of
1 John: - Good morning, Chrisne. By the way, have
geography tremendously.
you seen this arcle on North Korea?
Jim: - Well, we all know it. Why do you bring it up?
Chrisne: - I’ve just come to the oce. You know
mornings are always a rush. Tell me what the main Terence: - ----
argument is. Jim: - Naturally, the same view was held by the
John: - ---- Church and also the crusaders.
A) Ancient geographers divided the earth into
Chrisne: - Besides that, there may also be other
ve climac zones that are sll recognized
hidden reasons such as the provision of nuclear
today.
weapons to internaonal terrorist groups.
B) Actually, in anquity, geography owed most of
A) Let me tell you this: historically, at the end of
its development to the Hellenisc astronomer
World War II, the Soviet Union occupied the
Eratosthenes.
northern part of the Korean peninsula, while
the Americans held the south. C) The amazing thing is that, by means of
sundials placed some hundreds of miles apart,
B) You know that, aer the loss in 1991 of
the astronomer Eratosthenes calculated the
Soviet patronage, the isolated North Korean
government faced a very serious economic circumference of the earth.
disaster, with veried reports of local D) For the simple reason that the world was
starvaon in some regions of the country. understood dierently and wrongly in
the Middle Ages. For instance, medieval
C) It emphasizes that the North Korean
geographers regarded Jerusalem as the centre
government has pursued the development of
of the earth.
a nuclear arsenal not for self-defence, but as a
bargaining chip against Japan and the United E) In fact, it was the Hellenisc astronomer and
States. geographer Eratosthenes that rst suggested
the possibility of reaching eastern Asia by
D) As you may recall, in June 1950, the communist
sailing west.
North Korean troops aacked across the
border that divided the Korean peninsula and
crushed resistance in the south.
E) Agreed. Yet Japan and the Western states
have always feared that North Korea may be
secretly helping Iran and other rogue states to
develop nuclear weapons.
220
YDS
3. George: - Recently I have been much interested in 4. Fred: - I have been doing some research for a pa-
the social history of the marketplace in medieval per on the emergence of fascism in Italy. There is
England, on which I plan to write a book. a vast amount of material that I have to consult. A
Juliet: - The social history of the marketplace? It is tough job.
rather a dull subject, isn’t it? Colleague: - I agree. Not an easy one. You know,
George: - ---- like many European naons, Italy emerged from
Juliet: - Really? Then I take back what I’ve just said. World War I at a heavy cost, but surely there were
I’ll be keenly interested in what you write about it. various causes for the rise of fascism in the co-
untry.
A) Well, in a way, yes. In the past and today, the
marketplace was just a site for the buying and Fred: - ----
selling of commodies. Colleague: - I am sure, as I gather from what you
are saying, your paper will provide us with a full
B) On the contrary. In fact, the heart of the
account of how Italy turned to fascism.
maer is that the marketplace served as a
A) Under Mussolini, the Italian economy was
place to socialize and a forum for interacon
placed under the management of twenty-two
among people from all walks of life.
corporaons, each responsible for a majör
C) At rst glance, it would seem that there are
industrial enterprise.
many dierences between the marketplaces
B) In fact, I will mainly focus on how Italy was
of the past and the marketplaces of today.
divided into a prosperous industrialized North
D) Unfortunately, the stock and commodies
and a poor agrarian south.
exchanges and malls have none of the spirit of
C) To tell you the truth, World War I had cost Italy
the tradional marketplace.
nearly seven hundred thousand lives and over
E) Exactly. It is hard to dene the purpose and
$15 billion.
goal of the marketplace not only in England
D) In my opinion, you are mistaken when you
but also in the rest of Europe.
claim that the Italian fascist movement
depended heavily on Mussolini’s leadership.
E) Undoubtedly. Among them can be
menoned polical corrupon, weaknesses
of parliamentary democracy, high inaon,
rising unemployment, and naonwide strikes.
221
5. Harry: - Today, at the conference, two professors 6. Philip: - I see that you are reading Homer’s great
were involved in a erce debate about the Mars- epic The Iliad ? By the way, have you ever heard
hall Plan. They really got on each other’s nerves. about Heinrich Schliemann?
Janet: - Sorry, dear. I know nothing about the
Edward: - Yes, I have. He was an amateur German
Marshall Plan. You must rst tell me about it.
archaeologist, who lived in the nineteenth cen-
Harry: - ----
tury.
Janet: - I see. Since it was certainly to the benet
of Europe, I can’t understand why the two profes- Philip: - ----
sors should quarrel about it. Edward: - How come? I wonder what details inThe
A) As far as I am concerned, among the most Iliad must have led him to such a discovery.
striking aspects of World War II’s aer math A) As an amateur archaeologist, many of
was the speed with which Germany was Schliemann’s percepons of Bronze Age
reintegrated into Europe.
Greece were mistaken and supercial.
B) Indeed, the United States countered
B) What else? Let me tell you the most intriguing
the expansion of Soviet power and kept
thing about him. By using The Iliad as his
communist movements based in Europe.
guide, he found the site of Troy near the coast
C) It was an American programme that started
of northwest Anatolia.
in 1948 and provided $13 billion in aid for
the industrial redevelopment and economic C) Since the ancient Greeks treasured many
recovery of Europe. legends about their heroic and distant past,
D) The American government forced certain Homer’s epics appealed to them a great deal.
terms on the countries parcipang in the D) Actually, Schliemann was right in believing
Marshall Plan such as decontrol of prices, that the legendary king Agamemnon was
restraints on wages, and balanced budgets. buried with a gold mask.
E) On the other hand, the Soviets viewed the E) In Homer’s epics, it is the Mycenaean civilizaon
Marshall Plan as the United States’ deliberate of Bronze Age Greece that is represented, but
intervenon in Europe’s aairs and, therefore, this civilizaon came to an end around the end
strongly objected to it.
of the twelh century B.C.
222
YDS
7. Dorothy: Last year, I signed up for the new Medi- 9. James: - Have you been to the Dali exhibion?
care plan. Rodney: - ----
Godfrey: Didn’t you have trouble selecng a plan James: - Why is that?
and geng help? Rodney: - I don’t like being caught up in a crowd
Do rothy: ----------- when I’m looking at painngs.
Godfrey: Now, you can start saving 3000 dollars a A) I certainly have. And I hope to go again soon.
year. B) Not yet. I don’t go to such exhibions ll
A) Indeed, and the worst part is, I have no choice they’ve been going for some me.
but to spend 3000 dollars a year.
C) I was there at the opening. What about you?
B) Yes, so I’ve decided to spend extra money on a D) Yes. I was surprised at how few large painngs
dierent health plan.
there were.
C) You must be kidding; I’m completely penniless
E) Of course. And it was quite an experience.
on account of that.
D) Yes, but they’ve taken care of that, and I’m
spending less.
E) I certainly did, and I’ll have to sell my house
and car to pay for surgery.
10. Clare: - What’s the maer with you? You’re not

8. David: How’s work going with your house?
your usual self!
Alec: Rather slowly, I’m afraid. ----.
Kate: - I know I’m not. This report I’m doing is get-
David: But they’re doing a good job for you.
ng me down.
Alec: Oh yes. They really are.
Clare: - ----
A) I don’t think we’ll be able to move in for
Kate: - No; thank goodness. But the deadline is
another 3 months. near.
B) The workmen don’t seem to know what A) So that’s the trouble. Is there sll much le to
they’re doing be done?
C) The kitchen has already been done B) The trouble with you is that you’re a
D) And Jane is very disappointed with what perfeconist.
they’ve done to her kitchen. C) When are you expected to hand it in?
E) And the quality of the work isn’t very good. D) Would you like me to go over it for you?
E) But it was nearly nished last week, wasn’t it?
223
11. - Have you read this arcle on the economies of 13. Tim: - A recent study has found that, in the oilpro-
the Middle Eastern countries? ducing Arab countries in the Middle East, a quar-
Mike: - No, not yet. Anything interesng in it? ter of the populaon lives below the poverty line,
Fred: - ---- dened by the World Bank as earning less than $2
per day.
Mike: - That’s to be expected. Aer all, Iran is the
second-largest producer of oil in OPEC. Tony: - Unbelievable. Despite record oil prots for
those countries?
A) Well, Iran’s nuclear aims seem to have
Tim: - ----
increased internaonal tension.
Tony: - In that case, one can say that Arab govern-
B) To my surprise, 50% of Iran’s revenue comes
ments have been negligent of their social respon-
from its oil exports. sibility.
C) Clearly, the global economy is suering heavily A) Yes, indeed. In fact, this clearly shows that
from the current US economic crisis. the current oil boom has not beneted the
D) Just one point: every day, the world spends average Arab cizen at all.
around $5.5 billion at current price levels on B) It is true that higher oil prices allow governments
crude oil purchases. to avoid making dicult decisions.
E) It seems that China, India, and Japan have C) Moreover, massive infrastructure and housing
become the primary markets for the Middle projects have been undertaken.
East’s oil and gas. D) So far, open economies have done much
beer than the closed ones.
E) For instance, in the Gulf states, rising real
estate prices have pushed up rents and
housing costs.
12. Steve: - According to this latest report on Afgha- 14. Liz: - Do you think the Russian invasion of Georgia will
nistan, it’s not safe for aid agencies to work there. do lasng damage to Russia’s relaons with the EU?
Ken: - How come? There is a strong NATO force Brian: - In the short term, tensions will be high, but
there to provide security. before long things will sele down smoothly again.
Steve: - ---- Liz: - How can you be so posive?
Ken: - So, it seems that the NATO-led aempts to Brian: - ----
bring peace to this country have already failed. A) Russia’s decision last year to reduce gas
A) You know that the aims of the NATO supplies to Europe was based on economic
intervenon in this country have been clearly consideraons rather than on any polical
dened. aim.
B) Indeed, northern Afghanistan remains B) Russia has always shown a keen interest in
reasonably peaceful and open to trade. European polics and oen tries to inuence
C) Sure, but a large part of the country, especially it to its own advantage.
the troublesome southern parts, are C) The response of France has been to construct
controlled by rebel groups. several new nuclear power staons.
D) In fact, for this country to achieve peace and D) If we’re to live side by side, there must be a
security, there is an urgent need for more good measure of trust.
foreign involvement. E) Very simple. Russia needs European goods
E) Actually, several naons have helped to build and technology as much as Europe needs
roads, bridges, and other important facilies. Russian gas.
224
YDS
15. John: - Have you seen the recent report released 17. Frank: - To learn a lile bit about how to cope with
by the American Rivers Administraon? physical allergies, I’ve done some reading.
Allen: - No, not yet. What’s your opinion? Celia: - Tell me in simple terms what you have lear-
John: - ---- ned.
Allen: - So it becomes increasingly urgent for the Frank: - ----
authories to put into eect far more ecient me- Celia: - Sounds very sensible, doesn’t it?
asures to improve their condion. Don’t you think? A) Surely you are aware that photosensivity,
A) I am sure you know that the American Rivers which is an allergy, may also result from
Administraon analyzes and studies the concurrent use of certain drugs or substances
condion of the major rivers in the country. applied to the skin.
B) Most comprehensively prepared. It is very B) My suggeson is that people who are very
upseng to know how endangered most of sensive to sunlight should use sunscreens
the naon’s rivers are. and minimize sun exposure.
C) Indeed, as you have just suggested, dams C) As far as I am concerned, itching, asthma, or
and canals can be harmful to sh and wildlife nasal stuness are among the most common
populaons. symptoms of physical allergy.
D) As I recall from previous reports, coal mining
D) The common point everyone agrees on is that
operaons ll streams with coal and dirt.
the best way to deal with any physical allergy
E) It has always been admied that the use of is to prevent it by avoiding whatever tends to
rivers as a water supply for domesc and cause it.
industrial needs causes much depleon.
E) As everybody knows, a physical allergy is a
condion in which allergic symptoms develop
in response to a physical smulus.
16. Doctor: - Good to see you again. What’s the prob-
lem this me?
Paent: - Upon awakening, I feel pain and gh-
tness on the sides of my face.
Doctor: - ---- 18. Jane: - The point is made in this arcle that we
Paent: - I hope it’s not serious and can be treated need a reliable source of electricity to meet our
easily. needs in the 21st century.
A) Sleeping pills may be used occasionally to help Larry: - But we also need clean air.
people who have trouble sleeping because of Jane: - ----
pain. Larry: - So you mean that nuclear power plants
don’t pollute the air. Right?
B) How interesng! I have always stated that
people can take steps to break the habit of A) Well, with nuclear energy, we can have both.
tooth grinding. B) Why not? Nuclear energy already generates
C) I see. Generally, a case like this results from more than 20 per cent of America’s electricity.
muscle spasms brought on by repeated C) Year by year there is a growing need for more
muscle or tooth clenching and tooth grinding. energy naonwide.
D) Of course, treatment is needed when a person D) In other words, the development of new
has jaw pain or trouble moving his jaw. energy sources is very important to America’s
E) People with this condion need to suppress energy future.
yawns, cut food into small pieces, and eat E) I am afraid the world is fast heading towards a
food that’s easy to chew. huge environmental disaster.
225
19. Charles: - Aircra manufacturers are doing their

best to build ever more ecient, more reliable,
less pollung, quieter planes.
Colleague: - Yes, but there is a long way before ab-
solute reliability can be achieved!
Charles: - ----
Colleague: - There’s no doubt about that. Yet every
eort must be made for ulmate reliability.
A) Let me stress once again that, as the economy
develops and per capita income rises, per
capita travel rises even faster.
B) Considered in technical terms, there have
been few dramac changes in large-aircra
design since the 1960s.
C) It is a fact that, by the early 1940s, airplanes
had made it possible to cross the Atlanc in
one long day of travel.
D) On the other hand, in the 1960s, touring
families and students could y from the US to
Europe on overnight charter ights.
E) Agreed. However, despite occasional horric
crashes, modern airliners are about the safest
means of travel ever devised.
20. Lucy: - Is it true that China is slightly larger in area

than the US?
Kate: - That’s what I’ve read in a booklet on China.
Lucy: - ----
Kate: - A varied topography indeed! Besides, the
Yangtze River is the third-longest river in the world.
A) The principal mountain ranges are the Tien
Shan, the Kunlun chain, and the Trans-
Himalaya.
B) Moreover, from the map one can see that the
greater part of the country is mountainous,
and the Gobi Desert lies in the North.
C) I understand it has three great river systems:
the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, and the
Pearl River.
D) The earliest recorded human selements
have been discovered in the Huang Ho basin.
E) As you know, in the southwest is Tibet, which
China annexed in 1950.
226
20 B7. READING COMPEREHENSION & TESTS
Bu bölüm adayların çözmekte en çok zorlandıkları bölümlerden birisidir. Fakat soru köklerinin sizden ne istediğini
bilerek ve uygun soru çözme teknik veya stratejilerini kullanarak doğru cevaplara ulaşabilirsiniz.
Okuma sorularında soru köklerinin sizden ne istediğini bilmek çok önemlidir. Bu bölümde size verilen okuma parçaları
ile ilgili 3 tür soru sorulmaktadır.
1. Men içerisinde geçen bir bilgiyi direk olarak soran sorular: Bu türde soru kökleri 2’ye ayrılır. Birincisi soru
kökünde ipucu verilen sorular. Diğeri ise sadece soru kökü olan sorular. Soru kökünde verilen ipucu size sorunun
mende geçen yerini gösterir. Burada yapılması gereken soru kökündeki ipucunu metnin içinde bulup mendeki o
cümleyi kelime ve dilbilgisi açısından çok iyi incelemekr. Burada sizden istenen mendeki cümlenin eş anlamlısını
sorunun şıklarında bulmakr.
Diğer taraan, soru kökünde ipucu verilmeyen sorular her ne kadar zor gibi görünse de doğru cevaba ulaşmak için
izlenecek yöntem her şıktaki cümlenin öznesine bakıp mende o cümlenin yerini tespit etmekr. Bu noktada şıkkın
geri kalan kısmına bakmak yerine öncelikle mendeki cümle yukarıda belirldiği gibi kelime ve dil bilgisi açısından
dikkatlice analiz edildikten sonra şıkla karşılaşrılmalıdır.
Soru Kökleri:
• According to the writer/ author/the passage...
• It is stated/argued/suggested/pointed out in the passage that...
• The writer (author) points out/explains/suggests that...
• The writer is of the opinion that...
• The passage explains that...
• The passage makes the point that...
• The point made in the passage is that...
• One essenal point made in the passage is that...
• The writer makes the point that...
• It is obvious/clear from the passage that...
• As (it is) pointed out/menoned/explained in the passage,...
2. İkinci soru tarzı yorum ya da çıkarım sorularıdır. Bu soru tarzı diğerlerine göre biraz daha zordur çünkü metinde
doğrudan verilmeyen ama ima edilen bilgiyi bulmanız istenecektir. Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken en önemli
husus parçayla ilgili kendi kişisel çıkarımlarınızdan kaçınıp tamamen parçaya sadık kalınmasıdır. Bu soru tarzında
da yine soru kökünde sizlere ipucu verilebilir.
Soru Kökleri:
• One can understand/infer/conclude from the passage that...
• It can be understood/infered/concluded from the passage that...
227
• We learn/understand/infer/conclude from the passege that...

• As (it) can be understood from the passage...
• As we learn/understand from the passage...
• The passage implies that
• It is implied in the passage that
• It is understood/infered/concluded from the passage that..
3. Son soru tarzı metnin ana krini veya düşüncesinin bulunmasına yönelik soru tarzıdır. İngilizce bir parçada
genellikle ana kir metnin ilk cümlesinde verilmektedir. Çünkü ilk cümle metnin konu cümlesidir. Bize parçanın
ne hakkında olduğunu belirr. Kimi zamanda ana kir metnin sonunda verilebilir. Bu yüzden parçaların ilk ve son
cümleleri bu soruların doğru bir şekilde cevaplanması için önemlidir.
Soru Kökleri:
• The main idea of the passage is that…
• Tha main point/argument of the message is that…
• The main concern/subject of the passage is...
• The passage is mainly concerned with...
• The pasage largely deals with...
• The passage describes/emphasizes...
• The passage gives a general account of...
• The aim/purpose of the passage/writer (author) is…..
Okuma Bölümüyle İlgili Diğer Stratejiler:

• Okuma parçalarıyla ilgili 2 teknik çok önemlidir. Birinci yöntemde parçanın hangi konuda olduğunu anlamak
için hızlıca okunur. Bu noktada detaylara takılınmamalıdır. Parça hakkında bu yöntemle genel bilgi edindikten
sonra sadece soru köklerine bakılıp soruların sizden neler istediğini anlayabilirsiniz. Daha sonra parçanın dikkatli
okunmasına ve incelenmesine geçilebilir.
• Diğer bir teknikte ise parçaya hızlıca göz alıp parçanın hangi konu hakkında olduğunu öğrendikten sonra detaylı
okumaya geçilir ve detaylı okumadan sonra sorulara geçilebilir. Ancak bu teknik diğer tekniğe göre daha fazla
zaman alabilir. Bu iki teknikten hangisi seçilirse seçilsin men detaylı okunurken dikkat edilmesi gereken önemli
hususlar vardır.
Bu hususlar şu şekilde sıralanabilir:

• Detaylı okumaya başlandığında parçanın ilk cümlesinin çok önemli olduğu unutulmamalıdır. Paragraf Tamamlama
ve Paragraf İçinde Anlamı Bozan Cümleyi Bulma bölümlerinde de belirldiği gibi bir parçanın ilk cümlesi o parçanın
konu cümlesidir. İlk cümle parçanın ne hakkında olduğunu gösterir. Genellikle ilk cümlenin öznesi konuyu (topic)
verirken il ve sonrasında gelen kısım konunun kısıtlayıcı noktasını (controlling idea) size söyleyecekr.
228
YDS
Örneğin
More than two cups of coee a day can cause unpleasant symptoms such as nervousness, irritability, stomach pain
and insomnia cümlesinin paragran ilk cümlesi olduğunu farz edelim. Bu cümlenin öznesi yani More than two cups
of coee a day- günde iki fincandan fazla kahve- cümlemizin konusuyken, fiil ve sonrası yanican cause unpleasant
symptoms such as nervousness, irritability, stomach pain and insomnia –gerginlik, sinirlilik, karın ağrısı ve uykusuzluk
gibi rahatsız edici semptomplara neden olabilir- kısıtlayıcı noktayı (controlling idea) belirtmektedir. Bu cümleyle
başlayan bir paragraf ark günde belli orandan fazlasının tükelmesi ve bunun neden olduğu kötü sonuçlar üzerine
ilerleyecek demekr.
• Detaylı okuma yapılırken dikkat edilmesi gereken bir diğer husus ise men içerisinde geçen bağlaçlardan
(therefore, however, in other words, in contrast gibi) çok yüksek olasılıklı olarak soru geleceğinin bilinmesidir. Bu
yüzden bu bağlaçların bulunduğu cümle ile bağlaçlardan önce gelen cümle, kelime ve dil bilgisi açısından analiz
edilmelidir.
• Men içerisinde karşılaşrma yapılıyorsa (comperaves, superlaves, as…….as gibi) bu karşılaşrmalardan da
soru gelebileceği bilinmelidir. Genellikle parça içerisinde X ile Y karşılaşrılıyorsa bu karşılaşrma ile ilgili gelecek
bir sorunun cevabında karşılaşrılan unsurların yerleri değişrilip Y ile X karşılaşrılır.
• Men içerisinde geçen zamanlara (yıl, yüz yıl, çağ gibi) ve içerisinde zaman bağlaçları (before, aer, unll, as
soon as, by the me gibi) bulunan cümlelere dikkat edilmelidir. Bilhassa bu bağlaçların bulunduğu cümlelerle ilgili
yorum veya sonuç çıkartma soruları sorulabilmektedir.
Aer the World War I, the scienc world began to give great importance on the human health (I. Dünya
Savaşından sonra bilim dünyası insan sağlığına büyük önem vermeye başladı) cümlesinden I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan
önce bu konuyla ilgili gerekli hassasiyen gösterilmediği sonucuna varılabilir ve bu sonuca bağlı olarak parça
içerisinde direk geçmemesine rağmen Before the World War I, ile başlayan bir şık doğru cevap olarak karşımıza
çıkabilmektedir.
• Men içerisinde karşılaşacağınız, bilmediğiniz kelimeler konusunda çok kaygılanmayıp bu kelimelerin anlamını
parçanın bütününden, içerisinde geçği cümlelerden ve varsa kullanılan bağlaçlar yardımıyla bulmaya çalışınız.
• Parçayı okurken kesinlikle sizin konuyla ilgili bilgilerinizi parçadakilerle karışrmayınız. Bilhassa çıkarım veya
yorum sorularında parçaya bağlı kalınız.
• Parçadaki geçen gramer noktaları ve parçanın zamanı (tense) ile şıklardaki gramer noktalarının ve zamanın
eşleşmesine dikkat ediniz.
• Üzerinde soru sorulan cümlede geçen sıfat, fiil ve zarfların şıklarda eş anlamlısıyla, olumsuzluk ifadesi ile birlikte
zıt anlamlısıyla eşleşmesinede dikkat ediniz. Ayrıca, unutulmamalıdır ki parçadaki cümlede geçen sıfatın veya
fiilin isim hali, zarfın sıfat hali doğru şıkta verilebilir.
229
TEST - 1
Today, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, in which the Soviet 2. It is clear from the passage that the fall of Berlin
Union demanded that Western powers cut their es in 1945 to the Allies and the Soviet Union ----.
with Berlin, may be the most forgoen crisis in the an- A) resulted from the establishment of the
nals of the Cold War. Even most Berliners who lived socalled “iron curtain” between East and West
through the event remember lile about it. Yet this cri-
Germany
sis over Berlin brought America and the Soviet Union,
B) was one of a series of polical crises, the most
the two superpowers of the post World War II period,
close to war. In fact, since the very end of World War II, serious of which was the one in 1961
Berlin had been the centrepiece of a struggle between C) followed the division of Germany into East
these two superpowers. It was here that World War and West
II ended in 1945 when, following the occupaon and D) clearly represented the nal defeat and
defeat of Nazi Germany by the allied armies of the Uni- collapse of Nazi Germany
ted States, Britain, and France from the west, and the
E) completely undermined Nazi Germany’s
Soviet Union from the east, the city had been captured
polical and military ambions to conquer
and divided into the separate zones of East and West
Europe
Berlin. Soon aerwards Germany had itself split into
East and West, and the border between the two had
become the dividing line (the so-called “iron curtain”)
between Sovietcontrolled Eastern Europe and free, ca-
pitalistWestern Europe. Thus, situated behind this iron
curtain and stuck a hundred miles inside Eastern ter-
ritory, West Berlin was claimed, protected and supp-
lied by the Western powers. In 1948, Stalin imposed
a blockade, cung West Berlin o from its Western
suppliers. The United States responded with an airli,
keeping the zone alive for more than 300 days before 3. In the passage, the writer points out that,
Allied Access was restored. paradoxically, ----.
A) even if America did not want the Soviet Union
to capture Berlin completely, it acted fast and
moved into West Berlin
1. As one learns from the passage, West Berlin ----. B) since the Allies and the Soviet Union fought
in World War II against Nazi Germany, in fact
A) received so much American aid during the Cold
they cooperated in many respects, including
War that its people enjoyed a comfortable life
the capture of Berlin
B) was recognized by the Soviet Union during the
C) although the 1961 Berlin crisis almost led to
Cold War as a separate American territory
a military confrontaon between America and
C) was, during the Cold War, far more prosperous
the Soviet Union, for most residents of Berlin
and secure than East Berlin
today it has lost its signicance
D) made an alliance during the Cold War with
D) despite their alliance during World War II, the
the United States against a possible Soviet
United States, Britain and France each had
invasion
conicng policies towards Nazi Germany
E) was able to survive the Soviet blockade in
E) while Berliners experienced many hardships
1948 through relief provided by the United
under the Soviet occupaon of their city, they
States
did not show any resistance
230
YDS
4. The point is made in the passage that, during the Narva is a quiet northeastern Estonian town bathed in
early decades of the Cold War, ----. sea breezes. Though small, with a populaon of just over
A) the United States and its allies were totally indif- 72,000, it occupies a large place in Russian history. It was
ferent to the polical implicaons of the socalled here in 1700 that, by aacking the Swedes, who were
“iron-curtain” then in control of much of the Balc coast, Russia launc-
B) the United States and the Soviet Union were loc- hed its nal campaign in a centuries-long quest to become
ked in polical conict over Berlin a European power. The bale ended in defeat for the Rus-
sians, but the war did not; by 1721 Russia had conquered
C) the Soviet Union followed a policy of peace and
the Balc territories as far southwest as Riga, the capital
friendship towards the United States and its Allies
of present-day Latvia, and had built a new capital, Saint
D) Berliners regarded the Allied and Soviet occupa-
Petersburg, on the Gulf of Finland. Later in that century,
on of their city as a relief from the Nazi regime
Russia, through a paron agreement with Austria and
E) the United States and the Soviet Union reached an Prussia, gained control of the rest of the Balcs, and wo-
agreement on the queson of how Germany was uld retain them unl the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
to be divided
6. According to the passage, the Russian conquest

of the Balcs ----.
A) forced both Austria and Prussia to give up their
centuries-old claims on the Balc territories
and sign a treaty
B) was nalized in the eighteenth century partly
through war and partly through a mul-lateral
treaty
C) included only the region between Narva in
northeastern Estonia and Saint Petersburg on
the Gulf of Finland
D) was several mes resisted by the Swedes,
whom the Russians were unable to defeat and
drive out of the region
E) involved a very long war with the Swedes on
the one hand, and with Austria and Prussia on
5. As it is clear from the passage, in the aermath of the other
World War II, ----.
A) Europe was no longer an undivided connent, 7. As can be understood from the passage, the
with Eastern Europe falling under Soviet rule writer ----.
B) the American presence throughout Europe A) points out that Narva is an aracve and
wellknown centre for tourism in Estonia
rapidly increased and was strengthened to
B) describes the hardships which the Balc
keep the Soviets under control
countries endured under the Russians in the
C) the Eastern European countries willingly eighteenth century
joined the Soviet Union and began to enjoy C) stresses how the Russian expansion in the
great economic prosperity Balcs in the 1720s was prevented by Austria
D) the security of Berlin became so urgent and Prussia
that the western powers took a number of D) draws a contrast between the present-day
romanc appearance of Narva and its historic
measures to protect it against an invasion
signicance
E) while the Allied armies le Germany, the So E) compares Riga with Narva and concludes
viet army remained in the country, connuing that the Latvian capital is historically more
its occupaon important
231
8. As one learns from the passage, it was before 10. It is clear from the passage that Russia’s invasion
1721 that ----. of the Balcs in the early eighteenth century ----.
A) the Russians re-captured Riga from the A) put at risk the centuries-long good relaons
Swedes and made it the capital of Latvia which she had maintained with other
B) Russia reached an agreement with Austria European powers
and Prussia for the paron of the whole B) was a thorough military campaign which
Balc region lasted for many decades and failed to achieve
C) Russia became a major European power its aims
which completely dominated the Balcs C) signied the nal stage of her eorts towards
D) the Swedes and the Russians agreed on their becoming a European power that had gone on
respecve control of the Balc territories for centuries
E) the city of Saint Petersburg was founded by D) increased enormously the importance of both
the Russians on the Gulf of Finland Narva and Riga as major military centres in the
Region
E) so alarmed other European powers that
they immediately made an alliance among
themselves
9. It is pointed out in the passage that ----.

A) Russian possession of the Balc territories
lasted unl the late tweneth century
B) Prussian control of the Balc territories lasted
throughout the eighteenth century and aer
C) no European power in the eighteenth century
was concerned about the Russian invasion of
the Balcs
D) the Swedes and the Russians were constantly
at war with each other for the possession of
the Balcs
E) the Russian conquest of the Balc territories
has always been a controversial issue in
Russian history
232
YDS
Set in 1941 in Leningrad, Helen Dunmore’s novel The 12. It is emphasized in the passage that the novel ----.
Siege opens with decepvely gentle scenes of Chek- A) never loses its romanc tone, even though
hovian melancholy. Aer the death of her mother, some of the scenes described can be very
23-year-old Anna Levin, the protagonist, gives up her depressing and upseng
arsc studies to look aer her 5 yearold brother and
B) shows how Helen Dunmore diers from
her polically suspect father Abraham, who, as a wri-
the Russian writer Chekhov in her detailed
ter, has fallen out of favour with Stalin’s cultural police.
So she jumps at the chance to make a drawing of the portrayal of characters
rered actress Marina Petrovna, with whom Anna’s C) is not only a narrave of romanc scenes, but
father might once have had a romanc relaonship. also the depicon of a cruel reality in which
But Anna’s worries about art and romance are soon human survival was almost impossible
swept away as the Germans besiege her nave city. D) primarily focuses on the complexity of
At this point, Dunmore’s novel transforms abruptly as human emoons and tries to demonstrate
well, shiing from a romanc narrave into a study of this through the depicon of a wide range of
survival under most extreme hardships. Anna’s abun-
characters
dant arsc creavity is put to use providing food and
E) is embedded with a number of inconsistencies
fuel for her helpless family, and her drawing skills are
called on to sketch a neighbour’s starved baby so that as regards style and characterizaon, which
the grieving mother might remember her lost child. In- make Dunmore’s literary creavity rather
deed, the novel presents a striking contrast between supercial
the gentle display of human emoons and the rude
dictates of survival under the most inhuman circums-
tances.
11. According to the passage, Helen Dunmore’s novel 13. It is clear from the passage that Anna’s study of
The Siege is mainly the story of ----. art ----.
A) how the children of Leningrad in parcular A) was supported by her father, who, as a polical
suered extreme hardship when the Germans writer, oen wrote against the cultural policies
besieged the city in 1941 of Stalin’s regime
B) the famous actress Marina Petrovna, who B) was interrupted as, following her mother’s
was living in rerement when the Germans death, she had to take care of her family
besieged Leningrad in 1941 C) was carried out under the most favourable
C) the strong armed resistance that the people circumstances, and her fame as a promising
of Leningrad put up against the Germans young arst soon spread throughout
when the city was besieged Leningrad
D) how a young arst, Anna Levin, struggled hard D) was a great achievement for her, despite the
with her family to survive during the German fact that her arsc creavity had not been
siege of Leningrad in 1941 recognized at rst
E) the romanc relaonship between the actress E) took so long that, in the end, she gave it up to
Marina Petrovna and the writer Abraham join the people of Leningrad in their defence
Levin, who was a polical acvist of the city against the Germans
233
14. It is pointed out in the passage that, when the Following World War II, European countries largely
German siege of Leningrad began, ----. gave up their colonial possessions and, by the 1950s
A) Anna’s concern about her own arsc future and 1960s, had already begun to receive growing num-
was totally wiped out bers of immigrants from their former colonies. In many
instances, these included the descendants of the sla-
B) Anna’s father Abraham’s love aair with
ves in the colonies, who had been forced to work. In
Marina Petrovna came to an end
this respect, Britain is a case in point. Though in small
C) Anna had already become famous because of numbers, Africans and Indians had come to Britain
her portrait of the actress Marina Petrovna long before the tens of thousands who came as colo-
D) Stalin’s cultural police arrested Abraham nial immigrants in the 1960s and thereaer. The rst
because of his subversive ideas Africans who came to Britain were probably soldiers
E) the inhabitants made various arrangements during the Roman possession of that country in anqu-
ity. In modern mes, especially in the eighteenth and
to overcome the serious shortage of food and
nineteenth centuries, African and Indian princes and
fuel in the city
scholars visited Britain. Others coming to Britain were
in service posions; for instance, in the eighteenth
century, black African and Indian young men were
fashionable as servants in the homes of the wealthy.
Africans and Indians also came to Britain as sailors and
traders, and port towns, such as London, Glasgow,
Bristol, Cardi and Liverpool, developed small black
populaons in the early nineteenth century, some of
which persisted into the tweneth century. Relaons
between these populaons and the nave white po-
pulaon were varied, historians cing instances both
of hoslity and solidarity.
16. It is pointed out in the passage that the black

15. In the passage, the writer draws aenon to the
communies living in some Brish port towns in
fact that, in Leningrad under siege, Anna ----.
the early years of the nineteenth century ----.
A) oered care to the mothers who lost their
A) were not always treated in a friendly way by
children because of the terrible food shortage
the white populaon
B) was especially worried about the fate of
B) consisted solely of sailors who came mainly
children, most of whom starved to death
from Britain’s colonies in Africa
C) helped many people to put up with the most
C) were completely constuted by merchants
extreme hardships of life
who were involved in overseas trade with
D) seriously devoted herself to a study of India
Chekhov’s literary Works
D) were made up of travellers from Africa and
E) used her arsc capacity not only to support India, who visited Britain for various reasons
her family but also to represent human
E) were essenally formed by colonial immigrants
suering
from Africa as well as India
234
YDS
17. As one nds out from the passage, it would be 20. It is pointed out in the passage that, in the past,
wrong to maintain that ----. ----.
A) many of the immigrants to Britain came from A) Africans and Indians preferred Britain to
India and the other colonies other European countries for selement and
B) Africans arrived in Britain for the rst me in Employment
the tweneth century B) Britain possessed the largest and most densely
C) European colonial rule in Africa ended in the populated colonies throughout the world
post-World War II period C) the European countries rivalled Britain both in
D) Britain was occupied and ruled by the Romans trade and in the colonizaon of Africa
E) the domesc sta of the wealthy in Britain D) the European colonial powers, including
oen included Africans and Indians Britain, refused to accept immigrants from
their colonies
E) among the early colonial visitors to Britain
were students and members of the nave
nobility from Africa and India
18. It is stressed in the passage that Britain ----
A) was the only colonial power in Europe that
objected to the pracce of slavery
B) was faced soon aer World War II with an
enormous inux of immigrants
C) had already possessed a large community of
Africans under Roman rule
D) began to receive huge numbers of colonial
immigrants from the 1960s onwards
E) always welcomed large numbers of immigrants
from its colonies in Africa and elsewhere
19. As stated in the passage, many of the immigrants

that arrived in Europe aer World War II ----.
A) were actually eeing from the slave labour
invariably pracsed in the colonies
B) constuted small minories that became the
target of white nave hatred
C) were the relaves of the former colonial slaves
D) were interested in service posions and,
hence, were mostly employed as servants
E) were in fact the descendants of the slaves
especially in India
235
A couple of months ago NASA asked the scienc com- 23. As is clear from the passage, NASA’s purpose in
munity what kinds of research it should conduct when consulng sciensts is to ----.
it returns humans to the moon. In doing so, NASA A) make sure that its programmes for lunar data
wanted priorized research objecves for the roboc analysis are supported by them
orbiters and landers that will be used primarily for re-
B) learn whether the moon has water deposited
connaissance purposes prior to later exploraons by
as ice under its poles
astronauts of the lunar surface. Recommendaons
made by sciensts varied greatly, but they can be sum- C) nd out about the kind of research which is
marized. The top priority that sciensts have recom- primarily important for lunar exploraon
mended is the development of programmes for lunar D) encourage them to focus their aenon on a
data analysis. Next is the exploraon of the moon’s full study of the Aitken basin
south pole, which is called “the Aitken basin,” an im- E) give them the opportunity to discuss their
pact scar mostly on the moon’s back side. Then comes
research results about the moon
an instrument network for probing the interior of the
moon, and this is followed by rock sample returns, sci-
encally selected landing sites, and analysis of any icy
polar deposits. 24. According to the passage, one of the
recommendaons made by the scienc
community concerns ----.
21. From the research recommendaons summarized
in the passage, it becomes clear that ----. A) the scienc specicaon of the locaons
A) there is sll a lot that has to be learned about where robots or astronauts can land
the moon B) the problems related to the working of the
B) sciensts are extensively familiar with the robots orbing the moon or landing on the
structure of the moon surface
C) the exploraon of the lunar surface is not so C) the analysis of the rock samples that will be
urgent as understanding the inner structure of taken from the Aitken basin
the moon D) the tasks that will be performed by the
D) the scienc community does not regard astronauts when they explore the moon’s
NASA’s objecves about the moon as feasible South pole
E) NASA is determined to make the moon a new E) the queson of how NASA can benet from
base for space exploraon the results obtained from lunar exploraons
25. It is clearly stated in the passage that astronauts

22. One understands from the passage that NASA ----
----.
.
A) and sciensts have conicng research A) will use a variety of instruments only to learn
objecves about the moon about the interior of the moon
B) has already developed a mul-purpose B) will be sent to the moon to invesgate the
research programme for the moon lunar surface
C) always consults the scienc community, but C) will, in the rst place, select a suitable spot for
seldom takes its advice into consideraon landing their cra
D) is planning to send robots to the moon before D) are expected to discover icy deposits under
it sends astronauts the south pole
E) has been indierent to various E) have been trained to perform lunar data
analysis
recommendaons made by sciensts
236
YDS
In Finland now, everything is all right. Fieen years af- 28. We understand from the passage that Finland’s
ter one of the worst recessions any European country populaon ----.
has seen, triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union, A) resents outside interference in its economy
the Finns feel very content. Their small country of a po-
B) is becoming one of the highest in Europe
pulaon of 5 million is the rst in the World Economic
Forum’s list of the world’s most compeve countri- C) is an extremely compeve one when it
es, and the second in its business-compeveness incomes to internal trade
dex. It is also the rst in the OECD’s world ranking of D) is now increasing due to a higher birth rate
educaonal performance and has the second-highest E) is not well-educated by European standards
share of research-and-development spending in the
European Union. Moreover, the country is reversing its
demographic decline and, hence, its ferlity rate is one
of the highest in Europe. Perhaps best of all the Finns
are facing globalizaon without paranoia. Theirs is one
of the few European countries to have succeeded in
businesses in which internaonal prices are falling be-
cause of global compeon and technological change.
In most of Europe public opinion and even business
élites seem gloomily resigned to being overwhelmed
by India and China. Finland suggests that this fate is
not inevitable.
26. We learn from the passage that, in addion to 29. We see from the passage that Finland’s economy
Finland’s recent economic success, ----. ----.
A) it is also a popular tourist desnaon A) is by far the strongest in the world
B) it is resigned to being overwhelmed by India B) remains unaected by technological change
C) it also ranks very high in educaon C) is sll undergoing the eects of the fall of the
D) it remains in a deep recession Soviet Union
E) its businesses are not globally compeve D) has had a direct eect on its ferlity rate
E) hasn’t always been stable
27. It is clear from the passage that Finland’s

30. According to the passage, one indicator of
previously weak economy ----.
Finland’s economic success is its ----.
A) was caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union
A) experience with recession
B) had no eect on the country’s standing in the
B) high ranking within the World Economic
World Economic Forum
Forum
C) caused the country to spend more on research
C) paranoia regarding globalizaon
and development
D) small populaon
D) improved dramacally een years ago
E) public opinion regarding China
E) became stronger aer it began to reverse its
demographic decline
237
Unl the giant American energy company Enron collap- 33. We understand from the passage that, when
sed, and its director Kenneth Lay was imprisoned, his life Kenneth Lay was a child, he ----.
had been a model of the American dream of rising from A) worked as a part-me salesman together with
rags to riches on the strength of merit and hard work. his father
His beginnings were socially and nancially very modest.
B) wanted to become a preacher like his father
He was born in Tyrone, Missouri, in 1942, as the son of a
preacher who was also a part-me salesman. He helped C) moved with his family from Tyrone, Missouri,
his father make ends meet by cung grass and delivering to Houston, Texas
papers. His start in the energy industry seemed similarly D) contributed to his family’s income by working
modest. Aer obtaining a doctoral degree in economics at part-me jobs
from the University of Houston, he got his start in the E) dreamed of becoming an oil tycoon
booming Texan oil industry. In 1985 he merged Houston
Natural Gas with InterNorth of Nebraska in order to form
Enron. As Enron became stronger, Mr Lay turned increa-
singly to polics and was one of the biggest donors to the
Bush-Cheney campaign. Aer Mr Bush entered the White
House, Mr Lay had hopes of a seat in the cabinet, perhaps
as energy secretary or even at the Treasury. However, for
reasons that remain unclear, Mr Bush overlooked him, so
his professional life ended in frustraon.
31. According to the passage, aer Mr Bush was 34. We can infer from the passage that Kenneth Lay
elected president of the US, Kenneth Lay – expected Mr Bush to oer him a high posion in
A) turned increasingly to polics his administraon because Mr Lay ----.
B) became involved in the Texan oil industry A) had contributed a very large amount of money
C) was not oered a cabinet seat to Mr Bush’s presidenal campaign
D) obtained a doctoral degree from the University B) was an important player in the Texan oil
of Houston industry
E) dissolved Enron, the company he had created C) was frustrated with his polical life
D) had obtained a high level of educaon, and
was therefore quite knowledgeable
E) had become very rich through his hard work
32. It is clear from the passage that the giant 35. We see from the passage that Kenneth Lay’s
American energy company Enron was founded imprisonment was ----.
through ----. A) the result of his involvement in the Bush-

A) Kenneth Lay’s increasing interest in polics Cheney campaign
B) Kenneth Lay’s dream of rising from rags to B) a miscarriage of jusce

riches C) due to a crime he had commied while
studying at the University of Houston
C) the fact that Kenneth Lay had been imprisoned
D) carried out despite the fact that he was a good
D) Kenneth Lay’s modest beginnings as the son
friend of President Bush
of a preacher and part-me salesman
E) implemented at around the same me
E) the merging of two companies: Houston
that Enron, the company he had founded,
Natural Gas and InterNorth
Collapsed
238
8. RESTATEMENTS & TESTS
Bu soru pinde sizden verilen cümleye yakın olan cümlenin bulunması istenir. Bir cümlenin benzeyen başka bir anla-
mını bulmaya da restatement denilmektedir. Bu soru pi için de diğerlerinde yapılan açıklamalar geçerli sayılmaktadır.
Bu değişiklikler genel olarak aşağıdaki şekillerde yapılmaktadır:
1. Gramer yapısını değişrerek:

Örnek:
- He has rered, and he is now consultant for several businesses and this brings him in more money than he ever
used to earn in his full me job. ( Emekli oldu ve şimdi bir kaç işe danışmanlık yapıyor ve bu ona eskiden tam
zamanlı çalıştığı işten kazandığı paradan daha fazlasını veriyor.)
* He earned less when he was in full-me employment than he does now that he is rered and acng as a consultant
for two or three rms. ( Soru cümlesinde kazanıyor derken, ikinci cümlede daha az kazanıyor ifadesi, job yerine,
employment ve several yerine two or three ifadesi bu cümlenin ipuçları arasındadır.)
He has rered, and he is now consultant for several businesses and this brings him in more money than he
ever used to earn in his full me job.
=
He earned less when he was in full-me employment than he does now that he is rered and acng as a
consultant for two or three rms.
2. Kısaltmalar kullanarak:
Örnek:
- I f it hadn’t been for the wind, the re would never have spread so fast.( Eğer rüzgar olmasaydı, yangın asla bu
kadar hızlı yayılmazdı.)
* Had there been a wind, the re would have spread even faster. ( bu cümlede soru kalıbında verilen if yapısı
alarak bir kısaltma yapılmış, ayrıca olumsuz gibi verilen cümle olumlu şekilde ifade edilmiş gibi görünsede aynı
anlamı verebilmektedir.)
I f it hadn’t been for the wind, the re would never have spread so fast.
=
Had there been a wind, the re would have spread even faster.
239
3. Eş veya zıt anlamlı kelimeler kullanarak: Örneğin Because of yerine due to kullanılması gibi
Örnek:
- I am not sure, but I have a nasty feeling he didn’t do at all well at the interview. ( Emin değilim fakat görüşmesinin
iyi geçmediği ile ilgili kötü bir kre kapıldım.)
* It is not very nice of me, and I may be mistaken, but I don’t think he was any good at the interview. ( Genel olarak
tüm soru cümlesini ikinci cümle karşılasa da bir kaç ipucu da verilebilir. Örneğin; It is not very nice of me ifadesi,
soru cümlesinde ki I have a nasty feeling ifadesini, I may be mistaken, I am not sureifadesini karşılar.)
I am not sure, but I have a nasty feeling he didn’t do at all well at the interview.
=
It is not very nice of me, and I may be mistaken, but I don’t think he was any good at the interview.
Dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalar:

1. Bu soru tarzında anlamdan kesinlikle uzaklaşılamaz.
2. Özneler değiştirilemez.
3. Zaman değişrilemez.
4. Sorulan sorunun aynısının istenmediğini de unutmamak gerekir.
5. Gramer bilgisi önemlidir ve cevabı bulmamızı ve elememizi sağlar.
6. Bir cümlede genelde tek bir değişiklik olmaz ne kadar kalıp veya ifade varsa hepsi için benzer bir ifade veya kalıpla
değişiklik anlamı bozmadan oluşturulur.
240
RESTATEMENT TEST - 1
1. The expansion of New England was in part 3. In relaon to the size of the populaon, the
smulated by the desire for beer land. commerce of the mainland colonies of America at
A) Smulated in part by her greed for good arable this me was unusually large.
soil, New England began to expand rapidly. A) At this period, the commercial acvies of the
B) It was simply the poor quality or the land that mainland colonies of America were considerable
made New England desirous of expanding her even though the populaon was increasing only
boundaries. slowly.
C) Her original lands proving inadequate, New B) Since the populaon of the mainland colonies
England soon felt obliged to start expanding. of America at this me was small their trading
D) Desirous of acquiring part of this richer soil, New acvies were comparavely large.
England soon began to extend her boundaries. C) Considering how small the populaon of the
E) The desire for beer land was one reason why mainland colonies of America was at this me,
New England extended her boundaries. the variety of their trading acvies was quite
surprising.
D) If the size of the populaon is taken into
consideraon, the trading acvies of the
mainland colonies of America in this period
were remarkably extensive.
E) The commerce of the mainland colonies of
America at this me increased as quickly as the
populaon increased.
2. “The Rocket” incorporated the principal features 4. If I had heard about this conference on Satellite
that dominated locomove design from that me Services even a lile earlier, I would most certainly
onwards. have prepared a paper for it.
A) Later locomove design did not dier noceably A) Unfortunately, I haven’t had sucient me to
from that of “the Rocket”. write a paper for that conference on Satellite
B) Many of the main features of “the Rocket” were Services, though I would very much have liked
to reappear in later locomove design. to have done so.
C) The main features aecng all future locomove B) I knew nothing about this conference on
design were present in “the Rocket”. Satellite Services unl it was too late to write a
D) Later locomove design was in certain essenals paper for it, but I certainly would have if me
not dissimilar from that of “the Rocket”. had allowed.
E) As regards the principal features of its design, C) There’s sll me to write a paper for that
“the Rocket” was not dissimilar from later conference they are talking about on Satellite
locomoves. Services, and I would certainly like to do so.
D) If only they had informed me about the
conference on Satellite Services. I would
denitely have got this paper ready a lot earlier.
E) If they had given out some informaon about
the conference on Satellite Services at an earlier
date, it might have been possible to have given
a paper there.
241
5. It was not unl the me of Shakespeare that 7. Basically, the witnesses all gave a uniform account
companies of players emerged who made the stage of the incident but, as might be expected, there
their profession. were some small discrepancies in the details.
A) Before the age of Shakespeare companies of A) All the witnesses gave a very detailed account of
professional actors were already beginning to the incident and apparently a very accurate one.
appear. B) It wouldn’t have surprised one if there had
B) By Shakespeare’s me there were already been dierences in the details supplied by
groups of actors whose theatrical acvies were the witnesses, but actually they were in full
conducted on professional lines. agreement over the incident.
C) The actors of Shakespeare’s me were C) The accounts of the incident given by the
professionals and organised themselves into various witnesses were surprisingly similar even
companies. as regards the details.
D) By the age of Shakespeare, acng had become D) Not surprisingly, the witnesses gave slightly
a profession and the players were grouped into varied accounts of the incident but there was
various companies. complete agreement on the main facts.
E) Companies of players who made a profession of E) Apart from one or two very crucial details the
acng came into being for the rst me in the witnesses gave quite similar descripons of the
age of Shakespeare. incident.
8. She is so anxious not to hurt anyone’s feelings that

she never calls them to account for their acons.
A) Being so afraid of upseng people prevents her
from ever quesoning what they are doing.
B) If she were less sensive about other people’s
feelings, she would be more crical of what they
are doing.
C) She is too anxious to please people and this
means she can’t control them.
D) No one ever listens to her because they know they
can do what they like and she won’t complain.
6. Many people prefer food that is free from arcial
E) That’s how she treats people and nobody gets
substances as these can be a threat to health.
upset about it anymore.
A) It seems that the arcial substances in our food
are responsible for a great deal of our ill health.
9. He nds the new job far more demanding than the
B) Since arcial substances may be detrimental
old one, but I expect he’ll soon get used to it.
to health a lot of people are avoiding foods that
A) He has to put a lot more eort into this job than
contain them.
into the previous one, but he’ll soon get used to it.
C) Food that is free of arcial substances that
B) His former job was easier than his present one,
are detrimental to a person’s health should be
but that was because he was used to it.
preferred.
C) Once he was seled into his new job, he’ll
D) Many people show a preference for foods that
probably nd it just as smulang as his old one.
are free of arcial substances though they are
not of the harmful type. D) Unl he’s familiar with the work in the new job,
he’s obviously going to nd it less pleasant than
E) Foods that contain arcial substances should
the old one.
be avoided as they are the cause of many health
problems. E) Unl he gets accustomed to the new job, he’ll
wish he had stayed in the old one.
242
YDS
10. He has rered, and he is now consultant for several 12. Hardly a day goes without someone coming in to
businesses and this brings him in more money than complain about the unreliability of the ferry service
he ever used to earn in his full-me job. because it runs so erracally.
A) If he had wanted to rere, he could have acted A) There is always someone here cricising the
as a consultant for several agencies and this ferry service because it runs so erracally.
would have given him a beer income. B) The unreliability of the ferry service is one
B) Once he had rered, he became a consultant reason why so many people come in every day
to complain.
for several organizaons because he needed an
C) Most of the complaints we hear, day aer day,
addional income.
about the ferry service relate to its unreliability.
C) So that his income would not drop when he
D) Someone comes in just about everyday to
rered from full-me employment, he started
express their dissasfacon with the ferry
to work in an advisory capacity for several
service because it is so undependable.
organizaons.
E) Again and again, these people have been
D) Though he has been rered for some me, cricising the ferry service because it’s badly run.
he now earns twice as much as when he was
in a full-me job, because he is working as a 13. I suppose most youngsters look forward eagerly to
consultant for quite a lot of rms. the me when they will be nancially independent
E) He earned less when he was in full-me of their parents.
employment than he does now that he is rered A) The dream of most youngsters is surely to have
and acng as a consultant for two or three rms. lots of money of their own to spend as they want.
B) Presumably, most youngsters long to have their
own money instead of relying on their parents
for it.
C) Obviously, youngsters can’t be independent of
their parents while they have to ask for money
from them.
D) Naturally, most young people can’t wait to start
earning their own money and so be independent
of their parents.
E) I assume that most young people are nancially
dependent on their parents but wish not to be.
11. For once I feel inclined to agree with Richard though
14. The normal school obviously doesn’t have
usually I don’t approve of his ideas.
the resources necessary to cope with badly
A) I reckon this is the rst me Richard and I agree,
handicapped children.
for I generally nd his views somewhat amoral.
A) When children are seriously handicapped, the
B) Once in a while I like to agree with Richard as I ordinary school has to nd ways of answering
usually come out in opposion to him. their needs.
C) As oen as not Richard and I hold completely B) The needs of such handicapped children are
dierent views, so he’ll be surprised to nd me beyond the range of any ordinary school
agreeing with him. programme.
D) On certain issues Richard and I are in agreement, C) Seriously handicapped children cannot t into
but on the whole I nd his point of view rather the roune of ordinary school life.
disgusng. D) In an ordinary school, the needs of seriously
E) More oen than not I nd Richard’s ideas rather handicapped children tend to get forgoen.
repulsive, but on this occasion he just might be E) When it’s a case of seriously handicapped
right. children, the average school simply cannot meet
their needs.
243
15. The report did not get a favourable recepon 17. Her lectures are both amusing and full of interest,
largely because it called for massive increases in and consequently, it’s hardly surprising that she is
defense spending. so popular.
A) The unfavourable report on defense spending A) Her popularity is the result of her style of
showed convincingly that vast sums of money lecturing which really is fascinang.
had been wasted. B) She lectures in such an amusing manner that
B) The report failed to please for the obvious everyone enjoys her lectures.
reason that it recommended an increase in C) She is a most entertaining speaker, and so
expenditure for defense purposes. naturally she is in great demand.
C) The extra expenditure for defense purposes is D) The fact that her lectures are so full of humour is
what made the report so unpopular in many clearly the reason for her popularity.
quarters. E) Her sense of humour and her insight are what
D) The main reason why the report met with so lile have made her so much in demand as a lecturer.
approval was on account of the vast increases in
expenditure it demanded for defense purposes.
E) The report was quite unacceptable on account 18. I’m not sure, but I have a nasty feeling he didn’t do
of the fact that the recommended increases in at all well at the interview.
defense spending were quite unrealisc.
A) Actually, in my opinion, he may have done a lot
beer at the interview than he fears.
B) I hope I’m wrong but from what I can gather he
made a real mess of the interview.
C) It’s not denite yet, but I suspect he didn’t
perform as well as he claims at the interview.
D) I could be wrong but I’m afraid his performance
16. More market research on the likelihood of the at the interview was rather poor.
success of such an item is denitely called for, E) It’s not very nice of me, and I may be mistaken,
before we invest more me, money or eort in it. but I don’t think he was any good at the
A) Once market research ndings suggest it is likely interview.
that this arcle will sell well, we will denitely
start to invest more me, money and eort in it.
B) A great deal of me, money and eort has
already been invested in this parcular item, but 19. What worries me is that they have so far failed to
market research ndings are not very posive as improve the quality of the work.
to the likelihood of its success.
A) As they haven’t yet managed to produce any
C) We really must not invest more me, money high-quality work, I’m wondering if they ever
or eort in this parcular item unl market will.
research provides us with more grounds for
B) If only they could upgrade the quality of the
believing that it will sell.
work I’d stop worrying.
D) Unless market research comes up with some
C) Once the quality of the work improves we’ll be
really good proof that such an arcle will market
free of worries.
well, we must stop invesng so much me,
D) It’s the fact that they sll haven’t managed to
money and energy in it.
upgrade the quality of the work that troubles
E) We cannot go on invesng me, money
me.
and energy in a product of this nature while
E) They are sll far from producing the high quality
market research ndings regarding its selling
work I’m anxious to get.
potenality are so dubious.
244
YDS
20. Roof insulaon will pay for itself within two years 23. I was tempted to resign there and then, but I’m
in lower heang costs, or so they claim. glad now that I didn’t.
A) They claimed that roof insulaon would reduce A) I rather wish I’d had the courage to hand in my
heang costs, so that in two years you could resignaon straight away.
recover the amount invested. B) I wanted to give in my resignaon immediately,
B) It pays to insulate your roof since you certainly and I rather regret that I didn’t.
get back in around two years, whatever you C) I felt like handing in my resignaon on the spot,
invest in lowered fuel costs. but I know now I would have regreed it.
C) Roof insulaon reduces heang costs so much D) If I were to resign now, I’d probably regret it.
that in just two years they guarantee that you E) Even now I nd the idea of resigning rather
get back the money you invest in it. tempng, and may do so.
D) They guarantee that money invested in roof
insulaon is recoverable in two years through
reduced fuel costs.
E) They claim that in under two years you get
24. I just couldn’t make him understand that good
back what you invest in roof insulaon through
planning is essenal to success.
reduced fuel costs.
A) I’ve failed to convince him that the secret to
success lies in a sound plan.
21. Those opposed to gambling connue to argue the
B) Apparently he can’t grasp the fact that without a
case against it on social and moral grounds.
sound plan, success is hard to come by.
A) Those who are against gambling connue to
C) He refuses to believe that the plan will turn out
state the moral and social reasons for the stand
to be successful.
they take.
D) He’s convinced that the scheme is bound to
B) Those who are against gambling usually take a
succeed.
moral or a social stand against it.
E) I’ll convince him in the end that no amount of
C) There are two basic grounds for opposing
planning can guarantee success.
gambling, the moral and the social.
D) The case against gambling is usually based on
both moral and social grounds.
E) They connue to oppose gambling and cite
various moral and social reasons for the stand 25. Consultants of his calibre, whose advice is
they take. consistently reliable and objecve, are few and far
between.
A) It is not oen that one comes across a consultant
22. My experiences in China were quite unlike anything
of his calibre, whose advice is unfailingly
else that had ever happened to me.
dependable and unbiased.
A) Life in China is quite dierent from anything I’ve
B) Rarely does one nd a consultant like him whose
come across elsewhere.
advice is completely honest and disinterested.
B) The events I encountered in China were unique;
C) He is one of those rare consultants who one can
I’d known nothing like them before.
rely on to give absolutely fair and honest advice.
C) I hope that my experiences in China will never
D) Consultants of any calibre can always be counted
be repeated anywhere.
on to advise in a balanced and professional
D) Going to China was an interesng experience,
manner.
quite unlike what I was prepared for.
E) Fair and unbiased advice is what one expects
E) I found myself in a unique situaon in China and
from a consultant of his calibre, but one only
presumably I will never know the like of it again.
rarely gets it.
245
RESTATEMENT TEST - 2
1. He is recovering only slowly from the operaon; 3. This documentary focuses on the joys and pressures
apparently progress is being hindered by family that inevitably accompany the bringing up of a
problems. disabled child.
A) Since family problems are upseng him, the A) As is pointed out in the lm, pain and pleasure
recovery process aer surgery will naturally be are both to be experienced in caring for a
rather slow. crippled child.
B) He isn’t recovering from the operaon as fast B) In this feature lm we are shown the trials and
as we had hoped since he is worrying about the pleasures that people with an abnormal child
family. experience.
C) It seems that the process of recovery aer C) The lm highlights the pain and the pleasure
surgery is being slowed down by family inherent in the task of bringing up a deformed
problems. child.
D) Obviously the recuperaon period aer surgery D) The delights and strains that one is bound to
will be a long one as he is worried about his encounter when caring for a handicapped child
family. are at the heart of this documentary.
E) Family worries are, of course, partly responsible E) The documentary shows how trials and rewards
for his inability to recover quickly from the are equally forthcoming when one is caring for
operaon. an irraonal child.
2. It has been argued that people from the Far East 4. It’s hardly surprising that inaon has been a
are beer educated than Westerners and also more paramount issue in so many recent elecon
experienced in economic development campaigns.
A) Since educaon in the West is not up to the A) It is interesng that it has been the issue of
standard of that in the Far East, an equal inaon that has dominated all the elecon
appreciaon of economic maers is not to be campaigns recently.
expected. B) Inaon was naturally going to be a dominant
B) Apparently, people in the Far East pay more issue in a large number of elecon campaigns
aenon to educaon than do those in the over recent years.
Westland have a beer understanding of C) It was to be expected that the crucial issue in
economic maers. all the elecon campaigns should have been
C) Now that people in the Far East are beer inaon.
educated than most Westerners, their D) Understandably, the majority of elecon
ideas regarding economic maers are more campaigns in recent mes have centered round
sophiscated. one major issue, inaon.
D) The argument is that the beer educaon E) During recent years, most elecon campaigns
received in the Far East gives people there a have undoubtedly made inaon the
beer grasp of economic development than is predominant issue.
possible in the West.
E) The point has been made that people in the West
don’t get as good an educaon as do those in
the Far East, and further, are less accomplished
in maers concerning economic development.
246
YDS
5. If there is any likelihood of an aack on our 8. To be honest, l wasn’t expecng Andy to stand up
posion, precauonary measures should be taken for me so openly at the meeng.
immediately. A) l have to admit that l wasn’t too pleased when
A) Our posion is well-protected against aack but Andy took my part like that at the meeng.
we must maintain our defenses. B) Frankly, it came as quite a surprise to me when Andy
B) In the event of an aack our posion will be was so outspokenly on my side at the meeng.
ercely contested. C) it came as quite a surprise to me, too, that Andy
C) In the unlikely event of an aack, our posion should declare himself to be on my side.
will naturally be defended. D) Actually l really wish Andy hadn’t been so
D) Should the posion be aacked it will be ostentaously on my side throughout the meeng.
defended at all costs. E) Naturally, when Andy look my part so strongly at
E) Should an aack seem probable, our posion the meeng. I could hardly hide my surprise.
must be safeguarded at once.
9. It seems l’m expected to introduce the main speaker
6. The meeng lasted tor longer than we had at the conference, so l’d beer nd out something
expected as, for some reason or another, there about his recent acvies.
were connual interrupons. A) I need to familiarize myself with what our main
A) The interrupons that made the meeng last for speaker has been doing of late, as apparently it ’s
so much longer than we ancipated were all of my job to introduce him at the conference.
them quite unnecessary. B) I’ve been chosen to introduce our main speaker
B) it was on account of there being so many at the conference which means l need to nd
interrupons that the meeng went on for so out something about him.
much longer than we had expected. C) I haven’t managed to nd out much about our
C) We were interrupted me and again, on various main speaker at the conference but must do so
accounts, so the meeng went on longer than as it’s my job to introduce him.
we had ancipated. D) As I’ve been asked to introduce the main speaker
D) in spite of a succession of quite unnecessary at this conference, l shall obviously have to get hold
interrupons, the meeng didn’t actually last of some informaon about his academic career.
much longer than the me scheduled for it. E) If I am to introduce this speaker at our conference,
E) The scheduled me was not adequate for the it’s obviously essenal that l have some idea of
meeng but this was largely due to a succession what he has been doing in recent years.
of very annoying interrupons.
10. In my opinion, too many of the things that happen
7. He should have known beer than to have le his in this company depend upon the chairman’s
son in charge of the factory if only for a week. discreon.
A) Though it was only for a week, it was foolish of A) Just because he happens to be chairman of the
him to make his son responsible for the running company he thinks he’s the chief decision-maker.
of the factory. B) I reckon that the company chairman has far too
B) it was quite wrong of him to leave his son to run big a say in what happens here.
the factory for as long as a week. C) The fact that he’s the company chairman doesn’t
C) it was foolish of the boy to imagine he could give him the right to give all the orders.
take his father’s place in the factory for a week. D) It seems to me that the chairman interferes in
D) He must have known that he couldn’t leave his most of the aairs of the company
son in charge of the factory for a whole week. E) As I see it, the company chairman doesn’t know
E) He was mistaken in thinking that his son was up to how to delegate the work of the company
the responsibility of running the factory for a week. eciently.
247
11. The reason behind the minister’s refusal to make a 14. He got to the top at last because there was literally
statement to the press is uncertain, but I imagine nobody standing in his path.
he’s playing for me. A) It was a long, hard grind to the top, but he nally
A) The minister connues to nd excuses for not made it.
making a statement to the press but before long B) If there had been any serious compeon, it’s
he will presumably have to do so. not likely that he’d have made it to the top.
B) I can’t think why the minister sll refuses to hold C) As there was absolutely no one to prevent him
a press conference; perhaps he doesn’t have the from doing so, he nally made it to the top.
me. D) As there was no opposion, he quickly rose to
C) The minister, for some reason or another, sll the top.
avoids a confrontaon with the press but he E) Since he faced no serious compeon, it was
can’t do this much longer. inevitable that he should get to the top.
D) No one knows why the minister is avoiding
meeng the press, but I expect he will have to
do so before long.
15. Informaon systems technology is one of several
E) It’s not clear why the minister has declined to tools available to managers for coping with change.
make a statement to the press, but presumably
A) The best means by which managers can cope
it’s a queson of delay taccs.
with change is informaon systems technology.
B) Informaon systems technology is the one
12. China’s determinaon to put people in space dates medium which managers turn to when change
back to the 1960’s. becomes inevitable.
A) It was only in the 1960s that China could C) With the introducon of informaon systems
contemplate a travel in space technology managers now have a tool to ensure
B) China has been resolutely sending people into that they can cope with change.
space ever since the early 1960s. D) Informaon systems technology is one of a
C) As far back as the 1960s, China also recognized number of mediums which managers can turn
the need to send people into space. to when faced with change.
D) From the 1960s onwards, China has been E) With the assistance of, for instance, informaon
capvated by space travel. systems technology, managers nd they can
E) China has been set on geng people into space keep control over change.
ever since the 1960s.
13. They held a dinner party to mark the occasion of 16. He’s one of those people who is always ready to
their foreth wedding anniversary. promise help but rarely keeps his promise.
A) The dinner party they gave was to commemorate A) He’s oen promised to help one, but never once
forty years of marriage. done so.
B) They have been married for forty years and the B) He’s like lots of other people; he promises to
dinner party is by way of celebraon. help but rarely does.
C) When they have been married for forty years, C) It’s easy for him to promise to help, but he never
they will give a dinner party to celebrate the actually does help.
fact. D) Like so many others, he oen promises to help
D) At the dinner party, everyone congratulated but then forgets to do so.
them on forty years of marriage. E) He’s the sort of person who is good at promising
E) They have been married for forty years and a help, but almost always fails to do so.
dinner party was held in their honour.
248
YDS
17. Get Jim to give the speech of welcome; he’s quite 20. The last me I talked to him, he told me that the
the best person for the job. business was doing well; but apparently that’s not
A) Try to persuade Jim to give the speech of the case now!
welcome: he’s good at such things. A) When we last met, the business was doing well
B) Jim will give a far beer speech of welcome than or so he said; but I fear that is hardly the case
anyone else would; get him to do it. any longer.
C) As he’s good at things like that, why don’t you B) The account he gave of the business the last
get Jim to give the speech of welcome? me we spoke, was a favourable one, but now
D) One person who is good at speech making is I’m not too sure.
Jim; ask him to do it.
C) The last me we met he assured me that all was
E) Jim will make as good a speech of welcome as
going well with the business, but I don’t know
anyone l know; see if he’ll agree to do it.
what’s happening now.
D) When we last spoke he seemed condent that
18. I don’t believe she is parcularly clever, but she has
the business was picking up, but obviously it’s
a great deal of charm and people tend to do what
not doing so now!
she wants.
A) Though she really is not very intelligent, she has E) When we last spoke together, he said the
charm and people are always pleased to accept business was doing ne; but now, it seems
her leadership. things are rather dierent.
B) She may not be very bright, I personally don’t think
she is; but she certainly has a winning way with
people, so they generally act in the way she wants.
C) Her intelligence is no more than average, but
she makes up for this with charm, so she can
manipulate people easily.
D) It is as much her charm as her intelligence that
enables her to make people act in the way she
wants them to.
E) She doesn’t need to be intelligent as she has 21. Some sciensts think that a meteor impact, that
the gi of knowing how to charm people so that occurred around 65 million years ago, may have
they act in the way she wants. caused the exncon of the dinosaurs.
A) In the opinion of some sciensts, the exncon
19. I can’t understand why we haven’t heard from him of the dinosaurs could have been the result of
yet; he must have received the parcel several days the impact of a meteor which occurred roughly
ago. 65 million years ago.
A) Surely he would have contacted us immediately B) According to some sciensts, the exncon
on receiving the parcel; but it ’s hardly likely that of the dinosaurs was caused by a meteor that
it hasn’t reached him.
struck Earth 657 million or so years ago.
B) I’m worried because he sll hasn’t contacted us.
C) Some sciensts reckon that the impact of a
Could it be that the parcel sll hasn’t reached him?
meteor that struck Earth some 65 million years
C) It’s odd that he sll hasn’t got in touch with us;
ago need not have caused the exncon of the
surely the parcel reached him at least a day or
dinosaurs.
two ago.
D) I was sure he’d get in touch with us about the D) These sciensts agree that the impact of a
parcel; could it be that he hasn’t received it yet? meteor over 65 million years ago must have
E) He really ought to have got in touch with us caused the exncon of the dinosaurs.
before this, unless, of course, he sll hasn’t E) The exncon of the dinosaurs could only have
received the parcel. been caused by a meteor impact that occurred
some 65 million years ago.
249
22. The sooner we get the new system into acon, the 25. Coee beans are second only to petroleum as the
beer. most traded commodity in the world.
A) Once the new system is working, the situaon A) Petroleum is the world’s most traded commodity,
will improve. and aer that come coee beans.
B) We should get the new system working as soon B) Petroleum and coee beans share the honour of
as possible. being the world’s most traded commodies.
C) Sooner or later we’ll have to install a new C) Coee beans vie with petroleum as the world’s
system. most sought-aer commodity.
D) At some future date a new system is going to be D) Coee beans are not the world’s most sought
necessary. aer commodity.
E) We are going to get a new system installed E) Petroleum has superseded coee beans as the
without delay. world’s most traded commodity.
23. When he asked which one I wanted, I said I didn’t

mind.
A) He said I could choose between them, but I said
it didn’t maer to me.
B) He said I had to choose, but I didn’t want to.
C) It was up to me to choose between them, but I
really didn’t want to.
D) He wanted me to choose for him and I agreed to
do so.
E) I would have done the choosing if he had asked
me to.
24. Houses in this area are expected to go up in value

once the new road is nished.
A) As the new road nears compleon there is an
increase in the demand for property in the
region.
B) If ever they nish the road, the price of houses
in the neighborhood will be aected.
C) The new road, when it’s nished, could bring
house prices in the neighborhood down.
D) The new road is nearing compleon and this is
already being reected in the price of property
in the area.
E) When they open the new road, house prices in
the area will almost certainly rise.
250
9. ANSWER KEYS
1. CLOZE 3. TRANSLATION
TEST 1 TEST 1 (İNGİLİZCE-TÜRKÇE)

1. C 2. A 3. D 4. E 5. B 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. A
6. C 7. E 8. C 9. B 10. A
TEST 2
11. D 12. E 13. B 14. D 15. C
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. E
16. A 17. B 18. E 19. D 20. A
TEST 3
21. B 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. A
1. A 2. E 3. D 4. B 5. C
26. E 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. B
TEST 4
1. D 2. B 3. E 4. A 5. A TEST 2 (İNGİLİZCE-TÜRKÇE)
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. A
TEST 5
6. C 7. E 8. C 9. B 10. A
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. E 5. D
11. E 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. E
TEST 6 16. A 17. D 18. D 19. B 20. C
1. E 2. A 3. C 4. E 5. C 21. E 22. A 23. B 24. E 25. B
TEST 7 26. C 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. B
1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. E
TEST 8 4. PARAGRAPH COMPLETION
1. E 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A TEST 1
TEST 9 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.E 5.A
1. E 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A
11.A 12.B 13.C 14.E 15.A
TEST 10
16.C 17.B 18.D 19.E 20.E
1. E 2. D 3. E 4. A 5. B
TEST 2
2. SENTENCE COMPLETION 1.B 2.E 3.C 4.B 5.A
TEST 1 ANSWER KEY 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.E
11.A 12.A 13.E 14.B 15.C
1. B 2. A 3. E 4. D 5. E
16.E 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.C
6. A 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. C
11. A 12. E 13. B 14. D 15. C 5. IRRELEVANT SENTENCE
16. B 17. A 18. D 19. C 20. B TEST 1
21. E 22. A 23. D 24. B 25. C 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. D
6. A 7. B 8. E 9. C 10. B
TEST 2 ANSWER KEY 11. E 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. B
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. E 5. C 16. E 17. C 18. D 19. C 20. B
6. A 7. E 8. B 9. A 10. C
TEST 2
11. D 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. C 1D 2C 3B 4C 5A
16. B 17. E 18. B 19. A 20. C 6B 7E 8D 9C 10 D
21. E 22. B 23. D 24. C 25. A 11 B 12 A 13 D 14 C 15 B
16 B 17 D 18 B 19 C 20 D
251
6. DIALOGUE COMPLETION
TEST 1
1C 2D 3B 4E 5C
6B 7A 8B 9B 10 A
11 B 12 C 13 A 14 E 15 B
16 C 17 D 18 A 19 E 20 B
7. READING COMPEREHENSION
TEST 1
1. E 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. A
6. B 7. D 8. E 9. A 10. C
11. D 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. .E
16. A 17. B 18. D 19. C 20. E
21. A 22. D 23. C 24. A 25. B
26. C 27. A 28. D 29. E 30. B
31. C 32. E 33. D 34. A 35. E
8. RESTATEMENTS
TEST 1
1.C 2.E 3.B 4.C 5.E
6.A 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.E
11.E 12.D 13.B 14.E 15.D
16.C 17.C 18.D 19.D 20.E
21.A 22.B 23.C 24.A 25.E
TEST 2
1.C 2.E 3.D 4.D 5.E
6.C 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.B
11.E 12.E 13.B 14.C 15.D
16.E 17.B 18.B 19.C 20.E
21.A 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.A
252
MODULE
3 VOCABULARY
1. Prepositional Phrases
2. Prepostional Idioms
3. Phrasal Verbs
4. The Word List For Exams
5. Vocabulary Tests & Answer Keys

1. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
-ON-
ON AVERAGE ortalama IN TROUBLE belada
ON BOARD yerleşik IN PUBLIC açıkça, herkesin önünde
ON FIRE sinirli IN SHORT özetle
ON FOOT yürüyerek IN COMMON WITH -de olduğu gibi
ON GUARD koruma altında IN THE COURSE OF esnasında
ON SALE indirimde IN FAVOUR OF lehine
ON STRIKE grevde IN CHARGE OF -in yetkisiyle
ON OCCASION ara sıra, bazen IN DANGER OF tehlikesiyle
ON THE INCREASE artışta IN TOUCH WITH bağlantıda olmak
ON THE DECREASE düşüşte IN THE HABIT OF alışkanlığında
ON A DIET diyette IN PROGRESS gelişmede
ON THE WHOLE tamamıyla IN COMMON genel olarak
ON THE OUTSKIRTS civarda IN GENERAL genel olarak
ON LOAN ödünç olarak IN DEMAND istenir ,talepte
ON PURPOSE amacıyla IN CONCLUSION sonuç olarak
ON A CRUISE gemi yolculuğunda IN ADVANCE önceden
ON AN EXPEDITON keşifte IN SIGHT görünürde
ON THE STRENGTH OF -e dayanarak IN A HURRY / HASTE aceleyle
ON THE TIP OF ipucu olarak IN PIECE parça halinde
1. Parts
ON GOOD TERMS WITH of Bodyşartlar altında IN THE SUBURBS civarda
ON GUARD koruma altında IN DEBT borç içinde
ON BEHALF OF -in adına IN DANGER tehlikede
2. Medical
ON ACCOUNT OF Vocabulary
sayesindeList IN ORDER sırayla
ON HOLD beklemede IN CASH nakit olarak
ON DUTY nöbette IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES bu koşullar altında
ON YOUR OWN kendi kendine IN PERSON şahsen
ON THE CONTRARY Öte yandan, aksine IN PRACTICE uygulamada
ON CONTRAST zıt olarak IN A MOMENT kısaca
ON TIME vaktinde IN TIME vaktinde
ON THE OTHER HAND diğer yönden IN PARTICULAR özellikle
ON THE GO iş başında, harekette IN TURN sırayla
ON THE WAY yolda IN TUNE akortlu
IN FASHION popüler
IN CAPTIVITY tutsaklık
-IN- IN SILENCE sessizlik
IN ERROR hata durumunda
IN THE EVENT OF olduğu takdirde
IN INK mürekkeple
IN ADDITION TO ek olarak
IN PAIN / AGONY acı içinde
IN PARTICULAR özellikle
IN TEARS gözyaşları içinde
IN LOVE WITH sevgisiyle
IN VAIN boşuna
254
YDS
IN TERMS OF açısından, dayanarak

IN RETURN karşılık olarak -AT-
IN NEED OF ihtiyacı olmak AT FIRST ilk başta
IN A BAD TEMPER sinirli AT GUARANTEE
GUARANT EE garanti altında
IN A MESS pisl ik i çin
çinde
de AT LEAST sonunda
IN A ROW peşp eşe AT ( THE) MOST en çok
IN A WAY öyle veya böyle AT (THE) AGE (OF)
( OF) yaşında
IN ACCORDANCE WITH -e göre AT ANY RATE her neyse
IN AID OF yararına AT SHORT kısaca
IN AN ANSWER TO cevap olarak AT RANDOM rasgele
IN AN EFFORT TO --mek amacıyla AT A GUESS
GUES S tahminen
IN BRIEF özetle AT PRESEN T şu an
IN CASE OF durumunda AT NOW şu an
IN COMPLIANCE / AT ALL COSTS
COS TS ne pahasına olursa
uygun olarak
AGREEMENT
AGREE MENT AT A GLAN CE bir bakışta
IN CONNECTION WITH --ile bağlantılı AT A DISADVANTAGE
DISA DVANTAGE dezavantajlı
dezavantajlı durumda
IN CONSIDERATION OF göz önünde bulundurarak AT (THE CRACK)
C RACK) DOWN sabahın köründe
IN DETAIL tüm ayrıntılarıyla AT A DISCO UNT indirimli fiyata
IN DEFIANCE OF karşı çıkarak AT A HIGH/LOW
HIG H/LOW P RICE yüksek/düşük bir fiyata
IN DETENTION tutuklu AT A LOSS zararına
IN DI SARRA
SARRAY
Y düzensiz AT A TIME
TIM E bir defada
IN DISGUST tiksinerek AT ANY TI ME her an
IN DUE COURSE zamanla AT BEST en iyi ihtimalle
IN EXASPERATION öfkeyle AT BİRTH doğumunda
IN EXCESS aşırı miktarda AT DEATH ölümünde
IN EXCHANGE / RETURN AT EASE kolaylıkla
karşılık olarak
FOR AT FİRST SIGH T ilk bakışta
IN EXISTENCE mevcut AT FULL S PEED tüm hızla
IN FACT/DEED aslında, gerçekte AT INTERVALS zaman zaman
IN INK mürekkeple AT LARGE tüm detaylarıyla
IN GOOD CONDITION iyi durumda AT LENGTH uzun uzudıya
IN HIGH SPIRITS morali iyi durumda AT LAST sonunda
IN INSTALMENT taksitle ödeme AT ODDS WI TH --ile arası bozuk olmak
IN LENGTH uzunluk bakımından AT ONE TIME
T IME vaktin birinde
IN LIGHT / VIEW OF -yı göz önünde bulundurarak AT ONE’S DISPO SAL
birinin emrine hazır olmak
IN LOW SPIRITS/ IN BAD (SERVICE)
kötü gününde
MOOD AT ONE’S LEISU RE boş zamanlarında
IN MODERATION abartısız olarak AT RISK risk altında
IN NO MOOD FOR gününde olmamak AT THE EXPEN
E XPENSE
SE (COST)
( COST)
--nın pahasına
IN NO UNCERTAIN OF
kesin bir dille
TERMS AT THE LATEST en geç
AT THE ME RCY OF
O F --nın insafına kalmış
AT THE PEAK
P EAK O F --nın zirvesinde
255
AT THE (THAT)

( THAT) TIME
TIM E o anda -WITHOUT-
AT TIMES zaman zaman WITHOUT DOUBTS şüphesiz
AT VARIANCE WITH sonunda WITHOUT WARNING uyarmadan
AT WAR (WITH ) --ile savaş halinde olmak
AT WILL kendi isteğiyle
AT WORST en kötü ihtimalle -ABOVE-
AT YOUR OWN RİS K sizin sorumluluğunuz
sorumluluğunuzda
da ABOVE ALL özellikle
-OUT- -BY-
BY FAR kat kat daha
OUT OF PLACE yersiz, uygunsuz BY MISTAKE yanlışlıkla
OUT OF THE QUESTION imkansız BY CHANCE şans eseri

BY NO MEANS hiçbir şekilde
OUT OF DOORS dışarıda
şanssız BY ACCIDENT kazara
OUT OF LUCK
OUT OF ORDER bozuk BY ALL MEANS kesinlikle
OUT OF PRACTICE uygulama dışı BY HEART ezbere
OUT OF DANGER tehlikeyi atlatmış BY A HAIR’S BREADTH kıl payı
OUT OF DEBT borçsuz BY AND BY yakında
OUT OF REACH uzak BY AND LARGE genel olarak
OUT OF TUNE akortsuz BY COINCIDENCE şans eseri

BY EAR kulaktan dolma
OUT OF WORK bozuk
BY DEGREES derece derece
OUT OF SIGHT görülmeyen
OUT OF FASHION modası geçmiş BY FORCE zorla
OUT OF PRINT mevcudu bitmiş BY HAND eli ile
OUT OF SEASON doğru zaman değil BY LAW kanunlara göre
OUT OF BREATH soluk soluğa BY MEANS OF sayesinde
OUT OF CONTROL kontrolsüz BY SIGHT görüntü olarak
OUT OF DA
DATE
TE modası geçmiş BY THE WAY bu arada
BY VIRTUE OF nedeniyle
BY WAY OF yoluyla
-UNDER-
UNDER CONTROL kontroll altında
kontro
UNDER THE CICUMSTAN-
-FOR-
bu şartlar altında FOR INSTANCE örneğin
CES
FOR EXAMPLE örneğin
UNDER THE INFLUENCE etki altında
FOR A CHANGE değişiklik olsun diye
UNDER PRESSURE baskı altında
FOR THE SAKE OF yararına
UNDER REPAIR tamirde
FOR A FORTHNIGHT iki haftalığına
UNDER THE IMPRESSION etki altında
FOR AGES uzun bir süre
UNDER SUSPICION şüphe içinde
FOR CERTAIN / SURE kesin olarak
FOR GOOD sonsuza kadar
-WITH- FOR NO (GOOD) REASON sebepsiz yere
WITH EASE kolaylıkla FOR ONCE bir kereliğine
256
YDS
bir takım sebeplerden

FOR SOME REASON
dolayı
FOR SALE satılık
FOR THE BENEFIT OF --nın yararına
FOR THE PURPOSE OF --mek için / amacıyla
FOR THE TIME BEING şu anda
-FROM-
zaman zaman
FROM TIME TO TIME
FROM NOW ON şimdiden sonra

FROM TOP TO HEAD tepeden tırnağa
FROM THE HORSE’S
ilk ağızdan
MOUTH
FROM MEMORY ezbere
FROM EXPERIENCE tecrübelere dayanarak
-AS-
AS A WHOLE bütün olarak
APART FRO M bir yan,-den başka
AS A RULE kural olarak
AS REG ARDS ilgili olarak
AS FO R söz konusu … olunca
AS YET
YE T şimdilik
AS OP POSE D TO -ya karşılık olarak
-OFF-
OFF DUTY izinli
-UP-
UP TO DATE güncel
-BEYOND-
BEYOND DOUBT şüphesiz
BEYOND anlaşılmayacak kadar
COMPREHENSION karışık
BEYOND RECOGNITION tanınmaz hale gelmiş
-AGAINST-
AGAINST
AGAINS T WILL
WI LL istemeyerek
257
2. PREPOSITIONAL IDIOMS
-A-
ACCORDI NG TO ONE CATCH
CATCH SOMEBODY IN
bir rivayete göre
TRADITION / ACCOUNT ACTION / THE ACT / suç üstü yakalamak
AHEAD OF -- nın önünde gitmek RED-HANDED
ALL OF A SUDDE
SUDDENN aniden CATCH SOMEBODY birini hazırlıksız
ALL TOO SOON
S OON pek erken
UNAWARES yakalamak
APART FROM
FR OM yanı sıra
CATCH / TAKE SOMEBODY
ARM IN ARM kol kola şaşırtmak
BY SURPRISE
ATTACH
ATTACH / GIVE
önem vermek CATCH UP
U P WITH
IMPORTANCE hızına yetişmek
SOMEBODY / SOMETHING
COME INTO BEING oluşmak
-B- COME TO AN AGREEMENT uzlaşmaya varmak
BACK AND FORTH ileri geri COME TO LIGHT açığa çıkmak

elbisenin önünü arkasına COMMIT SUICIDE intihar etmek
BACK TO FRONT çok çalışmaktan beyni
giymek CRAM ONE’S BRAINS
BE OVER THE MOON sevinçten havalara uçmak patl amak
BEAR GRUDGE AGAINST birine karşı kin gütmek COME TO AN END bitmek
birine benzerlik
BEAR RESEMBLANCE TO CATCH
CATCH SIGHT OF birdenbire farketmek
göstermek
BEAT AROUND THE BUSH bin dereden su getirmek
BEHAVE YOURSELF kendine gel
-D-
BESIDE THE POINT konunun dışında olmak
DERIVE PLEASURE FROM -- den zevk almak
BID FAREWELL TO vedalaşmak
BLAME SOMEBODY / birini bir şeyden dolayı DEVELOP A CRASH ON birine tutulmak
SOMETHING FOR suçlamak DEVELOP A LIKING FOR sevmeye başlamak

BREAK EVEN ne kar ne de zarar etmek DEVELOP FEVER ateşi çıkmak
buzları eritmek (kişiler DIE FOR DOING dayanamamak
BREAK THE ICE
arası) DO AWAY WITH SB/ STH yok etmek
BRING TO LIGHT açığa kavuşturmak DO HARM TO zarar vermek
BURST INTO FLAMES alev almak
elinden gelenin en iyisini
BURST INTO LAUGHTER / kahkahaya / gözyaşına DO ONE’S BEST
yapmak
TEARS boğulmak
DO SOMEBODY A
birine iyilik yapmak
FAVOUR
-C- DON’T MAKE ME LAUGH beni güldürme
CALL ATTENTION TO vurgulamak DRAW A CONCLUSION
CAN’T BEAR /STAND katlanamamak --den sonuç çıkarmak
FROM
CAN’T HELP kendini alamamak
DRIVE SOMEBODY CRAZY
CAN’T MAKE IT plana
pla na u yama
yamamk
mk delirtmek, çıldırtmak
/ MAD
M AD
CATCH A GLIMPSE OF gözüne ilişmek
258
YDS
-E- GET THROUGH DOING bir işi yapmakta hemfikir
EARN A LIVING geçimini sağlamak SOMETHING olmak

EAT
EAT LIKE A HORSE deli gibi yemek GET WELL SOON geçmiş olsun
END IN A DRAW berabere bitmek GIVE BIRTH TO doğum yapmak
taburcu olmak, son GIVE PRIORITY /
END UP IN öncelik vermek
bulmak PRECEDENCE TO
END UP WITH -- sonuçlanmak GIVE RISE/WAY TO sebep olmak
ENJOY IT afiyet olsun GIVE SOMEBODY A BLOW birine darbe indirmek
EVERY NOW AND THEN zaman zaman GIVE SOMEBODY A
soğuk /sıcak karşılamak
EVERY OTHER DAY gün aşırı COLD /WARM RECEPTION
EXCEPT FOR --nın haricinde birini arabayla bir yere
GIVE SOMEBODY A LIFT
EXCEPTIONS DON’T bırakmak
istisnalar kaideyi bozmaz
BREAK THE RULES GIVE SOMEBODY A RING telefonla aramak
GIVE SOMEBODY A SHOT aşı yapmak
GIVE SOMEBODY A
-F- uyarmak
WARNING
FACE TO FACE yüz yüze
GIVE SOMEBODY A HAND yardım etmek
FALL ASLEEP uyuya kalmak
GO ASTRAY sürüden ayrılmak
FALL INTO DISFAVOUR
-- ile muhalefete düşmek GO BANKRUPT iflas etmek
WITH
GO BY / PAST --nın önünden geçmek
FALL INTO DISREPUTE gözden düşmek
GO COLD WITH
-- ile aynı tarihe denk
FALL ON THE SAM E DATE SOMEBODY / soğumak
düşmek
SOMETHING
FALL OUT OF LOVE WITH sevgisi bitmek
GO CRAZY çıldırtmak
FALL OUT WITH
birisi ile kavga etmek GO FOR A STROLL yürüyüşe çıkmak
SOMEBODY
GO INTO ACTION harekete geçmek
beklentiye cevap verme-
FALL SHORT OF GO OUT OF BUSINESS iflas etmek
mek GO OUT OF HAND kontrolden çıkmak
FAR FROM BEING -- dan çok uzak GO SENILE bunamak
FEEL LIKE gibi hissetmek, istemek GAIN ACCESS TO erişmek
FEW AND FAR BETWEEN ayda yılda bir GAIN FAVOUR WITH gözüne girmek
FIND IT HARD / GET AWAY WITH
yapmakta zorlanmak kurtulmak
DIFFICULT SOMETHING
büyüdüğü için giyeme-
GROW OUT OF
-G- mek
GET ALONG / ON WITH

iyi geçinmek
SOMEBODY -H-
GET ON SOMEBODY’S HAND IN HAND el ele
sinirlendirmek
NERVES HANDLE WITH CARE dikkatle taşımak
GET STRANDED mahsur kalmak HAVE A LOOK (AT) bakmak, göz atmak
259
HAVE BUTTERFLIES IN
çok heyecanlanmak
-P
ONE’S STOMACH PUT PRESSURE ON baskı yapmak
HAVE CONFIDENCE IN güvenmek PAY
PAY A COMPLI MENT TO iltifat etmek
HAVE DIFFICULTY / PLAY A TRICK ON aldatmak
zorlanmak
TROUBLE IN PAY ATTENTION TO önem vermek
HAVE A MEMORY / MIND
berbat bir hafızası olmak
LIKE A SIEVE
-R-
HAVE A ROW WITH
REGARDLESS OF aldırmaksızın
SOMEBODY OVER tartışmak
SOMETHING
HAVE A WORD WITH -S
ciddi şekilde konuşmak
SOMEBODY SET FIRE TO ateşe vermek
HAVE AN AFFAIR WITH ilişki yaşamak SET EYES ON gözüne ilişmek
HAVE AN EFFECT /
etkilemek
IMPACT ON /UPON
-T-
HAVE NO OTHER CHOICE yapmaktan başka çare
TAKE PART IN yer almak
BUT TO DO yok TAKE ADVANTAGE OF üstünlük sağlamak
HAVE TO DO WITH ilgisi olmak TAKE CHARGE OF idareyi ele geçirmek
HELP YOURSELF buyurun, keyfinize bakın TAKE NO NOTICE OF önem vermemek
I HAVEN’T THE FAINTEST
hiçbir fikrim yok TAKE PRIDE IN -den gurur duymak
/ SLIGHT
SL IGHTEST
EST IDEA
I DEA TAKE ONE’S MIND OFF önem vermek
TAKE CARE OF özen göstermek
TAKE PLEASURE IN keyif almak
-I-
IRRESPECTIVE OF -e aldırmayan
-L--
-L
LOSE COUNT OF hesabını şaşırmak
-K-
KEEP PACE WITH -e ayak uydurmak
KEEP AN EYE ON gözetlemek
-M
NAKE CONTACT WITH temas kurmak
MAKE A RECOVERY
kurtarmak
FROM
MAKE ROOM FOR -e yer açmak
MAKE SENSE OF anlamak
260
3. PHRASAL VERBS
ASK bring out: yol açmak, neden olmak, üretmek
ask somebody out: dışarı davet etmek bring up: çocuk büyütmek, yetiştirmek, söz etmek
bring someone down: birini mutsuz etmek, hayal
ADD kırıklığına uğratmak

add up to: eşitlemek, eklemek
CALL
BACK call around: telefonla her yeri aramak
back someone up: desteklemek call someone back: birini telefonla geri aramak
back away: geri çekmek, vazgeçmek call off: iptal etmek
back down: caymak, pes etmek, sözünden dönmek call someone up: telefon açmak
back out: caymak, döneklik etmek call at: hastayi yoklamak, uğramak, ziyaret etmek
back up: desteklemek, geri gitmek call back: yeniden telefonla aramak, arayan kimseyi
geri aramak, caymak
BE call for: -i i stemek, gerekli olmak
be carried away: akıntıya kapılmak call in: davet etmek, iadesini istemek
call on: istemek, uğramak, ziyaret etmek
BLOW call upon: davet etmek, talep etmek
blow out: patlama, üfleyip söndürmek call out: izinsiz yüksek sesle konuşmak, bağırarak
blow up: havaya uçurmak, patlak vermek, patlamak söylemek, rica etmek
BREAK CALM
break away: sevgiliden ayrılmak, ayrılmak calm down: sakinleşmek
break down: arızalanmak

break in: alıştırmak, kırmak, çökertmek, terbiye CHECK
etmek, eğitmek check in: otele, hava alanına giriş yapmak
break into: zorla girmek check out: otelden ayrılmak, araştırmak
break off: kırılıp ayrılmak, kırılmak, il işiğini kesmek

break out: patlak vermek, birden bire başlamak CHIP
break through: yarıp geçmek, doğmak, görünmek chip in: yardım etmek
break up: parçalara ayrılmak, ilişkiyi bitirmek,

bitirmek CLEAN
clean something up: temizlemek, düzenlemek
BRING
bring about: beraberinde getirmek, neden olmak, CARRY
sebep olmak carry on: isi sürdürmek, taşımak, devam etmek

bring forward: öne sürmek, ileri sürmek, nakletmek carry out: yerine getirmek, uygulamak, başarmak
261
CATCH CROP
catch on: anlamak, tutulmak crop up: a niden oluşmak, gerçekleşmek
catch up: senden önde giden birisini yakalamak, ayni
seviyeye gelmek CUT
cut something down: kesip devirmek, azaltmak
CHEER cut in: bölmek, rahatsız etmek
cheer up: neşelendirmek, moralini düzeltmek cut something off: ayırmak
cut out: kesmek
CLEAR
clear up: aydınlanmak, çözümlemek DO
do over: sona ermek, tekrar yapmak
COME do away with: kurtulmak
come about: doğmak do up: bağlamak
come across: karsılaşmak, rast gelmek, denk gelmek
come along: birlikte gelmek, eslik etmek, gelmek, DRESS
bulunmak, ilerlemek, gelişmek dress up: giyinmek
come around: uğramak, dirilmek, canlanmak,
ayılmak DROP
come round: tutumunu değiştirmek, razı olmak drop back: geri gitmek
come at: saldırmak, ulaşmak, uğraşmak drop in / by / over: randevusuz gelmek, damlamak
come away: ayrılıp gelmek, sökülmek (mecazi)
come before: huzura çıkmak, önce gelmek drop off: birini yada bir şeyi bir yerden başka bir
come by: edinmek, kazanmak, elde etmek yere bırakmak
come down with: nedeniyle hastalanmak, yatağa drop out: okuldan ayrılmak
düşmek, yakalanmak
come into: mirasa konmak, elde et DRAW
come off: çıkmak, basari kazanmak, düşmek draw back: geri almak, geri kalmak
come out: ortaya çıkmak, gözükmek, hapisten çıkmak draw up: ayarlamak, düzenlemek
come to: ( hesap) tutmak, iyileşmek, ayılmak
come up with: ileri sürmek, öne sürmek EAT
come upon: karsılaşmak eat out: dışarıda yemek yemek
come apart: ayrılmak end up: sonlandırmak
come forward: ortaya çıkmak
FALL
COUNT fall apart: parçalara ayırmak
count on: güvenmek, bel bağlamak fall down: yere düşürmek, düşmek
fall out: küsmek
CROSS fall back upon: başvurmak,
cross out: çizmek, karalamak, silmek fall back on: -e başvurmak
262
YDS
fall behind: (with) geride kalmak, yetişememek give out: dağıtmak, bildirmek, ilan etmek
fall for: çok beğenmek give up: vazgeçmek, bırakmak, pes etmek
fall off: azalmak
fall through: basarisiz olmak GO
fall to: baslamak, girişmek go after: kovalamak, peşinde olmak
fall upon: -e saldırmak, rastlamak go against: aykırı olmak, karşı gelmek
fall on: hucum etmek, saldırmak go ahead: ilerlemek, devam etmek
go by: geçmek, geçip gitmek
FIGURE go down with: hastalanmak
figure out: anlamak, cevap bulmak go for: gayret etmek
go off: gitmek, çalmaya başlamak
FILL go on: devam etmek, sürdürmek
fill in / out : from doldurmak go on with: devam etmek
go over: tekrar gözden geçirmek
FIND go through: göz atmak
find out: keşfetmek go up: yükselmek
GET HAND
get across/ over: iletişim kurmak hand down: kuşaktan kuşağa devretmek, karar ver-
get along / on: iyi geçinmek mek
get at: demek istemek, kastetmek hand in: el ele, teslim etmek
get behind: geride kalmak, arkasına geçmek hand out: dağıtmak, çıkmasına yardim etmek
get by: geçinmek, idare etmek hand over: teslim etmek, aktarma
get down: aşağı inmek, birisini üzmek
get down to: başlamak, girişmek HANG
get in: girmek, kabul edilmek hang up: asmak, ertelemek, telefonu kapatmak
get off: inmek, yola çıkmak
get on: binmek, konuya girmek, bir araca binmek HEAR
get out: çıkmak, çıkartmak hear about: haberdar olmak
get over: basa çıkmak, atlatmak hear from: haber almak
get rid of: başından savmak hear of: öğrenmek
get through: başarmak, bitirmek, içinden geçmek
get to: başlamak HOLD
get up: ayağa kalkmak, ayağa kaldırmak hold off: defetmek, kaçınmak
hold on: dayanmak, telefonda bekletmek
GIVE hold up: yukarı kaldırmak, tutmak, desteklemek
give away: bağışlamak, hediye olarak vermek
give in: teslim etmek, teslim olmak IRON
give off: çıkarmak, kaçırmak iron out: aynı fikirde buluşmak
263
JACK look round: her türlü yolu aramak, dolaşmak

jack in: terk etmek look around: bakınmak, etrafına bakınmak
jack up: kriko ile kaldırmak, yükseltmek look through: incelemek
look to: başvurmak
KEEP look up: gözleri yukarı dikmek, sözlükte aramak
keep away: uzak durmak, uzak tutmak look up to: bir kişiye hayranlık veya saygı duymak
keep in touch with: ilişkiyi koparmamak
keep off: uzak durmak MAKE
keep on: devam etmek, sürdürmek make for: bir yere yönelmek, sonuçlanmak
keep out: dışında kalmak, dışarıda bırakmak make out: ayırt etmek, resmi bir belgeye gerekli her
keep up: devam ettirmek, ayak uydurmak şeyi yazmak
keep up with: ayak uydurmak make up: meydana getirmek, barışmak, makyaj
yapmak
LAY make up for: telafi etmek
lay off: isten çıkarılmak
MARK
LET mark down: fiyatları düşürmek
let down: hayal kırıklığına uğramak mark up: fiyatları yükseltmek
let in: girmeye izin vermek
let off: cezadan veya bir vazifeden muaf tutulmak MISTAKE
mistake for: yanlış düşünmek
LIVE
live on: yasamaya devam etmek, ..yiyerek yasamak MIX
mix up: karıştırmak
LEAVE NOD
leave out: savsaklamak nod off: uyuya kalmak
OWN
LOOK own up: suçlamak
look after: cocuğa bakmak, bakmak PACK
look back on: hatırlamak pack in: bitirmek
look down on: hor görmek PAN
look for: aramak, araştırmak pan out: başarmak
look forward to: sabırsızlıkla beklemek, can atmak PASS
look in: kisa bir ziyarette bulunmak pass away: ölmek
look into: incelemek pass down : nesilden nesle geçmek
look on: bakıp durmak, seyretmek pass for: olarak geçmek, diye kabul edilmek
look out: dikkat etmek, dışarı bakmak pass out: bayılmak, kendinden geçmek
look for: bulmaya çalışmak, aramak PAY
look over: gözden geçirmek, incelemek pay off: borcunun tamamını ödemek
264
YDS
PICK run down: çarpmak, gücünü kaybetmek

pick up: hızlanmak, rasgele bulmak run into: rastlamak, güçlü bir şekilde vurmak
pick out: seçmek run out: tükenmek, dışarı koşmak
run over: taşmak, kazara çarpmak
PIN
pin down: tespit etmek SEE
see off: yolcu etmek, kapıya kadar geçirmek
POINT see out: bir şeyi sonuna kadar görmek
point out: belirtmek, açıklamak, dikkat çekmek see to: halletmek, ilgilenmek
PULL SEND
pull down: birisini üzmek, bir binayı yıkmak send for: birisini mesaj yoluyla görüşmeye çağırmak,
pull out: çekip çıkartmak, uzaklaşmak posta ile sipariş talep etmek
pull through: ciddi bir hastalıktan kurtulmak, send out: bir şeyin başka insanlara ulaşmasını
iyileşmek sağlamak, üretmek
Send back: geri göndermek
PUT
put away: saklamak SET
put across: bir şeyi acık ve net şekilde açıklamak set off: yola çıkmak
put aside: bir tarafa koymak, biriktirmek set out: işe koyulmak, -e kalkışmak, yola çıkmak
put down: koymak, öldürmek (hayvan) set up: bir şeyi kurmak veya başlatmak, düzenlemek
put forward: bir fikir ortaya koymak
put off: ertelemek SHOP
put on: giyinmek, bir aleti çalıştırmak, eklemek shop around: fiyatları karıştırmak
put out: söndürmek, ilan etmek, duyurmak SHOW
put through: arama yapmak, telefona bağlanmak, show off: hava atmak
başarıyla tamamlamak show up: varmak, ortaya çıkmak
put up with: tahammül etmek
STAND
READ stand by: desteklemek
read over: dikkatli okumak stand for: temsil etmek
stand out: kolayca görülebilmek
RIP TAKE
rip off: taklidini yapmak take after: benzemek
take apart: parçalara ayrılmak
RUN take away: yerinden çıkartmak, çıkartmak
run across: rastlamak take back: geri almak, geri götürmek, eskiyi
run after: kovalamak hatırlamak
run away: kaçmak, kaçınmak take down: not etmek
265
take for: bir şeyle karıştırmak turn on: bir aletin düğmesine basa rak çalıştırmak
take in: aldatmak, kandırmak, anlamak, elbise daralt- turn out: bir durumun dönüşmesi, bir aleti kapatmak
mak turn over: kontrolü birisine vermek, polise teslim
take off: kıyafetini çıkarmak, uçağın yerden etmek
havalanması, taklit etmek turn to: yardim için birisine başvurmak
take on: bir isi veya sorumluluğu kabul etmek, ise almak turn up: bir şeyin hızını, sesini, gücünü arttırmak,
take out: bir şeyi bir yerden çıkartmak, bir yere biri- varmak
yle gitmek
take over: bir şeyin kontrolünü veya sorumluluğunu USE
almak Use up: boşaltmak
take up: caba harcamak
WAIT
TALK wait on: servis yapmak
talk over: tartışmak
talk back to: kaba bir şekilde cevap vermek WALK
walk out on: terk etmek
TELL
tell apart: kisi ya da nesneler arasındaki farkları WARM
söylemek warm up: vücudu spora hazırlamak
tell off: azarlamak
WASH
THINK wash away: suyun hareketi ile bir şeyi yok etmek
think back on: yad etmek, anmak
WATCH
THROW watch for: beklemek, gözlemek, kollamak
throw up: kusmak, terk etmek, reddetmek, üretmek watch out: dikkat etmek
Throw away: atmak WEAR
wear off: yavaş yavaş azalmak
TRY wear out: bir şeyi tükenene kadar kullanmak, birisini
try on: elbise denemek çok yormak
try out: denemek WIND
TURN wind up: bitirmek, rahatsız etmek, sarmak
turn away: kabul etmemek, birinin içeri girmesine WIPE
izin vermek wipe out: tamamen ortadan kaldırmak
turn back: geri dönmek WORK
turn down: reddetmek, bir aletin sesini kısmak work out: egzersiz yapmak, başarılı olmak
turn into: dönüşmek ZONK
turn off: bir aleti durdurmak, kısmak, mide zonk out: uyuya kalmak
bulandırmak
266
4. THE WORD LIST FOR EXAMS
-A-
Abandon: terk etmek Accountant: muhasebeci
Abate: azalmak, hafifletmek Accrue: çoğalmak
Abide: hürmet etmek Acknowledge: kabul etmek
Abolish: yürürlükten kaldırmak Acknowledgement: onay, tasdik
Abdicate: tahtan çekilmek Acquainted with: haberdar olmak
Abduct: zorla kaçırmak Acquire: kazanmak, edinmek
Abet: azmettirmek Acquisition: edinim
Abhor: nefret etmek Activity: aktivite
Abort: kürtaj yaptırmak Activist: bir fikrin aktif destekçisi
Abruptly: aniden; ani Accelerate: hızlandırmak
Absolute: mutlak; tamamen Act: hareket etmek
Absurd: saçma Act as: -lik yapmak, etme
Abscond: firar etmek Activate: harekete geçirmek
Abound: bereketlenmek Achieve: başarmak
Abundance: bolluk, bereket Acute: keskin, şiddetli
Abundant: bol, bereketli Adapt: uyum sağlamak
Abbreviate: kısaltmak, özetlemek Adequate: yeterli
Absorb: içine çekmek, emmek Adjust: ayarlamak, uydurmak.
Abstain (from): sakınmak, uzak durmak Adjustment: düzeltme, uyma
Abusive: bozuk Adjustable: ayarlanabilir, uyarlanabilir
Accidental: kazara Administer: yönetmek
Accelerate: hızlan(dır)mak Admonish: uyarmak
Accept: kabul etmek Adopt: evlat edinmek
Access: erişmek, ulaşmak Advance: ilerlemek
Accessible: ulaşılabilir, erişilebilir Advertise: ilan etmek
Acclaim: takdir etmek Advise: ögüt vermek
Accommodate: ağırlamak Advocate: desteklemek
Accompany: arkadaşlık etmek Add: eklemek
Accumulate: biriktirmek, yığmak Address: hitap etmek
Accuracy: doğruluk, kesinlik Administrate: yönetmek
Accurate: kesin, doğru. Admirable: takdire değer
Accurately: doğru, eksiksiz bir şekilde Advanced: ilerlemiş. İleri
Accuse (of): birini bir şeyle suçlamak Addict: bağımlı
Accused: sanık Addiction to: bağımlılık
Accomplish: başarmak, tamamlamak Addition: ilave, ek
Accord: uzlaşmaa Additionally: ayrıca, bunun yanı sıra
267
Adequately: yeterli bir şekilde Apply: başvurmak

Admire: hayran olmak Appoint: tayin etmek
Admit: kabullenmek, itiraf etmek Appraise: değer biçmek, değerlendirmek
Adore: çok sevmek, tapmak Appetite: iştah
Adverse: zıt, kötü Appreciate: takdir etmek
Affect: etkilemek Apprehension: korku.
Affair: olay, sorun Approach: yaklaşım, yaklaşmak
Affectionate: sevecen Approve (of): uygun bulmak
Affluent: varlıklı Approval: onay
Aggravate: fenalaşmak Artifact: insan eliyle yapılmış
Aggressive: saldırgan Arbitrate: hakem sıfatıyla karar vermek
Agreeable: anlaşılabilir Arrange: düzenlemek
Aid: yardım Articulate: açıkça ifade etmek
Alien: yabancı Argue: tartışmak
Alongside: yanında, bitişiğinde Argument: tartışma, iddia
Alliance: ittifak Article: makale
Ally: müttefik, dost Artisan: zanaatçı, esnaf
Alter: değiştirmek Ashamed: utanmak
Alteration: değişiklik Astonished: şaşırmak
Align: düz bir yere koymak Astonishment: şaşırtmak, şaşırmak
Allocate: pay etmek, bölüştürmek Assign: görevlendirmek
Allow: izin vermek Associate: çağrıştırmak
Amazing: şaşırtıcı Assassinate: suikast yapmak
Amend: düzeltmek Asset: beceri
Amendment: değişiklik Ascertain: tahkik etmek, soruşturmak
Amusing: eğlenceli, zevkli Assemble: monte etmek, kurmak
Ambiguous: birden fazla anlama gelebilen Assert: ileri sürmek, iddia etmek
Ample: çok, bol Assess: değerbilmek
Announce: anons etmek, ilan etmek Assimilate: benzetmek, özümlemek
Announcement: ilan, anons Assist: yardim etmek
Annual: yıllık Assume: sanmak
Anniversary: yıl dönümü Assure: temin etmek, söz vermek
Anticipate: tahmin etmek, sezinlemek Attach: iliştirmek, eklemek
Analyze: analiz etmek, çözümlemek Attain: elde etmek
Appropriate: uygun Attainment: ulaşma
Appropriately: uygun olarak Attribute: bir sebebe dayandırmak
Apologize: özür dilemek Attack: saldırmak
Appalling: korkunç Attainment: başarı
Appointment: atama, tayin, randevu Attempt: denemek
268
YDS
Attract: cezp etmek Blink: göz kırpmak

Attend: katılmak Bloom: çiçek açmak
Audit: dinlemek, denetlemek Blossom: çiçek açmak, canlanmak
Augment: artırmak, artmak Blunder: gaf, gaf yapmak
Author: yazmak, yazarlık yapmak Bolt: fırlayıp kaçmak
Automate: otomatikleştirmek Border: sınır
Auditorium: izleme salonu Break off: kırılıp ayrılmak, ili şiğini kesmek
Avert: önlemek Breakthrough: cepheyi yarıp geçmek; büyük buluş
Avoid: kaçınmak, çekinmek Breakground: temel kazmak
Avoidable: kaçınılabilir, engellenebilir Briskly: enerjik
Available: elde edilebilir, müsait Bruise: berelemek, bere
Avidity: heves, hırs Brush up: tazelemek
Award: ödül Brutality: vahşilik
Brighten: şenlendirmek, aydınlatmak
-B- Bring: getirmek, neden olmak
Backtrack: aynı yere geri dönmek Bring out: ortaya çıkarmak, göstermek
Backward: geri kalmış, geriye doğru Breed: yavrulamak, hayvan yetiştirmek
Balance: dengede tutmak Bribery: rüşvet
Ban: yasaklamak Brief: kısa, öz
Banish: sürgüne yollamak Briefly: kısaca
Bankrupt: iflas etmek Broadcast: yayın
Baptize: vaftiz etmek Broadly: genel
Base: temel, esas Budget: bütçe
Basic: temel Bump: vurma.
Barely: hemen hemen hiç Burglar: hırsız
Bargain: pazarlık, pazarlık etmek Bury: gömmek, defnetmek, gizlemek
Barren: kurak, verimsiz Burial: gömü, gömme
Become: olmak, yakışmak Build: insa etmek, kurmak
Beneficial: faydalı Buy: satin almak
Benefit: fayda Bully: kabadayı, kabadayılık yapmak
Behave: davranmak Burn: yakmak, yanmak
Behaviour: davranış
Believe: inanmak -C-
Belief: inanış Call at: uğramak
Belongings: birinin kişisel eşyaları Call off : iptal etmek
Bitingly: aşırı Call on: ziyaret etmek; talep etmek
Bizarre: tuhaf, acayip Call up: telefon atmak
Blame: suçlamak Calm: sakin
Blaze: ateş, alev, yangın, parlamak Cancel: iptal etmek
269
Captivate: büyülemek, esir etmek Citizen: vatandaş

Captivating: büyüleyici Citizenship: vatandaşlık
Captive: tutsak, esir Classify: sınıflandırmak
Captivity: tutsaklık, esaret Clammy: yapış yapış; soğuk nemli
Capture: yakalamak, tutsak etmek Claw: pençe
Care: özen göstermek Clarify: açıklamak
Careful: dikkatli Clear: temizlemek, aklamak
Careless: dikkatsiz Clearance: tasfiye
Carry out: icra etmek Clerk: memur
Carve: oymak Cliff: uçurum, kayalık
Casual: günlük, sıradan Close: yakın
Caution: uyarı, dikkat Closure: kapanış
Candidate: aday Clog: tıka(n)mak
Capable: yetenekli Collaborate: işbirliği yapmak
Calibrate: ince ayar yapmak Collect: toplamak, biriktirmek
Canvass: oy veya sipariş toplamak Collapse: çökmek
Catalogue: -in katalogunu yapmak Collapsible: katlanabilir
Cease: sona erdirmek Collide with: çarpışmak
Ceaseless: aralıksız, durmadan Conciliate: gönlünü almak, yatıştırmak
Celebrate: kutlamak Condense: koyulaşmak
Celebration: kutlama Conduct: rehberlik etmek
Celebrity: ünlü Confront: yüzleştirmek
Census: nüfus sayımı Commence: başlamak
Ceremony: tören Commencement: açılış
Chair: başkanlık etmek Comment on: yorum yapmak
Chance: şans, tesadüf Command: emretmek, yönetmek
Charge: ücret, şarj Commend: emanet etmek
Charge with: -ile yargılanmak Communicate: haberleşmek, iletişim kurmak
Change: değiş(tir)mek, para bozdurmak Communication: iletişim
Charity: hayırseverlik Compare: karsılaştırmak
Cheer: neşe Comparison: karşılaştırma
Chemist: kimyager, eczacı Compete: yarışmak
Choose: seçmek Competent: yetenekli
Choice: seçenek Competition: yarışma
Challenge: meydan okumak, zorlayıcı Complain: şikâyet etmek
Chart: tablo Complaint: şikâyet
Check: kontrol etmek Compile: derlemek
Circulate: dolaşmak, dolaştırmak Complete: tamamlamak
Circulation: dolaşım Compute: hesap yapmak
270
YDS
Coast: kıyı Conquer: fethetmek
Coincidence: tesadüf Consent (to): razı olmak
Collar: yaka, tasma Consequence: sonuç
Collide: çarpışmak Conserve: korumak
Commit: yeltenmek, suç işlemek Considerable: büyük ölçüde
Commit suicide: intihar etmek Considerably: oldukça
Common: genel Considerately: nazik bir şekilde
Combine: birleş(tir)mek Consist of: içermek
Commerce: ticaret Conspire against: komplo kurmak
Commercial: ticari Confidence: güven
Company: arkadaşlık Confident: güvenli
Companion: arkadaş Confidential: gizli
Compel: zorlamak Confirm: onaylamak
Compensation for: tazminat ödemek Confiscated: istimlâk etmek
Compete: yarışmak Conflict: çelişmek
Competition: yarışma Congratulate: tebrik etmek
Compile: derlemek Consolidate: sağlamlaştırmak
Compensation: bedel. Tazminat Conscientious: vicdanlı
Compose: bestelemek Consequence: netice
Composed: bestelenmiş Conserve: koruma muhafaza etme
Compromise: uzlaşmak Conservation: muhafazakâr
Conclude: sonuç çıkarmak Consider: hesaba katmak, düşünmek
Conclusion: sonuç Consist of: içermek
Conceive: tasarlamak Consistently: devamlı
Conceptualize: kavramsallaştırmak Constitute: tayin etmek, meydana getirmek
Conceal: gizlemek Constitution: anayasa
Concurrence: uyuşma Constantly: sürekli, aralıksız
Condense: yoğunlaşma Contribute: katkıda bulunmak
Condition: durum, koşul Contaminate: kirletmek, zehirlemek
Conditionally: şartlı olarak Contemporary: çağdaş
Conduct: idare etmek, yürütmek Contented: memnun, mutlu
Confess: itiraf etmek Continent: kıta
Confident: emin Contradict: çelişmek
Confine to: sınırlamak Contradictory: çelişkili, tutarsız
Confirm: onaylamak Controversial: tartışmalı
Conflict: çatışma, ikilem Controversy: anlaşmazlık
Conform to: uyuşmak Convince: inandırmak, ikna
Confront: karşılaşmak Convict: mahkûm, tutuklu
Confuse: karıştırmak Cooperation: işbirliği
271
Corroborate: doğrulamak Decision: karar

Correspond: uygun olmak Decrease: azaltmak
Courteous: nazik Dedicate: adamak, vakfetmek
Coward: korkak Devote: adamak
Cramped: sağlığa uygun olmayan Deduce: sonuç çıkarmak
Crash: kaza Deduction: sonuç
Crawl: emeklemek Defeat: yenmek
Creat: yaratmak Defect: bozukluk, kusur
Creative: yaratıcı Defend: savunmak
Crime: suç Defer: sonraya bırakmak
Criminal: suç, suçlu Define: tanımlamak
Criminal: suçla ilgili, suçlu Definition: tanım
Crippled: felçli, kötürüm Dedicate: adamak
Crooked: eğri, çarpık Defeat: yenmek, bozguna uğratmak
Crop: mahsul Deficient: eksiz, yetersiz
Crowd: kalabalık Degeneration: yozlaşma
Cruelty: zulüm Delegate: yetki ile göndermek
Crumble: ufalanmak, parçalanmak Delegation: yetkilendirme
Cultivate: tarım yapmak Deliver: teslim etmek
Currency: döviz Demand: talep etmek, talep
Curve: eğim, eğmek Demolish: yıkmak
Custom: gelenek, görenek Demonstrate: göstermek
Customs: gümrük Demonstration: gösteri
Customary: geleneksel Deploy: yaymak
Delay: ertelemek
-D- Delightful: zevkli
Deadline: son teslim tarihi Delicate: nazik, hassas
Debate: tartışma Delight: sevinç, zevk
Debt: borç Deny: inkâr etmek, yalanlamak
Deceit: kandırmak Denial: inkâr
Deceitful: hilekâr, hileci Depict: göstermek
Deceive: kandırmak Deplore: üzülmek
Decipher: şifresini çözmek Dept: borç
declare: ilan etmek Desperate: ümitsiz
Decline: azalmak Despondent: ümitsiz
Decade: on yıl Determine: belirlemek, sınırlamak
Deception: aldatma, hile Determined: azimli
Deceptive: aldatıcı, yanıltıcı Detest: nefret etmek
Decide: karar vermek Detect: ortaya çıkarmak
272
YDS
Device: alet, aygıt
Devote: adamak -E-
Devastate: harap etmek Earn: kazanmak
Develop: geliştirmek Eartquake: deprem
Diagnose: teşhis etmek Eagerness: şevk, arzu
Diluted: sulandırılmış Edge: kenar, avantaj
Diminish: azaltmak, eksiltmek Effect: etkilemek
Direct: doğrulamak Efficient: verimli
Discover: keşfetmek Elect: seçim yapmak
Discuss: tartışmak Election: seçim
Disestablish: yerinden etmek Elevation: kaldırma, terfi
Dispense: dağıtmak Eliminate: elemek
Display: göstermek Elimination: eleme
Disprove: çürütmek Embark (on): gemiye binmek, başlamak
Discipline: disiplin, cezalandırma Embarrass: utandırmak
Discourteous: kaba Embarressed: utangaç
Discreet: saygılı, nazik Embarrassment: utanma
Discretion: tedbir Emerge: meydana çıkmak
Discuss: tartışmak Emit: yaymak
Disgraced: yüz karası Emphasize: vurgulamak
Disgust: iğrenmek Empty: boş, boşaltmak
Dishonest: sahtekâr Employ: iş vermek
Disintegrate: parçalamak, bölünmek Employee: işçi
Disposition: eğilim Employer: işveren
Dispute: tartışmak Emulate: taklit etmek
Dissolve: çözmek Enhance: çoğaltmak
Distinguish: ayırmak, ayırt etmek Enlarge: genişletmek
Distrust: güvenmemek Enlist: askere almak
Distribute: dağıtmak Ensure: garantiye almak
Ditch: hendek, kanal Entertain: eğlendirmek
Divert: çevirmek, saptırmak Enable: imkân tanımak
Divide: bölmek, ayırmak Enact: yasa çıkarmak
Divulge: açığa çıkarmak Enclose: çevresini sarmak
Document: belgelemek Encounter: karşılaşmak
Doubt: şüphe Encourage: cesaretlendirmek
Draft: taslağını çizmek Encouraging: cesaretlendirici
Drift: sürüklenmek Endearing: sevdiren
Drows: uykulu Endure: dayanmak
Duplicate: kopyasını yapmak Enhance: büyülemek
273
Enhancement: yükseltme, artırma, Exhibit: göstermek

Enquire: soruşturmak Exhibition: sergi
Enforce: zorla kabul ettirmek Existence: varlık
Enhance: genişletmek Expect: ummak, beklemek
Enlarge: büyütmek, genişlemek Expectation: umut
Enlighten: aydınlatmak Expense: masraf
Enslave: esir etmek Experience: tecrübe
Ensure: garanti vermek Expand: genişle(t)mek
Entertain: eğlendirmek Expedition: yolculuk, sefer
Entertainment: eğlendirmek Experiment: deney
Entire: bütün, tüm Explicit: açık
Enthusiastically: şevkle Explain: açıklamak
Envy: kıskanmak Explore: keşif, inceleme gezisi
Envious: kıskanç Explorer: kâşif seyyah
Epic: destan, destansı Expose: teşhir etmek
Equal: eşit Exposure: ortaya çıkarmak
Equality: eşitlik Express: ifade etmek
Equate: eşitlemek Extract: seçip çıkarmak
Equivocal: iki anlamlı Extensive: derin, kapsamlı
Espionage: casusluk Extremely: oldukça fazla
Essential: gerekli
Establish: kurmak, tesis etmek -F-
Estimate: tahmin etmek Fabric: kumaş, doku
Eternal: kalıcı, ebedi Fact: gerçek, olgu
Evaluate : değerlendirmek Faint: baygın
Evaluation: değerlendirme Far: uzak
Evident: kanıt Fatigue: yorgun, bitkin, yormak
Evolve: değişmek, evrim geçirmek Fearsome: dehşetli, korkunç
Exaggerate: abartmak Feasible: yapılabilir, mümkün
Exaggerated: abartılı Feeble: zayıf, kuvvetsiz
Excavate: kazı yapmak Fever: ateş, hararet
Examine: sorgulamak Firing.: ateşlenme, işten atma
Exceed: asmak Fiscal: mali
Excessive: aşırı Flawless: kusursuz
Exchange: karşılıklı değiştirmek Flip: küstah
Excuse: mazeret, özür Floor: zemin
Exempt: hariç tutmak Fluctuate: inip çıkmak
Execute: idam etmek Flushed: utanmak
Exhausted: aşırı yorgun Foggy: sisli
274
YDS
Forecast: tahmin etmek Grumbles: şikâyet etmek, söylenmek

Forestall: erken davranıp önlemek Guide: kılavuzluk etmek
Fortunate: şanslı
Frank: samimi -H-
Frightened: korkmuş Halt: mola
Fume: duman Handle: kontrol altında tutmak
Futile: boşuna Harsh: sert, kaba
fabricate: imal etmek Hasten: acele etmek, ettirmek
Facilitate: kolaylaştırmak Have faith in: inancı olmak
Familiarize: alıştırmak Hazardous: tehlikeli, zararlı
Fashion: moda Head: yönetmek
Figure: biçim vermek Heat: ısı, ısıtmak
File: sıralamak Hectic: heyecanlı, telaşlı
Fill: doldurmak Hence: bu nedenle, bundan dolayı
Filter: süzmek Herd: sürü, ayak takımı
Finance: finanse etmek Hesitate: tereddüt etmek, çekimsemek
Focus: bir noktaya toplamak Hide: saklamak
Follow: izlemek Hire: kiralamak
Foster: beslemek Highway: anayol
Found: desteklemek, kurmak Hike: uzun yürümek, fiyatını artırmak
Hoax: şaka, oyun
-G- Homeless: evsiz
Gain: kazanmak, elde etmek Honest: samimi, dürüst
Gather: sonuç çıkarmak Hug: kucaklamak, sarılmak
Gash: derin yara Huge: kocaman, büyük
Generate: üretmek Humorous: komik, güldürücü
Generation: nesil Hurl: fırlatmak, savurmak
Germinate: çimlenmek, çimlendirmek
Gift: hediye, yetenek -I-
Giggle: kıkırdamak Identify: tanımak
Gist: ana fikir Ignore: aldırmamak
Gleeful: neşe dolu Illustrate: örneklerle açıklamak
Globe: küre Imagine: hayal etmek
Goods: mal, eşya Improve: geliştirmek
Govern: yönetmek, idare etmek Improvement: gelişim
Government: devlet Impartial: yansız
Graduate: mezun olmak Imprecise: kesin olmayan, özensiz
Graduation: mezuniyet Impression: izlenim, etki
Grievance: şikâyet, dert, kindarlık Impromptu: doğaçlama
275
Improve: geliştirme Interpret: yorum yapmak

Improvise: hemen söylemek Intervene: arada olmak
Increase: çoğaltmak Interview: röportaj yapmak
Indoctrinate: öğretmek Intermittent: kesik kesik, aralıklı
Inadvertent: kasıtsız, elde olmayan Intrepid: cesur
Incline: eğilme, aşağı eğilme Intricate: karışık
Inconsiderate: düşüncesiz Introduce: tanıştırmak
Incredible: inanılmaz Invent: icat etmek
Incurable: tedavi edilemez, çaresiz Invention: icat
Indecisive: kararsız, kesin olmayan Inventory: sayım çizelgesi yapmak
Indicate: anlatmak Investigate: soruşturmak
Indication: belirti, gösterge Investigator: dedektif
Indifferent: umarsız Invest: yatırım yapmak
Indispensable: zorunlu Investment: yatırım
Indistinct: belirsiz Involve: içermek
Induce: kandırmak, ikna etmek Irrelevant: konu dışı, uygun olmayan
Industrious: çalışkan, gayretli Irresponsible: sorumsuz
Inert: hareketsiz, uyuşuk Issue: konu, yayım-baskı
Inflammable: kolay tutuşan, parlayıcı Item: adet, tane, madde, konu-fıkra
Influence: etkilemek
Initiate: başlatmak -J-
Initial: ilk, başlangıç
Innovate: buluş yapmak Jam: sıkıştırmak, izdiham
Insignificant: değersiz, önemsiz Janitor: hademe, kapıcı
Insist: ısrar etmek Jammed: sıkışmış
Insolent: küstah, terbiyesiz Jeopardize: tehlikeye atmak
Inspect: denetlemek Join: katılmak, iştirak etmek
Inspire: telkin etmek, ilham vermek Joint: eklem
Install: yerleştirmek Judge: değerlendirmek
Instigate: kışkırtmak Juggle: hile yapmak
Instil: fikir aşılamak Justify: hakli çıkarmak
Instructive: öğretici Justified: açıklayıcı
Insure: garantilemek
Insult: hakaret etmek, hor görmek -K-
Intensity: yoğunluk keep: korumak
Intention: niyet keen: düşkün olmak
Integrate: bütünleşmek keel: omurga
Interface: sinirli olmak Kindle: tutuşturmak
Interfere: müdahale etmek Kennel: köpek kulübesi
276
YDS
Keyhole: anahtar deliği Loose: gevşek, sıkıca bağlanmamış

Kidnap: adam / çocuk kaçırmak Luck: şans, talih
Kidnapper: adam / çocuk kaçıran Lucky: şanslı
Knock: devirmek, kapı çalmak Luggage: bagaj
Knowledge: bilgi
-M-
-L- Majority: çoğunluk
Label: etiketlemek Mainstream: pek çok kişi tarafından kabul gören
Lamb: kuzu, kuzu eti inanış veya düşünce
Landscape: manzara Maintain: sürdürmek
Lane: dar yol, şerit Manage: başarmak
Latter: sonraki Management: idare, yönetim
Launch: piyasaya sürmek Mnipulate: elle islemek, beceriyle kullanmak
Law: hukuk, kanun Manner: davranış, tutum
Leading: kılavuzluk eden Manufacture: imal etmek
Lead: yönetmek March: ilerleme, ilerleyiş
Leak: sızıntı, çatlak Massacre: soykırım, katliam
Learn: öğrenmek Masterpiece: şaheser, başyapıt
Lecture: ders. Konferans Mature: olgun
Legend: efsane Meadow: çayır
Legitimate: yasal olmak Means: yol, yöntem
Legislate: yasamak Measure: ölçmek
Leisure: boş vakit Meddle: karışmak
Lessen: azaltmak Mediate: arabuluculuk etmek
Leverage: etkilemek, kontrol etmek Meditative: düşünceli
Levy: zorla toplama Melt: eritmek
Liability: sorumluluk, yükümlülük Memorial: anıt
Liaison: bağlantı Memory: hafıza
Lift: yükseltmek Memorize: ezberlemek
Limp: topallamak, aksamak Mend: tamir etmek
Lingered: oyalanmak Merge: birleşmek, içine katmak
Listless: yorgun, bitkin Messy: dağınık, düzensiz
Literacy: okuryazarlık Mild: ılımlı, hafif
Litter: çöp Migrate: göçmek
Loathe: nefret etmek Minimize: azaltmak
Locate: bulunma, bir yerde yerleşmiş olma Minor: az, önemsiz, küçük
Location: mevki, yer Minority: azınlık
Lofty: yüce Miraculous: mucize
Lonely: yalnız Miraculously: mucize eseri
277
Misbehave: terbiyesizlik yapmak, kötü davranışlar Obligation: mecburiyet

sergilemek Obscured: saklı
Mischief: yaramazlık, haşarılık Observe: gözlemlemek
Misunderstand: yanlış anlamak Observation: gözlem
Misty: sisli, bulanık Obsess: aklına takılmak
Misuse: yanlış kullanmak Obstinate: inatçı
Moderate: ılımlı Obtain: içermek
Moist: nemli, ıslak Occasion: fırsat
Mourning: yas, keder Odorless: kokusuz
Move: hareket etmek, taşımak Offer: teklif temek
Movement: hareket Open-minded: açık görüşlü
Multinational: çok uluslu Opinion: fikir
Municipality: belediye Optimize: iyimser olmak
Murder: öldürmek, cinayet işlemek Order: düzenlemek
Mystery: gizem, sır Organize: örgütlemek
Originate: başlatmak
-N- Outline: taslak
Narrowly: kıl payı Output: ürün, verim
Navigate: yönlendirmek, gemi yolculuğu yapmak Outrageous: öfkelendirici
Neglect: ihmal etmek Overcome: üstesinden gelmek
Negligible: ihmal edilebilir Overdue: vadesi geçmiş
Negotiate: uzlaştırmak Overemphatic: fazla vurgulu
Neonatal: yeni doğana ait Overseas: deniz aşırı
Neutrality: tarafsızlık Oversee: göz kulak olmak
Nervous: gergin Oversimplify: aşırı basitleştirme
Nervous attack: sinir krizi Overturn: devirmek
Nod: onaylamak, başını sallamak
Nominate: tayin etmek -P-
Normative: normal, kuralcı Pace: adım, hız
Notice: ilan, fark etmek Pain: sızı, ağrı
Notify: bildirmek, haber vermek Pale: solgun
Notorious: adı çıkmış, kötü şöhretli Participate: katılmak
Novelist: romancı Partner: ortak
Nutrition: beslenme Passageway: pasaj, geçit
Nutriuous: besleyici Pay attention to: dikkatini vermek
Peculiarity: tuhaflık
-O- Perceive: algılamak
Object: itiraz etmek Percent: yüzde
Objection: itiraz Perfect : mükemmelleştirmek
278
YDS
Perform: rol oynamak, yapmak Previous: önceki

Permit: izin vermek Pride: gurur, iftihar
Personality: şahsiyet Prior to: öncelikli, daha önemli
Persuade: inandırmak Private: özel, şahsa ait
Pessimistic: kötümser Prodigious: kocaman
Phony: sahte Produce: üretmek
Pick up: toplamak Profit: kar etmek, kar
Pioneer: öncülük etmek Profilic: çok eser veren
Plentiful: bol, bereketli Profound: derin, bilgili, etkileyici
Plunge: dalma, fırlama Promote: terfi ettirmek
Poetic: şiirsel Promotion: terfi
Point of view: bakış açısı Propose: önermek, teklif
Policy: politika Prove: kanıtlamak
Polish: cilalamak, boyamak Proof: kanıt
Poll: oylama, anket Provide: sağlamak
Pollute: kirletmek Publish: yayınlamak
Postpone: ertelemek Punctual: dakik
Praised: övmek Punctuality: zamanında olma
Precaution: tedbir, önlem purchase: satın almak
Precisely: tam olarak, kesinlikle Purify: temizlemek
Predict: önceden bildirmek Pursue: peşine düşmek
Prediction: tahmin Put off: elbisesini çıkartmak, söndürmek
Premium: sigorta primi, ödül, prim
Prepare: hazırlamak -Q-
Prescribe: tavsiye etmek Quarter: çeyrek, bölge, askeri kışla
Present: tanıtmak Quartet: dörtlü
Prevent: engellemek Quadruple: dört kati olmak
Procure: kazanmak Question: sorgulamak
Promote: terfi ettirmek Quote: fiyat vermek
Promotion: terfi Queue: sıra, kuyruk
Proofread: yanlışları düzeltmek
Prophecy: kehanet -R-
Propose: önermek Raise: yukarı kaldırmak, artırmak, çocuk yetiştirmek
Prospect: araştırmak Rate: oran
Protect: korumak Readily: kolayca
Presume: varsaymak Readily: isteyerek, gönüllü
Pretense: rolüne girmek Recast: değiştirmek
Pretext: bahane Recent: yakında olmuş
Prevent: engellemek Recently: son zamanlarda
279
Recession: gerileme, durgunluk Revive: yeniden canlandırmak

Reckless: kayıtsız Reward: ödül
Reckon: hesaplamak, tahmin etmek Ridiculous: saçma
Recover: iyileşmek Rim: kenar
Recruit: üye yapmak, işe almak Rival: rakip
Refrain from: kendini tutmak, sakınmak Rot: çürümek, çürük
Refugee: mülteci Rub: ovmak, ovalamak
Refute: yalanlamak, çürütmek Rugged: zor, kaba, pürüzlü
Regarded: gibi görülmek Runaway: kaçak
Region: bölge Rush: aceleyle koşmak, hücum etmek
Reject: red etmek
Rejection: ret -S-
Relent: yumuşamak, Satisfy: memnun olmak
Relentless: amansız, merhametsiz Satisfaction: memnuniyet
Reliance: itimat Save: kurtarmak
Relief: Ferahlamak Scattered: dağınık
Relieve: hafiflemek, rahatlamak Scheme: plan, tasarı
Reluctant: isteksiz Scholarly: bilgili, bilimsel
Reluctantly: gönülsüzce Scholarship: burs
Remark: söz söylemek, fark etmek Scold: azarlama, paylama
Remarkable: sözü edilmeye değer Scorch: yakmak, kavurmak, acı sözlerle incitmek
Remove: çıkarmak Scratch: tırmalamak, kazımak, kaşınmak
Renovation: yenilemek Sealed: mühürlü
Represent: temsil etmek Seam: bağlantı yeri
Reprimand: azarlamak Select: seçmek
Reprove: azarlamak Selection: seçim
Reputation: kötü ün Seed: tohum
Require: gerektirmek Seek: araştırmak
Reservation: yer ayırtmak Selfish: bencil
Resign: istifa etmek Sensitive: duyarlı
Resignation: istifa Separate: ayırmak
Resonance: tınlama Serene: sakin, yüce
Respect: saygı göstermek, saygı Severe: acı, sert, şiddetli
Restored: onarılmış Shade: gölge
Restraint: zapt etmek, sınırlamak Share: paylaşmak
Restriction: sınırlama Sharpen: kesinleştirmek, keskin
Reveal: açığa çıkarmak Shape: şekil
Revere: saygı göstermek Shareholder: hissedar
Revise: gözden geçirmek Shattered: mahvolmuş, bitmiş, yorgun
280
YDS
Shield: korumak Summary: özet

Shift: vardiya, rüzgârın yönünü değiştirmesi Superficial: yüzeysel, üstünkörü
Shout: bağırmak Superior: daha üstün
Shrewd: kurnaz, açık göz Supplementary: takviye, ek
Simplify: kolaylaştırmak Support: desteklemek
Sinful: günahkâr Survey: incelemek, teftiş etmek
Sink: dibe batmak Surgeon: cerrah, operatör
Skillful: becerikli Surmount: üstesinden gelmek, alt etmek
Skip: atlamak Surpass: aşmak, üstün olmak
Slope: eğim Survive: hayatta kalmak, hayatını idame ettirmek
Sly: sinsi Susceptible to: kolay etkilenen, dayanıksız, hassas
Smooth: yumuşak Suspicion: şüphe
Sneer: dudağını bükmek, küçümsemek Suspicious: şüpheli
Soothe: sakinleştirmek, rahatlatmak Sustain: devam ettirmek, korumak
Sophisticated: karmaşık Swell: şişmek, kabarmak
Spectacle: görülecek şey. Symptom: belirti
Specify: açikça belirtmek Synopsis: özet
Sphere: küre
Spokesperson: sözcü -T-
Squeeze: sıkmak, ezmek Tackle: çaresine bakmak, üstesinden gelmek
Staff: personel Talent: yetenek
Statue: heykel Tax: vergi
Stature: kişilik Tax-exempt: vergiden muaf
Stayed late: oyalanmak Tear: yırtmak, gözyaşı
Steady: düzenli, sabit Tend: eğilim göstermek
Stem from: ileri gelmek, doğmak Tempt: ayartmak
Step: adım, basamak Testimony: tanıklık, ifade
Stiff: katı, sert, kıran kırana Thorough: dikkatli
Stingy: cimri, eli sıkı Thoughtful: düşünceli
Stockholder: hissedar Thrifty: tutumlu
Straighten: doğrultmak Throng: kalabalık
Strain: kendini zorlamak, gayret göstermek Tighten: sıkılaştırmak
Stray: başıboş, evsiz Tilted: yatırmak, eğmek
Stretch: germek, esnetmek Tiny: küçük, ufacık
Struggle: çabalamak, mücadele etmek Top: üst, zirve
Stubborn: inatçı Torn: yırtık
Subsidize: desteklemek Tower: kule
Subtle: ince, narin Trace: iz, eser
Sufficient: yeterli Trail: sürüklemek, gezdirmek
281
Tramped: kuvvetli adımla yürümek Verify: doğruluğunu kanıtlamak

Tranquil: sakin, huzurlu Versatile: çok yönlü
Transaction: iş görme Vexed: bir şeye canı sıkılmak
Transmit: göndermek Victim: kurban
Treachery: ihanet Victory: zafer
Treatment: davranış, tedavi Violent: sert, şiddetli, zorlu
Trial: deneme, duruşma Vital: hayati önemde
Triumph: zafer, başarı Vitalize: yeniden hayata döndürmek
Trivial: bayağı Voluntarily: gönüllü olarak
Trust: güvenmek Volunteer: gönüllü olmak
Tend: eğilim göstermek Vote: oy vermek
Vulnerable: saldırı veya tenkide açık / maruz olan
-U-
Uncover: meydana çıkarmak -W-
Underestimate: tahmin etmek
Underground: metro, yer altı Wasteful: savurgan, müsrif
Undermine: baltalamak, çökertmek Weakness: zayıflık, zaaf
Underrate: küçümsemek Wealthy: zengin, varlıklı
Undertake: üstlenmek Wealthy: zengin, varlıklı
Unhesitatingly - : tereddüt etmeden Wheel: tekerlek
Unify: birleştirmek Whip: kamçı, kamçılamak
Union: birlik, sendika Withstand: karsı koymak
Unique: biricik, tek, eşsiz Wise: akıllı, akıllıca, mantıklı
Unpardonable: affedilemez Withdraw: çekmek, çekilmek
Unpleasant: tatsız Wither: solmak, soldurmak
Unrehearsed: provasız Witness: şahit
Unrestrained: denetimsiz, serbest Wrinkle: buruşmak, kırışmak
Utilize: kullanmak
Unwillingly: istemeyerek -Y-
Unwillingness: isteksizlik Yield: kazanç, gelir
Yawn: esnemek
-V- Yell: bağırmak
Vacant: boş, açık, dalgın
Vague: belirsiz, şüpheli -Z-
Validate: onaylamak Zinnia: zenya çiçeği
Vanity: kibirli Zip : fermuar
Varied: değişik, çeşitli Zone : bölge
Vast: çok geniş
Verbalize: açıklamak
282
VOCABULARY TESTS
TEST - 1
1. Acec acid is used as a food---- and avouring material, and also in the manufacture of white lead.
A) preservave B) decay C) absorpon D) soluon E) process
2. Atoms are ---- of electrons and a nucleus containing protons and neutrons.
A) joined B) linked C) composed D) kept E) completed
3. Visibility depends---- upon the concentraon of water or dust parcles in the air.
A) rapidly B) obsnately C) instantly D) suitably E) chiey
5. Science requires the tesng of its ideas or theories to see if its predicons are---- by experiment.
A) made up B) borne out C) closed in D) put o E) sorted out
6. The subject of the stascs is---- the calculaon of the forces acng on and within structures that are in
equilibrium.
A) taken care of B) turned up C) kept o D) given rise to E) concerned with
7. Radioacvity was discovered in 1896 by Becquerel, who noced that salts containing uranium ---- radiaons.
A) got o B) held up C) sent o D) came up with E) turned away
TEST - 2
1. The suggesons put forward by the research team were immediately ---- by management and will shortly go
into eect.
A) made out B) taken up C) ruled out D) put o E) turned back
2. Various treaes and conferences have ---- the prohibion of chemical warfare.
A) looked down B) put up with C) turned o D) lled in E) dealt with
3. Over two million corn farmers in Mexico have been ---- business following the import of heavily subsidised
corn from the US.
A) put out of B) brought up to C) made up for D) played down to E) shown up to
4. Quartz is one of the most abundant rock-forming minerals and the most ---- to weathering.
A) resistant B) reliable C) convenient D) reluctant E) indierent
5. When she referred in her paper to “bio- complexity”, many in the audience scratched their heads and ---- what
that word meant.
A) expected B) suspected C) wondered D) improved E) rejected
6. Polluon could one day endanger the world’s ---- of oxygen.

A) expectaon B) supply C) exncon D) recovery E) decline
7. No model is ever perfect, and sciensts are ---- trying to rene their models.
A) uniformly B) formerly C) mentally D) constantly E) equally
283
TEST - 3
1. The rst great theorist of dramac art was Aristotle, whose ---- of tragedy in The Poecs has dominated cri-
cal thought ever since.
A) soluon B) reference C) discussion D) recognion E) allusion
2. Few would ---- that corporaons, especially the mulnaonal ones, are enormously powerful.
A) involve B) resume C) promise D) disdain E) deny
3. No ---- authority has the right to dictate whether a state shall adopt a socialist or a capitalist economic po-
licy.
A) comprehensive B) outside C) reputable D) irresponsible E) compulsive
4. Russia has a eet of 250 nuclear submarines, 170 of which are ---- out of service.
A) currently B) vehemently C) convenonally D) adequately E) consequently
5. Their state assets were ---- to foreign capital at bargain prices.

A) paid o B) brought up C) auconed o D) put through E) closed down
6. He admits that he has not yet fully ---- the true Implicaons or the logical conclusions of his startling disco -
very.
A) given back B) thought out C) played down D) taken over E) backed out
7. Almost all the villages in New Guinea are surrounded by shrubby zones where people have ---- the original
rain forest and planted gardens.
A) kept out B) wrapped up C) made up D) cleared away E) sealed o
TEST - 4
1. Fat can be ---- for energy only by aerobic metabolism.
A) brought up B) cut out C) put down D) broken down E) turned on
2. We will ---- this treatment for a further week by which me recovery should be complete.
A) take down B) bring in C) run out D) put through E) keep to
3. The main focus of the research to be ---- by a muldisciplinary team will be the study of the genes and pro-
teins of organisms in the context of their informaonal pathways or networks.
A) looked aer B) carried out C) made out D) seled down E) brought about
4. During the worldwide malaria epidemic of 1992, it was observed that the disease had developed a ---- to
certain drugs that had once been eecve.
A) resistance B) reserve C) denial D) separaon E) condion
5. The body ---- most of the carbohydrates we eat either into glucose or into glycogen.
A) removes B) deduct C) converts D) destroys E) unites
6. Moderate amounts of sugar are usually not harmful but, taken in excess, sugar can be ---- to health.
A) signicant B) nutrious C) dependent D) prevenve E) detrimental
7. The doctors are ---- pleased with the progress he is making, and he can leave hospital tomorrow.
A) comfortably B) apparently C) successfully D) carefully E) nearly
284
YDS
TEST - 5
1. Medical science is advancing at such a pace that it is virtually impossible to –--- all the latest developments
even within one’s own specialist eld.
A) take up B) keep up with C) carry out D) pull out of E) look down on
2. Osteoclasts are cells that ---- bone in the normal course of bone replenishment.
A) show o B) pull through C) break down D) put out E) cut o
3. Paents seeking to ---- scars have several opons, depending on the depth of the scar.
A) get rid of B) sort out C) take back D) get along with E) fold over
4. The relaonship between smoking and lung cancer has been heatedly discussed for many years, but unl
recently the evidence about it has been both ---- and conicng.
A) exemplary B) suscepble C) compable D) fragmentary E) condent
5. The whole of society may suer if its government is aacked; ----, the enre body is harmed if the brain is
damaged.
A) otherwise B) similarly C) on the other hand D) nevertheless E) however
6. Sciensts are ---- biotechnology to develop highly eecve drugs in the ght against currently incurable dise-
ases.
A) invading B) jusfying C) exerng D) retaining E) ulizing
7. The ndings indicate that there is a lower ---- of cancer among vegetarians.
A) incident B) disturbance C) decline D) reversal E) replacement
TEST - 6
1. In the future, surgeons may perform operaons that we can only dream of today, such as inserng genes
into single cells or correcng ---- before a child is born.
A) incisions B) remedies C) defects D) devices E) forces
2. The rhythmic inaon and deaon of the lungs is not an ---- property of the respiratory muscles.
A) intensive B) endemic C) impulsive D) intrinsic E) oponal
3. Doctors can monitor a paent’s temperature, pulse and blood pressure using two-way transmission equip -
ment without needing to be ---- present.
A) remotely B) physically C) quite D) increasingly E) proporonally
4. All paents with chronic bronchis should be ---- to give up smoking so as to have a beer prognosis.
A) urged B) limited C) discouraged D) distressed E) established
5. With the increasingly ageing populaon in the UK “home telecare” now ---- on the list of priories.
A) lights up B) looks up C) makes do D) points out E) ranks high
6. The ndings could also help researchers to ---- ways to improve the brain’s recovery aer other kinds of damage.
A) work out B) put out C) turn in D) bring through E) take over
7. French law ---- that all food products sold in France should have the contents listed in French.
A) spulates B) dominates C) suspends D) condes E) treats
285
TEST - 7
1. Only aer a great deal of pressure had been ---- the registrar did he agree to give up the recovery ward in
favor of a second operang theatre.
A) weighed up B) taken to C) put on D) brought down E) turned over
2. He claims he has ---- a cure for the common cold, but I don’t suppose he has.
A) waited for B) made sure of C) put through D) taken care of E) come up with
3. Our pediatrician said we should always ---- her if the lile boy’s temperature connued for more than 24
hours.
A) come across B) get in touch with C) look forward to D) make up to E) look into
4. Malnutrion and under nutrion are not ---- to the Third World; they also occur in auent sociees.
A) exposed B) permied C) restricted D) disposed E) convinced
5. In the past 25 years, new knowledge about cancer has led to changes in dietary ---- for the public.
A) disorders B) admissions C) obligaons D) obsessions E) recommendaons
6. Biotechnology oers opportunies to improve the quality and ---- value of foods.
A) nutrional B) condional C) collecve D) decepve E) complacent
7. Studies of the survivors of the atomic bomb blasts and radiaon accidents have ---- demonstrated the leuke-
mogenic eect of radiaon.
A) reluctantly B) properly C) sensively D) unmistakably E) understandably
TEST - 8
1. The ---- of capital punishment is another issue which has aroused widespread disagreement.
A) consultaon B) contest C) abolion D) disncon E) conscaon
2. When people think of democracy they generally couple it with a ---- amount of liberty for individuals and
groups.
A) desolate B) considerable C) delicate D) sincere E) drasc
3. Galileo, Descartes and many other European thinkers helped to lay the foundaons of today’s ---- global edu-
caon system.
A) increasingly B) constantly C) repeatedly D) reluctantly E) selecvely
4. The respectability that Britain ---- on America’s acons is worth more to America than the provision of any
amount of military aid.
A) transmits B) proclaims C) distributes D) commissions E) confers
5. Out of the work of the great thinkers of the seventeenth century was developed a new outlook on the world,
and it was this outlook which ---- the decay of the belief in witchcra and other supersons.
A) got rid of B) drove o C) made up D) brought about E) kept out
6. In Italy, even judges and priests who have been brave enough to ---- the Maa, have been brutally and indisc -
riminately murdered.
A) stand up against B) put out of C) strike up against D) run over E) follow up
7. Most people would be ---- by the idea of a computer that contains living brain cells.
A) made over B) turned down C) found out D) played down E) put o
286
YDS
TEST - 9
1. Every community in the world recognizes certain acvies as crimes, and has developed its own way of ----
them.
A) depending on B) breaking into C) looking aer D) making for E) dealing with
2. The visitors were taken to the airport, and there they were ---- by the assistant manager.
A) made o B) seen o C) put through D) turned out E) looked over
3. I’m sure the boy is not really backward, but it is certainly dicult for him to ---- the other students in his class.
A) pull up B) make up for C) keep up with D) turn down E) take over
4. Even in developed countries it is not unusual to see wage and job ---- against women.
A) separaon B) dierence C) discriminaon D) insurance E) diversity
5. The origins of stress vary from person to person, and people ---- dierently to stressful events.
A) refer B) rely C) adopt D) react E) appeal
6. This hotel certainly oers a high standard of service at ---- rates.

A) contemporary B) compeve C) relave D) conceivable E) reliable
7. Syndicalism embodies the idea that workers, through direct acon, ---- a general strike, should seize control
over the means of producon and hence gain polical power.
A) especially B) previously C) tremendously D) respecully E) consistently
TEST - 10
1. In the 1990s the Belgian government was involved in numerous scandals that contaminated it with a reputaon
for incompetence and ----.
A) parcipaon B) despair C) corrupon D) dislike E) certainty
2. Queen Mary’s aempts to restore Catholicism to England during her reign (1553-1558) resulted in ---- turmoil
and much bloodshed.
A) interna l B) reasonable C) stable D) arrogant E) versale
3. In spite of the widespread eects of Chrisanity on the Anglo-Saxons, they clung ---- to many of the supersons
and customs from their pagan past.
A) hardly B) rmly C) rapidly D) fairly E) urgently
4. In 1968, Bermuda, which used to be a Brish colony, was ---- a new constuon and autonomy except for
foreign relaons, defence and internal security.
A) leased B) exploited C) appropriated D) granted E) abolished
5. The trouble with golf as a hobby is that it ---- too much of one’s me.
A) turns over B) looks for C) gives up D) puts out E) takes up
6. The Council of Europe, the connent’s oldest polical organizaon, was ---- in 1949 to defend, among other
things, human rights and the rule of law.
A) set up B) pulled through C) set aside D) put up E) made out
7. Their aim must be to ---- the barriers that hinder the free ow of informaon between employees, systems
and devices.
A) run up B) close up C) pull through D) break down E) turn down
287
ANSWER KEYS
TEST - 1
1.A 2.C 3.E 5.B 6.E 7.C
TEST - 2
1.B 2.E 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.D
TEST - 3
1.C 2.E 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.D
TEST - 4
1.D 2.E 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.E 7.B
TEST - 5
1.B 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.E 7.A
TEST - 6
1.C 2.E 3.B 4.A 5.E 6.A 7.A
TEST - 7
1.C 2.E 3.B 4.C 5.E 6.A 7.D
TEST - 8
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.E 5.D 6.D 7.E
TEST - 9
1.E 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.A
TEST - 10
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.E 6.A 7.D
288
MODULE
DENEME
4
SINAVLARI
1. 2013 İlkbahar Dönemi Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit

Sınavı (YDS)
2. 2013 İlkbahar Dönemi Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit

Sınavı (YDS) Açıklamalı Cevap Anahtarı
2013 İLKBAHAR DÖNEMİ
YABANCI DİL BİLGİSİ SEVİYE
TESPİT SINAVI (YDS)
&
AÇIKLAMALI CEVAP
ANAHTARI
290
2013 İlkbahar Dönemi Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit Sınavı (YDS)
6. By mapping equatorial rainfall since 800 AD,

1.-6. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun
sciensts have ---- how tropical weather may
düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
change over the next century.
A) taken out B) put aside
1. UNICEF is deeply commied to creang a world
C) brought down D) gured out
in which all children, regardless of their gender
E) counted upon
or socioeconomic background, have ---- to free,
compulsory and quality educaon.
A) access B) dedicaon 7.-16. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere
C) insight D) addicon uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
E) tendency
2. In some countries, such as Brazil and Russia, 7. The physics of elementary parcles in the 20th
codes have been put in place to promote ---- century ---- by the observaon of parcles whose
logging of forest ecosystems. existence ---- by theorists decades earlier.
A) applicable B) penetrable A) has been disnguished / was predicted
C) notable D) sustainable B) disnguished / is being predicted
E) provable C) was disnguished / had been predicted
D) is disnguished / has been predicted
3. Before they are allowed to be used, all medicines,
E) had been disnguished / was being predicted
including vaccines, are ---- tested to assess how
safe and eecve they are.
A) incidentally B) hazardously 8. At the end of the First World War, the leaders of
C) thoroughly D) fatally victorious countries gathered at Versailles, and
E) oensively there, they -- to decide what penales Germany,
Austria and other allies --.
4. Many sciensts believe that our sanized A) tried / would have to pay
surroundings are ---- allergic disorders in children, B) had tried / must have paid
which have doubled in the last decade. C) were trying / were paying
A) extracng B) fullling D) used to try / might have paid
C) unifying D) ensuring E) could try / should have paid
E) fostering
5. In non-literate sociees, valuable informaon 9. ---- the types of individuals it seeks to aract, an
about the past is oen enshrined in oral tradion organizaon ---- to consider what methods to use
to reach them.
– poems, hymns or sayings ---- from generaon to
A) To have established / could need
generaon by word of mouth.
B) Having established / needs
A) taken o B) handed down C) Establishing / had needed
C) thrown up D) kept o D) Established / needed
E) rooted out E) Being established / will need
291
10. China’s rapid growth ---- trade is seen as a plus for 14. The European Commission has put forward that
the Southeast Asian naons because it helps to policies to cut greenhouse gases will not work
spur development ---- the region. ---individuals share the vision of a low-carbon
A) of / without society.
C) upon / over A) provided that
B) by / about B) aer
D) at / under C) but
E) in / across D) while
E) unless
15. When modern coastal sh-farming began 30

11. As Antarcc glaciers collapse ---- the sea, sciensts
years ago, no one was doing things right, ----
struggle to nd out what that means ---- the rise
for the environment -- the industry’s long-term
of sea levels.
sustainability.
A) against / in
A) whether / or
B) over / to
B) such / as
C) around / along
C) so / that
D) on / for
D) either / or
E) from / behind
E) as / as
16. ---- deriving two-thirds of its power supply from

12. ---- lead was widely known to be dangerous, by
fossil fuels, power producers in India cannot get
the early years of the 20th century, it could be
enough pipeline space to distribute natural gas.
found in all manners of consumer products.
A) Despite
A) Since
B) Besides
B) Once
C) As a result of
C) Only when
D) By means of
D) Even though
E) Rather than
E) Given that
13. Animals trapped in a stone called ‘amber’ are

somemes so well preserved that they look ----
they have just died.
A) so that
B) in case
C) as though
D) even if
E) now that
292
YDS
17.-21. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere 22.-26. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere
uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
Cies, large and small, are at the heart of a fast changing No single country owns Antarcca. (22)----, countries
global economy – they are a cause of, and a response wishing to have a say in how the Antarcc (both
to world economic growth. Many urban areas are the connent itself and the surrounding Southern
growing (17)---- their rural hinterlands are depressed, Ocean) is governed (23)----, and agree to abide by,
which forces impoverished rural people to move to the the Antarcc Treaty. However, prior to the signing of
cies in search of work. These newcomers oen end the Antarcc Treaty in 1959, several countries had
up not (18)---- the opportunies they are looking for, made claims to parts of Antarcca, some of which
so they become part of the urban poor. (19)---- arrival overlapped. The Treaty does not (24)---- these claims;
to the city, they oen encounter lack of housing and Arcle IV of the Treaty states in part, “No acts or
infrastructure services. To (20)---- the lack of available acvies taking place while the present Treaty is in
homes, newcomers oen set up shelters on the city force shall constute a basis for asserng, supporng
outskirts, usually on public-owned land. They oen or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in
live without electricity, running water, a sewerage Antarcca.” (25)---- avoiding the claims issue in this
system, roads and other urban services. (21)---- dealing way, it was possible to produce a treaty that many
with poor sanitaon and polluon from dirty cooking pares could sign. Unfortunately, this means that (26)-
fuels and primive stoves, they are exposed to modern --- many countries follow the spirit of cooperaon of
environmental hazards, such as urban air polluon, the Treaty, there are sll disputes over territory that
exhaust fumes and industrial polluon. remain unresolved and come up from me to me.
22.
17.
A) Instead C) At least
A) unless C) so that
B) For example D) In short
B) in case D) whenever
E) Similarly
E) because
18. 23.
A) to nd B) nding A) were to sign B) had to sign
C) to have found D) being found C) must sign D) may sign
E) to be found E) used to sign
19.
24.
A) About B) To
D) Upon C) For A) jeopardize B) withdraw
E) By C) underesmate D) recognize
E) deteriorate
20.
25.
A) cut down on B) go in for
A) By B) From
C) turn back on D) fall behind with
C) About D) Along
E) make up for
E) Without
21. 26.
A) Despite B) Owing to A) as B) while

C) For the sake of D) In addion to C) if D) unl
E) Unlike E) befor
293
30. Whereas there are undoubted social benets to

27.-36. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere
increasing home ownership, ----.
uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
A) the mortgage companies that nance home
buyers can go bankrupt
B) there are some economic problems associated
27. In order to make the rst vessels to cross stretches
with it
of water, ----.
C) more and more people prefer to buy homes
A) ancient civilizaons depended heavily on
than rent
these for their survival and expansion
D) the exisng laws make it nancially more
B) the Greeks brought the art of rowing to a level
aracve to purchase
of perfecon that has never been surpassed
C) early aempts were oen unique to the E) incenves to rent houses sll remain at
sociees that originated them historically low levels
D) people had already developed them for such

purposes as shing and transporng goods 31. No maer how good the food we eat is, if it is
E) early humans employed materials ranging not well digested, absorbed into the blood and
from animal skins to small pieces of mber assimilated into the cells, ----.
A) we can, in me, develop symptoms and
28. While several other minerals are needed for nutrional deciency
muscle funcon, ----. B) food must be well chewed and mixed with
A) knowledge of your body and its funcons can saliva
be a great ally in health maers C) an alkaline environment is needed for the
B) most of the calories in the food we eat are next stage of digeson
used by our muscles D) it reaches the stomach where it is mixed with
C) the contours of the body alter as the muscles pepsin
strengthen E) the breakdown of the protein in food begins
D) exercise is a vital ingredient for keeping the here
human body in good health
E) connuous intake of calcium helps to maintain 32. ---, Indian culture was primarily oral, with a high
a healthy skeleton value placed on recounng tales and dreams.
A) No maer how extraordinarily diverse Indian
29. Despite the polical upheavals in the Arab world, customs and culture have been
----. B) As nave American Indians evolved into
A) the Middle East is gaining ground to become complex hierarchical sociees that pracced
one of the world’s popular tourist desnaons human sacrice
B) business boom, in places like Dubai and Abu C) Even though the rst Indians began
Dhabi, has had lile impact on the economies construcng earthen burial sites and
C) the airlines are rapidly expanding their routes forcaons around 600 BC
in Europe and Asia D) If all European emigrants had le their
D) emphasis on new policies is required to homelands to escape polical oppression
overcome recession in these countries E) Although some North American tribes
E) stability, strong economic growth and value for developed a type of hieroglyphics to preserve
money are the key factors of economic mobility certain texts
294
YDS
33. --, you can work on exnguishing any undesirable 35. The nests birds leave behind provide clues about
behaviours. their lives and environment ----.
A) Unless you proceed to the interviewer’s oce A) as the architectural complexity of these nests
for your interview hardly untangles their genealogy
B) Although previous work experience is sought B) just as archaeological sites supply glimpses of
by almost all employers nowadays human history
C) Once you are able to see yourself interacng C) but nest-collecng was a popular boyhood
with others hobby in the 19th century
D) Whereas there is much to be learned about D) despite the fact that they remain a largely
human nature in general untapped scienc resource
E) Just as any communicave event requires at E) before they lay eggs in order to sustain the
least one person to be around connuaon of their species
36. ---, not only cell operators but also law

34. It might not be praccal to use a dierent
password for every single website that you log enforcement have come under re for exploing
into --. personal data without the user’s knowledge.
A) so online shopping involves more than just a A) Aer the companies have agreed widely on
seller and a buyer privacy policies
B) although it is more suggesble for someone to B) Although law enforcement units permit users
rely on a computer engineer to reach all sites
C) since nicknames on the Internet are not C) Since market demand is driving some of the
enough to protect you from harm biggest collectors of data into piracy
D) while the term ‘surng’ has become more D) As smart phones’ tracking abilies have
widespread as more people use computers become more sophiscated
E) but it is denitely worth having more than one E) Now that banking transacons via mobile
for security reasons devices are almost completely secure
295
38. For the last 20 years, there has been an ongoing

37.-42. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye anlamca
argument as to whether jazz is no longer an
en yakın Türkçe cümleyi, Türkçe cümleye anlamca
exclusively American let alone an Afro-American
en yakın İngilizce cümleyi bulunuz music.
A) Son yirmi yıldır, Afro-Amerikan müziği
olmaktan çıkğı varsayılan cazın sadece
37. Most of the fears that we had when we were Amerikan müziği olup olmadığını sorgulayan
children are actually quite profound, but as we bir tarşma bulunmaktadır.
grow older and become more self-sucient, the B) Son yirmi yılın süregelen tarşması, Afro-
reality of fears diminishes. Amerikan müziği olmasından ziyade, cazın ark
A) Çocukken yaşadığımız korkuların çoğu, aslında tamamıyla Amerikan müziği olup olmadığıdır.
oldukça derindir ancak büyüyüp kendimize C) Son yirmi yıldır, cazın Afro-Amerikan müziği
olmasını göz ardı eden ve tamamen Amerikan
daha fazla yeter hâle geldikçe korkuların
müziği olduğunu savunan bir tarşma
gerçekliği azalır.
süregelmektedir.
B) Çocukken aslında çok derin birçok korku
D) Son yirmi yıldır, Afro-Amerikan müziği olmasını
yaşarız fakat büyüyüp daha çok kendimize bırakın, cazın daha ne kadar Amerikan müziği
yekçe bu korkular gerçekliğini yirir. olarak anılabileceği tarşılmaktadır.
C) Çocukken yaşadığımız korkuların çoğu, aslında E) Son yirmi yıldır, Afro-Amerikan müziği
oldukça derin boyuadır ancak büyüyüp olmasını bir kenara bırakın, cazın ark yalnızca
kendimize daha fazla yeten bireyler hâline Amerikan müziği olup olmadığı konusunda
geldiğimizde bu korkular zamanla ortadan kalkar. süregelen bir tarşma mevcuur.
D) Çocukken yaşanılan korkuların çoğu, aslında
oldukça derindir fakat kendimize yetecek 39. Patriarchy originally meant superiority of the
father and used to be employed by sociologists
kadar büyüdüğümüzde bu korkular gerçekliğini
to describe family structures where the father
kaybeder.
rather than the mother was dominant.
E) Çocukken yaşadığımız korkuların çoğu, aslında
A) Ataerkillik, esasen babanın ayrıcalığını ifade
oldukça derin olsa da büyüyüp kendimize daha
etmekteydi ve toplum bilimciler tarandan
fazla yekçe bu korkular gerçek olmaktan anneden ziyade babanın baskın olduğu aile
uzaklaşır. yapılarını tanımlarken kullanılırdı.
B) Ataerkillik, özünde babanın hâkimiye
anlamını taşımaktaydı ve toplum bilimciler
tarandan anneden ziyade babanın baskın
olduğu aile yapılarını ele alırken kullanılırdı.
C) Ataerkillik, ilk olarak babanın üstünlüğü
anlamına sahip ve toplum bilimciler tarandan
anneden ziyade babanın ön planda olduğu aile
yapılarını tasvir etmek için kullanılırdı.
D) Ataerkillik, başlangıçta babanın üstünlüğü
anlamına gelmekteydi ve toplum bilimciler
tarandan anneden ziyade babanın baskın
olduğu aile yapılarını tanımlamak için kullanılırdı.
E) Ataerkillik, aslen babanın üstünlüğü anlamına
gelmekteydi ve toplum bilimciler tarandan
anneden ziyade babanın sözünün geçği aile
yapılarını vurgulamak için kullanılırdı.
296
YDS
40. Oyunlara ve özellikle çocuk oyunlarına ilişkin 42. Kendine ait önemli rezervleri bulunmayan
inançlarımız, teknoloji ve küreselleşme ile köklü dünyanın en büyük enerji tükecisi Avrupa
değişimler geçirmişr. Birliği, ihyaç duyduğu enerjinin % 50’sini ithal
A) We seem to have radically changed our beliefs etmektedir ve ithal enerjiye olan bağımlılığının
about plays, and children’s plays in parcular, 2030 yılına kadar % 70’e çıkacağı tahmin
because of advances in technology and edilmektedir.
globalizaon. A) The world’s largest energy consumer without
B) We believe that plays, and children’s plays in its own signicant reserves, the European
parcular, have encountered radical changes Union imports 50% of the energy it needs,
due to technology and globalizaon. and it is predicted that its dependence on
C) Our beliefs about plays, and children’s plays imported energy will rise to 70% by 2030.
in parcular, have undergone radical changes B) As the world’s largest energy consumer,
with technology and globalizaon. the European Union has no important
D) Owing to the radical changes in plays, and energy reserves, and it is envisioned that its
children’s plays in parcular, we have dependence on imported energy will increase
shied our atude towards technology and to 70% by 2030, on the assumpon that it
globalizaon. buys 50% of its energy from other countries.
E) As to technology and globalizaon, our beliefs C) As the world’s largest energy consumer with its
about plays, and children’s plays in parcular, limited energy reserves, the European Union
have changed radically. imports around 50% of the energy it needs,
and it will probably be more dependent on
energy import with a 70% increase by 2030.
D) Besides being the world’s largest energy
consumer today which lacks its own reserves,
41. Anadolu’daki arkeolojik kalınlar, zeyn ağacının the European Union imports 50% of the
çok eskilere dayandığını ve aynı zamanda energy it requires, and it is foreseen that its
zeynyağının faydalarını insanların bildiğini energy import will go up to 70% by 2030.
gösteren deliller sunmaktadır.
E) The European Union is the world’s largest
A) Archaeological remains in Anatolia have energy consumer without its own signicant
revealed the fact that the olive tree grew in energy reserves, and it is esmated that its
the very distant past and humans knew the reliance on imported energy will rise to 70%
benets of olive oil as well. by 2030, while it is 50% now.
B) In Anatolia, archaeological remains show that
the olive tree was in existence in the very
distant past and humans were also aware of
the benets of olive oil.
C) Archaeological remains in Anatolia provide
proof that the olive tree dates back to the
very distant past, as does human knowledge
of olive oil’s benets.
D) The olive tree and human knowledge of olive
oil’s benets date back to the very distant past
as archaeological remains in Anatolia show us.
E) Remains in archaeological sites in Anatolia
proves that olive tree depends on the very
distant past and humans beneted from olive
oil in many ways.
297
44. It is stated in the passage that ----.

43. - 46. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre
A) some countries have been more successful in
cevaplayınız.
producing more neutral and less ideological
history textbooks than others
History is one of the few school subjects commonly B) in many naons, debates over the content
mandated in educaon systems throughout the world. and format of history textbooks connue to
Furthermore, the use of history textbooks to support generate considerable polical conict
student learning is an almost universally accepted C) naons aempt to provide future generaons
pracce. However, the widespread internaonal with parcular values that will ensure the
presence of the humble history textbook should connuaon of exisng structures
not disguise its ideological and cultural potency. D) history textbooks have become more
Indeed, essenal to understanding the power and policized aer the emergence of naon
importance of history textbooks is to appreciate states to preserve naonal identy
that in any given culture they typically exist as the E) many educaonal systems throughout the
keepers of ideas, values and knowledge. No maer world include history in their curriculum to
how neutral history textbooks may appear, they are enhance polical literacy
ideologically important, because they oen seek to
inject the youth with a shared set of values, naonal
ethos and an incontroverble sense of polical
orthodoxy. Textbooks stand as cultural artefacts that
embody a range of issues associated with ideology,
polics and values which in themselves funcon 45. According to the passage, regardless of how
at a variety of dierent levels of power, status imparally they are wrien, history textbooks --.
and inuence. Embedded in history textbooks are A) need to teach both the past and the future
narraves and stories that naon states choose to B) serve a purpose other than intended
tell about themselves and their relaons with other C) are the best opons for cultural transmission
naons. Typically, they represent a core of cultural D) aect ideologically the youth more than adults
knowledge which future generaons are expected E) can never be completely objecve and neutral
both to assimilate and support.
43. According to the passage, history textbooks ----.

A) are now being rewrien with a more
internaonal and universal outlook to recfy 46. It can be inferred from the passage that the
past misunderstandings between naons author ----.
B) are not appropriate for teaching history A) is in favour of using history textbooks to
because they are always ideologically biased inform people about internaonal relaons
C) should be wrien in a neutral and unbiased B) sets out to emphasize the use of history
way so that future generaons can have a textbooks to insl naonal values in the young
healthy understanding of history generaon
D) not only have educaonal, but also ideological C) is of the opinion that textbooks on history are
funcons, serving to transmit a naon state’s easy to write
values D) believes in the necessity of locally produced
E) consist of baseless stories and narraves history textbooks to bring about world peace
rather than historical facts that are more E) is trying to persuade the reader of the
important for a naon state’s survival importance of understanding history
298
YDS
48. It is implied in the passage that ----.

A) widespread use of anbiocs is intended to
cevaplayınız.
eliminate the chances of a possible pandemic
B) using a low dose anbioc compared to a
Farmers in many countries ulize anbiocs in two heavy dose is highly recommended for farmers
key ways: at full strength to treat animals that are sick C) human beings should test the ecacy of using
and in low doses to faen meat-producing livestock anbiocs on other animals before using
or to prevent veterinary illnesses. Although even the them on poultry
proper use of anbiocs can inadvertently lead to the D) increased anbioc resistance in human
spread of drug resistant bacteria, the habit of using beings is due to the consumpon of animal
a low dose is a formula for disaster: the treatment products with anbioc content
provides just enough anbioc to kill some but not all E) anbioc resistance in poultry animals has led
bacteria. The germs that survive are typically those sciensts to nd alternave soluons to ght
that happen to bear genec mutaons for resisng o these bacteria
the anbioc. They then reproduce and exchange
genes with other microbial resisters. As bacteria
are found literally everywhere, resistant strains
produced in animals eventually nd their way into 49. According to the passage, ----.
people as well. You could not design a beer system A) the spread of bacterial infecons in poultry
for guaranteeing the spread of anbioc resistance. may not be avoided by improving physical
To cease the spread, Denmark enforced ghter rules condions
on the use of anbiocs in the raising of poultry and B) the weight of the poultry mainly depends
other farm animals. The lesson is that improving upon the environment they are brought up in
animal husbandry - making sure that pens, stalls and C) strict regulaons in Denmark are employed to
cages are properly cleaned and giving animals more minimize the eects of anbioc use on both
room or me to mature - osets the inial negave poultry and people
impact of liming anbioc use. D) the maturaon period of poultry in Denmark
is determined by the size of the animal
E) the producvity of poultry can best be
analyzed through the amount of the anbioc
used on the animal
50. It is stated in the passage that anbiocs ----.

47. It is understood from the passage that ----.
A) are crucial as they change the genec
A) farmers mainly prefer using anbiocs as a
mutaons of poultry
prevenve measure for diseases
B) form the basis for microbial resistance of
B) anbiocs are merely useful in treang the
genes in animals
contagious diseases of farm animals
C) are eecve in restricng resistant strains of
C) connuous and heavy doses of anbiocs are
bacteria in poultry
crucial for poultry
D) are employed to prevent a possible disease
D) anbiocs are so far the only eecve method
spread from farm animals to human beings
to faen up meat-producing animals
E) may produce drug resistant bacteria,
E) poultry prices are aected by the spread of
irrespecve of how carefully they are used
contagious diseases
299
52. According to the passage, Germany --.

A) had to be stripped of its power to start wars
cevaplayınız.
B) was unable to connue its industrial
development during World War II
“The Marshall Plan was not a simple program for
C) needed industrial equipment and American
transferring massive sums of money to struggling nance to rebuild the country
countries, but an explicit - and eventually successful
D) found the Morgenthau Plan problemac as its
-aempt to reindustrialize Europe.” say Erik Reinert economy declined
and Ha-Joon Chang. It follows that if Africa really E) was allowed to industrialize despite its
wants economic prosperity, it should study and draw agricultural potenal
valuable lessons from the Marshall Plan’s dark twin: the
Morgenthau Plan implemented in Germany in 1945.
Reinert tells the story best: When it was clear that the
Allies would win the Second World War, the queson
of what to do with Germany, which in three decades
had precipitated two World Wars, reared its head.
Henry Morgenthau Jr, the US secretary of the treasury,
formulated a plan to keep Germany from ever again
53. It is implied in the passage that ----.
threatening world peace. Germany, he argued, had to be
A) America’s vision for post-war Europe was in
enrely deindustrialized and turned into an agricultural
essence misguided
naon. All industrial equipment was to be destroyed, and
B) a country has no choice but to priorize one
the mines were to be ooded. This program was approved
sector over another in order to advance
by the Allies and was immediately implemented when
C) today’s Africa and post-war Germany have a
Germany capitulated in 1945. However, it soon became
lot in common
clear that the Morgenthau Plan was causing serious
D) Erik Reinert and Ha-Joon Chang were right in
economic problems in Germany: deindustrializaon
their predicons about the Marshall Plan
caused agricultural producvity to plummet. This was
E) plans made by policy makers may yield
indeed an interesng experiment. The mechanisms of
unexpected outcomes
synergy between industry and agriculture worked in
reverse: killing the industry reduced the producvity of
the agricultural sector.
51. It is clearly stated in the passage that the Marshall 54. The main concern of the author is to ----.
Plan --. A) supply a brief summary of imperial naons’
A) was redesigned as the Morgenthau Plan to be dominaon of others
applied in Germany B) blame America’s programs for Germany’s
B) was very comprehensive in its scope to agricultural producvity
develop Europe C) learn from the failings and achievements of
C) was a program of investment from which the some economic policies
Allies expected to benet directly D) describe ways of industrializing through
D) was ill-formed for its objecves according to agriculture in order to stop wars
Erik Reinert and Ha-Joon Chang E) accuse the African leaders of failing to
E) turned out to be a failed aempt to understand how Germany prospered
industrialize various European naons
300
YDS
56. According to the passage, the global banking

crisis was resolved because governments --.
cevaplayınız.
A) cooperated closely with the industry
B) sold o large supplies of cash
Imagine an industry that runs out of raw materials.
C) involved the necessary organizaons
Companies go bankrupt, workers are laid o, families
D) bought new supplies of vital materials
suer and associated organizaons are thrown into
E) acted quickly to nd a soluon
turmoil. Eventually, governments are forced to take
drasc acon. Welcome to global banking, recently
brought to its knees by the interrupon of its lifeblood
- the ow of cash. In this case, we seem to have
been fortunate. In the nick of me, governments
released reserves in order to start cash circulang
again. But what if the reserves had not been there?
What are we going to do when our supplies of vital
57. The main point made in the passage is that --.
materials such as sh, tropical hardwoods, metals
A) industries need to look carefully at the raw
like indium and fresh water dry up? We live on a
materials used
planet with nite resources
B) the economic system currently in place must
- that is no surprise to anyone - so why do we have be rethought
an economic system in which all that maers is C) populaon explosion is one of the greatest
growth threats to mankind as it requires more
- more growth means using more resources. When planning
the human populaon was counted in millions and D) all governments should have a responsibility
resources were sparse, people could simply move to help out in mes of crisis
to new pastures. However, with 9 billion people E) the global banking system can throw the
expected around 2050, moving on is not an opon. world into turmoil
As policians reconstruct the global economy,
they should take heed. If we are to leave any kind
of planet to our children, we need an economic
system that lets us live within our means.
55. The author starts the passage with an example 58. It is pointed out in the passage that in the past
from industry in order to ----. ----.
A) explain why raw materials are used in industry A) an economic system of growth was easy to
B) present the condions of the workers who are establish
currently employed B) resources were more valuable than they are
C) indicate the possible consequences of global today
industrializaon C) it was easy for people to nd new resources
D) emphasize the importance of raw materials D) industry was far less dependent on raw
E) describe the impact of the banking system on materials
industry E) it was rare for businesses to actually fail
301
60. According to the results of the study funded by

the World An-Doping Agency, ----.
cevaplayınız.
A) the study parcipants were all aware they
were given a placebo
Many athletes credit drugs with improving their B) those who knew that they were given real
performance, but some of them may want to thank drugs failed to show improvement in tness
their brain instead. Mounng evidence suggests that tests
the boost from human growth hormone (HGH), an C) the athletes who did not know they were
increasingly popular doping drug, might be caused by given a placebo did well on tness tests
the placebo eect. In a new double-blind trial funded D) the preliminary ndings showed the increased
by the World An-Doping Agency, in which neither popularity of drugs
researchers nor parcipants knew who was receiving E) the eects of HGH are incompable with
HGH and who was taking a placebo, the researchers those found in other studies
asked parcipants to guess whether or not they were
on the real drug. Then they examined the results
of the group who guessed that they were geng
HGH when, in fact, they had received a placebo.
That group improved at four tness tests measuring 61. It is understood from the passage that the
strength, endurance, power and sprint capacity. The placebo eect --.
study parcipants who guessed correctly that they A) is highly esteemed among those who are
were taking a placebo did not improve, according interested in athlecs
to preliminary results presented at the Society for B) can play a signicant role in improving the
Endocrinology meeng in June 2011. “The nding performances of athletes
really shows the power of the mind” said Ken Ho, C) has been monitored in the parcipang
an endocrinologist at the Garvan Instute in Sydney, groups that consist of people taking doping
Australia, who led the study. She maintains that drugs
many athletes are reaping the benets of the placebo D) was also tested in other branches of sports
eect, without knowing whether what they are where compeon exists
taking is benecial or not. E) was very high in the studies where parcipants
were informed in advance
59. It is clearly stated in the passage that the support 62. It can be inferred from the passage that ----.
given by certain drugs ----. A) external intervenons may have negave
A) is largely accepted for its posive contribuon impacts on one’s performance
to performance B) every athlete should be involved in a study to
B) has been proven by many studies around the increase his or her performance
world C) success lies in the power of one’s mind no
C) has led authories to take the necessary maer which treatment he or she is exposed
measures against these drugs to
D) has been openly disputed by most of the D) the World An-Doping Agency should be
athletes much more careful about the use of drugs in
E) results in the improved performances of all sports
the athletes who take them E) much more research should be done on the
placebo eect among athletes
302
YDS
65. Teacher: - Your son has adapted quite well

63. - 67. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş
socially. He’s had no problems making friends.
bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz.
Also, he’s quite a leader among them.
Parent: - I’m glad to hear that. What about his
63. Emre: - What’s so funny that you’ve been
class work?
laughing now for hours?
Teacher: ------
Figen: - I was just remembering a friend of
Parent: - He’s never been very good at sing
mine who owns a shoe shop. He was very upset
sll and focusing.
because he realized that many customers were
trying to squeeze their feet into shoes that were A) His math skills are very good, but he needs to
too small, and were ruining his shoes. work harder on his language skills.
B) He enjoys group work, probably because he
Emre: ------
likes to socialize so much.
Figen: -Even so, I just can’t help laughing.
C) I think he needs a private tutor to help him
A) That must have been quite an experience for
with the more dicult subjects.
him. Now he won’t let anyone try on dierent
D) I really enjoy having him in class because he’s
sizes.
such a good example to others.
B) Doesn’t the salesman have any rights?
E) He has the ability but he seems to lack the
He should be able to ll out some kind of
concentraon to do the work.
complaint form.
C) Being a frequent shoe-buyer myself, I don’t
know where your friend’s store is.
D) Perhaps he should start selling other things.
This way, he won’t have to deal with those
customers anymore.
E) I don’t nd it amusing whatsoever. The
customers should have been more careful
with what they were doing.
64. Timur: - Do you know the dierence between 66. Jale: - Here is an arcle about how people
the use of barbecues and convenonal gas cooking? react in emergencies. Researchers say that when
more people are around, it reduces the chances of
Levent: ------
actually being helped.
Timur: - What can be done to reduce this?
Adnan:
Levent: - I think we should use gas over barbecue
Jale: - Apparently, onlookers provide a model
as it contributes to an increase in smog levels.
for acon. If they are docile and disinterested, the
A) Burning charcoal releases carbon monoxide
situaon may seem less serious.
into the air much more than cooking with gas
does. Adnan: - I think if there is only one bystander,
your chance of being helped increases, as he will
B) Well, actually, both are good ways of cooking,
think he must help immediately.
but barbecues take longer to prepare.
A) Is an individual aware that others are present?
C) Gas cooking is far more ecient than using a
barbecue, as you can adjust the heat according B) How did they carry out that research?
to your needs. C) Do they oer any explanaon as to why this
D) Unfortunately, both are harmful and cause happens?
damage to the environment. D) Is this nding true for all cultures?
E) Gas appears to be more dangerous as there is E) Who were the parcipants in this research?
a high risk of explosion.
303
67. Ayça: - Do you think environmental factors

68. - 71. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en
like diet and stress aect the ageing process as
much as the decline of hormonal systems? yakın cümleyi bulunuz.
Berkan:
Ayça: - So, you mean physiological and
68. Science does not produce a unied picture of the
environmental factors contribute to one’s
environment on which all can agree, instead it
longevity to the same degree.
provides mulple views, each of which may be
Berkan: - Denitely! I also think living in an valid from a parcular ideological angle.
extended family and playing an important role in
A) There is not one single view of the environment
society bring in some benecial eects.
that can be provided through science that
A) I don’t believe dietary habits and lifestyle everyone will agree on, rather it gives dierent
have much to do with ageing. It’s all about the perspecves, all of which are valid depending
gradual failing of the body to be able to repair on the ideological perspecve.
itself and replace cells.
B) The environment has been described by
B) I heard some people live longer and have sciensts in many dierent ways rather than
fewer health problems than others thanks to in just one way, and each of these have their
their easy-going lifestyle and the amount of own validity according to the observer’s own
vegetables they consume. ideology.
C) Perhaps, calorie restricon and an-ageing C) Science represents many diverse and parcular
treatments can be successful intervenons ideological angles, and from these a valid and
that may cause increases in life expectancy. unied descripon of the environment can be
D) Even if ageing seems to be a serious problem for produced that respects mulple views.
many people, some rely on plasc surgeries to D) Sciensts from dierent ideological
cope with it. backgrounds have come together to agree
E) Extending one’s lifespan isn’t simply a case of upon a unied picture of the environment on
stopping the ageing process, because ageing which sciensts can all agree upon its validity.
isn’t a sciencally recognized cause of death. E) Mulple views on the environment are the
result of science being unable to produce a
unied descripon upon which those from
dierent ideological backgrounds can agree.
304
YDS
69. The stocks of bluen tuna, the most valuable 70. Hunngton’s has been described as the most
sh in the world, have plummeted to such paltry disastrous disease known to man because of its
levels that many sciensts speculate that the sh peculiarly cruel characteriscs, as it progressively
could be headed for exncon. strips a person of control of his muscles, reason
A) Sciensts believe that the excessive demand and emoon.
for the valuable bluen tuna sh has risen to A) Hunngton’s disease is described as not
such a level that there is speculaon about only the worst disease in the world but also
the sh becoming exnct. the most cruelly progressive, as it slowly
B) Stocks of the world’s most desirable bluen takes away a person’s ability to control their
tuna sh have reached such a low level that muscles, reason and emoon.
many sciensts are convinced that they are B) To describe Hunngton’s as a cruel disease
about to become exnct. could be disastrous as people know that it
C) There is some speculaon among sciensts eventually takes away a person’s ability to
around the world as to how far the stocks of control their muscles as well as to reason and
the valuable bluen tuna sh can be allowed feel emoon.
to fall before they become exnct. C) Due to its cruel characteriscs that gradually
D) Stocks of the bluen tuna, the most expensive take away a person’s control of their muscles,
sh in the world, have dropped to such a low reason and emoon, Hunngton’s is said to be
level that sciensts are predicng that they the most devastang disease in the world.
might become exnct. D) When a person starts to rapidly lose control
E) The most expensive sh in the world is the of his muscles and no longer is able to reason
bluen tuna, but sciensts fear that stocks or control his emoons, he can be described
will soon reach a paltry level and the sh will as having the most disastrous disease ever -
become exnct. Hunngton’s.
E) When a man is described as having
Hunngton’s, it can be a very cruel experience,
as they will gradually experience certain
characteriscs such as lack of muscle control,
reason and emoon.
305
71. The changing climate will have negave eects

72. - 75. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
on all parts of the world; depending on people’s
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için gerilebilecek
locaon and lifestyles, however, there will be
cümleyi bulunuz.
great dierences in the subsequent health
hazards that human populaons face.
A) No maer how and where people live, the
subsequent health hazards will be terribly 72. Most measurements of happiness are by
great aer the varying climate negavely standardized quesonnaires or interview
aects all regions of the world. schedules. It could also be done by informed
observers - those who know the individual well
B) Based on their lifestyles and geographical
and see them regularly. -- Yet, another form of
locaon, human populaons all over the world
measurement is to invesgate a person’s memory
will experience health risks to be brought
and check whether they feel predominantly
about by adverse eects of the changing
happy or unhappy about their past. Finally, there
climate.
are some crude but ever-developing physical
C) Whether all regions of the world will be
measures looking at everything from brain
negavely aected by the incremental climate
scanning to saliva levels.
change largely depends on people’s locaon
A) It should be kept in mind that such tests might
and ways of life, yet human populaons will
be misleading in many cases.
end up with health risks.
B) Findings suggest that ancestors of Finnish
D) Since all parts of the world are likely to be
people made use of such methods.
adversely inuenced by the globally changing
climate, human populaons have been C) There is also experience sampling, where
subject to resultant health risks, regardless of people report how happy they are many mes
how and where they reside. a day.
E) All regions of the world will be adversely D) Being objecve in this process is more
aected by the changing climate, but the important than being an observer.
resulng health risks to human populaons E) A queson sll remains unanswered: to what
will vary greatly, depending on where and extent can one express happiness on a sheet
how people live. of quesons?
306
YDS
73. Everything in the factories of the future will 75. Stephen Hawking, the famed theorecal
be run by smarter soware. Digizaon in physicist diagnosed with Lou Gehrig’s disease,
manufacturing will have as widespread an lost the ability to speak thirty years ago. In the
eect as in other industries that have gone meanme, a computerized voice generated by
digital, including photography, publishing and an infrared sensor inside Hawking’s mouth has
lms. Such eects will not be conned to large allowed him to communicate. According to a
manufacturers, either. ---Launching new and recent report, however, the muscles controlling
innovave products will become easier and the device have been deteriorang, liming him
cheaper for them. to as lile as one word per minute. -- This is a
A) The materials being used to make things are horrifying prospect for the scienc community
changing faster than they were in the past. that has beneed greatly from his ndings.
B) In addion, it will allow things to be made But a new device recording brain funcons at an
economically in much smaller quanes. unprecedented level of detail was developed and
C) Nonetheless, companies are also opmisc has been proposed to improve Hawking’s ability
about a manufacturing revival. to communicate once again.
D) In fact, these developments will empower A) Such devices can be used to monitor the sleep
smaller rms and individual entrepreneurs. paern and the disorders of the deaf.
E) As such, companies from all over the world B) The sensor in the mouth is an eecve way to
use China and India as low-wage workshops. connue communicaon with people unable
to speak.
C) Without a new means of communicaon,
Hawking runs the risk of being rendered mute.
D) The muscles in the mouth can be kept under
control by using a great variety of equipments.
74. -- This is not the case, and evidence for early
E) Thanks to recent developments, researchers
learning and remembering comes from several
are now able to keep the disease under
studies. In one, infants only a few hours
control as in Hawking ’s condion.
old learned to turn their heads right or le,
depending on whether they heard a buzzer or a
tone. In order to taste a sweet liquid, the baby
had to turn to the right when a tone sounded
and to turn to the le when the buzzer sounded.
In only a few trials, the babies were performing
without error.
A) It was once thought that infants could neither
learn nor remember.
B) Infants can discriminate dierences in taste
shortly aer birth.
C) Newborn infants could disnguish human
voices from other sounds.
D) Newborn babies may not remember what
they have just learned.
E) Pre-birth experiences in the uterus help
infants to learn and remember.
307
78. (I) Five to six million farmers in the tropics who

76. - 80. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okunduğunda
culvate the cacao trees from which cocoa is
parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi
produced rely on the sales of the seeds to feed
bulunuz.
themselves and their families. (II) Cacao tree
grows only in a narrow band within about 18
degrees north and south of the Equator. (III)
76. (I) Using herbs from your garden or the farmer’s They extract the seeds, oen called ‘beans’, from
market to enhance the avour of your summer football-shaped pods and then ferment and
cuisine is really rewarding. (II) Not only will herbs dry them to form buer and powder. (IV) The
add subtle accents to your main dishes and salads, livelihoods of another 40 to 50 million depend on
but they will also bring fragrance and interest to the long producon road whereby the cacao seeds
favourite dessert and beverage recipes. (III) If you travel from a farm to the candy on store shelves.
are not using fresh herbs, remember that dried (V) In Ivory Coast, which produces 40 percent of
herbs are very potent, so reduce the amount the world’s cocoa, such farming accounts for a
you use by half or more. (IV) Include your home- full 15 percent of Gross Domesc Product (GDP)
grown produce in a salad course, and specimens and employs 5 percent of households.
from your gorgeous summer ower beds in a
A) I B) II
welcoming table centrepiece. (V) Also, if you are
C) III D) IV
cooking outdoors, be sure to allow enough me
E) V
to heat the grill for your vegetables, steaks and
chicken.
A) I B) II
C) III D) IV
E) V
77. (I) Aristotle explored the apparent es between 79. (I) One of the oldest methods of preserving food
odour and memory in his work On Sense and the is drying. (II) It slows down the proliferaon and
Sensible. (II) Since then, people have speculated acvity of the bacteria that cause spoilage and
that the memories elicited by smell are more decay, but it considerably alters the appearance
inmate and immediate than other recollecons. of food due to the loss of water. (III) With the
(III) When we experience certain smells, we success of freezing and its characteriscs for
oen nd ourselves taken back in me to a retaining the food value of ingredients, drying
specic event or scene. (IV) Many movies of the is no longer an essenal means of preserving
1980s include scenes that trigger memories of food for mes when it may be out of season
childhood and school years. (V) For example, the or expensive. (IV) Since prehistoric mes,
smell of a salsa, a sauce eaten with Mexican food, cereals and I fruits have been dried in the sun
may remind a person of watching James Bond before being stored. (V) The drying of fruits and
movies on television with his or her father while vegetables has been widely pracced for so long;
dipping chips in the spicy sauce. in Greece for grapes, in Turkey for apricots, and in
Iran and Spain for tomatoes.
A) I B) II
A) I B) II
C) III D) IV
C) III D) IV
E) V
E) V
308
YDS
80. (I) No cizen of the European Union lives more

than 700 km away from the coast. (II) The seas
and oceans are at the centre of a large number
of interacons, and to opmize polical
decision-making, we must clearly understand
these interacons. (III) The European Union is
surrounded by four seas and two oceans, and has
89,000 km of coastline. (IV) The marime areas
under the jurisdicon of the member states of
the European Union are larger than the land
masses. (V) The obvious conclusion is the need
for raonal management of the seas and oceans.
A) I B) II
C) III D) IV
E) V
309
2013 İlkbahar Dönemi Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit Sınavı (YDS) & Açıklamalı Cevap Anahtarı
3. Before they are allowed to be used, all medicines,

1.-6. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun
including vaccines, are ---- tested to assess how
düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
safe and eecve they are.
A) incidentally
1. UNICEF is deeply commied to creang a world B) hazardously

in which all children, regardless of their gender C) thoroughly
or socioeconomic background, have ---- to free, D) fatally
compulsory and quality educaon. E) oensively
A) access B) dedicaon
C) insight D) addicon “Aşılar dahil tüm ilaçların kullanımına izin verilmeden
önce, ne kadar güvenli ve etkili olduklarını değerlendir-
E) tendency
mek için …….. şekilde test edilirler.” Bu soruda nasıl test
edilirler sorusuna cevabı “eksiksiz olarak, baştan sona”
“UNICEF cinsiyet veya sosyoekonomik geçmişlerine
anlamına gelen C şıkkı vermektedir. Diğer şıkların an-
bakmaksızın tüm çocukların zorunlu ve kaliteli bir eği-
lamları: Incidentally: tesadüfen, Hazardously: tehlikeli
me serbestçe ……… sahip olabilecekleri bir dünya için
şekilde, Fatlly: ölümcül olarak, Oensively: saldırgan
kendini adamışr.” Bu soruda boşluğa “erişim” anlamı-
bir şekilde.
na gelen A şıkkı uygundur. Diğer şıklardaki kelimelerin
Cevap: C
anlamları boşluğa uymamaktadır. Dedicaon: kendini
adama, Insight: anlama, kavrayış, Addicon: bağımlılık,
Tendency:eğilim
Cevap: A
4. Many sciensts believe that our sanized

2. In some countries, such as Brazil and Russia, surroundings are ---- allergic disorders in children,
codes have been put in place to promote ---- which have doubled in the last decade.
logging of forest ecosystems. A) extracng
A) applicable B) penetrable B) fullling
C) notable D) sustainable C) unifying
E) provable D) ensuring
E) fostering
“Brezilya ve Rusya gibi bazı ülkelerde orman ekosis-
temlerinin ……… şekilde teşvik edilmesi için yasalar “Birçok bilim adamı çevremizin çocuklarda alerjik ra-
çıkarlmışr.” Bu soruda boşluğa “sürdürülebilir” anla- hatsızlıklara ………. inanmaktadır.” Bu soruda “teşvik
mına gelen D şıkkındaki “sustainable” kelimesi uygun- etmek, yol açmak” anlamlarına sahip E şıkkı doğru
dur. Diğer şıkların anlamları. Applicable: Uygulanabilir, cevapr. Diğer şıkların anlamları: Extract: özünü çıkar-
Penetrable: girilebilir, Notable: dikkate değer, Provab- mak, Fulll: tamamlamak, Unify: birleşrmek, Ensure:
le: ispatlanabilir. garanye almak, temin etmek.
Cevap: C Cevap: E
310
YDS
5. In non-literate sociees, valuable informaon

about the past is oen enshrined in oral tradion
– poems, hymns or sayings ---- from generaon to
generaon by word of mouth.
A) taken o B) handed down
7. The physics of elementary parcles in the 20th
C) thrown up D) kept o century ---- by the observaon of parcles whose
E) rooted out existence ---- by theorists decades earlier.
A) has been disnguished / was predicted
“Okuma yazmanın olmadığı toplumlarda, geçmişle il- B) disnguished / is being predicted
gili değerli bilgiler nesilden nesile sözlü olarak ………..
C) was disnguished / had been predicted
şiirler, ilahiler, deyişler sözlü gelenekte muhafaza edi-
lirler.” Bu soruda “aktarmak” anlamına gelen B şıkkı D) is disnguished / has been predicted
doğru cevapr. Diğer şıkların anlamları: Take o: ha- E) had been disnguished / was being predicted
valanmak, giysiyi çıkarmak, Throw up: bırakmak, Keep
o: uzak durmak, uzak tutmak, Root out: kökünü ka- Bu soru hem Tense (Zaman) hem de Acve (Etken) –
zımak. Passive (Edilgen) konularındaki bilgiyi ölçmeye yönelik-
Cevap: B r. Öncelikle sorudaki 20. yy bizi Past Tense ve “earlier
decades (daha önceki yıllar)” ifadesi de Past Perfect
Tense götürdüğü için ve de soru kökünde her iki boş-
luktan sonra gelen “by (tarandan)” eda doğru ceva-
bın C şıkkı olduğunu göstermektedir.
Cevap: C
6. By mapping equatorial rainfall since 800 AD,

8. At the end of the First World War, the leaders of
sciensts have ---- how tropical weather may
victorious countries gathered at Versailles, and
change over the next century.
there, they -- to decide what penales Germany,
A) taken out Austria and other allies --.
B) put aside A) tried / would have to pay
C) brought down B) had tried / must have paid
D) gured out C) were trying / were paying
E) counted upon D) used to try / might have paid
E) could try / should have paid
Bilim insanları M.S 800’den beri ekvaotor yağmurları-
nın haritasını çıkararak, topik iklimin önümüzdeki yüz
yılda nasıl değişeceğini……” Bu soruda yüklem sorul- Bu soru Tense (Zaman) bilgisini ölçmeye yönelikr ve
maktadır ve “anlamak, bulmak” anlamına gelen D şıkkı soru kökündeki “the First World War (I.Dünya Sava-
doğru cevapr. Diğer şıkların anlamları: Take out: (dışa- şı) bizi Past Tense’e yöneltmektedir. Aradığımız zaman
rıya) çıkarmak, eşlik etmek, hariç bırakmak, Put aside: A şıkkındadır. D şıkkındaki “used to” da Past Tense ol-
bir kenara koymak, birikrmek, Bring down: indirmek, masına rağmen geçmişte sürekli yapılan bir şeyden söz
devirmek, Count upon: dayanmak, güvenmek. edilmemektedir.
Cevap: D Cevap: A
311
9. ---- the types of individuals it seeks to aract, an Bu soruda Preposion (Edat) bilgisi ölçülmektedir ve
organizaon ---- to consider what methods to use denize/deniz üstüne düşen buzdağlarının çöküşünden
to reach them. bahsedilmektedir. “denize veya deniz üstüne” anlamını
A) To have established / could need vermek için “on” eda kullanılması gerekirken, “anla-
B) Having established / needs mak, anlamına gelmek” olan “mean” ili “for” edayla
C) Establishing / had needed kullanılmalıdır.
D) Established / needed Cevap: D
E) Being established / will need
Bu sorudaki ilk boşluk Reducon (Kısaltma) bilgisini

12. ---- lead was widely known to be dangerous, by
ölçmekte ve boşluktan sonra nesne (the types of indi-
viduals) geldiği için “establish” ilinin akf olarak kulla- the early years of the 20th century, it could be
nıldığı şıklara yönelmeliyiz. Bu durumda D ve E şıkları found in all manners of consumer products.
elenir. Sorunun ikinci boşluğunda ise Tense (zaman) A) Since
bilgisi ölçülmek istenmektedir ve “an organizaon” B) Once
öznesi genel bir ifade olduğu için bizi Present Tense’e C) Only when
yöneltmektedir.
D) Even though
Cevap: B
E) Given that
10. China’s rapid growth ---- trade is seen as a plus for Bu soru Conjuncon (Bağlaç) sorusudur ve iki cümleyi
the Southeast Asian naons because it helps to anlamca en uygun şekilde birbirine bağlayan bağlacı
spur development ---- the region. bulmamız gerekmektedir. İlk cümlede “kurşunun çok
A) of / without tehlikeli olduğu bilindiği” ve ikinci cümlede ise “kur-
C) upon / over şunun hemen her tükeci ürününde bulunduğunu”
belirtmektedir. Bu iki cümle arasında bir zıtlık veya
B) by / about
beklenmedik bir sonuç söz konusu olduğu için “-e
D) at / under
rağmen” anlamına gelen “even though” bağlacı doğru
E) in / across cevapr. “Kurşunun tehlikeli olduğu bilinmesine rağ-
men …..”. Diğer şıklardaki bağlaçların anlamları: Since:
Bu soruda Preposion (Edat) bilgisi ölçülmektedir ve bir -den beri, -dığı için; Once: olur olmaz, -den sonra; Only
şeydeki arş/düşüş anlamına gelen “increase,growth/ when: ancak o zamanda, o vakie; Given that: olduğu-
decrease” gibi kelimeler kendinden sonra genellikle “in” nu düşünerek, farz edersek.
edanı alırlar. Diğer taraan “region-bölgenin tamamın- Cevap: D
da, bölgede” anlamında da “across” eda uygundur.
Cevap: E
11. As Antarcc glaciers collapse ---- the sea, sciensts 13. Animals trapped in a stone called ‘amber’ are
struggle to nd out what that means ---- the rise somemes so well preserved that they look ----
of sea levels. they have just died.
A) against / in A) so that
B) over / to B) in case
C) around / along C) as though
D) on / for D) even if
E) from / behind E) now that
312
YDS
Bu soruda da bağlaç bilgisi ölçülmektedir. Fakat bu so- “Modern balık çiçiliği başladığında, hiç kimse ……..
ruda çok önemli bir ip ucu bulunmaktadır. “Look, seem, çevre için …….. endüstrinin uzun vadeli sürdürülebi-
speak, behave” gibi lliler “-mış gibi, sanki” anlamına lirliği için doğru şeyler yapmıyorlardı.” Bu soruda boş-
gelen “as if veya as though” yapıları kullanılır (-mış gibi luklara “ne…. ne de” anlamına gelen “neither ….nor”
görünmek, konuşmak, davranmak). Diğer şıklardaki şıkkının aranması gerekiyor, fakat “no one” olumsuzluk
bağlaçların anlamları: So that: -mek için, ki böylece; In bildirdiği için “neither … nor” olumsuz yapısının yerine
case: olursa diye; Even if: olsa bile; Now that: madem “either …. or….”kullanılmalıdır. Bu soruda en çeldirici
ki, -dığına göre şık A şıkkıdır. Bu şıktaki “whether …. or….” Yapısı “olsa
Cevap: C da olmasa da” anlamı taşıdığı bilinmelidir.
Cevap: D
14. The European Commission has put forward that

policies to cut greenhouse gases will not work
---individuals share the vision of a low-carbon
society.
A) provided that
B) aer
C) but
D) while
E) unless
Bu soruda da bağlaç sorulmakta ve boşluktan önceki

cümlede “sera gazlarını kesmek için polikaların işe ya- 16. ---- deriving two-thirds of its power supply from
ramayacağını”, boşluktan sonra gelen cümlede “birey- fossil fuels, power producers in India cannot get
lerin düşük karbonlu bir toplum vizyonu paylaşması” enough pipeline space to distribute natural gas.
söylenmektedir. Bu iki cümleyi “-medikçe, -madıkça”
A) Despite
anlamına gelen ve koşul ifade eden “unless” bağlacı uy-
gun bir şekilde bağlayacakr. “Bireyler düşük karbonlu B) Besides
bir toplum vizyonunu paylaşmadıkça, sera gazlarını kes- C) As a result of
mek için yapılan polikalar işe yaramayacakr.” Diğer D) By means of
şıklardaki bağlaçların anlamları: Provided that: ise, an- E) Rather than
cak olursa; Aer: -den sonra; But: fakat; While: -iken.
Cevap : E
Bu sorunun ilk cümlesinde “Hindistan’ın enerji teminin
üçte ikisini fosil yakıtlarından sağladığını”, ikinci cümle-
de ise “ülkedeki enerji ürecilerinin doğal gaz dağımı
için yeteri kadar boru hana sahip olmadıkları” belir-
15. When modern coastal sh-farming began 30 lmektedir. Bu iki cümle arasında bir zıtlık veya beklen-
years ago, no one was doing things right, ---- medik bir durum söz konusu olduğu için doğru cevap A
şıkkındaki “despite (-e rağmen)” bağlacıdır. “Hindistan
for the environment -- the industry’s long-term
enerji teminin üçte ikisini fosil yakıtlardan sağlamasına
sustainability.
rağmen,…..” Diğer şıkların anlamları: Besides: -e ilave-
A) whether / or ten, yanı sıra; As a result of: -nın sonucu olarak; By me-
B) such / as ans of: aracılığıyla, vasıtasıyla; Rather than: -mektense,
C) so / that -den ziyade.
D) either / or Cevap: A
E) as / as
313
Bu soru Gerund & Innive (isim iller/ilimsiler) ko-

nusundaki bilgiyi ölçmeye yönelikr. Öncelikle bilinme-
lidir ki “end up” ili genellikle “with” edayla biter ve
bu il kendisinden sonra Gerund alır. Ayrıca boşluğa
Cies, large and small, are at the heart of a fast changing gelecek olan “nd” ili kendisinden sonra isim/nesne
global economy – they are a cause of, and a response aldığı için Acve (etken) kullanılmalıdır. Bu durumda
to world economic growth. Many urban areas are “nding” doğru cevapr.
growing (17)---- their rural hinterlands are depressed, Cevap: B
which forces impoverished rural people to move to the
cies in search of work. These newcomers oen end
19.
up not (18)---- the opportunies they are looking for,
so they become part of the urban poor. (19)---- arrival A) About B) To
to the city, they oen encounter lack of housing and D) Upon C) For
infrastructure services. To (20)---- the lack of available E) By
homes, newcomers oen set up shelters on the city
outskirts, usually on public-owned land. They oen Bu soruda uygun eda bulmamız istenmektedir ve “ar-
live without electricity, running water, a sewerage rive (varmak) eylemini yapan diğer cümledeki “they”
system, roads and other urban services. (21)---- dealing öznesidir. Yani bu cümleyi “they arrive” şeklinde dü-
with poor sanitaon and polluon from dirty cooking şünmeliyiz. Diğer taraan “upon” eda “when (-dığın-
fuels and primive stoves, they are exposed to modern da)” anlamında kullanılır. Dolaysıyla cevap “upon”’dur.
environmental hazards, such as urban air polluon, Cevap: D
exhaust fumes and industrial polluon.
20.
17. A) cut down on B) go in for

A) unless C) so that C) turn back on D) fall behind with
B) in case D) whenever E) make up for
E) because
“Mevcut ev eksikliğini ……… (-mek için), yeni gelenler
barınaklar kurarlar.” Boşluğa “tela etmek” anlamına
Boşluktan önceki cümlede “birçok kentsel alanın büyü- gelen “make up for” ili gelmelidir. Diğer şıkların an-
düğünü veya gelişğini”, boşluktan sonraki cümlede ise lamları. Cut down on: azaltmak; Go in for: ilgilenmek,
“bu yerlerin kırsal alanlarının basrıldığı” belirlmek- kalmak; Turn back on: dönmek, sırt çevirmek; Fall be-
tedir. Bu iki cümle ancak sebep-sonuç belirten “beca- hind with: gerisinde kalmak
use (-dığı için)” bağlacı ile birleşrilebilir. Diğer şıkların
Cevap: E
anlamları: Unless: -medikçe, -madıkça; In case: olursa
diye; So that: -mek için, olsun diye, -ki böylece; Whe-
never: her ne zaman. 21.
Cevap: E A) Despite B) Owing to

C) For the sake of D) In addion to
E) Unlike
Bu soruda insanların yaşadıkları sıralanıyor ve öncelikle

baş etmek zorunda olduğu sağlık (sanitaon) ve kirlilik
problemi, daha sonra da modern çevrenin tehlikeleri-
18. ne maruz kaldıkları belirliyor. Boşluğa “yanı sıra, ile
A) to nd B) nding birlikte” anlamlarına gelen In addion to veya Besides
C) to have found D) being found gerilmelidir.
E) to be found Cevap: D
314
YDS
Parça Present Tense ile başlamış ve ikinci cümlede aynı

zamanda devam etmektedir. Bu soruda da genel bir
ifade yer aldığı için Present Modal kullanılmalıdır. “ül-
keler anlaşmayı imzalamak zorunda/imzalamalı”.
No single country owns Antarcca. (22)----, countries Cevap: C
wishing to have a say in how the Antarcc (both
the connent itself and the surrounding Southern
Ocean) is governed (23)----, and agree to abide by,
the Antarcc Treaty. However, prior to the signing of 24.
the Antarcc Treaty in 1959, several countries had A) jeopardize B) withdraw
made claims to parts of Antarcca, some of which C) underesmate D) recognize
overlapped. The Treaty does not (24)---- these claims;
E) deteriorate
Arcle IV of the Treaty states in part, “No acts or
acvies taking place while the present Treaty is in “Anlaşma şu iddaları ………mez.” Burada “recognize”
force shall constute a basis for asserng, supporng ili “tanımak, hak tanımak, kabul etmek” anlamında
or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in kullanılır. Diğer şıkların anlamları: Jeopardize: tehlike-
Antarcca.” (25)---- avoiding the claims issue in this ye atmak; Withdraw: (geri) çekmek, almak; Underes-
way, it was possible to produce a treaty that many mate: hafe almak, küçümsemek; Detoriate: kötüye
pares could sign. Unfortunately, this means that (26)- gitmek, fenalaşmak.
--- many countries follow the spirit of cooperaon of Cevap: D
the Treaty, there are sll disputes over territory that
remain unresolved and come up from me to me.
22.
A) Instead C) At least 25.

B) For example D) In short A) By B) From
E) Similarly C) About D) Along
E) Without
Paragraf “Antarkka’nın tek bir ülkeye ait olmadığı” bilgi-
siyle başlamaktadır. İkinci cümlede “Antarkka’nın nasıl Boşluktan sonra Ving gelmektedir ve “yaparak, ederek”
yöneleceğinde söz sahibi olmak isteyen ülkeler Antark- anlamına gelen “by” eda kullanılmalıdır. “İddialardan
ka Anlaşmasına uymak zorunda olduğu” belirlmekte- bu şekilde kaçınarak…..”
dir. Bu iki cümleyi “bunun yerine, onun yerine” anlamı- Cevap: A
na gelen “instead” bağlacı kullanılmalıdır. Diğer şıkların
anlamları: For example: örneğin; At least: en azından; In
short: kısaca, özetle; Similarly: benzer şekilde.
Cevap: A 26.
A) as B) while
C) if D) unl
E) befor
Boşluktan sonraki cümlede “birçok ülkenin Anlaşmayı

23. takip ekleri”, diğer cümlede “hala çözülmemiş tar-
A) were to sign B) had to sign şmaların” olduğu belirlmektedir. Görüldüğü gibi bir
C) must sign D) may sign zıtlık söz konusudur ve bilhassa “sll” zar zıtlık ifade
E) used to sign eden “while (-iken, -e rağmen)” bağlacı kullanılmalıdır.
Cevap: B
315
“Wile” bağlacı “-iken veya –e rağmen” anlamındadır.

“Kas hareketleri için farklı minerallere ihyaç duyulur-
ken/duyulmasına rağmen….”.Bu zıtlığı ve de mineral-
lerden söz eden E şıkkıdır. “Kas hareketleri için farklı
minerallere ihyaç duyulmasına rağmen, devamlı kal-
27. In order to make the rst vessels to cross stretches siyum alınması sağlık bir iskelete yardımcı olur.”
of water, ----. Cevap: E
A) ancient civilizaons depended heavily on
these for their survival and expansion
B) the Greeks brought the art of rowing to a level
of perfecon that has never been surpassed 29. Despite the polical upheavals in the Arab world,
C) early aempts were oen unique to the ----.
sociees that originated them A) the Middle East is gaining ground to become
D) people had already developed them for such one of the world’s popular tourist desnaons
purposes as shing and transporng goods B) business boom, in places like Dubai and Abu
E) early humans employed materials ranging Dhabi, has had lile impact on the economies
from animal skins to small pieces of mber C) the airlines are rapidly expanding their routes
in Europe and Asia
Soru kökündeki “Suyun karşısına geçmek için ilk deniz D) emphasis on new policies is required to
aracını yapmak amacıyla” ifadesinin devamında deniz overcome recession in these countries
aracını yapabilecek bir özne bulunması gerekmektedir.
E) stability, strong economic growth and value for
Bu durumda C şıkkı hariç diğer sıkların özneleri uygun-
money are the key factors of economic mobility
dur. “In order to” maksat veya gaye belirği için soru
kökündeki amacı gerçekleşrmek için “ilk insanların
hayvan derilerinden kereste parçalarına kadar farklı ma- “Arap dünyasındaki polik çalkanlara rağmen” ifade-
teryalleri kullandığını” ifade eden E şıkkı doğru cevapr. sindeki olumsuz bir durumun devamında olumlu bir
Cevap: E durum takip etmelidir. A şıkkındaki “Orta Doğu dünya-
nın en çok turist çeken yeri olmaktadır” ifadesi doğru
cevapr.
Cevap: A
28. While several other minerals are needed for 30. Whereas there are undoubted social benets to
muscle funcon, ----. increasing home ownership, ----.
A) knowledge of your body and its funcons can A) the mortgage companies that nance home
be a great ally in health maers buyers can go bankrupt
B) most of the calories in the food we eat are B) there are some economic problems associated
used by our muscles with it
C) the contours of the body alter as the muscles C) more and more people prefer to buy homes
strengthen than rent
D) exercise is a vital ingredient for keeping the D) the exisng laws make it nancially more
human body in good health aracve to purchase
E) connuous intake of calcium helps to maintain
E) incenves to rent houses sll remain at
a healthy skeleton
historically low levels
316
YDS
“Artan ev mülkiyende faydalar olurken/olmasına rağ- “………., Hint kültürü daha çok sözlüdür” ifadesin-
men,……” Soru kökünde bir önceki soruda “while” ile de “kültürün sözlü” ifadesini boşlukta yine “kültürün
aynı anlamı taşıyan “whereas” zıtlık bağlacı kullanıl- farklı şekilde ifadesiyle” doldurmamız gerekmektedir.
mışr. Olumlu bir durumun devamında olumsuz bir du- E şıkkındaki “bazı Kuzey Amerika kabileleri belli me-
rumdan bahsedilmesi gerekği için B şıkkındaki “bunla nleri korumak için hiyeroglif bir tür gelişrmelerine
(ev mülkiye) ilgili ekonomik problemler bulunmakta- rağmen” ifadesi doğru cevapr.
dır” ifadesi doğru cevapr. “It” zamiri “home owners- Cevap: E
hip” kelimesinin yerini almaktadır.
Cevap: B
33. --, you can work on exnguishing any undesirable
31. No maer how good the food we eat is, if it is behaviours.
not well digested, absorbed into the blood and A) Unless you proceed to the interviewer’s oce
assimilated into the cells, ----. for your interview
A) we can, in me, develop symptoms and B) Although previous work experience is sought
nutrional deciency by almost all employers nowadays
B) food must be well chewed and mixed with C) Once you are able to see yourself interacng
saliva with others
C) an alkaline environment is needed for the D) Whereas there is much to be learned about
next stage of digeson human nature in general
D) it reaches the stomach where it is mixed with E) Just as any communicave event requires at
pepsin least one person to be around
E) the breakdown of the protein in food begins
here “…….., istenmeyen davranışların birilmesi için çalı-
şabilirsiniz.” Öncelikle soru kökündeki “you” öznesine
“Yediğimiz yiyecekler ne kadar iyi olursa olsun, bu yi- bulunduğu bir şık veya şıklara bakılmalıdır. A ve D şıkkı
yecekler iyi sindirilmezse, kanda abzorbe edilmezse ve “you” öznesiyle başladığı için bu iki şıkkın hangisinin
hücrelerde özümsenmezse, …….” bu olumsuzluk belir- anlamca soru kökündeki cümleye uygun olduğuna ba-
ten ifadeyi olumsuz bir durum yada sonuç takip etme- kılmalıdır. C şıkkında “diğerleriyle etkileşime geçğinizi
lidir. “zamanla beslenme eksikliği ve semptomlarına gördükten sonra” ifadesi doğru cevapr.
yakalanabiliriz.” Cevap: C
Cevap: A
32. ---, Indian culture was primarily oral, with a high 34. It might not be praccal to use a dierent
value placed on recounng tales and dreams. password for every single website that you log
A) No maer how extraordinarily diverse Indian into --.
customs and culture have been A) so online shopping involves more than just a
B) As nave American Indians evolved into seller and a buyer
complex hierarchical sociees that pracced
B) although it is more suggesble for someone to
human sacrice
rely on a computer engineer
C) Even though the rst Indians began
construcng earthen burial sites and C) since nicknames on the Internet are not
forcaons around 600 BC enough to protect you from harm
D) If all European emigrants had le their D) while the term ‘surng’ has become more
homelands to escape polical oppression widespread as more people use computers
E) Although some North American tribes E) but it is denitely worth having more than one
developed a type of hieroglyphics to preserve for security reasons
certain texts
317
“Giriş yapğınız her bir web sayfası için farklı bir şifre “Sadece mobil operatörleri değil aynı zamanda kanun
kullanmak prak olmayabilir” ifadesini “fakat birden uygulayıcılar kullanıcının bilgisi olmadan kişisel bilgile-
fazla güvenlik önleminin alınması kesinlikle önemlidir” ri kullandıkları için eleşrilere hedef olmuşlardır.” Bu
ifadesi tamamlamaktadır. ifade bir sonuç ifadesidir, bu yüzden bu sonuca neden
Cevap: E olacak bir sebep cümlesi ya da bu sonuç için beklen-
medik bir durum ifadesi bulmamız gerekmektedir. D
şıkkındaki “akıllı telefonların takibi kabiliye daha ge-
lişmiş hale geldiği için” ifadesi doğru cevapr.
35. The nests birds leave behind provide clues about
Cevap: D
their lives and environment ----.
A) as the architectural complexity of these nests
hardly untangles their genealogy 37.-42. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye anlamca
B) just as archaeological sites supply glimpses of en yakın Türkçe cümleyi, Türkçe cümleye anlamca
human history en yakın İngilizce cümleyi bulunuz
C) but nest-collecng was a popular boyhood
hobby in the 19th century
D) despite the fact that they remain a largely 37. Most of the fears that we had when we were
untapped scienc resource children are actually quite profound, but as we
grow older and become more self-sucient, the
E) before they lay eggs in order to sustain the
reality of fears diminishes.
connuaon of their species
A) Çocukken yaşadığımız korkuların çoğu, aslında
oldukça derindir ancak büyüyüp kendimize
“Kuşların arkalarında bırakkları yuvalar onların ya-
şamları ve çevreleri için ip uçları sağlar” cümlesini B daha fazla yeter hâle geldikçe korkuların
şıkkındaki “just as (pkı, gibi)” anlamındaki benzetme gerçekliği azalır.
devam erebilir. “Tıpkı arkeolojik alanlar insanlık tarihi B) Çocukken aslında çok derin birçok korku
ile ilgili ip uçları sağladığı gibi” yaşarız fakat büyüyüp daha çok kendimize
Cevap: B yekçe bu korkular gerçekliğini yirir.
C) Çocukken yaşadığımız korkuların çoğu, aslında
oldukça derin boyuadır ancak büyüyüp
kendimize daha fazla yeten bireyler hâline
geldiğimizde bu korkular zamanla ortadan kalkar.
36. ---, not only cell operators but also law D) Çocukken yaşanılan korkuların çoğu, aslında
enforcement have come under re for exploing oldukça derindir fakat kendimize yetecek
personal data without the user’s knowledge. kadar büyüdüğümüzde bu korkular gerçekliğini
kaybeder.
A) Aer the companies have agreed widely on
privacy policies E) Çocukken yaşadığımız korkuların çoğu, aslında
oldukça derin olsa da büyüyüp kendimize daha
B) Although law enforcement units permit users
fazla yekçe bu korkular gerçek olmaktan
to reach all sites
uzaklaşır.
C) Since market demand is driving some of the
biggest collectors of data into piracy
Çeviri sorularında cümlenin yüklemini bulmak çok
D) As smart phones’ tracking abilies have
önemlidir. Bu soruda iki cümle bulunmaktadır, dolayı-
become more sophiscated sıyla ikinci cümlenin yüklemi “diminish – azalmak” an-
E) Now that banking transacons via mobile lamına geldiğinden A şıkkı doğru cevapr.
devices are almost completely secure Cevap: A
318
YDS
38. For the last 20 years, there has been an ongoing 39. Patriarchy originally meant superiority of the
argument as to whether jazz is no longer an father and used to be employed by sociologists
exclusively American let alone an Afro-American to describe family structures where the father
music. rather than the mother was dominant.
A) Son yirmi yıldır, Afro-Amerikan müziği A) Ataerkillik, esasen babanın ayrıcalığını ifade
olmaktan çıkğı varsayılan cazın sadece etmekteydi ve toplum bilimciler tarandan
Amerikan müziği olup olmadığını sorgulayan anneden ziyade babanın baskın olduğu aile
bir tarşma bulunmaktadır. yapılarını tanımlarken kullanılırdı.
B) Son yirmi yılın süregelen tarşması, Afro- B) Ataerkillik, özünde babanın hâkimiye
Amerikan müziği olmasından ziyade, cazın ark anlamını taşımaktaydı ve toplum bilimciler
tamamıyla Amerikan müziği olup olmadığıdır. tarandan anneden ziyade babanın baskın
C) Son yirmi yıldır, cazın Afro-Amerikan müziği olduğu aile yapılarını ele alırken kullanılırdı.
olmasını göz ardı eden ve tamamen Amerikan C) Ataerkillik, ilk olarak babanın üstünlüğü
müziği olduğunu savunan bir tarşma anlamına sahip ve toplum bilimciler tarandan
süregelmektedir. anneden ziyade babanın ön planda olduğu aile
D) Son yirmi yıldır, Afro-Amerikan müziği olmasını yapılarını tasvir etmek için kullanılırdı.
bırakın, cazın daha ne kadar Amerikan müziği D) Ataerkillik, başlangıçta babanın üstünlüğü
olarak anılabileceği tarşılmaktadır. anlamına gelmekteydi ve toplum bilimciler
E) Son yirmi yıldır, Afro-Amerikan müziği tarandan anneden ziyade babanın baskın
olmasını bir kenara bırakın, cazın ark yalnızca olduğu aile yapılarını tanımlamak için kullanılırdı.
Amerikan müziği olup olmadığı konusunda E) Ataerkillik, aslen babanın üstünlüğü anlamına
süregelen bir tarşma mevcuur. gelmekteydi ve toplum bilimciler tarandan
anneden ziyade babanın sözünün geçği aile
Bu cümlenin yüklemi “has been”dir yani “be ili bu so- yapılarını vurgulamak için kullanılırdı.
ruda bulunmaktadır veya mevcuur diye çevrilebilir;
ayrıca “süregelen” anlamına gelen “ongoing” sıfa da Bu sorunun ikinci yüklemi ve Türkçe cümlemizin en so-
bu yüklemle kullanılması gerekğinden doğru cevap E nunda olacak “used to be employed” tüm şıklarda aynı
şıkkıdır. çevrilmişr. Bu durumda cümlenin içinde yer alan “to
Cevap: E decribe: tanımlamak için” ve “dominant: baskın” ifade-
leri içeren şık D şıkkıdır.
Cevap: D
319
40. Oyunlara ve özellikle çocuk oyunlarına ilişkin 41. Anadolu’daki arkeolojik kalınlar, zeyn ağacının
inançlarımız, teknoloji ve küreselleşme ile köklü çok eskilere dayandığını ve aynı zamanda
değişimler geçirmişr. zeynyağının faydalarını insanların bildiğini
A) We seem to have radically changed our beliefs gösteren deliller sunmaktadır.
about plays, and children’s plays in parcular, A) Archaeological remains in Anatolia have
because of advances in technology and revealed the fact that the olive tree grew in
globalizaon. the very distant past and humans knew the
B) We believe that plays, and children’s plays in benets of olive oil as well.
parcular, have encountered radical changes B) In Anatolia, archaeological remains show that
due to technology and globalizaon. the olive tree was in existence in the very
C) Our beliefs about plays, and children’s plays distant past and humans were also aware of
in parcular, have undergone radical changes the benets of olive oil.
with technology and globalizaon. C) Archaeological remains in Anatolia provide
D) Owing to the radical changes in plays, and proof that the olive tree dates back to the
children’s plays in parcular, we have very distant past, as does human knowledge
shied our atude towards technology and of olive oil’s benets.
globalizaon. D) The olive tree and human knowledge of olive
E) As to technology and globalizaon, our beliefs oil’s benets date back to the very distant past
about plays, and children’s plays in parcular, as archaeological remains in Anatolia show us.
have changed radically. E) Remains in archaeological sites in Anatolia
proves that olive tree depends on the very
Türkçeden İngilizceye çeviri yaparken de Türkçe cüm- distant past and humans beneted from olive
ledeki yüklem belirlenip İngilizce cümlede özneden oil in many ways.
sonra gelmesine dikkat edilmelidir. Türkçe cümlemizin
öznesi “oyunlara ve özellikle çocuk oyunlarına ilişkin 41. Cümlemizin öznesi olan “Anadolu’daki arkeolojik
inançlarımı” A, B ve D şıklarında yoktur (Bu şıkların kalınlar” A ve C şıklarında bulunmaktadır. Cümlenin
özneleri “we”dir). E şıkkındaki “-ya gelince, hakkında” yüklemi olan “sunmaktadır” C şıkkında “provide” iliy-
anlamına gelen “as to” yapısı Türkçe cümlede olmadığı le verilmişr. A şıkkındaki “reveal” ili “göstermekte-
için cevap C şıkkıdır. dir” anlamındadır.
Cevap: C Cevap: C
320
YDS
42. Kendine ait önemli rezervleri bulunmayan

dünyanın en büyük enerji tükecisi Avrupa
Birliği, ihyaç duyduğu enerjinin % 50’sini ithal cevaplayınız.
etmektedir ve ithal enerjiye olan bağımlılığının
2030 yılına kadar % 70’e çıkacağı tahmin History is one of the few school subjects commonly
edilmektedir. mandated in educaon systems throughout the world.
A) The world’s largest energy consumer without Furthermore, the use of history textbooks to support
its own signicant reserves, the European student learning is an almost universally accepted
Union imports 50% of the energy it needs, pracce. However, the widespread internaonal
and it is predicted that its dependence on presence of the humble history textbook should
imported energy will rise to 70% by 2030. not disguise its ideological and cultural potency.
B) As the world’s largest energy consumer, Indeed, essenal to understanding the power and
the European Union has no important importance of history textbooks is to appreciate
energy reserves, and it is envisioned that its that in any given culture they typically exist as the
dependence on imported energy will increase
keepers of ideas, values and knowledge. No maer
to 70% by 2030, on the assumpon that it
how neutral history textbooks may appear, they are
buys 50% of its energy from other countries.
ideologically important, because they oen seek to
C) As the world’s largest energy consumer with its
inject the youth with a shared set of values, naonal
limited energy reserves, the European Union
imports around 50% of the energy it needs, ethos and an incontroverble sense of polical
and it will probably be more dependent on orthodoxy. Textbooks stand as cultural artefacts that
energy import with a 70% increase by 2030. embody a range of issues associated with ideology,
D) Besides being the world’s largest energy polics and values which in themselves funcon
consumer today which lacks its own reserves, at a variety of dierent levels of power, status
the European Union imports 50% of the and inuence. Embedded in history textbooks are
energy it requires, and it is foreseen that its narraves and stories that naon states choose to
energy import will go up to 70% by 2030. tell about themselves and their relaons with other
E) The European Union is the world’s largest naons. Typically, they represent a core of cultural
energy consumer without its own signicant knowledge which future generaons are expected
energy reserves, and it is esmated that its both to assimilate and support.
reliance on imported energy will rise to 70%
by 2030, while it is 50% now.
43. According to the passage, history textbooks ----.
A) are now being rewrien with a more
42. Bu soruda “and” bağlacıyla bağlanan iki cümle bu-
internaonal and universal outlook to recfy
lunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla ikinci cümlenin öznesi ve yük-
past misunderstandings between naons
lemi doru cevabı bulmak için önemlidir. İkinci cümlenin
yüklemi “tahmin edilmektedir” İngilizceye “it is predic- B) are not appropriate for teaching history
ted” şeklinde çevrilir. because they are always ideologically biased
C) should be wrien in a neutral and unbiased
Cevap: A
way so that future generaons can have a
healthy understanding of history
D) not only have educaonal, but also ideological
funcons, serving to transmit a naon state’s
values
E) consist of baseless stories and narraves
rather than historical facts that are more
important for a naon state’s survival
321
Bu parça eğimdeki tarih dersi kitaplarının belli ideolo- 45. According to the passage, regardless of how
jik ve kültürel görüşleri yansığını, her ne kadar taraf- imparally they are wrien, history textbooks --.
sız gibi görünseler de belli siyasi anlayış çerçevesinde A) need to teach both the past and the future
gelecek nesiller tarandan özümsenmesinin gerekli B) serve a purpose other than intended
görüldüğü kültürel ögeleri içerdiğini anlatmaktadır. C) are the best opons for cultural transmission
Bu soruda tarih kitapları ile ilgili parçada verilen cüm-
D) aect ideologically the youth more than adults
lenin İngilizce başka bir şekilde ifade ediliş şekli sorul-
E) can never be completely objecve and neutral
maktadır (yani bir Restatement sorusudur). D şıkkın-
daki “ (tarih kitapları) bir millen değerlerini aktararak
sadece eğimsel değil aynı zamanda ideolojik işlevleri Soru kökündeki “regardles of” parçada geçen “no mat-
oluğu” bilgisi doğru cevapr. ter” ifadesiyle eş anlamlıdır; dolayısıyla “no maer”
yapısıyla parçada yer alan cümle sorumuzun cevabını
Cevap: D
bulduracakr. Görüldüğü gibi 44. Sor ve bu sorunun ce-
vabı aynı cümle içinde yer almaktadır. E şıkkında “(tarih
kitapları ne kadar tarafsız yazılıyor gibi görünse de) asla
objekf ve tarafsız olamaz” bilgisi doğru cevapr.
Cevap: E
44. It is stated in the passage that ----.

A) some countries have been more successful in
producing more neutral and less ideological
history textbooks than others
B) in many naons, debates over the content
and format of history textbooks connue to
generate considerable polical conict
C) naons aempt to provide future generaons 46. It can be inferred from the passage that the
with parcular values that will ensure the author ----.
connuaon of exisng structures
A) is in favour of using history textbooks to
D) history textbooks have become more inform people about internaonal relaons
policized aer the emergence of naon
B) sets out to emphasize the use of history
states to preserve naonal identy
textbooks to insl naonal values in the young
E) many educaonal systems throughout the generaon
world include history in their curriculum to
C) is of the opinion that textbooks on history are
enhance polical literacy
easy to write
D) believes in the necessity of locally produced
Soru kökünde bir ip ucu bulunmamaktadır ancak “it
history textbooks to bring about world peace
is stated in the passage” soru kökü yine Restatement
E) is trying to persuade the reader of the
sorusu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu durumda her
importance of understanding history
şıkta verilen bilginin parçada yer alıp almadığı dikkat-
lice incelenmelidir. Bu durumda C şıkkındaki “uluslar,
var olan yapıların devamını sağlayacak belli değerlerin Soru kökündeki “infer” kelimesi “sonuç çıkarmak”
gelecek kuşaklara aktarılması girişimindedir” bilgisi anlamındadır. Dolayısıyla parçada direk olarak ifade
parçada “no maer how neutral history textbooks may edilmeyen ama ima edilen bir bilgiyi bulmamız isten-
appaer, they are ideologically important, because they mektedir. Bu soruda parçanın yazarı hakkında bir bilgi
ohen seek to inject the youth with a shared values, istenmektedir. B şıkkındaki “(yazar) tarih kitaplarının
naonal ethos and an inconverble sense of polical milli değerlerin genç nesillere aşılanmasında kullanıldı-
orthodoxy” ifadesi eş anlamlıdır. ğını vurgulamaktadır” bilgisi doğru cevapr.
Cevap: B
Cevap: C
322
YDS
Parça, çiçilerin hayvanlarında iki nedenden dolayı

anbiyok kullandığı bilgisiyle başlamaktadır. Doğru
cevaplayınız.
oranda kullanılsa bile anbiyoğin bakterilerin hepsini
yok etmediğinden ve ilaca direnç gösteren bakterile-
Farmers in many countries ulize anbiocs in two rin yayılmasına neden olduğundan ve nihayende bu
key ways: at full strength to treat animals that are sick bakterilerin insanlara ulaşğından bahsetmektedir.
and in low doses to faen meat-producing livestock Parçanın son bölümünde ise bakterilerin yayılmasını
or to prevent veterinary illnesses. Although even the durdurmak için Danimarka’da uygulanan sıkı kurallar-
proper use of anbiocs can inadvertently lead to the dan bahsetmektedir.
spread of drug resistant bacteria, the habit of using “Parçadan anlaşılıyor ki (it is understood from the pas-
a low dose is a formula for disaster: the treatment sage that) ……..” A şıkkında “çiçilerin anbiyok kul-
lanımını hastalıkların yayılmasına bir önlem olarak kul-
provides just enough anbioc to kill some but not all
landığı” bilgisi parçanın ilk cümlesinde yer alan “…… or
bacteria. The germs that survive are typically those
to prevent veterinary ilnesses” ifadesi eşleşmektedir.
that happen to bear genec mutaons for resisng
Cevap: A
the anbioc. They then reproduce and exchange
genes with other microbial resisters. As bacteria
are found literally everywhere, resistant strains
produced in animals eventually nd their way into
people as well. You could not design a beer system 48. It is implied in the passage that ----.
for guaranteeing the spread of anbioc resistance. A) widespread use of anbiocs is intended to
To cease the spread, Denmark enforced ghter rules eliminate the chances of a possible pandemic
on the use of anbiocs in the raising of poultry and B) using a low dose anbioc compared to a
other farm animals. The lesson is that improving heavy dose is highly recommended for farmers
animal husbandry - making sure that pens, stalls and C) human beings should test the ecacy of using
cages are properly cleaned and giving animals more anbiocs on other animals before using
room or me to mature - osets the inial negave them on poultry
impact of liming anbioc use. D) increased anbioc resistance in human
beings is due to the consumpon of animal
products with anbioc content
E) anbioc resistance in poultry animals has led
sciensts to nd alternave soluons to ght
o these bacteria
“Parçada ………. İma edilmektedir (it isi implied in the

47. It is understood from the passage that ----. passage”. Bu soruda parçada direk olarak ifade edil-
A) farmers mainly prefer using anbiocs as a meyen ama parçanın tamamından ya da parçada ge-
prevenve measure for diseases çen belli bir bilgiden çıkarılacak sonuç sorulmaktadır.
B) anbiocs are merely useful in treang the Parçada anbiyoğe dirençli bakterilerin hayvanlardan
contagious diseases of farm animals insanlara ulaşğı bilgisi “As bacteria are found literally
C) connuous and heavy doses of anbiocs are everywhere, resistant strains produced in animal even-
crucial for poultry tually nd their way into people as well” cümlesinde
D) anbiocs are so far the only eecve method geçmektedir. Bu cümleden D şıkkındaki, hayvanların
to faen up meat-producing animals tükemiyle dirençli bakterilerin insanlara geçği sonu-
cuna ulaşabiliriz.
E) poultry prices are aected by the spread of
contagious diseases Cevap: D
323
49. According to the passage, ----.

A) the spread of bacterial infecons in poultry
cevaplayınız.
may not be avoided by improving physical
condions
B) the weight of the poultry mainly depends “The Marshall Plan was not a simple program for
upon the environment they are brought up in transferring massive sums of money to struggling
C) strict regulaons in Denmark are employed to countries, but an explicit - and eventually successful
minimize the eects of anbioc use on both -aempt to reindustrialize Europe.” say Erik Reinert
poultry and people and Ha-Joon Chang. It follows that if Africa really
D) the maturaon period of poultry in Denmark wants economic prosperity, it should study and draw
is determined by the size of the animal valuable lessons from the Marshall Plan’s dark twin: the
E) the producvity of poultry can best be Morgenthau Plan implemented in Germany in 1945.
analyzed through the amount of the anbioc Reinert tells the story best: When it was clear that the
used on the animal Allies would win the Second World War, the queson
of what to do with Germany, which in three decades
“Parçaya göre (according to passage) …..” C şık- had precipitated two World Wars, reared its head.
kındaki “anbiyok kullanımı minimize etmek için Henry Morgenthau Jr, the US secretary of the treasury,
Danimarka’da ka kuralların uygulandığı” ifadesi, par- formulated a plan to keep Germany from ever again
çada geçen “To cease the spread, Denmark enforced threatening world peace. Germany, he argued, had to be
ghter rules….” Cümlesi eş anlamlıdır.
enrely deindustrialized and turned into an agricultural
Cevap: C naon. All industrial equipment was to be destroyed, and
the mines were to be ooded. This program was approved
by the Allies and was immediately implemented when
Germany capitulated in 1945. However, it soon became
clear that the Morgenthau Plan was causing serious
economic problems in Germany: deindustrializaon
caused agricultural producvity to plummet. This was
indeed an interesng experiment. The mechanisms of
50. It is stated in the passage that anbiocs ----.
synergy between industry and agriculture worked in
A) are crucial as they change the genec
reverse: killing the industry reduced the producvity of
mutaons of poultry
the agricultural sector.
B) form the basis for microbial resistance of
genes in animals
C) are eecve in restricng resistant strains of
bacteria in poultry 51. It is clearly stated in the passage that the Marshall
D) are employed to prevent a possible disease Plan --.
spread from farm animals to human beings A) was redesigned as the Morgenthau Plan to be
E) may produce drug resistant bacteria, applied in Germany
irrespecve of how carefully they are used B) was very comprehensive in its scope to
develop Europe
“Parçada ifade edilmektedir ki anbiyokler …..” E şık- C) was a program of investment from which the
kındaki “(anbiyokler) ne kadar dikkatli kullanılırsa Allies expected to benet directly
kullanılsın ilaca dirençli bakterilerin gelişmesine neden D) was ill-formed for its objecves according to
olabilir” ifadesi, parçada “Although even the proper Erik Reinert and Ha-Joon Chang
use of anbiocs, …..” cümlesiyle eş anlamlıdır. E) turned out to be a failed aempt to
Cevap: E industrialize various European naons
324
YDS
Parça, Marshall Planının ikizi olarak nitelenen ve 53. It is implied in the passage that ----.
1945’de Almanya’da uygulanan Morgenthau Planının A) America’s vision for post-war Europe was in
Afrika tarandan iyi çalışılmasını ve ekonomik refahı essence misguided
sağlamak için bu plandan dersler çıkarması gerekğini B) a country has no choice but to priorize one
ifade etmektedir. Bu planın amacı Almanya’nın yenden sector over another in order to advance
dünya barışını tehdit etmesini önlemek, Almanya’yı C) today’s Africa and post-war Germany have a
endüstriden mahrum bırakıp bir tarım ülkesine dönüş- lot in common
türmek. Bu plan Almanya’da ciddi ekonomik prob-
D) Erik Reinert and Ha-Joon Chang were right in
lemlere yol açmış ve endüstri ve tarım arasındaki si-
their predicons about the Marshall Plan
nerji mekanizmaları tersine çalışmışr. Endüstriyi yok
E) plans made by policy makers may yield
ederken tarım sektörünün üretkenliği de azalmışr.
unexpected outcomes
“Parçada açıkça ifade edilmektedir ki Marshall yar-
dımı …..” Parçanın ilk cümlesinde Marshall Planının
Avrupa’yı yeniden endüstrileşmesi için alan kapsamlı “Parçada ima edilmektedir ki ….” Parçada ima edilmek
bir adım olarak ifade etmektedir ki bu bilgi B şıkkında istenen şey yapılan planın beklenmedik bir sonuca ne-
verilmektedir. den olduğudur ve bu bilgi E şıkkında verilmişr.
Cevap: E
Cevap: B
52. According to the passage, Germany --. 54. The main concern of the author is to ----.
A) had to be stripped of its power to start wars A) supply a brief summary of imperial naons’
B) was unable to connue its industrial dominaon of others
development during World War II B) blame America’s programs for Germany’s
C) needed industrial equipment and American agricultural producvity
nance to rebuild the country C) learn from the failings and achievements of
D) found the Morgenthau Plan problemac as its some economic policies
economy declined D) describe ways of industrializing through
E) was allowed to industrialize despite its agriculture in order to stop wars
agricultural potenal E) accuse the African leaders of failing to
understand how Germany prospered
“Parçaya göre Almanya….” Parçada Almanya’nın dün-
yayı savaşlarla tehdit eği ve bu ülkenin durdurulması “Yazarın asıl ilgi duyduğu şey….” Parçanın yazarının
gerekği kri savunulmaktadır. Bu ifade A şıkkında “ amacı kimi ekonomik polikalarının başarı ve başarı-
(Almanya’nın) savaşları başlatma gücü durdurulmalı” sızlıklarından alınacak dersleri göstermekr. Bu bilgi C
şeklinde ifade edilmişr. şıkkındadır.
Cevap: A Cevap: C
325
Parça, dünyadaki ekonomik sistemlerin büyümeye

odaklı olduğu ve bu büyümenin de herkesçe tükenece-
cevaplayınız.
ğinin bilinen kaynaklara dayalı olduğu belirlmektedir.
2050 yılına gelindiğinde dünya nüfusunun 9 milyara
Imagine an industry that runs out of raw materials. çıkacağı öngörüldüğünden polikacıların küresel eko-
Companies go bankrupt, workers are laid o, families nomiyi oluştururken daha dikkatli olması gerekği ve
suer and associated organizaons are thrown into kendi olanaklarımız dahilinde ekonomik sistemler oluş-
turmoil. Eventually, governments are forced to take turulması gerekği ifade edilmektedir.
drasc acon. Welcome to global banking, recently “Yazar parçaya endüstriden bir örnekle ……..mek için
brought to its knees by the interrupon of its lifeblood başlamaktadır” Bu sorunun cevabı ilk cümlededir.
İlk cümle ham maddelerin (raw materials) ne kadar
- the ow of cash. In this case, we seem to have
önemli olduğunu ifade etmektedir ve bu ifade C şıkkın-
been fortunate. In the nick of me, governments da yer almaktadır.
released reserves in order to start cash circulang
Cevap: C
again. But what if the reserves had not been there?
What are we going to do when our supplies of vital
materials such as sh, tropical hardwoods, metals 56. According to the passage, the global banking
crisis was resolved because governments --.
like indium and fresh water dry up? We live on a
A) cooperated closely with the industry
planet with nite resources
B) sold o large supplies of cash
- that is no surprise to anyone - so why do we have
C) involved the necessary organizaons
an economic system in which all that maers is
D) bought new supplies of vital materials
growth
E) acted quickly to nd a soluon
- more growth means using more resources. When
the human populaon was counted in millions and “Parçaya göre, küresel banka krizi hükümetler ……… yap-
resources were sparse, people could simply move ğı için çözüldü” Bu sorunun cevabı parçada “In the nick
to new pastures. However, with 9 billion people of me, governments released reserves in order to start
expected around 2050, moving on is not an opon. cash circulang again (hükümetler nakit sirkülasyonunu
As policians reconstruct the global economy, yeniden başlatmak için rezervlerini tam zamanında ser-
they should take heed. If we are to leave any kind best bıraklar)” şeklinde ifade edilmişr. “Tam zamanın-
of planet to our children, we need an economic da” ifadesiyle hükümetlerin hızlı hareket ekleri ifade
system that lets us live within our means. edilmektedir ve bu bilgi E şıkkında yer almaktadır.
Cevap: E
57. The main point made in the passage is that --.

A) industries need to look carefully at the raw
55. The author starts the passage with an example materials used
from industry in order to ----. B) the economic system currently in place must
A) explain why raw materials are used in industry be rethought
B) present the condions of the workers who are C) populaon explosion is one of the greatest
currently employed threats to mankind as it requires more
C) indicate the possible consequences of global planning
industrializaon D) all governments should have a responsibility
D) emphasize the importance of raw materials to help out in mes of crisis
E) describe the impact of the banking system on E) the global banking system can throw the
industry world into turmoil
326
YDS
Bu soru parçanın ana krini sormaktadır. Parçanın

üzerinde durduğu şey kürsel ekonomilerin oluşturul-
cevaplayınız.
masında hükümetlerin dikkatli olmaları gerekğidir ve
bu bilgi parçada “As policians recounstruct the global
economy, they should take heed” cümlesiyle ifade edil- Many athletes credit drugs with improving their
mişr. C şıkkındaki “Şu anki ekonomik sistemin yeniden performance, but some of them may want to thank
düşünülmesi gerekği” ifadesi doğru cevapr. their brain instead. Mounng evidence suggests that
Cevap: B the boost from human growth hormone (HGH), an
increasingly popular doping drug, might be caused by
the placebo eect. In a new double-blind trial funded
by the World An-Doping Agency, in which neither
researchers nor parcipants knew who was receiving
HGH and who was taking a placebo, the researchers
asked parcipants to guess whether or not they were
on the real drug. Then they examined the results
of the group who guessed that they were geng
HGH when, in fact, they had received a placebo.
That group improved at four tness tests measuring
strength, endurance, power and sprint capacity. The
study parcipants who guessed correctly that they
were taking a placebo did not improve, according
to preliminary results presented at the Society for
Endocrinology meeng in June 2011. “The nding
really shows the power of the mind” said Ken Ho,
an endocrinologist at the Garvan Instute in Sydney,
Australia, who led the study. She maintains that
many athletes are reaping the benets of the placebo
eect, without knowing whether what they are
taking is benecial or not.
58. It is pointed out in the passage that in the past
----.
A) an economic system of growth was easy to

establish
59. It is clearly stated in the passage that the support
B) resources were more valuable than they are
given by certain drugs ----.
today
A) is largely accepted for its posive contribuon
C) it was easy for people to nd new resources
to performance
D) industry was far less dependent on raw
B) has been proven by many studies around the
materials
world
E) it was rare for businesses to actually fail
C) has led authories to take the necessary
measures against these drugs
Parçada işaret edilmektedir ki geçmişte…..” Parçada
D) has been openly disputed by most of the
“But what if the reserves had not been there?” cümlesi
athletes
geçmişte kaynak bulunabildiğine işaret etmektedir. Bu
E) results in the improved performances of all
bilgi C şıkkında yer almaktadır.
the athletes who take them
Cevap: C
327
Parça, atletlerin performans gelişrme için kullandık- 61. It is understood from the passage that the
larını ancak plasebo etkisinin kesinlikle yabana alma- placebo eect --.
ması gerekğini belirtmektedir. Yapılan araşrmada A) is highly esteemed among those who are
plasebo etkisinin bir grup atlet üzerinde performans interested in athlecs
gelişimine katkı sağladığı gösterilmişr. B) can play a signicant role in improving the
Parçada açıkça ifade edilmektedir ki kimi ilaçların sağ- performances of athletes
ladığı destek …” Parcanın ilk cümlesinde “Birçok atlen C) has been monitored in the parcipang
performanslarını arrdığı için ilaç kullandıklarını” ifade groups that consist of people taking doping
etmektedir. Bu ifade benzer bir şekilde A şıkkında (per- drugs
formansa pozif katkıda bulunduğu için kabul edilmek-
D) was also tested in other branches of sports
tedir) verilmişr.
where compeon exists
Cevap: A
E) was very high in the studies where parcipants
were informed in advance
“Parçadan anlaşılmaktadır ki plasebo etkisi….” Yukar-

daki soruda yer alan cümle bu sorunun çözümünde
de yardımcı olmaktadır. Plasebo etkisinin performansı
arrmada etkili olduğunun belirldiği ifade B şıkkında
da belirlmişr.
Cevap: B
60. According to the results of the study funded by 62. It can be inferred from the passage that ----.
the World An-Doping Agency, ----. A) external intervenons may have negave
A) the study parcipants were all aware they impacts on one’s performance
were given a placebo B) every athlete should be involved in a study to
B) those who knew that they were given real increase his or her performance
drugs failed to show improvement in tness C) success lies in the power of one’s mind no
tests maer which treatment he or she is exposed
C) the athletes who did not know they were to
given a placebo did well on tness tests D) the World An-Doping Agency should be
D) the preliminary ndings showed the increased much more careful about the use of drugs in
popularity of drugs sports
E) the eects of HGH are incompable with E) much more research should be done on the
those found in other studies placebo eect among athletes
“Dünya An-Doping Ajansı tarandan madden destek- “Parçadan şu sonuç çıkarlabilir…” Parçanın ilk cüm-
lenen çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre….” Then they exa- lesinde “…but some of them (athlees) may want to
mined the results of the group who guessed that they thank their brain instead (atletlerin bazıları aslında ilaç
were geng HGH when, in fact, they had received a yerine beyinlerine minnear olabilirler)” ifadesi bey-
placebo. That group improved at four tness tests menin başarıdaki etkisini anlatmaktadır. Bu bilgi C şıkkın-
asuring strength, endurance, power and sprint capa- da “kişi hangi tedaviyi alırsa alsın, başarı kişinin beyin/
city” Parçada geçen bu cümlelerde kendilerine plasebo akıl gücünde yatmaktadır” şeklinde ifade edilmişr.
verildiğini bilmeyen atletlerin aslında testlerde başarılı Cevap: C
oldukları ifade edilmektedir. Bu ifade C şıkkında yer al-
maktadır.
Cevap: C
328
YDS
64. Timur: - Do you know the dierence between

63. - 67. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş
the use of barbecues and convenonal gas cooking?
bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz.
Levent: ------
Timur: - What can be done to reduce this?
63. Emre: - What’s so funny that you’ve been
laughing now for hours? Levent: - I think we should use gas over barbecue
as it contributes to an increase in smog levels.
Figen: - I was just remembering a friend of
mine who owns a shoe shop. He was very upset A) Burning charcoal releases carbon monoxide
because he realized that many customers were into the air much more than cooking with gas
trying to squeeze their feet into shoes that were does.
too small, and were ruining his shoes. B) Well, actually, both are good ways of cooking,
but barbecues take longer to prepare.
Emre: ------
C) Gas cooking is far more ecient than using a
Figen: -Even so, I just can’t help laughing.
barbecue, as you can adjust the heat according
A) That must have been quite an experience for
to your needs.
him. Now he won’t let anyone try on dierent
D) Unfortunately, both are harmful and cause
sizes.
damage to the environment.
B) Doesn’t the salesman have any rights?
E) Gas appears to be more dangerous as there is
He should be able to ll out some kind of
a high risk of explosion.
complaint form.
C) Being a frequent shoe-buyer myself, I don’t
Bu soruda Timur’un “barbekü ve geleneksel gazlı rınla
know where your friend’s store is.
yemek yapma arasındaki farkın ne olduğu” sorusuna
D) Perhaps he should start selling other things.
Levent’in olumsuz bir durumdan bahsetmesi gerekiyor
This way, he won’t have to deal with those
ki, daha sonra Timur “bunu azaltmak için ne yapabili-
customers anymore.
riz” sorusunu sorup Levent’in “sanırım gazı barbeküye
E) I don’t nd it amusing whatsoever. The tercih ermemiz gerekiyor çünkü…” demesi gerekiyor.
customers should have been more careful Tabi Levent’in son kullandığı ifadede tercih söz konusu
with what they were doing. olduğu için barbekü ile ilgili olumsuz bir şey söylemesi
gerekiyor. A şıkkında “Mangal kömürü yakmanın gazla
Bu diyalogda Figen, Emre’nin “niye gülüyorsun” soru-
yemek yapmaktan çok daha fazla havaya karbon mo-
sunda verdiği cevap yer almaktadır. Bu sorunun çözü-
noksit yaydığı” kri doğru cevapr.
münde “böyle olsa bile, öyle olsa bile” anlamına gelen
Cevap: A
“even so” Emre’nin durumu komik bulmadığına dair bir
ifadenin olması gerekğini göstermektedir. E şıkkında
“ne olursa olsun ben bunu komik bulmuyorum” ifade-
sinden sonra “even so” yapısı uygun düşmektedir.
Cevap: E
329
65. Teacher: - Your son has adapted quite well 66. Jale: - Here is an arcle about how people
socially. He’s had no problems making friends. react in emergencies. Researchers say that when
Also, he’s quite a leader among them. more people are around, it reduces the chances of
Parent: - I’m glad to hear that. What about his actually being helped.
class work? Adnan:
Teacher: ------ Jale: - Apparently, onlookers provide a model
Parent: - He’s never been very good at sing for acon. If they are docile and disinterested, the
sll and focusing. situaon may seem less serious.
A) His math skills are very good, but he needs to Adnan: - I think if there is only one bystander,
work harder on his language skills. your chance of being helped increases, as he will
B) He enjoys group work, probably because he think he must help immediately.
likes to socialize so much. A) Is an individual aware that others are present?
C) I think he needs a private tutor to help him B) How did they carry out that research?
with the more dicult subjects. C) Do they oer any explanaon as to why this
D) I really enjoy having him in class because he’s happens?
such a good example to others. D) Is this nding true for all cultures?
E) He has the ability but he seems to lack the E) Who were the parcipants in this research?
concentraon to do the work.
Jale insanların acil durumlarda nasıl tepki verdiğine dair
Öğretmenin bir ebeveyne çocuğunun soysal yönden ve bir makalede etraa çok daha fazla insan olduğunda
arkadaş edinme yönünden bir sıkınsı olmadığını bah- yardım edilme şansının düşük olduğundan bahsetmek-
setmesi üzerine ebeveynin bu durumdan menün oldu- tedir. Adnan’ın bu duruma vereceği tepkiden sonra Jale
ğunu ifade eder ve çocuğunun sınıf çalışmalarının nasıl etraakilerin/seyircilerin harekete geçmede bir model
olduğunu sorar. Öğretmenin verdiği cevap karşısında görevi üstlendiklerini ve şayet onlar ilgisiz olurlarsa
çocuğunun sabit bir biçimde oturup odaklanma konu- durumun daha az ciddi görüneceğini belirmişr. Gö-
sunda hiçbir zaman başarılı olmadığı cevabını vermesi rüldüğü gibi Adnan’ın sorduğu soru üzerine Jale “açık-
için öğretmenin çocuğun sınıf çalışmalarında çocukla çası” diyerek araşrmadaki durumla ilgili bir açıklama
ilgili problemli bir durumdan bahsetmesi gerekir. E şık- yapmaktadır. Bu yüzden Adnan’ın sorusu araşrmadaki
kında “kabiliye var ancak derse karşı konsantrasyon durumla ilgili daha fazla bilgi olup olmadığı yönünde
eksikliği var gibi gözüküyor” ifadesi doğru cevapr. olmalıdır. C şıkkında “Bunun sebebine yönelik herhangi
Cevap: E bir açıklama sunmuşlar mı?” sorusu doğru cevapr.
Cevap: C
330
YDS
67. Ayça: - Do you think environmental factors

68. - 71. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en
like diet and stress aect the ageing process as
much as the decline of hormonal systems? yakın cümleyi bulunuz.
Berkan:
Ayça: - So, you mean physiological and 68. Science does not produce a unied picture of the
environmental factors contribute to one’s environment on which all can agree, instead it
longevity to the same degree. provides mulple views, each of which may be
valid from a parcular ideological angle.
Berkan: - Denitely! I also think living in an
extended family and playing an important role in A) There is not one single view of the environment
that can be provided through science that
society bring in some benecial eects.
everyone will agree on, rather it gives dierent
A) I don’t believe dietary habits and lifestyle
perspecves, all of which are valid depending
have much to do with ageing. It’s all about the
on the ideological perspecve.
gradual failing of the body to be able to repair
B) The environment has been described by
itself and replace cells.
sciensts in many dierent ways rather than in
B) I heard some people live longer and have just one way, and each of these have their own
fewer health problems than others thanks to validity according to the observer’s own ideology.
their easy-going lifestyle and the amount of
C) Science represents many diverse and parcular
vegetables they consume. ideological angles, and from these a valid and
C) Perhaps, calorie restricon and an-ageing unied descripon of the environment can be
treatments can be successful intervenons produced that respects mulple views.
that may cause increases in life expectancy. D) Sciensts from dierent ideological
D) Even if ageing seems to be a serious problem for backgrounds have come together to agree
many people, some rely on plasc surgeries to upon a unied picture of the environment on
cope with it. which sciensts can all agree upon its validity.
E) Extending one’s lifespan isn’t simply a case of E) Mulple views on the environment are the
stopping the ageing process, because ageing result of science being unable to produce a
isn’t a sciencally recognized cause of death. unied descripon upon which those from
dierent ideological backgrounds can agree.
Ayça, Berkan’a diyet ve stres gibi çevresel faktörlerin
hormonal sistemlerin azalması kadar yaşlanmaya etkili Bu tür sorulara Restatment soruları denir ve soru kö-
olup olmadığını sormasının ardından Berkan’ın verece- künde verilen İngilizce cümlenin eş anlamlısı ya da
ği cevaba yönelik Ayça “böylece psikolojik ve çevresel en yakın anlamlısı bulunması istenir. Bu tür soruların
faktörlerin kişinin yaşam süresine aynı derecede katkı- çözümünde soru kökünde geçen dil bilgisi konularına
da bulunacağını düşünüyorsun” yorumunu yapmakta- (zaman, zarf cümlesi, isim cümlesi gibi) ve kelimelerin
dır. Ayça’nın bu yorumundan Berkan’ın yaşam süresinin anlamına dikkat edilmeli ve aşağıdaki şıklardan soru
uzamasına yönelik olumlu bir yorumda bulunmasını kökünde verilen cümleyle eş değer dil bilgisi kurallarına
gerekrmektedir. B şıkkında “kolay yaşam tarzı ve tü- ve kelime bilgisine sahip olması gerekmektedir.
Science does not produce a unied Picture (1) of the
kelen sebzelerin miktarına bağlı olarak bazı insanların
environment on which all can agree, instead (2) it pro-
daha uzun yaşadığını ve diğerlerine göre daha az s ağlık
vides mulple views (3), each of which may be valid
problemi yaşadıklarını duydum” ifadesi doğru cevapr.
from a parcular ideological angle (4)
Cevap: B
A şıkkı: There is not one single view (1) of the environ-
ment that can be provided through science that ever-
yone will agree on, rather (2) it gives dierent pers-
pecves (3), all of which are valid depending on the
ideological perspecve (4).
Cevap: A
331
69. The stocks of bluen tuna, the most valuable 70. Hunngton’s has been described as the most
sh in the world, have plummeted to such paltry disastrous disease known to man because of its
levels that many sciensts speculate that the sh peculiarly cruel characteriscs, as it progressively
could be headed for exncon. strips a person of control of his muscles, reason
A) Sciensts believe that thethe excessive
excessive demand
demand and emoon.
for the valuable bluen tuna sh has risen to A) Hunngton’s disease is described as not
such a level that there is speculaon about only the worst disease in the world but also
the sh becoming exnct. the most cruelly progressive, as it slowly
B) Stocks of the world’s
world’s most desirable bluen
bluen takes away a person’s ability to control their
tuna sh have reached such a low level that muscles, reason and emoon.
many sciensts are convinced that they are B) To describ
describe
e Hunngton’s as a cruel disease
about to become exnct. could be disastrous as people know that it
C) There is some speculaon
speculaon among sciensts eventually takes away a person’s ability to
around the world as to how far the stocks of control their muscles as well as to reason and
the valuable bluen tuna sh can be allowed feel emoon.
to fall before they become exnct. C) Due to its cruel characterisc
characteriscss that gradually
D) Stocks of the bluen tuna,
tuna, the most expensive
expensive take away a person’s
person’s control of their muscles,
sh in the world, have dropped to such a low reason and emoon, Hunngton’s
Hunngton’s is said to be
level that sciensts are predicng that they the most devastang disease in the world.
might become exnct. D) When a person
person starts
starts to rapidly lose control
E) The most expensive sh in the world is the of his muscles and no longer is able to reason
bluen tuna, but sciensts fear that stocks or control his emoons, he can be described
will soon reach a paltry level and the sh will as having the most disastrous disease ever -
become exnct. Hunngton’s.
E) When a man is described as having
The stocks of bluen tuna, the most valuable sh (1) Hunngton’s,
Hunngton’ s, it can be a very cruel experience,
in the world, have plummeted (2) to such paltry levels as they will gradually experience certain
that (3) many sciensts speculate that (4) the sh co- characteriscs such as lack of muscle control,
uld be headed for exncon. reason and emoon.
D şıkkı: Stocks of the bluen tuna, the most expensive
sh (1) in the world, have dropped (2) to such a low le- Hunngton’s has been described (1) as the most di-
vel that (3) sciensts are predicng that (4) they might sastrous disease (2) known to man because of (3) its
become exnct. peculiarly cruel characteriscs (4), as it progressively
Cevap: D strips a person of control of his muscles, reason and
emoon (5).
C şıkkı: Due to (3) its cruel characteriscs
characteriscs (4) that gra-
dually take away a person’s control of their muscles,
reason and emoon (5), Hunngton’s is said (1) to be
the most devastang disease (2) in the world.
Cevap: C
332
YDS
71. The changing climate will have negave eects

72. - 75. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
on all parts of the world; depending on people’s
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için gerilebilecek
locaon and lifestyles, however, there will be
cümleyi bulunuz.
great dierences in the subsequent health
hazards that human populaons face.
A) No maer how and where where people live, the
subsequent health hazards will be terribly 72. Most measurements of happiness are by
great aer the varying climate negavely standardized quesonnaires or interview
aects all regions of the world. schedules. It could also be done by informed
observers - those who know the individual well
B) Based on their lifestyles and geographical
and see them regularly. -- Yet, another form of
locaon, human populaons all over the world
measurement is to invesgate a person’s memory
will experience health risks to be brought
and check whether they feel predominantly
about by adverse eects of the changing
happy or unhappy about their past. Finally
Finally,, there
climate.
are some crude but ever-developing physical
C) Whether all regions
regions of the world will be
measures looking at everything from brain
negavely aected by the incremental climate
scanning to saliva levels.
change largely depends on people’s locaon
A) It should be kept
kept in mind that such tests
tests might
and ways of life, yet human populaons will
be misleading in many cases.
end up with health risks.
B) Findings suggest that ancestors
ancestors of Finnish
D) Since all parts of the world
world are likely
likely to be
people made use of such methods.
adversely inuenced by the globally changing
climate, human populaons have been C) There is also experience sampling, where
subject to resultant health risks, regardless of people report how happy they are many mes
how and where they reside. a day.
E) All regions of the world
world will be adversely D) Being objecve in this process is more
aected by the changing climate, but the important than being an observer.
resulng health risks to human populaons E) A queson
queson sll remains unanswered: to what
will vary greatly, depending on where and extent can one express happiness on a sheet
how people live. of quesons?
The changing climate will have negave eects on all Bu soruda boşluktan sonra “bir başka ölçme biçimi de
parts of the World (1); depending on people’
people’ss locaon …” şeklindeki ifade boşluktan önce mutluluk ölçümüy-
and lifestyles (2), however (3), there will be great dif- le ilgili bir ölçüm şeklinden bahsetmelidir. C şıkkında
ferences (4) in the subsequent health hazards (5) that “insanların günde birkaç kez ne kadar mutlu oldukla-
human populaon face. rın bir örnekleme ölçümü de bulunmaktadır” ifadesi
E şıkkı: All regions of the world will be adversely aec- uygundur.
ted by the changing climate (1), but (3) the resulng Cevap: C
health risks (5) to human populaons will vary greatly
(4), depending on where and how people live (2).
Cevap: E
333
73. Everything in the factories of the future will 74. -- This is not the case, and evidence for early
be run by smarter soware. Digizaon in learning and remembering comes from several
manufacturing will have as widespread an studies. In one, infants only a few hours
eect as in other industries that have gone old learned to turn their heads right or le,
digital, including photography, publishing and depending on whether they heard a buzzer or a
lms. Such eects will not be conned to large tone. In order to taste a sweet liquid, the baby
manufacturers, either. ---Launching new and had to turn to the right when a tone sounded
innovave products will become easier and and to turn to the le when the buzzer sounded.
cheaper for them. In only a few trials, the babies were performing
A) The materials
materials being used to make things are without error.
changing faster than they were in the past. A) It was once thought
thought that infants
infants could neither
neither
B) In addion, it will allow things to be made learn nor remember.
economically in much smaller quanes. B) Infants can discriminate
discriminate dierences
dierences in taste
taste
C) Nonetheless, companies are
are also opmisc shortly aer birth.
about a manufacturing revival. C) Newborn infants
infants could disnguish
disnguish human
D) In fact, these developments will empower voices from other sounds.
smaller rms and individual entreprene
entrepreneurs.
urs. D) Newborn babies may may not remember
remember what
E) As such, companies from
from all over the
the world they have just learned.
use China and India as low-wage workshops. E) Pre-birth experiences
experiences in the uterus help
infants to learn and remember.
Öncelikle parçada Future Tense (Gelecek Zaman) kul-
lanılmaktadır.. Bu yüzden boşluğa gelecek cümlenin de
lanılmaktadır Boşluktan sonra gelen cümlede “bu ark söz konusu
aynı zamanda olması gerekmektedir. B ve D şıklarında değildir” ifadesi boşluğa kesinlikle Past Tense (Geçmiş
Future Tense
Tense kullanılmışr.
kullanılmışr. B şıkkındaki “it”
“it ” zamiri boş- Zaman)lı bir cümlenin gelmesi gerekğini göstermek-
luğa gelecek cümledeki tekil bir isme işaret etmektedir.
etmektedir. tedir. Bu durum sadece A şıkkında bulunmaktadır. C
Ancak boşluktan önce gelen cümlede “bu tür etkiler” şıkkındaki “could” kipi bilimsel bir cümle içerisinde yer
çoğuldur. D şıkkındaki “these developments (bu geliş- almışr ve dolayısıyla Present Modal (Geniş Zamanlı
meler) ifadesi boşluktan önceki cümlede işaret edil- Kip)’dır.
mektedir. Cevap: A
Cevap: D
334
YDS
75. Stephen Hawking, the famed theorecal

76. - 80. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okunduğunda
physicist diagnosed with Lou Gehrig’s disease,
parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi
lost the ability to speak thirty years ago. In the
bulunuz.
meanme, a computerized voice generated by
an infrared sensor inside Hawking’s mouth has
allowed him to communicate. According to a
recent report, however, the muscles controlling 76. (I) Using herbs from your garden or the farmer’s
the device have been deteriorang, liming him market to enhance the avour of your summer
to as lile as one word per minute. -- This is a cuisine is really rewarding. (II) Not only will herbs
horrifying prospect for the scienc community add subtle accents to your main dishes and salads,
that has beneed greatly from his ndings. but they will also bring fragrance and interest to
But a new device recording brain funcons at an favourite
favourit e dessert and beverage recipes. (III) If
I f you
unprecedented level of detail was developed and are not using fresh herbs, remember that dried
has been proposed to improve Hawking’s ability herbs are very potent, so reduce the amount
to communicate once again. you use by half or more. (IV) Include your home-
grown produce in a salad course, and specimens
A) Such devices
devices can be used
used to monitor the sleep
from your gorgeous summer ower beds in a
paern and the disorders of the deaf.
welcoming table centrepiece. (V) Also, if you are
B) The sensor in the mouth is an eecve
eecve way to
to
cooking outdoors, be sure to allow enough me
connue communicaon with people unable
to heat the grill for your vegetables, steaks and
to speak.
chicken.
C) Without a new means of communicaon,
communicaon,
A) I B) II
Hawking runs the risk of being rendered mute.
C) III D) IV
D) The muscles in the mouth can be kept under
E) V
control by using a great variety of equipments.
E) Thanks to
to recent
recent developments, researcher
researcherss
Bu soruda ilk dört cümlede yiyeceklerde otların ye-
are now able to keep the disease under
meklerde ve salatalarda kullanılabileceği, taze ot yoksa
control as in Hawking’s condion.
kurutulmuş olanların kullanılabileceği ve salata taba-
ğında çeşnilerin dahil edilebileceğinden bahsederken
Boşluktan önce gelen cümlede “son rapora göre ciha- son cümlede dışarda yemek yapılıyorsa sebzelerini bif-
zın kontrolünü sağlayan kasların kötüye giği ve onu teğin ve tavuğun yapılması için ızgaranın ısınması için
(Hawking’i) dakikada bir kelimeye kadar kısıtladığı”, gereken zamandan bahsetmektedir ve parça bütünlü-
boşluktan sonra gelen cümlede ise “bu durum, onun ğünü bozmuştur.
(Hawking’in) bulgularından büyük ölçüde yaralanan bi-
Cevap: E
lim dünyası için dehşet verici” olduğu ifade edilmişr.
Görüldüğü gibi hem boşluktan önce hem de boşluktan
sonra gelen cümlelerde olumsuzluk söz konusudur
ve ayrıca her cümlede Hawking’den bahsedildiği için
boşluğa gerilecek cümlede de Hawking gerek özne
(subject) gerek nesne (object) gerekse iyelik sıfayla
(possesive) geçmelidir.
geçmelidir. C şkıında “Yeni bir ileşim aracı
olmazsa/olmaksızın, Hawking dilsiz kalma riski ile karşı
karşıya” ifadesi boşluğa en uygun ifadedir.
Cevap: C
335
77. (I) Aristotle explored the apparent es between 78. (I) Five to six million farmers in the tropics who
odour and memory in his work On Sense and the culvate the cacao trees from which cocoa is
Sensible. (II) Since then, people have speculated produced rely on the sales of the seeds to feed
that the memories elicited by smell are more themselves and their families. (II) Cacao tree
inmate and immediate than other recollecons. grows only in a narrow band within about 18
(III) When we experience certain smells, we degrees north and south of the Equator. (III)
oen nd ourselves taken back in me to a They extract the seeds, oen called ‘beans’, from
specic event or scene. (IV) Many movies of the football-shaped pods and then ferment and
1980s include scenes that trigger memories of dry them to form buer and powder. (IV) The
childhood and school years. (V) For example, the livelihoods of another 40 to 50 million depend on
smell of a salsa, a sauce eaten with Mexican food, the long producon road whereby the cacao seeds
may remind a person of watching James Bond travel from a farm to the candy on store shelves.
movies on television with his or her father while (V) In Ivory Coast, which produces 40 percent of
dipping chips in the spicy sauce. the world’s cocoa, such farming accounts for a
A) I B) II full 15 percent of Gross Domesc Product (GDP)
C) III D) IV and employs 5 percent of households.
E) V A) I B) II
C) III D) IV
Birinci cümle Aristotle’in koku ve haza arasındaki bağı E) V
Duyu ve Mank Üzerine adlı eserinde ele aldığını; ikinci
cümle Aristotle’den
Aristotle’den bu yana insanların kokunun neden Birinci cümle Tropik bölgelerde yaşayan 5-6 milyon çi-
olduğu haraların diğer haralardan daha samimi ve çinin geçimini kakao tohumlarının satarak sağladıkları-
anlık olduklarını düşündüklerini; üçüncü cümle bazı nı; ikinci cümle ise kakaonun dünyanın neresinde ye-
kokuları aldığımızda kendimizi geçmişteki bir olaya şrildiğini belirtmektedir.
belirtmektedir. Görüldüğü gibi bu iki cümle
ya da sahneye giğimizi söylerken dördüncü cümle arasında bir bütünlük söz konusu değildir. Dolayısıyla
1980’lerdeki lmlerin içeriğinden bahsetmektedir. Bu üçüncü cümle hangi cümlenin anlam bütünlüğünü boz-
cümle kendisine kadar olan kısımdaki bütünlüğü boz- duğunu bize gösterecekr. Üçüncü cümle “they
maktadır.. Son cümlede verilen örnek geçmişte harla-
maktadır çoğul özznesiyle başlamakta ve ikinci cümlede “they”
dığımız bir sahneye örnekr. öznesinin yerini alacak bir ifade bulunmamaktadır. Bu
Cevap: D durumda “the” öznesi Tropik bölgelerdeki çiçilere
işaret eğinden ikinci cümle anlam bütünlüğünü boz-
maktadır.
Cevap: B
336
YDS
79. (I) One of the oldest methods of preserving food

food 80. (I) No cizen of the European Union lives more
is drying. (II) It slows down the proliferaon and than 700 km away from the coast. (II) The seas
acvity of the bacteria that cause spoilage and and oceans are at the centre of a large number
decay, but it considerably alters the appearance of interacons, and to opmize polical
of food due to the loss of water. (III) With the decision-making, we must clearly understand
success of freezing and its characteriscs for these interacons. (III) The European Union is
retaining the food value of ingredients, drying surrounded by four seas and two oceans, and has
is no longer an essenal means of preserving 89,000 km of coastline. (IV) The marime areas
food for mes when it may be out of season under the jurisdicon of the member states of
or expensive. (IV) Since prehistoric mes, the European Union are larger than the land
cereals and I fruits have been dried in the sun masses. (V) The obvious conclusion is the need
before being stored. (V) The drying of fruits and for raonal management of the seas and oceans.
vegetables has been widely pracced for so long; A) I B) II
in Greece for grapes, in Turkey for apricots, and in C) III D) IV
Iran and Spain for tomatoes. E) V
A) I B) II
C) III D) IV Birinci cümle AB vatandaşlarının hiç birinin sahilden
E) V 700 km. uzakta yaşamadığından bahsetmekte; ikinci
cümle ise denizler ve okyanuslar öznesiyle başlamakta
Bir, iki, dört ve beşinci cümleler kurutmanın yiyecek- ve AB ile ilgili bir ifade bulunmamaktadır.
bulunmamaktadır. Üçüncü cüm-
leri korumada en eski yöntemlerden biri olduğundan, lede tekrar AB’den
AB’den ve Ab’nin dört deniz ve iki okyanus-
yiyecekte bozulmaya veya çürümeye yol açan bakteri- la çevrili olduğu bahsedildiğinden ikinci cümle anlam
lerin üremesini yavaşlağından ve yiyeceklerin kuru- bütünlüğünü bozmaktadır.
tulmasına yönelik dünyadaki örneklerden bahseder- Cevap: B
ken, üçüncü cümle yiyecekleri dondurarak (freezing)
muhafaza edilmesinden bahsetmekten ve yiyeceklerin
kurutulması konusundan kopmaktadır.
Cevap: C
337

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YDS

İNGİ LİZCE SINA

Esra KABASAKAL - Fatih Mehmet CİĞERCİ

Esra KABASAKAL - Fatih Mehmet CİĞERCİ

2013 © TUSEM Eğim Sağlık Ltd. Ş

Ziya Gökalp Cad. No: 3 Kat: 5 (Soysal İşhanı) Kızılay / ANKARA

Grafik & Kapak Tasarımı

Esra KABASAKAL - Fatih Mehmet CİĞERCİ

2013 © TUSEM Eğim Sağlık Ltd. Ş

Ziya Gökalp Cad. No: 3 Kat: 5 (Soysal İşhanı) Kızılay / ANKARA

Grafik & Kapak Tasarımı

2. ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

6. GERUND & INIFINITIVE

10. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

11. SENTENCE CONNECTORS

MODULE 2 (QUESTION TYPES)

2. SENTENCE COMPLETION & TESTS......................

4. PARAGRAPH COMPLETION & TESTS ...................................................................................................... 194

MODULE 4 (DENEME SINAVLARI)

2. Adjecves & Adverbs

6. Gerund & Innive

7. Condionals & Wish Clause

9. Adjecve (Relave) Clauses

10. Adverbial Clauses

11. Sentence Connectors/ Transions/Preposional Phrases

***Irregular Plural nouns:

man (adam) men deer (geyik) deer phenomenon (olgu) phenomena

woman (kadın) women sh (balık) sh analysis (analiz) analyses

mouse (fare) mice sheep (kuzu) sheep thesis (tez) theses

child (çocuk) children series (dizi) series basis (kaynak) bases

die (zar) dice means (araç) means crisis (kriz) crises

foot (ayak) feet species (tür) species oasis (vaha) oases

tooth (diş) teeth goose (kaz) geese bacterium (bakteri) bacteria

ox (öküz) oxen criterion (kriter) criteria datum (bilgi) data

6. Gerunds (isim iller): dancing, swimming, walking etc.

*** Possessive adjecves:

*Türkçe cümle yapısı: *İngilizce cümle yapısı:

Subject (Özne) + Object (Nesne) + Verb (Fiil) Subject + Verb + Object

• Anyone, anybody, anything veanywhere yapıları olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır.

• Nowhere, something, everybody etc. gibi zamirler (pronouns) –

b. Denite arcle (the)

• "The” takısının kullanıldığı durumlar:

2. Bazen özel isimlerin önünde “ ……. adındaki kişi” anlamında kullanılır.

7. Superlave (en üstünlük) yapıların önüne "the" kullanılır.

8. Göl grupları, sıradağlar, takım adalar ve coğra bölgeler “the" alır.

10. Ünvanların önünde "the" kullanılır.

12. Enstrümanlarla "the" kullanılır.

13. Tarihlerin önünde "the" kullanılır.

14. Derecelendirme/Sıralama sayılarıyla "the" kullanılır.

• “The” takısının kullanılmadığı durumlar:

2. Space, "boşluk" anlamındaysa "the" kullanılır, "uzay" anlamındaysa "the" kullanılmaz.

yemek vakitlerinde at breakfast me

yaşta at the age of 12

bayram ve kutlamalarda at Easter, at Christmas

ON tarihlerde on 3rd of Dcember

yüzyıllarda in the 18th century

günün bazı bölümlerinde in the morning, in the aernoon

çağlarda in the Middle Ages

içinde anlamında in three days, in a week

*** at the weekend= on the weekend

b. Preposions with PLACE and MOVEMENT

A. A LOT OF (LOTS OF ),SOME,ANY,MANY,MUCH, TOO MANY, TOO MUCH, NO

2. Olumlu cümlelerde, sayılabilir kelimelerde “ biraz” anlam vermek için SOME;

bir çok” anlamında MANY

Türkçe cümle yapısı: İngilizce cümle yapısı: