Strateji Kitabı Deniz Pınar

“Gerçek başarı, başkalarını başarılı kılmaktır.
Deniz PINAR
Yazar
Deniz PINAR
Dizgi, Grafik, Tasarım

Erol Faruk YÜCEL
Bu kitabın tüm hakları Deniz PINAR'a aittir. Kitabın tamamının ya da bir kısmının elektronik,
mekanik, fotokopi ya da herhangi bir kayıt sistemiyle çoğaltılması, yayımlanması ve depolanması
yasaktır.
İsteme Adresi
Meşrutiyet Caddesi Kök İşhanı No: 2 Kat: 8
(MEB Karşısı) Kızılay/ANKARA
tel.: 0 (312) 419 419 0
ISBN: 978 - 605 - 031 - 062 - 7
Baskı
Öz Baran Ofset Mat. San.ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.
Saray Mah.Gıdacılar Cad. No:8
Kahramankazan / ANKARA
tel.: 0 (312) 394 45 60
2019
www.ydtingilizcekursu.com
info@denizpinar.com
ÖN SÖZ
Kıymetli öğrencilerim ve sevgili meslektaşlarım,
Hepimizin hayatında dönüm noktaları vardır. Ülkemizde, bu dönüm noktalarından bir kısmını, gerek istediğimiz eğitimi
alabilmek için gerekse kendimize uygun ve gelecek hayatımızı geçirebileceğimiz bir işe girebilmek için girdiğimiz sınavlar
oluşturur.YDT de yabancı dil alanında kariyer yapmak isteyen öğrencilerimizin dil becerilerini test eden bu sınavlardan biridir.
Kitabım YDT’de adayların soru tipleriyle ilgili problemlerini minimum düzeye çekmek için hazırlanmıştır. YDT gibi ÖSYM
sınavlarında,her soru belirli bir süreyle sınırlanmaktadır ve adayın başarısı, hem bilgi hem çıkarım kabiliyeti, hem de süre
konusunda ölçülmektedir.
Yirmi iki yıldır sınav hazırlığı çalışmalarımda, YDT adaylarının azımsanamayacak bir kısmının gerekli alt yapı bilgisine
sahip olsalar bile çeşitli soru tiplerinde özellikle de paragraf, paragraf tamamlama ve anlam akışını bozan cümleyi bulma
bölümlerinde, soru çözüm teknikleri ve stratejilerine hâkim olmadıkları için sınavda süreyi yetiştiremediklerini ve istedikleri
neticeyi alamadıklarını gördüm. Bu kitap, düzenli çalışan bir adayın bu bölümlerde hem alt yapı bilgilerini pekiştirmesini
sağlayacaktır; hem de sınav stratejileriyle onun sıfır hataya gitme olasılığını arttıracaktır. Ayrıca, kitabım sözcük bilgisi çok
iyi düzeyde olmayan adayların, öncelikle anlama girmeden, soru çözüm teknikleriyle rahatlıkla bazı seçenekleri eleyip, doğru
yanıtı içeren seçeneğe yönelmelerini sağlayacaktır.
ÖSYM’nin uyguladığı YDT gibi çoktan seçmeli İngilizce yeterlilik sınavları, adayların usage (dili kullanım kabiliyetleri:
speaking, listening, writing, reading) yeterliliklerini sorgulamaktan ziyade knowledge (bilgi: grammar, vocabulary, reading
comprehension) bilgilerini ölçen sınavlardır. Ve bu tarz sınavlarda başarının anahtarı; çok iyi bir sözcük bilgisine sahip
olunmasa da iyi bir dil bilgisi ve paragraf teknikleri bilgisinin yanı sıra zaman kazandırıcı soru çözüm taktiklerine hâkim
olmaktır. Soru sayısı olarak okuduğunu anlama ve dil bilgisi bölümlerinin ağırlıklı olduğu bu sınavlara hazırlık sürecinde,
kitap okumanın önemi küçümsenemez. Adayların bu dönemde okudukları kitapların olay ağırlıklı türler olduğunu (roman/hikâye)
görüyorum, ancak ÖSYM sınavlarında metinler genellikle bilim dallarından (sağlık, fen, sosyal bilimler) alınmaktadır ve bu
nedenle özellikle okuduğunu anlama bölümlerinde yer alan metinlerin belirli bir organizasyonu vardır. Adaylar, paragraf
organizasyonu ve soru çözüm stratejilerine hâkim olurlarsa ve bol miktarda nitelikli soru çözerlerse sınav esnasında
yaşadıkları sorunlardan biri olan süreyi yetiştirememek problemini de ortadan kaldırabilirler.Ayrıca, metinlerin çeşitli
bilim dallarından alınmış olması, aynı konularda fazla sayıca soru çözen bir adayın çıkarım kabiliyetlerini geliştirmesini
kolaylaştıracaktır.
Dilin kendi sabit kurallarını da hesaba katarsak, 80 soruluk bir sistemde soruların büyük bir kısmının çözümünde; ilk
planda stratejiler ile ipuçlarını bilmenin ve zamanı iyi kullanmanın, biçim olarak soru köküyle örtüşmeyen seçenekleri tespit
edebilmek açısından önemli olduğunu görüyoruz. The Ultimate Strategies for YDT kitabımda adaylara taban bilgisi teşkil
edecek olan ve çoktan seçmeli sınavlarda sıklıkla test edilen klişeleşmiş kalıpların yanı sıra gelecek sınavlarda çıkması
muhtemel anlama dayalı ve tamamen özgün sorulara da yer verdim. Yıllardır sınıflarda tanık olduğum, adayları hata
yapmaya yönelten unsurları, çalışırken bıraktıkları eksikleri, süreyi iyi kullanamama, akılda fazla sayıda sözcük tutamama,
çalışmaya nereden ve nasıl başlayacağını bilememe gibi faktörleri göz önünde bulundurarak yukarıda da söz ettiğim gibi
etkin bir YDT hazırlık çalışmasının en önemli kısımlarından biri olan soru çözüm teknikleri bölümü için bu kitapta onlara bilgi
ve nispeten hız kazandıracak bir sisteme yer verdim. The Ultimate Strategies for YDT, defalarca aynı (çıkmış) soruları
çözmek zorunda kalan adaylara dönük özgün ve 2018 YDT itibariyle çıkan soru tiplerini de içermesi nedeniyle emsallerinden
farklı bir nitelik taşımaktadır.
The Ultimate Strategies for YDT kitabından en iyi biçimde faydalanabilmeniz için,her bölümün başında verilen soru çözüm
stratejilerini dikkatli okumanız ve stratejilerden sonra verilen örnekleri çözmeniz gerekmektedir.
Bu kitabın hazırlanma sürecinde desteğini esirgemeyen DPELS ekibimize,
Hem meslektaş hem de dost olarak yanımda olan ve kitaba soru desteği sağlayan Çağatay Acar ve Halim Eden’e,
Dizgi noktasında büyük emeği geçen Faruk Yücel’e,
Yazım sürecinde ve düzeltmelerde özveriyle çalışan Serkan Doğan'a,
Her daim yanımda olup destek olan Emine Kaya'ya,
Ve kitabımın çıkış noktası olan canım öğrencilerime teşekkürü bir borç bilirim.
Deniz PINAR
İÇİNDEKİLER
PART I VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR
Vocabulary & Grammar Strategies .......................................................................... 7-13
Vocabulary & Grammar Tests ................................................................................ 14-29
PART II CLOZE TEST STRATEGIES

Cloze Test Strategies ............................................................................................. 33-36
Cloze Tests............................................................................................................. 37-56
PART III SENTENCE COMPLETION

Sentence Completion Strategies ........................................................................... 59-73
Sentence Completion Tests ................................................................................... 74-94
PART IV PARAGRAPH
Paragraph Strategies ........................................................................................... 97-123
Paragraph Tests .................................................................................................124-173
PART V DIALOGUE COMPLETION

Dialogue Completion Strategies ........................................................................177-183
Dialogue Completion Tests ................................................................................184-208
PART VI RESTATEMENT
Restatement Strategies ..................................................................................... 211-220
Restatement Tests ............................................................................................. 221-240
PART VII SITUATIONAL RESPONSE

Situational Response Strategies ........................................................................ 243-247
Situational Response Tests................................................................................248-268
PART VIII PARAGRAPH COMPLETION

Paragraph Completion Strategies ......................................................................271-286
Paragraph Completion Tests..............................................................................287-317
PART IX ENGLISH - TURKISH / TURKISH - ENGLISH TRANSLATION

English-Turkish/Turkish-English Translation Strategies .....................................321-330
English-Turkish/Turkish-English Translation Tests .............................................331-384
PART X FINDING THE IRRELEVANT SENTENCE

Finding the Irrelevant Sentence Strategies........................................................387-398
Finding the Irrelevant Sentence Tests .............................................................. 399- 416
.
DPELS VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR STRATEGIES
öznesi “kişinin sosyal becerilerinin gelişimi” nesnesine

VOCABULARY STRATEGIES ne yapmış olabilir? (artırmış olabilir) A seçeneğinde
verilen enhance fiili (artırmak) boşluk için uygun bir
Sözcük konusu, dil sınavlarının önemli bir bölümünü cevaptır. Doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
oluşturmaktadır. Çünkü, gerek anadilinizde, gerek-
se öğrendiğiniz yabancı dilde, düşüncelerinizi ve
duygularınızı tam olarak ifade edebilmeniz, iyi bir Enhance: artırmak, yükseltmek geliştirmek;
“grammar” (dilbilgisi) birikimiyle birlikte, sözcük da- increase, augment, promote
Acknowledge: kabullenmek; approve, agree,
ğarcığınızın derinliğine bağlıdır.
admit
YDT sınavına ilişkin düşünüldüğünde ise; sözcük Surpass: aşmak, üstün gelmek; exceed, prevail
konusu daha büyük bir önem kazanmaktadır. Çünkü Relieve: rahatlamak/rahatlatmak; ease, comfort
bu sınavda doğrudan kelime bilginizi ölçen soruların Delay: ertelemek, gecikmek; postpone, adjourn
yanı sıra, paragraflarda ve diğer soru türlerinde
bildiğiniz sözcüklerle karşılaşmak başarınızı önemli
ölçüde artıracaktır. Sınava dönük vocabulary ÖRNEK SORU:
çalışılırken incelenmesi gereken pek çok alt başlık Human population growth, together with human
vardır. Örneğin; “word formation, prefixes, suffixes, consumption, has to be ---- in order to allow other
idioms, idiomatic phrases, phrasal verbs, proverbs, species to flourish too.
antonyms, synonyms, confusing words, etc.” A) released
DENİZ PINAR
B) attempted
NOT: Kelime dağarcığınızı güçlendirmek için kelime
C) flattered
kitabımızdan faydalanabilirsiniz.
D) misled
ÖRNEK SORU: E) curbed
Taking part in problem solving, decision-making

and residential experiences both at home and ÇÖZÜM:
abroad can ---- the development of personal and Soru kökünde passive (edilgen) bir cümle verilmiştir.
social skills. Cümlenin öznesi “nüfus artışı” ve “tüketim” gibi
A) enhance olumsuz anlamlı ifadeler içermektedir. “Diğer türlerin
B) acknowledge de gelişebilmesi için nüfus artışı ve tüketime engel
olunması” gerekir. Curb (engellemek, kontrol etmek)
C) surpass
fiilinin verildiği E seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
D) relieve
E) delay
Release: salmak, serbest bırakmak; unleash,
loose
ÇÖZÜM: Attempt: girişimde bulunmak, kalkışmak;
commit, try, take step, have a go
Fiil sorularında öncelikle dikkat edilmesi gereken
Flatter: pohpohlamak; pamper
nokta özne ve nesne arasındaki ilişkidir. Soruyu Mislead: yanlış yönlendirmek; misguide,
çözerken sormamız gereken soru “Bu özne verilen misdirect
nesneyi ne yapmış olabilir?” olmalıdır. Soru kökünde Curb: engellemek, kontrol etmek, zaptetmek;
verilen “hem evde hem yurtdışında problem çözme, control, hinder, prevent
karar verme ve konaklama deneyimleri yaşama”
7
VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR STRATEGIES DPELS
ÖRNEK SORU: ÇÖZÜM:

Both the developed, as well as the developing Kelime sorularını çözerken cümlede kullanılan
countries, are expected to experience significant bağlaç, edat vb. yapılara dikkat etmek önemlidir. Bu
---- in the age distribution of the population by yapılar cümleye zıtlık, ilave bilgi ya da sebep-sonuç
2050. gibi anlamlar getirirler. Soru kökünde verilen instead
A) shifts B) opportunities of (yerine) yapısı iki cümlecik arasında birbirine zıt
bir anlam olduğunu göstermektedir. Temel cümlede
C) regulations D) conflicts
“Amerika’nın Küba’yı işgal ettiğinden” söz edilmiştir.
E) assumptions
Bu durumda yan cümlecikte “Küba’nın bağımsızlık ve
ulusal egemenliğinin tanınmamış olması” gerektiğini
ÇÖZÜM: düşünebiliriz. Ayrıca boşluğun sol tarafında verilen
İsim sorularında boşluğun sol ve sağ tarafı önemli and bağlacı, benzer ya da anlam olarak paralel
ipuçlarıdır. İngilizce’de collocations (eş dizimlilik) ifadeleri birbirine bağlar: Cuba’s independence and
kuralına göre bazı kelimeler yanyana kullanıldıklarında national sovereignty (bağımsızlık ve egemenlik)
daha iyi bir birliktelik sergilerler. Çok soru çözerek ve Doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
aktif bir sözlük kullanımı ile bu tür “arkadaş kelimelere”
ve İngilizce’nin klişelerine hakim olunabilir. Soru
kökünde verilen age distribution (yaş dağılımı) ifadesi Stability: istikrar; permanence
Experience: tecrübe, deneyim; knowledge,
sorunun çözümü açısından önemli bir ipucudur.
exercise
“Yaş dağılımında ne olur?” şeklinde sorduğumuzda
DENİZ PINAR
Sovereignty: bağımsızlık, egemenlik; domination,

shifts (değişiklikler) ismi ön plana çıkmaktadır. Shifts supremacy, rule
sözcüğü boşluğa yerleştirildiğinde cümlede anlam Tendency: eğilim; leaning
genel olarak “Hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte Upheaval: karışıklık, kargaşa; disorder, chaos
olan ülkelerde 2050 yılına gelindiğinde nüfustaki
yaş dağılımında önemli değişiklikler yaşanması
bekleniyor.” şeklindedir. Doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
ÖRNEK SORU:
When a ---- between two or more employees in
Shift: değişiklik, change the office is unresolved over a period of time,
Opportunity: fırsat; chance working relationships may be affected.
Regulation: düzenleme, uygulama; order, system
Conflict: çekişme/çelişki; debate, dispute A) dispute B) salary
Assumption: varsayım; presumption, hypothesis C) colleague D) interaction
E) communication
ÖRNEK SORU: ÇÖZÜM:
Instead of recognizing Cuba’s independence and Soru kökünde verilen unresolved (çözümlenmemiş)
national ----, the United States occupied the fiilinin öznesini bulmamız istenmiştir. Bu fiile anlam
island militarily and organized their own military olarak en uygun isim A seçeneğinde verilmiştir.
government. Dispute ismi boşluğa yerleştirildiğinde cümlede
A) stability B) experience anlam genel olarak “Ofiste iki ya da daha fazla
çalışan arasındaki anlaşmazlık uzun bir dönem
C) sovereignty D) tendency
çözümlenmezse iş ilişkileri etkilenebilir.” şeklindedir.
E) upheaval
Doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
8
ÇÖZÜM:
Dispute: anlaşmazlık, çekişme; debate, conflict,
quarrel Soru kökünde boşluğun sağ tarafında verilen “and
Salary: maaş; wage, payment obedient” ifadesinden boşluğa obedient (uysal)
Colleague: iş arkadaşı; co-worker, counterpart kelimesi ile anlamca paralellik gösteren bir ifadenin
Interaction: etkileşim, ilişki; relation, connection gelmesi gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. C seçeneğinde
Communication: iletişim, temas; transmission, verilen submissive (itaatkar) sözcüğü cümleyi
dialogue, touch, conversation
anlamlı bir şekilde tamamlamaktadır. Doğru yanıt C
seçeneğidir.
Impressive: etkileyici; imposing

Valuable: değerli; precious
ÖRNEK SORU: Submissive: itaatkâr; compliant
Extreme: aşırı; utmost
Food wastage should be minimized so that there
Disappointted: hayal kırıklığına uğramış,
can be a/an ---- distribution of food to the upper
disheartened
and lower levels of society.
A) distant B) fair
C) illogical D) inconsistent
E) contradictory
DENİZ PINAR
ÇÖZÜM:
Boşluğun sağında verilen “distribution of food to the ÖRNEK SORU:
upper and lower levels of society” (toplumun üst ve Blast, or dynamite fishing is an ---- but a common
alt tabakasına yiyecek dağılımı) ifadesinden boşluğa fishing practice carried out along the coast of
bu anlamı pekiştirecek fair (adil yiyecek dağılımı) Tanzania and Zanzibar.
ifadesinin gelmesi gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Doğru
A) illegal
yanıt B seçeneğidir.
B) invaluable
Distant: uzak, mesafeli; far, remote C) accountable
Fair: adil, just
D) isolated
Illogical: mantıksız; unreasonable
Inconsistent: tutarsız; discordant E) eminent
Contradictory: muhalif, çelişen; opposing
ÇÖZÜM:
Soru kökünde verilen but zıtlık bağlacı sorunun
çözümünde önemli bir ipucudur. Boşluğun sağ
tarafında “dinamit balıkçılığının yaygın ve devam eden
ÖRNEK SORU:
bir uygulama olduğundan” söz edilmiştir. Bu durumda
Young brides who live with their extended family boşlukta “dinamit balıkçılığına” ilişkin zıt anlamlı ve
are expected to be ---- and obedient to men and to soru kökü ile örtüşen bir ifadenin kullanılmış olması
older women in the family. gerekmektedir. Bu şekilde bir sıfat A seçeneğinde
A) impressive B) valuable “illegal” şeklinde verilmiştir. (yasadışı ama yaygın bir
C) submissive D) extreme uygulama) Doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
E) disappointed
9
ÇÖZÜM:
Illegal: kaçak, yasadışı; unlawful, illicit
Soruda popular sıfatını cümlenin anlamına uygun
Invaluable: paha biçilmez, çok değerli; priceless
bir şekilde niteleyecek bir zarf bulmamız istenmiştir.
Accountable: sorumlu; responsible
Isolate: soyutlamak, dışlamak, tecrit etmek; Soru kökünde anlam genel olarak “Gospel, Afrika
abstract, segregate kökenli Amerikalılar arasında kutsal bir müzik
Eminent: yüce, tanınmış; supreme türü olarak ---- popüler olduğunda bir çok kişinin
altın çağ olarak düşündüğü İkinci Dünya Savaşı
sonrası döneme girdi.” şeklindedir. Seçenekler
ÖRNEK SORU: incelendiğinde popüler sıfatını derecelendirebilecek
zarfın C seçeneğinde verilen immensely (son derece)
No assessment techniques currently exist that
olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
can ---- predict future events based on genetic
information, and our current understanding of
Obstinately: inatla, bıkmadan usanmadan;
genetics remains limited.
sedulously, unrelentingly
A) initially B) accurately Faintly: hafifçe; feebly, softly
C) conventionally D) narrowly Immensely: son derece, gayet, çok fazla; right,
very, ultra, uttermost, extreme
E) strictly
Repeatedly: tekrar tekrar, durmadan, aralıksız,
mükerrer; repetitive, repeating, recurrently
ÇÖZÜM: Elegantly: nazikçe, zarifçe; gently, tenderly,
Zarf soruları çözülürken öncelikle niteledikleri yapı politely
DENİZ PINAR
incelenmelidir. Bu soruda zarfımız predict (tahmin

etmek) fiilini nitelemektedir. Tahmin etmek fiilini
ÖRNEK SORU:
en doğru şekilde niteleyen zarf B seçeneğinde
verilmiştir. (Gelecekteki olayları doğru tahmin etmek.) Distance marketing to retail customers is
Bu nedenle doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir. expected to ---- when insurance companies spend
on technology to build the infrastructure.
A) pick up B) bring about
Initially: başlangıçta, öncelikle; preliminarily, at
the beginning C) make out D) benefit from
Accurately: tam,doğru, kesin olarak, isabetli; E) give in
certainly, point-blank
Conventionally: geleneksel olarak; traditionally
Narrowly: ancak, güç bela, dar, kılpayı; barely, ÇÖZÜM:
hardly, just Soru kökünde boşluğun sağ tarafında verilen ifadede
Strictly: harfiyen, şiddetle, sıkı sıkıya; acutely,
anlam genel olarak “sigorta firmaları altyapıyı
stiffly, rigorously
tamamlamak için teknolojiye yatırım yapınca”
ÖRNEK SORU: şeklindedir. Bu ifade olumlu yargılar içermektedir.
Gospel entered what many consider its "golden Zıtlık bağlacı verilmediği için okuyucu olarak temel
era" in the years after World War II, when it cümlenin de böyle olumlu yargılarla devam edeceğini
became ---- popular among African Americans as düşünebiliriz. Doğal olarak teknolojiye yatırım yapınca
the leading form of sacred music. pazarlamanın durumunda da gelişme olacaktır. A
seçeneğinde verilen pick up öbeksi fiili boşluğa
A) obstinately B) faintly
yerleştirildiğinde cümlede anlam genel olarak “Sigorta
C) immensely D) repeatedly
firmaları altyapıyı tamamlamak için teknolojiye
E) elegantly
10
yatırım yapınca perakende müşterilerine yapılan hatırladığınızda, diğerlerini hatırlamak daha kolay
uzaktan satışın gelişmesi bekleniyor.” şeklindedir. olacaktır. Synonyms (eş anlamlı sözcük bilgisi) pek
Soru kökü ile anlamca örtüşen bir phrasal verb içeren çok paragraf sorusunda büyük önem arz etmektedir.
A seçeneği doğru yanıttır. Özellikle “explicitly stated idea” (açıkça verilen
bilginin) sorulduğu paragraflarda yanıt genellikle bir
Pick up: iyileşmek, gelişmek; improve, develop “restatement” (yeniden ifade etme) şeklinde verilir
Bring about: sebep olmak; chaos ve anlamca yakın ifadeler de çoğunlukla eş anlamlı
Make out: anlamak, kavramak; grasp, understand
sözcükler içerirler.
Benefit from: faydalanmak; gain advantage from
Give in: teslim olmak; surrender Örneğin; paragrafta “Smoking is detrimental to
human health” olarak geçen bir ifade, seçenekte
“Smoking is hazardous to human health” olarak yer
ÖRNEK SORU: alabilir. Benzer bir şekilde paragrafta, “The prospect
of failing in the final exams made him uncomfortable”
The team has ---- a new project to redesign,
olarak yer alan bir ifade seçenekte “The probability/
simplify and improve guidance for emergency
likelihood of failing in the final exams made him
assessments throughout the organization.
uncomfortable” olarak karşımıza çıkabilir.
A) dropped out B) talked back
Synonyms bilginizi güçlendirmek için vocabulary
C) took after D) embarked on kitabımızda yer alan mini dictionary’den
E) run over faydalanabilirsiniz.
ÇÖZÜM:
DENİZ PINAR
Soru kökünü incelediğimizde The team (ekip)

öznesinin yeni bir projeye/projeyi ne yaptığı sorusunun
yanıtını bulmamız gerektiğini görmekteyiz. Cümlenin GRAMMAR STRATEGIES
geri kalanındaki olumlu yargılardan da anlaşıldığı Dilbilgisi bölümü YDT sınavında direkt structure
üzere “Ekip yeni bir projeye başlamıştır.” Ayrıca (grammar) sorularıyla test edilebileceği gibi diğer
soru kökünde verilen new sıfatı, D seçeneğinde bölümlerde de cümlelerin anlamlarını kavramamız
verilen embarked on (başlamak) fiilinin habercisidir. açısından önemlidir. Adayların dilbilgisi bölümüne
Netice itibariyle yeni bir projeye başlamak mantıklı çalışırken konuları mukayeseli (birbirleriyle
bir düşünce olacaktır. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt D karşılaştırarak) çalışmaları önemlidir. Özellikle clause
seçeneğidir. (cümlecik) içeren bağlaçlı yapılar YDT’de sıklıkla
test edilen konulardır. İngilizce’de özne ya da nesne
görevinde kullanılan noun clause(isim cümlecikleri)
Drop out: okuldan/üyelikten ayrılmak; withdraw , özne ya da nesneyi niteleyen adjective clause
from school or membership (sıfat cümlecikleri) ve cümleleri birbirine bağlayan
Talk back: karşılık/cevap vermek; answer, adverbial clause (zarf cümlecikleri) yapılarına
respond hakim olmak sınavda dilbilgisi bölümündeki başarı
Take after: benzemek/-e çekmek; resemble
şansınızı artıracaktır. Grammar çalışırken konu
Embark on: başlamak/ -e girişmek; initiate, start
başlıklarını iyi bilmek ve öğrenilen yapıların her
Run over: tekrar etmek, gözden geçirmek;
biri için kolay, akılda kalıcı ya da klişe cümleler
repeat, review
ezberlemek de bu bölümlere çalışırken faydalı
olacaktır. Grammar sürekli tekrar edilmesi gereken
NOT: Sözcük dağarcığınızı geliştirmenin önemli bir bölümdür. Tekrar yaptıkça bir cümleyi farklı
bir yolu, öğrendiğiniz kelimenin eşanlamlısını yapılarda ifade edebilme becerisi kazanırsınız.
ve zıt anlamlısını da öğrenmektir. Böylece birini Bu da çoktan seçmeli sınavlar için avantajdır.
11
Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz: WHERE

WHEN I don’t know where he lives. (nesne konu-
Noun munda noun clause)
Noun Clause I forgot when they got married.
Clause Where he lives is far away.(özne konumunda
Adjective
I forgot the day when they got married. noun clause)
Clause
Adjective
Adverbial
We gave a party when they got married. Clause I know the place where he lives.
Clause
Adverbial
He doesn’t feel safe where he lives.
Clause
WHY
WHETHER Noun I wonder why they didn’t tell us anything.
I don’t know whether she will come (or not). Clause Why they didn’t tell us anything is a mystery.
Noun It’s not clear whether she will come (or not). Adjective I don’t know the reason why they didn’t tell
Clause Whether she will come (or not) is not Clause us anything.
certain yet.
Whether they invite me or not, I will go to
Adverbial THAT
the wedding.
Clause
I will go to the wedding, whether they invite I know that she is a teacher.
me or not. (Fiillerden sonra noun clause)
I’m pleased that she is a teacher.
DENİZ PINAR
Noun (Sıfatlardan sonra noun clause)

Clause Everybody knows the fact that she is a
WHO teacher.
(Soyut isimlerden sonra noun clause)
Noun I wonder who came here early in the
What we know is that she is a teacher.
Clause morning.
These are the chairs that were bought last
The person who came here early in the
Adjective week.
morning must have forgotten his/her wallet
Clause Adjective These are the chairs that we bought last
on the desk.
Clause week.
It is the discovery of electricity that has led to
many bigger developments.
WHOSE
Noun
I want to learn whose cell-phone this is.
Clause
Adjective The man whose cell-phone we’ve found is
Clause not here at the moment.
HOWEVER
Noun
However you decide will be an achievement. NOT: Grammar bölümünde kapsamlı bir çalışma
Clause
yapmak ve soruları çözerken stratejik bir yaklaşım
Adverbial However you decide , I‘m sure it’ll be an
Clause achievement. kazanmak için gramer kitabımızdan faydalanabilirsiniz.
12
ÖRNEK SORU: ÖRNEK SORU:

The Industrial Revolution was a period ---- The institution played an important role in helping
predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe young people improve themselves ---- they could
and America became industrial and urban. present new ideas confidently and eloquently.
A) during which B) what A) in order to B) if
C) though D) so C) so that D) by the time
E) how E) even though
ÇÖZÜM: ÇÖZÜM:
Boşluğun sol tarafında bir isim (a period/dönem) Soru kökünde boşluğun sağ tarafında verilen
verilmiştir. İsimle biten yapılar genellikle adjective could present ifadesi sorunun çözümünde
clause (sıfat cümleciği) ile takip edilirler. B önemli bir ipucudur. Gramer kitabımızda soru
seçeneğinde verilen what ve E seçeneğinde verilen çözüm tekniklerinde söz ettiğimiz gibi boşluğun
how, noun clause (isim cümleciği) yapılarıdır. B ve sağ tarafında can, could, will, would gibi modal
E seçenekleri elenir. C ve D seçeneklerinde verilen ifadeler kullanılmışsa dilin alışılagelmiş, kendi
bağlaçlar cümlecikleri bağlarlar ancak soru kökünde kuralları çerçevesinde genelde sağ tarafında modal
bizden istenen a period isminin nitelenmesidir. Bu yapılarla kullanılan so that (amacıyla, böylelikle)
nedenle A seçeneğinde verilen adjective clause bağlacı öncelikle incelenmelidir. So that boşluğa
yapısı during which boşluk için uygundur. During yerleştirildiğinde cümlede anlam genel olarak “Enstitü
DENİZ PINAR
which boşluğa yerleştirildiğinde cümlede genel anlam genç insanların kendini geliştirmesinde önemli bir rol
“Endüstri Devrimi, Avrupa ve Amerika’da önceden oynadı, böylelikle yeni fikirleri kendine güvenli ve
tarımsal ve kırsal olan toplumun sanayileşme ve güçlü bir biçimde sunabildiler.” şeklindedir. Doğru
şehirleşmeye geçtiği dönemdir.” şeklindedir. Doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
yanıt A seçeneğidir.
13
VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR TESTS DPELS
4. Every organization is affected by change

VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR TESTS
and must adapt to changes in order to ---- in
SET 1 today’s dynamic environment.
A) return B) admit
1. - 8. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere
C) survive D) pretend
uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.
E) accompany
1. Because they are associated with an
increased risk of cardiovascular events,
oestrogens and progestins should not be
used for the ---- of cardiovascular diseases.
5. Before becoming a teenager, many children
A) extension
experience such issues as stress, anxiety
B) invention
and depression, and must learn how to ----
C) prevalence them.
D) prevention A) keep up B) send out
E) malady C) put in D) deal with
E) get off
DENİZ PINAR
2. As they don’t have all the nutritious elements 6. The author of the article notes that Soviet
a baby needs to grow and thrive, cow’s pilots ---- Western built aircraft long before
milk, goat’s milk and soy milk are not ---- for the Germans ---- their country on 22 June
children under 12 months. 1941.
A) appropriate A) were using / had invaded
B) separate B) had been using / invaded
C) responsible C) used / have invaded
D) distinct D) would use / were invading
E) complete E) have used / would invade
3. The Great Basin is still one of the most ---- 7. It ---- that a company ---- through several
populated parts of the United States, though stages to mature in the development and
it is growing rapidly. implementation of information technology.
A) unfairly A) has long been argued / must go
B) densely B) is long being argued / may have gone
C) extremely C) was long argued / used to go
D) suddenly D) had long been argued / should have gone
E) sparsely E) will long be argued / has to go
14
DPELS VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR TESTS
8. ---- as the fortress of Erebuni in 782 BC, the 12. Dental cavities and gingivitis can be
capital of Armenia, Yerevan is one of the exacerbated ---- by the foods patients eat ----
world’s oldest continuously ---- cities. by when the patients eat them.
A) Having found / inhabiting A) just / as
B) Founding / having inhabited B) so / that
C) Being founded / to be inhabited C) not only / but also
D) To be founded / to have been inhabited D) such / that
E) Having been founded / inhabited E) the more / the more
9. - 15. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerle-

re uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. 13. Not ---- person is a natural born entrepreneur,
but there are ways to teach yourself
9. What they suggest is that one should not entrepreneurship and to develop ---- of the
depend ---- material things alone as these entrepreneurial personal traits.
are transient and a lack ---- them causes
A) each / much
unhappiness.
B) every / many
A) to / for B) on / into
C) all / several
DENİZ PINAR
C) by / through D) from / with

D) either / both
E) upon / of
E) one / few
10. Fraud is any form of deceit ---- which one

party intentionally attempts to gain unfair
advantage ---- another. 14. ---- a star has moons orbiting it, both the star
A) through / with and the moons move around the system’s

centre of mass.
B) in / for
A) When B) Whereas
C) by / over
C) Although D) Unless
D) of / from
E) Until
E) on / beyond
15. Financial flexibility is very important for

11. ---- the continuous development of
managers ---- in this way they can evaluate
technology in the medical field, countless
investment projects and make the necessary
lives have been saved and the overall quality
investments only.
of life continues to improve over time.
A) whereas B) as though
A) Despite B) Unlike
C) since D) so that
C) On behalf of D) Thanks to
E) although
E) In search of
15
4. Cities are increasingly gaining population;

SET 2
while large cities ---- around 2% of the
planet’s land mass only, nowadays half of
uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. humanity lives in cities.
A) cease B) occupy
1. Governments must develop and promote
environmental education and awareness in C) maintain D) intimidate
order to create the ---- for international, E) supply
regional and national co-operation.
A) establishments
B) assumptions 5. In 2006, the Zambian government, whose aim
C) interactions was to attract foreign investment, ---- special
D) achievements areas in all districts throughout Zambia
called Multi-Facility Economic Zones. (MFEZ)
E) conditions
A) set up B) put out
C) turned up D) came out
E) kept away
DENİZ PINAR
2. Since they were well adapted to desert

environments, camels became a ---- factor in 6. On September 17, 1944, the British ---- an
trade across the Sahara. airborne attack on the Netherlands, but
due to the fierce German resistance, they
A) critical
---- from Arnheim after a week of intense
B) complicating
fighting.
C) devastating
A) were going to launch / could withdraw
D) virtual
B) launched / had to withdraw
E) hectic
C) used to launch / would have withdrawn
D) would have launched / must have withdrawn
E) had launched / should have withdrawn
3. The line between dinosaurs and birds has

blurred with the new discoveries, so it
7. Competition for food ---- at high population
is difficult to say ---- when the first bird
sizes, ---- to a decrease in food availability at
appeared.
the individual level.
A) partially
A) should increase / to be leading
B) significantly
B) must increase / being led
C) precisely
C) can increase / to be led
D) steadily
D) would increase / to have led
E) eventually
E) could increase / leading
16
8. A senior member of staff at a leading cancer 12. Children who cannot express their needs
hospital ---- of receiving a huge amount of verbally often fail in school and many other
cash in return for ---- body part samples to places in life ---- they cannot express how
private drugs companies. they are feeling and make clear what they
A) may be accused / being supplied want.
B) must be accused / to be supplied A) unless B) even if
C) can be accused / to have supplied C) in case D) since
D) has been accused / supplying E) once
E) should be accused / to supply
13. Using the now-complete Cassini data

9. - 15. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerle- set, Cornell astronomers have found ----
re uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. new features on Titan, including new low
mountains, ---- higher than 700 meters.
9. All children can benefit ---- the exercise,
energy release, and pure enjoyment A) all / very
of playing sports, and this also includes B) a number of / far

children ---- special needs. C) several / as
DENİZ PINAR
A) by / off B) of / in D) many / more

C) over / under D) from / with E) most / much
E) during / across
14. Large fields of methane hydrates are
10. As people get older and become more scattered throughout the world’s oceans
aware ---- more limited time left in their life, and are thought to contain about ---- much
they direct their attention ---- more positive energy ---- all other forms of fossil fuel
thoughts, activities and memories. combined.
A) in / along B) for / into A) either / or B) whether / or
C) of / to D) by / with C) both / and D) so / that
E) at / through E) as / as
11. The southern and eastern countries of the

15. The Puffin are one of the UK’s most popular
Mediterranean are rapidly urbanizing ----
birds and are sometimes referred to as clowns
urbanization rates in the north are more or
of the sea ---- their distinctive colouring and
less stable.
brightly coloured bills.
A) as B) whereas
A) thanks to B) except for
C) so D) hence
C) in contrast to D) in addition to
E) whether
E) on behalf of
17
4. An advocate for democracy and world peace,

SET 3
Woodrow Wilson is often ---- by historians as
one of the nation’s greatest presidents.
uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. A) lamented
B) ranked
1. Conservationists are particularly worried
C) eluded
about the North Atlantic right whale, a
species on the verge of ----. D) hampered
A) extinction E) boosted
B) immaturity
C) validity
D) bliss 5. After Antigone’s death in 323 B.C., a power
struggle ---- among his generals that lasted
E) bias
for more than century.
A) kept away
B) run down
C) broke out
D) wiped out
2. A supernova discovered by an international
DENİZ PINAR
E) got off
group of astronomers provides an
unprecedented look at the first moments of
a ---- stellar explosion.
A) furious 6. Hanukkah’s popularity ---- in modern times,
B) humiliating but its origins ---- to the turbulent centuries
following the death of Alexander the Great.
C) blank
A) surged / dated back
D) violent
B) has surged / date back
E) devoted
C) surges / have dated back
D) is surging / will date back
E) had surged / will have dated back
3. The dust that collects on tables, shelves, and

in corners of rooms in our homes is ---- dead 7. It ---- a lab a month or more to get compelling
human skin cells. results about a species, but now new tools
---- a specific species in three days or less.
A) mostly
A) was going to take / must identify
B) deliberately
B) would have taken / should have identified
C) smoothly
C) used to take / can identify
D) respectively
D) might take / should identify
E) intentionally
E) may have taken / had better identify
18
8. A study published last summer ---- that 12. ---- brief the so-called Christmas Truce of
the smallest members of the oceanic food 1914 was, it served as heartening proof that
chain were found ---- by 64 percent within beneath the brutal clash of weapons, the
4,000 feet of seismic blasts. soldiers’ essential humanity endured.
A) had showed / to decline A) Even though B) In case
B) would show / having declined C) Besides D) However
C) has showed / to be declined E) Thus
D) showed / to have declined
E) shows / declining
13. ---- can deny the fact that agriculture has

various other functions than the provision of
9. - 15. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerle- food in ---- country and society.
re uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. A) Nobody / each
9. ---- the main causes of the eventual market B) Someone / none
collapse in 1929 were low wages, the C) Something / every

proliferation of debt, a struggling agricultural D) No one / all
sector and an excess ---- large bank loans. E) Everyone / some
A) By / with B) For / in
DENİZ PINAR
C) Through / on D) Among / of
E) Toward / over 14. For two millennia, people around the World
have been celebrating Christmas that is ----
a sacred religious holiday ---- a worldwide
10. Thousands of life jackets left behind ---- cultural and commercial phenomenon.
arriving migrants are heaped ---- a dump A) neither / nor
site in Lesbos, Greece, where around 8,000
B) so / that
refugees are stuck, awaiting news of their
asylum requests. C) both / and
A) on / within B) down / into D) such / as
C) onto / from D) about / across E) whether / or
E) by / at
15. The New York Stock Exchange was founded

11. ---- dingoes have been influenced only by in 1817, ---- its origins date back to 1792 when
natural selection for at least 5000 years, a group of stockbrokers and merchants
dogs are the result of intensive selection signed an agreement under a buttonwood
by humans and thus are highly variable tree on Wall Street.
depending on breed. A) because B) therefore
A) Since B) In case C) although D) moreover
C) As long as D) Whereas E) whereas
E) In that
19
4. Amid mounting losses of bird species,

SET 4
National Geographic joined the University’s
Lab of Ornithology to ---- 2018 to be “the Year
uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. of the Bird”.
A) sue B) eradicate
1. The Japanese ---- on Pearl Harbor, which
C) declare D) threaten
took place 70 years ago on 7 December 1941,
E) purchase
pushed America into the Second World War.
A) assault
B) fiction
5. Some daily newspapers in favour of Saddam
C) commander
Hussein sponsored by the Iraqi Media
D) validity
Network, were ---- soon after the fall of him
E) sovereignty in 2003.
A) kept off B) put aside
C) talked back D) turned down
E) closed down
2. Our hands, one of the most intricate parts of

DENİZ PINAR
the human body and especially our thumbs,

are remarkably ---- pieces of the body
6. Researchers ---- that the nervous system
machinery.
plays a key role in how an organism ---- to
A) eventual
environmental threats and challenges.
B) immature
A) found / was responding
C) vertical
B) would find / must respond
D) declining
C) used to find / responded
E) sophisticated
D) find / has responded
E) have found / responds
3. It is impossible to say ---- when humans

7. Muscle reinnervation is important because it
discovered the ability to control fire, but
---- the use of functional electrical stimulation
almost everybody accepts that it was one of
---- limb movements.
humanities’ greatest discoveries.
A) may enable / to restore
A) consistently
B) should have enabled / restoring
B) eventually
C) can enable / being restored
C) exactly
D) should enable / having restored
D) importantly
E) would enable / to have restored
E) partially
20
8. During Roman times, the allies ---- security 12. British consumers could face dramatically
and protection and a share from war gains, reduced food choices in the future ----
in return for ---- to the conquests. much more is done to cut greenhouse gas
A) had received / to be contributed emissions.
B) received / contributing A) unless B) in case
C) have been receiving / being contributed C) as soon as D) once
D) have received / to contribute E) since
E) would receive / having been contributed
13. Almost ---- patient can inspire a research

re uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. question, but not ---- doctors have the time
or training required to investigate it.
9. There are a number of schools and colleges A) no / each
in the UK offering specialist care and B) every / all
education ---- children and adults ---- severe
C) all / some
learning difficulties.
D) none / another
A) of / in B) into / across
E) neither / any
DENİZ PINAR
C) under / towards D) for / with

E) on / over
14. ---- the Eastern Mediterranean region

10. Recent studies ---- Alzheimer’s, heart
constitutes only 1 % of the world waters,
disease, stroke, depression, functional brain
almost one-third of all the sea traffic with its
imaging, and measurement of DNA repair are
annual 220.000 voyages is carried out in this
shedding new light ---- how and why purpose
region.
benefits our lives.
A) However B) Thus
A) in / of B) by / for
C) Because D) Though
C) from / off D) through / to
E) Unless
E) into / on
15. ---- the importance of tourism to the country,

11. Around 95% of the early settlers of America
building more hotels and other entertainment
lived on farms ---- today only around 2% of
facilities might indeed seem urgent.
Americans are rural dwellers.
A) Despite B) Given
A) as B) hence
C) As long as D) Unlike
C) while D) so
E) Moreover
E) whether
21
5. Marlon Brando became the second performer

SET 5
to ---- a best actor Oscar in 1973 -the first
was George C. Scott- as he was protesting
uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. Hollywood’s portrayal of Native Americans in
The Godfather.
1. The face of Earth forests is changing, due to A) call off B) allow for
climate change-induced shifts in rainfall and C) turn down D) put off
temperature that are causing variances in
E) draw up
the ---- of numerous tree species.
A) dedication B) rejection
C) abundance D) consensus
6. Researchers ---- that older adults with slower
E) vanity walking speeds ---- to have a greater risk
for dementia than those with faster walking
speeds.
A) find / would seem
2. Most parenting programs aim to teach
B) have found / seem
parents how to reduce their children’s ----
behavior, which is defined as an openly C) will find / have seemed
uncooperative and hostile attitude. D) had found / will seem

DENİZ PINAR
A) favorable B) steady E) found / will have seemed
C) constructive D) meticulous
E) disruptive
7. Women ---- to stay home and raise their
children; now they ---- as entitled to pursue
any career or lifestyle they desire.
3. Malaria control and prevention education in A) had to be expected / may have been regarded
African schools have ---- cut infection and B) must be expected / will be regarded
reduced the risk of anemia in Africa recently.
C) used to be expected / are regarded
A) bashfully B) mortally
D) might be expected / would be regarded
C) scarily D) offensively
E) could be expected / will have been regarded
E) dramatically
8. ---- on Salisbury Plain in England, Stonehenge

was constructed in several stages between
4. Numerous varieties of soaps are made in 3000 and 1500 B.C., ---- the Neolithic Period
proportion to the purposes they are applied and Bronze Age.
to, so the processes adopted can ---- many
A) Being built / to be spanned
modifications.
B) Building / to span
A) examine B) undergo
C) Having built / spanned
C) scatter D) vanish
D) To be built / being spanned
E) pretend
E) Built / spanning
22
13. New research reveals that when ---- red

blood cells are hit with laser light, they
re uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.
produce high frequency sound waves that
9. The civil rights movement took place mainly contain ---- information.
---- the 1950s and 1960s for blacks to gain A) several / a great deal of
equal rights ---- the law in the United States. B) any / none
A) during / under B) by / for C) plenty of / a number of
C) on / through D) from / about D) a lot of / few
E) to / beneath E) whole / both
10. The land that now makes up Denmark,

Norway and Sweden was a patchwork ----
chieftain-led tribes that often fought ---- each
14. There are ---- many dangerous animals in
other in the Viking age.
Australia ---- even the most adventurous
A) in / onto B) about / with
people feel they have to be careful when
C) within / in D) of / against visiting the country.
DENİZ PINAR
E) for / over A) such / as

B) not only / but also
C) much / than
D) as / as
11. ---- Europe had strengthened with the E) so / that
Renaissance and the dawn of the Industrial
Revolution, the Ottoman Empire began to
lose its economic and military dominance to
Europe.
A) Whether B) In case
C) Once D) By the time
E) If 15. ---- insufficient nutrition, little amount of
sleep, mental stress, heavy tobacco use
and lack of exercise have adverse effects on
periodontal health.
A) For the sake of
12. Scandinavians developed primitive skis at
B) In addition to
least 6,000 years ago, ---- ancient Russians
C) In spite of
may have invented them even earlier.
D) As opposed to
A) so that B) because
E) By means of
C) unless D) now that
E) though
23
5. A new type of ice that may provide a more

SET 6
efficient, environmentally-friendly method to
---- fires, including out-of-control-blazes that
uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. destroy homes and forests, is on trial in
Japan.
1. Previous studies have shown increasing A) call off B) put out
---- of diabetes in China, which now has the
C) give away D) head for
world’s largest diabetes epidemic.
E) back up
A) limitation B) prevalence
C) rejection D) comparison
E) addiction
6. In the year 2100, about one-fifth of the

world’s population could become climate
2. Bacteria in lakes play a key role in maintaining
change refugees due to rising ocean levels
water quality by absorbing the ---- nitrogen
and those who once ---- on coastlines ----
and phosphorus.
displacement and resettlement, according to
A) vital B) tiring new research.
C) excessive D) important A) live / have faced
DENİZ PINAR
E) legal B) will live / face

C) had lived / would face
D) have lived / faced
3. Long term exposure to aircraft noise, ---- E) lived / will face
during the night, is linked to an increased
risk of developing high blood pressure and
possibly heart flutter and stroke as well.
A) inadequately B) fluently
C) elaborately D) appropriately 7. Asteroid impacts or massive volcanic flows
E) particularly ---- around the time dinosaurs became
extinct, but a new argument is that these
creatures ---- by a much less dramatic force
such as biting, disease-carrying insects.
4. While the observation of objects in space
predates reliable recorded history, it was the A) used to occur / had to be exterminated
development of large liquid-fueled rocket B) might have occurred / could have been
engines during the early 20th century that exterminated
---- space exploration to become a practical C) should have occurred / had better be
possibility. exterminated
A) warned B) suggested D) must have occurred / would be exterminated
C) pretended D) allowed E) would rather occur / were supposed to be
E) reminded exterminated
24
8. Future climate change, if ---- unaddressed, is 12. The cells in your body cannot work smoothly
expected ---- roughly 60,000 deaths globally ---- the conditions around them are perfectly
in the year 2030. balanced.
A) being left / to have caused A) because B) so that
B) leaving / causing C) when D) now that
C) left / to cause E) unless
D) to leave / to be caused
E) be left / having caused
13. Not ---- child can read independently by the

end of first grade, but ---- gain a profoundly
rich language experience.
re uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. A) every / all
B) one / each
9. War was not an activity exclusive ---- males C) any / everybody
in the Viking world as women could be found
D) many / some
---- the higher ranks at the battlefield.
E) another / no one
A) for / on B) with / of
DENİZ PINAR
C) to / in D) at / over
E) by / from
14. Exercise can ---- reverse damage to sedentary

and aging hearts ---- help prevent risk of
10. Meteorites had already been recognized as future heart failure as well - if it’s enough
one source ---- iron objects, but the scientific exercise, and if it has begun in time.
community couldn’t determine whether they
A) both / and B) such / as
accounted ---- Bronze Age iron artifacts.
C) so / that D) not only / but
A) of / for B) at / about
E) neither / nor
C) among / on D) in / during
E) within / off
15. ---- birds, the Galápagos giant tortoise is the

11. Great Britain and France declared war on
animal that also disperses most of seeds
Germany on September 3 1939, at 11:00 a.m.
over great distances on the islands, followed
and at 5:00 p.m. respectively ---- Germany
by the endemic land iguanas.
had invaded Poland.
A) Along with B) In case of
A) if B) before
C) As opposed to D) Contrary to
C) once D) now that
E) For instance
E) by the time
25
4. The poem gives an important message that

SET 7
we should be mentally tough and physically
strong in order to ---- to life.
uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. A) return B) admit
C) cling D) compete
1. It is a widely acknowledged fact that health
E) remain
care providers and patients need education
and training in the ---- and treatment of
obesity.
A) extension 5. Over the last two decades, the spread of the
B) prevention Internet has ---- a unique access to a wealth
of information and resources.
C) transmission
A) gotten along
D) restriction
B) grown apart
E) outcome
C) looked into
D) brought about
E) taken after
DENİZ PINAR
2. Talking things over with a ---- listener, such

as a good friend, should make one feel 6. In the last four years, Americans ---- more
better. experience in ---- to mitigate climate change
and adapt to the new challenges it poses.
A) sympathetic
A) gained / tried
B) memorable
B) have been gaining / having tried
C) fierce
C) have gained / trying
D) hostile
D) are gaining / being tried
E) speculative
E) were gaining / to try
7. The producer in a developing country that

3. Varangian was actually the name given by
---- for the domestic market ---- it difficult
Greeks and East Slavs to Vikings, most ---- to
to move to a significantly higher level of
the ones that ruled the medieval state of Rus’
production.
and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard.
A) is producing / should have found
A) ultimately
B) produces / had found
B) privately
C) was producing / had better find
C) annually
D) had produced / should find
D) formally
E) has been producing / may find
E) notably
26
8. ---- the case thoroughly, the police ---- that 12. Turtles, as with other reptiles, can endure
the death was a suicide. long fasts ---- they are known to survive on
A) Having investigated / concluded weekly or even monthly feedings.
B) Having been investigated / was concluding A) after B) though
C) To have investigated / would conclude C) if D) in case
D) To investigate / had concluded E) because
E) To be investigating / has concluded
13. Scientists have recently discovered the

re uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. nearest single star to the Sun that hosts an
exoplanet at least 3.2 times ---- Earth.
9. Processed carbohydrates have negative A) the most massive
effects ---- metabolism, while lower- B) massive enough
carbohydrate or very low-carbohydrate diets
C) as massive as
with high fat content are better ---- health.
D) so massive that
A) over / with B) upon / in
E) fewer than
C) of / at D) on / for
DENİZ PINAR
E) to / of
14. New medicines are not evil, and they do not

10. Town planning was ---- particular concern
cause trouble ---- they are taken under the
---- the Chinese and was best seen in their
control of an expert physician.
two longest-serving capitals of Luoyang and
Chang’an. A) unless B) in case
A) in / without B) of / to C) until D) even if
C) with / on D) at / for E) as long as
E) into / towards
15. ---- it has been accepted by some that dogs

were first domesticated in Egypt 4000 years
11. The Galapagos Islands are famous for their
ago, their history among human beings goes
abundance of unique and rare animals, ---- of
back much further.
which can’t be found ---- else.
A) Since
A) some / nowhere
B) Just as
B) many / anything
C) Now that
C) only a few / anywhere
D) Even though
D) most / anyone
E) As if
E) none / everywhere
27
4. Green vanilla pods are non-aromatic,

SET 8
and must ---- a lengthy and complicated
fermentation process in order for the vanilla
uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. taste and flavour to develop.
A) overcome B) dismiss
1. Just like small children, animals can have a
C) highlight D) withstand
---- to get into hazardous substances if they
E) exchange
have easy access.
A) contribution
B) tendency
C) prohibiton 5. Police have not released much information
D) responsibility as of yet, but the game is alleged to have
been ---- due to a bomb scare.
E) dedication
A) relied on
B) called off
C) brought up
D) caught up
E) turned down
2. Born into an influential Jewish family in
DENİZ PINAR
London in 1920, Franklin Fineman showed ----

academic abilities from childhood and later
studied chemistry at Cambridge University.
6. Cats are thought to ---- to Europe by
A) ambiguous
Phoenician traders who ---- them out of
B) negligible Egypt.
C) temporary A) have brought / have been smuggling
D) intentional B) be brought / are smuggling
E) exceptional C) have been brought / smuggled
D) bring / have smuggled
E) being brought / had smuggled
3. Austrian economists believe that growth

7. Global vertebrate extinction ---- significantly
based on monetary expansion is not
since the rise of industrial society when ----
sustainable and will ---- lead to greater
to historic and prehistoric times.
volatility in the market cycle.
A) has been increasing / comparing
A) sufficiently
B) is increasing / being compared
B) amazingly
C) had increased / having been compared
C) inevitably
D) increased / having compared
D) favorably
E) has increased / compared
E) spectacularly
28
8. It is hoped that by studying Mars’ interior, 12. ---- people realized that animals could be
scientists ---- key questions about how tamed, these creatures became incorporated
terrestrial planets ---- in our solar system. into the most basic and widespread rituals of
A) will be able to answer / were formed the culture.
B) have answered / are forming A) If B) As soon as
C) are answering / will be formed C) Until D) Even though
D) answered / have formed E) Much as
E) had answered / are formed
13. ---- things in the future stay the same as they

are today ---- change from what they are
re uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.
today, both are understood in terms of the
9. Animal husbandry is a branch of agriculture current reality.
concerned ---- the domestication of, care A) Whether /or

---- and breeding of animals such as dogs, B) Neither /nor
cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and other C) Just /as
like creatures.
D) Such /that
DENİZ PINAR
A) by / of B) to / about
E) Not only /but also
C) for / around D) over / by
E) with / for
14. Adverse effects of climate change could

10. The discovery of a saber-toothed animal
seriously threaten rice production levels
preserved ---- layers some 300,000 years old
---- preventive measures are taken to adjust
sheds new light on the relationship ---- early
up-to-date rice production systems.
humans and beasts of prey.
A) as long as B) otherwise
A) by / under B) with / into
C) so that D) in that
C) in / between D) from / to
E) unless
E) on / for
11. The President began his time in the White

House ---- Germany was in the process of 15. The Greeks used the term planets to describe
reunifying, the Soviet Union was collapsing the irregular apparent motion of ---- we know
and the Cold War was ending. today to be large objects orbiting the Sun.
A) because B) whereas A) which B) what
C) even if D) in that C) how D) that
E) as E) why
29
DENİZ PINAR
30
.
DPELS CLOZE TEST STRATEGIES
1.
CLOZE TEST STRATEGIES
A) ornament
Cloze test bölümünden YDT’de beş soru B) masterpiece
sorulmaktadır. Soru kökünde bir paragraf verilir ve
C) fiction
bırakılan boşlukları doldurmamız istenir. Bu nedenle
D) experience
diğer paragraf bölümlerinde uyguladığımız kuralların
çoğunluğu (örneğin ana fikri tespit etmek, parçadaki E) publication
zaman akışına dikkat etmek vb.) bu bölümde de
geçerlidir. Soru tiplerinin çeşitliliği açısından bazı
adayların zor buldukları bölümlerden biridir. Cloze 2.
test bölümünde “grammar” (dilbilgisi), “vocabulary” A) as though
(sözcük bilgisi), “prepositions” (ilgeçler) ve “phrasal
B) or
verbs” (öbeksi eylem) bölümlerinden soru çıkmaktadır.
Bu nedenle bilgi gerektiren bir bölümdür. Ancak, C) but
diğer bölümlerde verdiğimiz stratejilerin ve sistemli D) until

bir dilbilgisi çalışmasının yardımıyla bu bölümde E) whether
başarılı olunabilir. Aşağıda cloze test bölümünde
daha yetkin olmamıza yardımcı olabilecek örnekler
bulunmaktadır. 3.
DENİZ PINAR
A) wrote
B) has written
ÖRNEK SORU:
C) would write
For those of us who got our introduction to Dr
D) could have written
Frankenstein and his monster from the movies,
reading Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein; or, E) should have written
The Modern Prometheus for the first time can be

a surprising (1) ----. The 1931 Universal Studios
film is a classic in its own right (2) ---- it does 4.
not approach the philosophical and scientific A) whose
sophistication of the original. Despite the fact
B) what
that she was only a teenager when she (3) ---- the
C) how
first draft of her story about a doctor who creates
a monster made from parts of corpses, Mary D) whom
Shelley was well acquainted with the medical E) both of which
science of her time. Two contemporary scientific
advances, (4) ---- were concerned with probing
the boundaries between the living and the dead, 5.
figure prominently in the novel. The first was
A) into
the discovery that it was sometimes possible to
B) on
resuscitate people who appeared to have died
by drowning, and the second was the emerging C) at
field of electrophysiology, which investigated the D) with
effects of electricity (5) ---- animal tissues. E) for
33
CLOZE TEST STRATEGIES DPELS
ÇÖZÜM: 3. Soru kökünde when zaman bağlacı ile kurulmuş

bir cümle verilmiştir. Temel cümle past olduğu için
1. Soru kökünde verilen ve gerund bir özne içeren
zaman uyumu kuralları gereği boşluğa gelecek
“reading Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein;
olan fiil de past çekimde olmalıdır. A, C, D ve
or, The Modern Prometheus for the first time
E seçenekleri bu zamansal kurala uygundur.
can be” ifadesinden “Mary Shelley’nin romanı
Ancak kökte “first draft of her story” (hikayesinin
Frankenstein’ı ya da Modern Prometheus’u ilk
ilk taslağı/tek bir şeyden söz edilmiştir) ifadesi
kez okumak” eyleminin kelime olarak tanımının
verildiği için geçmiş alışkanlıklarımızda
istendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Böyle bir eylem için
(geçmişte kendini sürekli tekrar eden eylemlerde)
D seçeneğinde verilen experience (tecrübe/
kullandığımız would yapısını içeren C seçeneği
deneyim) ifadesi yerinde olacaktır. Doğru yanıt
elenir. D seçeneğinde verilen "could have
D seçeneğidir.
written" (geçmişte olasılık) ve E seçeneğinde
verilen should have written (geçmiş eleştiri)
Ornament: süs, süsleme; accessory, adornment ifadeleri boşluğa uygun değildir. Çünkü cümle
Masterpiece: başyapıt; sensation, masterwork olasılık ya da eleştiri anlamı içermemektedir.
Fiction: kurgu; fabrication, creative writing Klasik when clause (v2+v2) kalıbını da göz
Experience: deneyim, tecrübe; happening, önüne aldığımızda doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
incident
Publication: neşriyat, yayım, yayımlamak;
issuance, paperback, book 4. Boşluğun sol tarafında verilen “two contemporary
scientific advances” (iki çağdaş/aynı çağa ait
DENİZ PINAR
bilimsel gelişme) ismi adjective clause takibi

2. Boşluğun sol tarafında “filmin kendi türünde bir
gerektirmektedir. "What" ve "How" noun clause
klasik olduğundan” söz edilerek film hakkında
yapısı oldukları için B ve C seçenekleri elenir.
olumlu bir yargı verilmiştir ancak boşluğun sağ
"Whose" ve "whom" ise insanları nitelemekte
tarafı incelendiğinde “ filmin, orjinalinin felsefik
kullanılırlar, bu nedenle A ve D seçenekleri de
ve bilimsel düzeyine yaklaşamadığından” söz
elenir. Doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
edilerek bir zıtlık/çelişki yaratılmıştır. Bu çelişkiyi
yaratabilecek bir zıtlık bağlacı C seçeneğinde
(but) verilmiştir. Doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir. 5. Boşluğun sol tarafında verilen "effects" ismi bir
şeyin/kişinin üzerinde etki bırakmak anlamında
kullanılır. Doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
34
DPELS CLOZE TEST STRATEGIES
ÖRNEK SORU: 9.
A number of unions and associations are in A) Therefore
favour of Malta (6) ---- keeping summer time, B) Rather
and discontinuing the bi-annual seasonal clock
C) For instance
change starting (7) ---- 2021. Earlier this month,
D) Furthermore
the European Parliament’s Transport and Tourism
Committee voted to abolish the seasonal clock E) However
change, (8) ---- it up to member states to choose
between summer time and winter time. Broadly 10.
speaking, the difference between the two is
A) just as
merely the shifting of an hour. (9) ----, more
B) when
specifically, the hour shift would affect the time
in which daylight begins and ends. Summer time C) while
would see daylight begin and end later, (10) ---- D) because
winter time would see daylight begin and end E) so that
earlier.
ÇÖZÜM:
6.
6. Soru kökünde verilen “and discontinuing the
A) inadvertently bi-annual seasonal clock change” ifadesinden
DENİZ PINAR
B) permanently “Malta’nın mevsimsel saat değişimine devam

C) outrageously etmediği” anlaşılmaktadır. Bu durumdan
yola çıkarak boşluğa “permanently” zarfı
D) temporarily
yerleştirildiğinde (permanently keeping summer
E) recklessly
time) anlam genel olarak “Malta’nın yaz saati
uygulamasını kalıcı olarak devam ettireceği”
7. yönündedir. Doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
A) from
B) at
Inadvertently: yanlışlıkla, dikkatsizce;
C) on accidentally, by mistake
D) towards Permanently: kalıcı olarak, daimi; incessantly
Outrageously: saldırganca; aggressively
E) out Temporarily: geçici olarak, momentarily
Recklessly: uluorta, lakayıtça, ; indiscreetly,
openly,negligently
8.
A) left
B) being left
C) to have left 7. Parçadaki zaman akışını da göz önünde
bulundurarak “2021’den itibaren” anlamında
D) leaving
“from” edatı boşluk için uygundur. Doğru yanıt A
E) having been left seçeneğidir.
35
CLOZE TEST STRATEGIES DPELS
8. Soru kökünde verilen “European Parliament’s

Transport and Tourism Committee” öznesi
"leave" eylemini gerçekleştirebilir. A, B ve E
seçeneklerinde verilen passive kısaltmalar
elenir. C seçeneğinde verilen infinitive kısaltma
kural ve anlam açısından boşluğu uygun şekilde
tamamlamamaktadır. Doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
9. Boşluğun sol tarafında verilen “Broadly speaking,

the difference between the two is merely the
shifting of an hour.” (Genel olarak ikisi arasındaki
fark sadece bir saatlik bir değişimdir) ifadesinden
ve sağ tarafta verilen “The hour shift would affect
the time in which daylight begins and ends.” (Bir
saatlik değişim gün ışığının başlama ve bitiş
zamanını etkileyecekti.) ifadesinden iki cümle
arasında bir zıtlık/çelişki olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Bu nedenle, however (ancak, bununla birlikte,
yine de) geçiş sözcüğünün verildiği E seçeneği
doğru yanıttır.
DENİZ PINAR
10. Boşluğun sol ve sağ tarafında verilen zıt özneler

“summer time/winter time” ve cümleciklerin
anlamı iki ifade arasında taban tabana zıtlık
(direct contrast) olduğunu göstermektedir.
Bu güçlü zıtlık anlamını verebilecek yapı C
seçeneğinde (while: whereas, whilst= -e rağmen,
oysa) yer almaktadır. Doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
36
DPELS CLOZE TESTS
3.
CLOZE TESTS
A) believing
SET 1 B) having believed
C) to believe
1. - 20. sorularda aşağıdaki parçalarda numa-
ralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifa- D) believed
deyi bulunuz.
E) to be believed
The link between poor housing conditions and

poor health is well established. Many, possibly
hundreds, of cross-sectional studies have reported
consistent and statistically (1) ---- associations
between the two. Most countries utilize strict
building regulations (2) ---- control exposure
to identified housing hazards, particularly
carbon monoxide, lead, poor construction and
poor sanitation. In countries that enforce such
regulations, the hazards (3) ---- to have the most
significant adverse health effects have been
4.
ranked, with the most important being poor air
quality, inadequate warmth or excessive humidity, A) However
DENİZ PINAR
noise, house dust mites, tobacco smoke and B) Otherwise

fires. Many less wealthy countries do not have or C) Likewise
do not enforce strict building regulations. (4) ----,
D) Even so
the adverse effects of specific housing hazards
E) As a result
may be more pronounced in these countries,
especially (5) ---- vulnerable groups.
1.
A) hostile
B) significant
C) inaccurate
D) vague
E) amicable 5.
A) over
B) at
2. C) around
A) so as to D) without
B) in spite of E) among
C) so that
D) because of
E) besides
37
CLOZE TESTS DPELS
Astronomers have detected 13 high-speed 8.

bursts of radio waves coming from deep space, A) into
including one that regularly repeats. (6) ---- the
B) below
exact sources remain unknown, the new set of
C) on
mysterious waves does offer fresh clues to where
and why such flashes appear across the cosmos. D) at
Fast radio bursts, (7) ---- they are known to E) outside
scientists, are among the universe’s most bizarre
phenomena. Each burst lasts just thousandths of
a second, and they all appear to be coming from
far (8) ---- our home galaxy, the Milky Way. Since
these bursts were discovered in 2007, their cause
(9) ---- a puzzle. Based on (10) ---- of the known
range of their frequencies and an understanding
of activity in the universe, scientists expect that
nearly a thousand of them happen every day. But
to date, only a handful have been found.
9.
A) has remained
6.
B) remained
DENİZ PINAR
A) However
C) had remained
B) Unless
D) is remaining
C) While
E) will be remaining
D) As long as
E) After
10.
7.
A) integrations
A) because
B) accomplishments
B) as
C) commodities
C) if
D) estimations
D) when
E) transactions
E) before
38
DPELS CLOZE TESTS
Until recently, poor people in “the other parts of 13.

the world” (11) ---- no threat to rich countries. A) should have been summed up
“They” out there didn’t know much about rich
B) had better be summed up
people’s lifestyle—and (12) ---- they did and
C) can be summed up
became angry, they couldn’t do anything about
it. But today, poor remote countries are able to D) had to be summed up
create problems for rich ones, and the reasons E) would rather be summed up
(13) ---- in a word: globalization. (14) ---- the
increased connections among all parts of the
world, people in developing countries know more
(15) ---- differences in living standards, and many
of them can now travel to rich countries.
11.
A) have been
B) had been
C) are 14.
D) will have been A) However
E) were B) In contrast to
DENİZ PINAR
C) Notwithstanding
D) As a result of
E) In spite of
12. 15.
A) even if A) beside
B) since B) about
C) thus C) throughout
D) furthermore D) within
E) such that E) off
39
CLOZE TESTS DPELS
To create the synthetic wood, scientists took a 18.

solution of polymer resin and added a pinch of A) had heated
chitosan, a sugar polymer derived (16) ---- the
B) heated
shells of shrimps and crabs. They freeze-dried the
C) would heat
solution, thus (17) ---- a structure filled with tiny
pores and channels supported by the chitosan. D) will have heated
After that, they (18) ---- the resin to temperatures E) have heated
as high as 200 degrees Celsius to cure it, building
strong chemical bonds. The resulting material,
described in Science Advances in August, is
(19) ---- wood, says author Shu-Hong Yu, a
materials chemist at the University of Science
and Technology of China in Hefei. “Faster freeze-
drying creates even smaller channels and pores,
(20) ---- further strengthens the material”, Yu
says.
19.
16.
A) as strong as
A) into
B) strong enough
DENİZ PINAR
B) for
C) the strongest
C) by
D) too strong
D) on
E) so strong that
E) from
20.
17.
A) that
A) downloading
B) what
B) pulling
C) which
C) yielding
D) whose
D) accusing
E) in which
E) insuring
40
DPELS CLOZE TESTS
3.
SET 2
A) denied
1. - 20. sorularda aşağıdaki parçalarda numa- B) forgot
ralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifa-
C) argued
deyi bulunuz.
D) coined
The Neolithic Revolution, also (1) ---- the E) blessed
Agricultural Revolution, marked the transition
in human history from small nomadic bands of
hunter-gatherers to larger, agricultural settlements
and early civilization. Neolithic humans used
stone tools like their earlier Stone Age ancestors,
(2) ---- eked out a marginal existence in small
bands of hunter-gatherers during the last Ice
Age. Australian archaeologist V. Gordon Childe
(3) ---- the term Neolithic Revolution in 1935
to describe the radical and important period
of change in which humans began cultivating
plants, breeding animals for food and forming 4.
permanent settlements. The Neolithic Revolution
A) ever
DENİZ PINAR
started around 10,000 B.C. in the Fertile Crescent,

B) also
a boomerang-shaped region of the Middle East
where humans first took up farming. Shortly after, C) such
Stone Age humans in other parts of the world (4) D) yet
---- began to practice agriculture. Civilizations E) like
and cities grew out of the innovations (5) ---- the
Neolithic Revolution.
1.
A) calling
B) to have called
C) having called
D) to be called
E) called
5.
2. A) towards
A) where B) of
B) which C) since
C) who D) without
D) when E) into
E) whose
41
CLOZE TESTS DPELS
The challenge of moving the World toward a 8.

low-carbon future in time to avoid (6) ---- global A) all
warming and to create energy self-sufficient
B) both
countries is one of the greatest of our time. The
C) each
roadmaps (7) ---- in Stanford University provide
one possible endpoint. For every one of the 139 D) plenty
nations, they assessed the raw renewable energy E) whole
resources available to (8) ---- country, the number
of wind, water, and solar energy generators
needed to be 80% renewable by 2030 and 100%
by 2050, how much land and rooftop area these
power sources were going to require, and (9) ----
this approach (10) ---- energy demand and cost
compared with a business-as-usual scenario.
6.
A) exacerbating 9.
B) diminishing A) what
C) benignant B) whom
DENİZ PINAR
D) favourable C) how
E) courteous D) which
E) whereby
10.
7. A) had reduced
A) to have developed B) will be reduced
B) developed C) was reduced
C) developing D) has reduced
D) having developed E) would reduce
E) develop
42
DPELS CLOZE TESTS
Pompeii is the ancient city of Italy, in the Capania 13.

Region, built at the mouth of the Sarnus River A) Under
between Herculaneum and Stabiae. The city (11)
B) By
---- in about 600 BC by the Oscans, (12) ---- were
C) On
later conquered by the Samnites. (13) ---- the
dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, it became a D) For
Roman colony in 80 BC and later a favourite E) Above
resort for (14) ---- Romans in pursuit of luxury,
reaching a population of about 20,000 at the
beginning of the Christian era. It was also a place
of considerable trade and was an important port
city down of Nola and (15) ---- inland cities of the
fertile valley of the Sarnus.
11.
A) founded
B) finding 14.
C) are founded A) unique
D) was founded B) irresponsible
DENİZ PINAR
E) being founded C) wealthy

D) crowded
E) indigent
15.
12. A) others
A) whom B) one another
B) whose C) another
C) that D) each other
D) of whom E) other
E) who
43
CLOZE TESTS DPELS
France is one of the countries that are often 18.

referred to when (16) ---- a country with a rich A) in spite of
food culture – something which French people
B) as well as
have always been proud (17) ----. They are known
C) instead
for their sophisticated kitchen, their creativity
in pastries (18) ---- fresh fruits, vegetables, D) rather
herbs and grains grown in the fertile soil of the E) in the event of
country. Furthermore, France is well known for
its best wines in the world. Internationally, French
restaurants have the image of their refined way of
cooking with high quality (19) ---- and also high
prices. At the same time, (20) ----, the country
undergoes a fast food boom and is currently
identified as the second biggest fast food market
in the world-outranked only by the United States.
16.
19.
A) being considered
A) factors
B) considered
B) objectives
DENİZ PINAR
C) having been considered

C) incentives
D) to consider
D) images
E) considering
E) ingredients
17.
20.
A) with
A) therefore
B) for
B) besides
C) of
C) likewise
D) by
D) however
E) at
E) otherwise
44
DPELS CLOZE TESTS
3.
SET 3
A) Although
1. - 20. sorularda aşağıdaki parçalarda numa- B) Since
C) However
deyi bulunuz.
D) Despite
E) Thus
Ancient Japan has made unique contributions (1)
---- world culture that include the Shinto religion
and its architecture, (2) ---- art objects such as
haniwa figurines, the oldest pottery vessels in the
world, the largest wooden buildings anywhere at
the time of their construction, and many literary
classics, including the world’s first novel. (3) ----
Japan was significantly influenced by China and
Korea, the islands were never subject to foreign
political control and so were free (4) ---- those
ideas which appealed to them, to adapt them
(5) ---- they wished, and to continue with their
4.
indigenous cultural practices to create a unique
A) being selected
DENİZ PINAR
approach to government, religion, and the arts.

B) to be selecting
C) to be selected
1.
D) to select
A) in
E) having selected
B) to
C) for
D) of
E) with
5.
2.
A) what
A) semantic
B) whose
B) peculiar
C) that
C) distinctive
D) which
D) belligerent
E) how
E) ominous
45
CLOZE TESTS DPELS
Daily life in ancient Mesopotamia (6) ---- in the 8.

same way one would describe life in ancient A) otherwise
Rome or Greece. Mesopotamia was never a
B) because
single, (7) ---- civilization, not even under the
C) so that
Akkadian Empire of Sargon the Great. Generally
speaking, (8) ----, from the rise of the cities in D) by the time
4500 B.C. to the downfall of Sumer in 1750 BC, E) though
the people of the regions of Mesopotamia did
live their lives in similar ways. The civilizations
of Mesopotamia placed a great value (9) ---- the
written word. Once writing was invented around
3500 B.C., the scribes seemed almost obsessed
with recording every facet of their cities’ lives
and, (10) ---- this, archaeologists and scholars in
the present day have a fairly clear understanding
of how the people lived and worked.
9.
6.
A) from
A) cannot be described
B) of
DENİZ PINAR
B) might not describe

C) with
C) would not describe
D) on
D) had to be described
E) out of
E) would not rather be described
10.
7.
A) despite
A) substantial
B) unlike
B) unified
C) due to
C) ample
D) in contrast to
D) hereditary
E) rather than
E) hypocrite
46
DPELS CLOZE TESTS
The heartbreak of Alzheimer’s dementia is (11) 13.

---- many of the sufferers’ memories are no longer A) associated with
available to them. They start to lose the ability to
B) brought up
remember the names of the people they love, or
C) made up
(12) ---- common objects. And yet, in ways that
are not completely understood, some memories D) put out
persist, including, in many cases, memories (13) E) turned off
---- music. In a study published in The Journal of
Gerontological Nursing, eighteen elderly adults
with severe levels of dementia and cognitive
impairment (14) ---- familiar pieces of music
during their bath time. Significant decreases were
seen in aggressive behaviour, and in many cases
patients who had lost many other language-
related skills were able to not only recognize
familiar songs, (15) ---- sing as well.
14.
11.
A) might be played
A) whether
B) were played
DENİZ PINAR
B) what
C) are played
C) in spite of
D) will be played
D) that
E) could be played
E) though
15.
12.
A) if
A) with
B) nor
B) from
C) but
C) for
D) so
D) to
E) and
E) of
47
CLOZE TESTS DPELS
Most of us make some sort of concessions to our 18.

physical health (16) ---- a regular basis. This might A) Unless
mean going on a diet or just generally trying to
B) Because
avoid obscene amounts of chocolate, or it might
C) Even if
mean going to the gym regularly. (17) ---- way it is
generally understood that in order to have good D) When
health, we must live a healthy and responsible E) Still
lifestyle and keep an eye on what our body wants.
(18) ---- it comes to mental health though, few
of us share the same attitude and it seems like
most people are perfectly happy to ignore their
psychological well-being and assume it (19) ----
care of itself. Of course, this is the wrong attitude
because just like your physical health, the way
you live and treat yourself can have a big (20) ----
on your emotional and psychological well-being.
19.
16.
A) took
A) at
B) had taken
DENİZ PINAR
B) on
C) should have taken
C) above
D) could have taken
D) in
E) will take
E) within
20.
17.
A) ailment
A) Either
B) decay
B) Both
C) growth
C) Several
D) attention
D) Neither
E) impact
E) None
48
DPELS CLOZE TESTS
3.
SET 4
A) on
1. - 20. sorularda aşağıdaki parçalarda numa- B) toward
C) above
deyi bulunuz.
D) into
E) with
The attack on Pearl Harbor may have been a
surprise to many, (1) ---- in fact Japan and the
United States (2) ---- close to war for decades.
The United States was particularly unhappy
with Japan’s increasingly belligerent attitude (3)
---- China. The Japanese government believed
that the only way to solve its economic and
demographic problems was to (4) ---- into its
neighbor’s territory and take over its import
market. (5) ----, Japan declared war on China
in 1937, resulting in the Nanking Massacre and
other atrocities.
4.
A) despise
DENİZ PINAR
B) insure
1.
C) curb
A) but
D) meander
B) so
E) expand
C) as
D) for
E) if
2.
5.
A) are getting
A) Because
B) will have got
B) Even so
C) had been getting
C) Only if
D) have been getting
D) Hence
E) got
E) Nonetheless
49
CLOZE TESTS DPELS
On October 29, 1929, the Black Tuesday hit 8.

the Wall Street (6) ---- investors traded some A) have been lost
16 million shares (7) ---- the New York Stock
B) were lost
Exchange in a single day. Billions of dollars (8)
C) are lost
----, thus wiping out thousands of investors. (9)
---- the Black Tuesday, America and the rest of D) would be lost
the industrialized world spiralled downward into E) will have been lost
the Great Depression, the deepest and longest-
lasting economic (10) ---- in the history of the
Western industrialized world up to that time.
6.
A) as
B) so
C) though
D) as if
9.
E) unless
A) Thanks to
B) As well as
DENİZ PINAR
C) On behalf of
D) As a result of
E) Despite
7.
A) along
10.
B) through
A) surplus
C) on
B) progress
D) by
C) expansion
E) down
D) investment
E) downturn
50
DPELS CLOZE TESTS
Animals use many different ways to communicate 13.

with each other, especially in case of danger. A) erroneously
They use gestures, make specific sounds or
B) accordingly
even send out special scents and warn others of
C) frantically
possible hazards. (11) ----, kangaroos and rabbits
stamp their feet on the ground when they sense D) reluctantly
danger. A monkey can make different sounds (12) E) excessively
---- danger. Other monkeys can easily understand
the reason why it makes that specific sound
and act (13) ----. Each one of their calls, which
means something different, can be a message to
other monkeys. It functions as a signal to other
monkeys to beware (14) ---- dangerous animals or
it can be a warning to enemies to keep out of their
territory. Fish, (15) ----, use special scents to warn
other fish when hazards are near.
14.
A) than
11.
B) in
A) Therefore
C) at
DENİZ PINAR
B) Nevertheless
D) within
C) Despite
E) of
D) Though
E) For example
15.
12.
A) on the other hand
A) having signalled
B) otherwise
B) to be signalled
C) as a result
C) to signal
D) to illustrate
D) having been signalled
E) on the contrary
E) being signalled
51
CLOZE TESTS DPELS
Aborigines generally enjoyed a mixed and 18.

abundant diet of plant and animal foods (16) ---- A) in
varied according to the time of the year and local
B) to
environmental conditions. They understood the
C) for
beneficial nutritional and medicinal properties
of the natural resources in their surroundings. D) on
When it was necessary, they developed methods E) out
of (17) ---- beneficial substances and eliminating
harmful. The earliest groups relied (18) ---- fish for
food. To maximise their catches, they built large
underwater stone-walled traps. They also made
broad nets of plant fibres for catching fish and
other aquatic animals. Inland groups are known
(19) ---- a variety of plant and animal foods, too.
Scientists are sure that they never practised any
sort of agriculture, probably (20) ---- they had
other adequate food resources and fairly small
populations. 19.
A) to have eaten
16. B) to be eaten
DENİZ PINAR
A) what C) having been eaten
B) whom D) being eaten
C) in which E) having eaten
D) where
E) which
17. 20.
A) destroying A) because
B) diminishing B) though
C) healing C) unless
D) proposing D) as if
E) extracting E) in case
52
DPELS CLOZE TESTS
3.
SET 5
A) since
1. - 20. sorularda aşağıdaki parçalarda numa- B) as though
C) while
deyi bulunuz.
D) if
E) unless
A new research suggests that our (1) ---- with
drinking coffee could have unexpected health
benefits. More surprisingly, our lifespan can be
increased by up to nine minutes a day by a cup
of coffee. Recently the largest ever conducted
study into coffee drinking (2) ---- that drinking
even a single cup a day reduces the risk of dying
early from any cause, and dramatically cuts the
chance of death from digestive problems. People
who consumed just one 350 ml cup each day
reduced their risk of dying early by 12 per cent 4.
over 16 years, (3) ---- three cups reduced the
A) at
risk by 18 per cent. Prof. Sir David Spiegelhalter,
B) with
DENİZ PINAR
Winton Professor for the Public Understanding of

Risk at the University of Cambridge, calculated C) for
that (4) ---- average, a cup of coffee puts around D) into
nine minutes on a man’s life, and around three E) on
minutes on a woman’s. (5) ----, perhaps we should
relax and enjoy it.
1.
A) obsession
B) interaction
C) communication
D) addiction
E) endowment
5.
A) However
2.
B) So
A) has been finding
C) Because
B) may find
D) Likewise
C) had found
E) Moreover
D) has found
E) could have found
53
CLOZE TESTS DPELS
In a recent experiment, researchers (6) ---- that it 8.

is possible to trick people (7) ---- changing their A) In fact
political views. (8) ----, they could get some people
B) Only if
to adopt opinions that were directly opposite of
C) Much as
their original ones. Their findings (9) ---- that we
should rethink some of the ways we think about D) Nevertheless
our own attitudes, and how they relate to the E) Because
currently polarized political climate. (10) ---- it
comes to the actual political attitudes we hold,
we are considerably more flexible than we think.
6.
A) had shown
B) have shown
C) are showing
9.
D) show
A) imitate
E) will show
B) ruin
C) endanger
DENİZ PINAR
D) imply
E) question
10.
7.
A) As if
A) out of
B) Hence
B) along
C) When
C) without
D) As long as
D) by
E) So that
E) into
54
DPELS CLOZE TESTS
The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought- 13.
stricken Southern Plains region of the United A) have been killed
States, which suffered severe dust storms during
B) had to be killed
a dry period in the 1930s. Also known as “the
C) were killed
Dirty Thirties,” it started in 1930 and lasted for
about a decade, (11) ---- its long-term economic D) may be killed
impacts on the region (12) ---- much longer. While E) would be killed
high winds and choking dust swept the region
from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock
(13) ---- and crops failed (14) ---- the entire region.
(15) ---- the Dust Bowl intensified the crushing
economic impacts of the Great Depression, it
drove many farming families on a desperate
migration in search of work and better living
conditions.
14.
11.
A) through
A) so
B) across
B) given
C) over
DENİZ PINAR
C) for
D) about
D) if
E) during
E) yet
15.
A) In case
12.
B) Though
A) lingered
C) Whereas
B) ceased
D) As
C) betrayed
E) In that
D) domesticated
E) accused
55
CLOZE TESTS DPELS
Oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere is necessary 18.

for complex forms of life, which use it (16) ---- A) will be debated
aerobic respiration to make energy. The levels of
B) has been debated
oxygen (17) ---- rose in the atmosphere around
C) was debated
2.4 billion years ago, but why it happened then
(18) ---- for years now. Some scientists think D) is being debated
that 2.4 billion years ago was (19) ---- organisms E) had been debated
called cyanobacteria first developed, which could
perform oxygen-producing photosynthesis, (20)
---- other scientists think that cyanobacteria
evolved long before 2.4 billion years ago but
something prevented oxygen from accumulating
in the air.
16.
A) onto 19.
B) during A) what
C) above B) which
D) toward C) thus
DENİZ PINAR
E) into D) that
E) when
20.
17. A) while
A) dramatically B) since
B) considerately C) as though
C) innately D) so long as
D) affectionately E) in addition
E) collaboratively
56
.
DPELS SENTENCE COMPLETION STRATEGIES
SENTENCE COMPLETION STRATEGIES ÇÖZÜM:

Soru kökünde after zaman bağlacı ile kurulmuş
bir cümlecik verilmiştir. Cümlecik past tense
STRATEJİ 1 formatında verilmiştir. Zaman bağlaçları
TENSE AGREEMENT / ZAMAN UYUMU present -> present/future ya da past -> past zaman
uyumuyla çalışırlar. C, D ve E seçeneklerinde soru
İngilizce’de zaman bağlaçlarıyla (time clauses)
kökünde verilen past yapı ile uyumlu ifadeler yer
kurulmuş cümlelerde, cümlecikler arasında zaman
almaktadır. Ancak C seçeneği after bağlacının past
uyumu olmak zorundadır . Bu nedenle zaman bağlacı
formdaki çalışmasına uygun değildir.
ile verilmiş cümle tamamlama sorularında yan
cümlecik ile temel cümle arasında mutlaka zaman After + had v3 (v2), v2
uyumu aranmalıdır. Cümleciklerde, present ifadelerle Dizilimde görüldüğü gibi after bağlacı ile verilen
yine present ya da future, past ifadeler ile ise past cümlelerde önce olması gereken olay (had v3)
yapılar kullanılmalıdır. bağlacın bulunduğu kısımda verilmelidir. C seçeneği
PRESENT « PRESENT elenir. E seçeneğinde soru kökünde verilen “it”
zamirini karşılayabilecek uygun bir isim olmadığı
I never skip the breakfast before I go to school.
gibi aynı zamanda bu seçenekte yer alan cümlenin
PRESENT « FUTURE
continuous olması da bağlacın yapısıyla uyumlu
She will be there when I arrive at the airport. değildir. Geriye kalan D seçeneği soru kökü ile
PAST « PAST birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak “Kudüs,
DENİZ PINAR
When we got there, the film was over. ancak İsrail Kralı David tarafından fethedildikten
sonra bölgesel önemi olan bir şehir olarak olarak
Zaman bağlaçlarından örnekler: After, before, as
düşünülmeye başlandı” şeklindedir. Soru köküyle
soon as, once, by the time, until, when, whenever/
hem anlam hem de yapı olarak uyum içinde olan D
every time, while/as/just as, no sooner…than…,
seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
hardly/scarcely/barely…when…, etc.
NOT: Soruda zaman bağlacı kullanılmamışsa bile
cümlecikler arasında mantıklı bir zamansal ilişki
olmalıdır.

---- only after it was conquered by the Israelite More than 100 people were hired for the wine
King David. company’s data team, ----.
A) Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice A) although most of them had little knowledge of
during its long history wine
B) The status of Jerusalem remains a core issue in B) because they have never worked in the wine
the Israeli–Palestinian conflict industry
C) Jerusalem had already been controlled by the C) if it is important to understand consumers and
Macedonians and the Romans their needs
D) Jerusalem began to be considered a city of D) even if they were determined to achieve global
significant regional importance success
E) Middle Eastern countries were trying to find their E) for the company’s success has inspired the
own way of democratic governance founders
59
SENTENCE COMPLETION STRATEGIES DPELS
ÇÖZÜM:
STRATEJİ 2
Soru kökünde past tense formatında bir temel REFERENCE / GÖNDERİMDE BULUNMA
cümle verilmiştir. Seçeneklerde zaman bağlacı (ATIF SÖZCÜKLERİ)
bulunmamaktadır. Ancak, diğer bağlaç gruplarında
da zaman uyumu şartı olmasa bile cümlecikler Cümlelerdeki referans ifadeler ve zamirler (pronouns)
arasında zamansal olarak mantıklı bir dizilim cümle tamamlama bölümünde çok önemli rol
(olayların öncelik-sonralık sırası/özel kurallı bağlaçlar oynarlar. Bir önceki cümlenin öznesini ya da nesnesini
vb.) olması gerekir. C ve D seçeneklerinde verilen tekrardan kaçınmak için aynı özne ya da nesneden
koşul grubu bağlaçları özel type kurallarına göre ikinci kez söz edileceği zaman uygun zamir kullanılır.
çalışırlar. (bkz. Grammar kitabımız) Bu nedenle C ve (he, she, it, they, them, her, their, the, such, the
D seçenekleri elenir. B ve E seçeneklerinde verilen former / the latter … etc.) Bu nedenle, soru çözerken,
ve sebep-sonuç grubu bağlaçlarını içeren cümlecikler seçenekte verilen zamirlerin karşılıkları soru kökünde
ise içerdikleri present ifadeler nedeniyle soru verilen cümlecikte aranmalıdır. Aynı şekilde, soru
kökünde verilen olaydan daha sonra gerçekleşmiş kökünde kullanılan zamirlerin karşılığı olabilecek
görünmektedirler ve bu, cümlecikler arasında mantıklı isimler de seçeneklerde öncelikle incelenmelidir.
bir dizilim kurulmasına engel olmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu iki
seçenekte verilen ifadeler anlam olarak da soru kökü NOT: We ve you özneleriyle verilen soru kökleri
ile örtüşmemektedirler. Örneğin, B seçeneğinde they genellikle yine we ve you özneleri ile takip ettirilir.
zamiriyle soru kökünde verilen more than 100 people (Özne takibi)
(100’den fazla insan) ismine atıfta bulunulmuş ve
DENİZ PINAR
bu insanların “ şu ana kadar hiç şarap endüstrisinde NOT: Seçenekte verilen özellikle comparative
çalışmadıklarından” söz edilmiştir. Oysa ki soru gönderme ifadelerine dikkat edilmelidir. Örneğin iki
kökünde "geçmişte bu insanların şarap firmasında seçenekte “longer” şeklinde bir comparative yapısı
işe alındıklarına" dair bir ifade kullanılmıştır. Bu kullanılmışsa ve soru kökünde bu ifadeyi karşılayan
nedenle A seçeneğine yoğunlaşırız. Soru köküyle bir uzunluk birimi verilmişse bu seçenekler üzerinde
hem mantıklı bir zamansal ilişki kuran hem de yoğunlaşmamız gerekir.
anlamca örtüşen bir ifadenin verildiği A seçeneği soru
köküyle birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak “Pek
çoğu şarap hakkında çok az bilgiye sahip olmalarına ÖRNEK SORU:
rağmen şarap firmasının bilgi-işlem ekibine 100’den
---- because such techniques are inexpensive and
fazla insan işe alındı.” şeklindedir. Doğru yanıt A
easy to employ.
seçeneğidir.
A) There are certain techniques you should avoid
when launching a new product
B) Free iron oxides in soils usually have distinct
electrochemical properties
C) Soils have many features that help us distinguish
their various types
D) Soil iron oxides are often determined by
dissolution techniques
E) Humus adds a dark brown, almost black,
appearance to the soil
60
ÇÖZÜM: ÇÖZÜM:
Soru kökünde verilen such techniques (böyle teknikler) Soru kökünde verilen the former ve the latter (ikincisi,
ifadesi seçeneklerde bu göndermenin karşılığı sonraki) göndermeleri boşlukta yer alacak cümlecikte
olabilecek bir grup teknik aramamızı gerektirmektedir. iki ögeden söz edilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.
Çünkü, verilen göndermenin karşılığı olabilecek During a half or full marathon ifadesinin verildiği
uygun isim bir önceki cümlede/cümlecikte verilmiş C ve E seçeneklerini öncelikle inceleyebiliriz. E
olmalıdır. A seçeneğinde verilen certain techniques seçeneği soru kökü ile birleştirildiğinde anlam genel
ve D seçeneğinde verilen dissolution techniques olarak "Bir çok koşucu yarı ya da tam maratondan
ifadeleri soru kökündeki such techniques ifadesinin önce yüksek karbonhidrat içeren yiyecekler yemeleri
karşılığı olabilecek niteliktedirler. A seçeneği soru gerektiğini bilir ancak ikincisi (full marathon) birincisi
kökü ile birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak "yeni bir (a half marathon) kadar etkili değildir." şeklindedir.
ürün çıkarırken kaçınmanız gereken çeşitli teknikler C seçeneği soru kökü ile birleştirildiğinde anlam
vardır çünkü böyle teknikler uygun fiyatlıdır ve onları genel olarak "yarı ya da tam maraton esnasında
uygulaması kolaydır." şeklindedir. A seçeneği soru hem glükojen hem de yağ yakarsınız ancak ikincisi
kökünü anlamlı bir biçimde tamamlamamaktadır. D (full marathon) birincisi (a half marathon) kadar etkili
seçeneği soru kökü ile birleştirildiğinde anlam genel değildir." şeklindedir. C seçeneğinde verilen ifade
olarak "Topraktaki demir oksitleri sıklıkla eritme soru kökü ile yapı ve anlam olarak örtüşmektedir. Bu
teknikleriyle belirlenir çünkü böyle teknikler uygun nedenle doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
fiyatlıdır ve onları uygulaması kolaydır." şeklindedir.
D seçeneği soru kökünü yapı ve anlam olarak uygun
DENİZ PINAR
bir biçimde tamamlamıştır. Doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.

STRATEJİ 3
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES / ZARF CÜMLECİKLERİ
(CONJUNCTIONS AND TRANSITIONS/
BAĞLAÇLAR VE GEÇİŞ SÖZCÜKLERİ)
ÖRNEK SORU:
----, but the latter is not as efficient as the former. Cümle tamamlama bölümünde sıklıkla karşılaştığımız
A) A healthy store of carbohydrates is needed to yapılardır. Öncelikle verilen cümleciğin temel
achieve your best performance cümlecik mi yoksa yan cümlecik mi (bağlaçlı kısım)
olabileceğini belirlememiz gerekir. Bunun için de
B) Carbs are generally believed to be a great source
clause marker ve S+V+O yapısının incelenmesi
of energy
gerekmektedir. Burada, cümlenin sebep-sonuç ilişkisi
C) During a half or full marathon you burn both
mi ya da zıtlık mı bildirdiği gibi unsurlar önemlidir.
glycogen and fat
Kısacası verilen bağlacın, cümleye kazandırdığı
D) Glycogen is your body’s most easily-accessible anlama dikkat etmemiz gerekmektedir.
form of energy
E) Most runners know they should eat high-carb
foods before a half or full marathon
61
Conjunctions and Transitions Generalizing (genelleme)

Addition(ek bilgi) Also, Again, And, And then, As As a rule, As usual, For the most part, Generally,
well as, Besides, Coupled with, Equally important, Generally speaking, Ordinarily, Usually
First, Finally, Furthermore, In addition, In the first
Reiteration (yineleme)
place, Last, Likewise, Moreover, Next, Plus, Second,
In essence, In other words, Namely, That is, That is to
Still, Too
say, In short, In brief, To put it differently
Concession (onaylama)
Summary (özetleme)
Accordingly, Granted, Naturally, Of course
All in all, Altogether, As has been said, Finally, In
Consequence (sonuç) brief, In conclusion, In other words, In particular, In
As a result, Accordingly, As a consequence, short, In simple terms, In summary, On the whole,
Consequently, For this reason, For this purpose, That is, Therefore, To put it differently, To summarize
Hence, Otherwise, So then, Subsequently, Therefore,
Sequence (sıralama)
Thus, Thereupon, Wherefore
After a while, Afterwards, Again, Also, And then,
Contrast and Comparison (zıtlık ve mukayese) As long as, At last, At length, At that time, Before,
Although, And yet, (But) at the same time, Despite, Besides, Earlier, Eventually, Finally, Formerly,
Despite the fact that, Even so, Even though, For all Further, Furthermore, In addition, In the first place,
that, However, In contrast, In spite of the fact that, In the past, Last, Lately, Meanwhile, Moreover,
In the same way, Instead, Likewise, Nevertheless, next, Now, Presently, Previously, Prior to, Second,
DENİZ PINAR
Notwithstanding, On the contrary, On the other hand, Shortly, Simultaneously, Since, So far, Soon, Still,
Otherwise, Regardless, Similarly, Still, Though, Yet Subsequently, Then, Thereafter, Too, Until, Until
now, When
Direction (yönelme)
Above, Beyond, Here, In the distance, Nearly, NOT: Soru çözerken dikkat etmemiz gereken bağlacın
Opposite, Over there, There, To the left, To the right, ya da geçiş sözcüğünün cümleler arasında nasıl
Under bir anlam ilişkisi kurduğudur. Örneğin zıtlık grubu
yapıları anlam olarak bir olumlu ve anlam olarak bir
Diversion (yön değiştirme)
olumsuz ifadeyi birbirine bağlayabilirler. Sebep-sonuç
By the way, Incidentally
grubu ve ek bilgi verme grubu yapıları ise çoğunlukla
Emphasis (vurgu) birbirine paralel ,iki olumlu ya da iki olumsuz anlamlı
Above all, Chiefly, Certainly, Especially, Indeed, ifadeyi birbirine bağlarlar.
Actually,in actual, In fact, Of course, Particularly
Example – Illustration (örnekleme) Örnek:

After all, As an illustration, Even, For example, Although I couldn’t study hard,I passed the exam.
For instance, In conclusion, Indeed, In fact, In - +
other words, In short, It is true, Of course, Namely,
As well as beauty and charm, she has intelligence.
Specifically, That is, To illustrate, Thus
+ +
Exception (istisnai durum)
Aside from, Barring, Besides, Except, Excepting,
Excluding, Exclusive of, Other than, Outside of, Save
62

Although industrial countries have made great ---- because they are known to harm the organisms
advances in health care, ----. that help keep soil healthy.
A) they have overcome the problems experienced in
A) Pesticides can be grouped according to their
their health-care systems
distinct properties
B) a lot more people can take advantage of their
B) The use of pesticides and herbicides must be
health benefits
outlawed immediately
C) they have been able to improve the safety of their
C) The term pesticide includes not only the
patients
insecticides but also the herbicides
D) their health-care systems still experience some
D) Since before 2000 BC, humans have utilized
serious problems
pesticides to protect their crops
E) they now provide their citizens with private health
E) Pesticides can prevent sickness in humans that
insurance
could be caused by diseased produce
ÇÖZÜM:
ÇÖZÜM:
Soru kökünde verilen “Although industrial countries
Soru kökünde “toprağı sağlıklı tutan organizmalara
have made great advances in health care”
zarar vermeleriyle bilindikleri için” şeklinde olumsuz
(Sanayileşmiş ülkeler sağlık hizmetlerinde büyük
anlamlı yargı içeren bir sebep cümleciği verilmiştir.
DENİZ PINAR
ilerlemeler kaydetmiş olmalarına rağmen) ifadesi

Sebep-sonuç ilişkisi kuran cümlelerde genellikle
anlam olarak olumlu bir ifadedir. Zıtlık bağlacı
anlam paralelliği açısından olumsuz niyet ve
kullanımından kaynaklı bu ifadenin olumsuz anlam
sebeplerin yine olumsuz sonuçlara yol açabildiğini
içeren bir cümleyle tamamlanması gerekmektedir.
görmekteyiz. Zaman kazanmak için bu düşünceden
Bu şekilde “çelişki, beklenmedik sonuç ve zıtlık”
hareket ettiğimizde olumsuz anlamlı bir yargı içeren B
anlamı içeren tek seçenek D seçeneğidir. Ayrıca D
seçeneği göze çarpmaktadır. B seçeneği soru köküyle
seçeneğinde verilen still (yine de) zarfı zıtlık grubu
birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak “Haşere ve bitki
bağlaçlarının habercisidir. D seçeneği soru kökü ile
ilaçlarının kullanımı derhal yürürlükten kaldırılmalı
birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak “Sanayileşmiş
çünkü bunlar toprağı sağlıklı tutan organizmalara
ülkeler sağlık hizmetlerinde büyük ilerlemeler
zarar vermeleriyle bilinmektedirler” şeklindedir. Doğru
kaydetmiş olmalarına rağmen sağlık sistemleri yine
de ciddi bir kaç problem yaşamaktadır.” şeklindedir.
Doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
63
ÇÖZÜM:
STRATEJİ 4
Soru kökünde verilen that clause içerisinde özne
eksiktir. Bu nedenle buradaki that clause bir
• YDT’de Adjective Clauses (sıfat cümlecikleri) ve adjective clause (relative clause) yapısıdır ve isimle
Noun Clauses (isim cümlecikleri) sık karşımıza biten seçenekler incelenmelidir. Soru kökünde yer
çıkan yapılardır. Sıfat cümlecikleri aynı sıfat gibi alan protects fiili nitelenecek ismin tekil olduğunu
kendilerinden önce gelen bir ismi nitelerler. Oysa göstermektedir. A, C ve D seçenekleri çoğul isimlerle
ki, isim cümlecikleri cümlelerde özne ya da nesne bitmektedirler. Hem tekil bir isimle biten hem de soru
pozisyonundadırlar. Bu yapıların sorulduğu sorularda köküyle anlamca uyum içerisinde olan bir ifadenin
boşluktan önceki ifade çok önemlidir. Genel soru verildiği B seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
tipine ve kaideye göre boşluktan önce isim varsa
adjective clause (sıfat cümleciği) yapısı, eğer
ÖRNEK SORU:
boşluktan önce fiil varsa noun clause (isim cümleciği)
yapısı kullanmak gerekir. ---- that painkillers could actually hinder the
body’s recovery after a heart attack.
Noun clause yapılarında nesne pozisyonunda that/
the fact that kararlı durum bağlaçları, whether/if, wh-/ A) New ways of repairing damaged hearts have
how kararsız durum bağlaçları kullanılır. Adjective been proposed
clause yapılarında ise “who, which, whom, that, B) It is critical for you to be able to recognize its
whose” gibi zamirler kullanılır. symptoms
Örnek: C) Your health plan will cover the first phase of
DENİZ PINAR
I don’t know what you’re talking about. cardiac rehabilitation

verb (noun clause cümlesi) D) Commonly prescribed painkillers increase the
likelihood of having a heart attack
This is the book which/that I’ve been reading for a while. E) Scientists working with both mice and people
noun have found
(adjective clause cümlesi)

ÇÖZÜM:
ÖRNEK SORU: Soru kökünde verilen that clause bir tam cümledir.
(S+V+O) Bu nedenle buradaki that clause bir noun
---- that protects the brain from potentially harmful
clause yapısıdır ve öncelikle fiille biten seçenekler
substances in the blood.
incelenmelidir. (Noun clause yapıları bazı soyut
A) Defects in the brain-blood barrier are associated isimlerden ve sıfatlardan sonra da kullanılabilirler.)
with neurodegenerative disorders (Bkz. Grammar Kitabımız) A ve E seçenekleri fiille
B) Like a sophisticated security fence, our bodies bitmektedirler. Ancak A seçeneğinde verilen passive
have evolved a barrier fiilin bir nesneye ihtiyacı yoktur. (Zarar görmüş
C) The brain receives sensory information from the kalpleri tedavi etmenin yeni bir yolu teklif edildi) E
nerves seçeneği soru kökü ile birleştirildiğinde anlam genel
olarak “Hem farelerle hem de insanlarla çalışan bilim
D) The spinal cord is made up of structures of nerve
adamları, ağrı kesicilerin bir kalp krizi sonrasında
cells called neurons
aslında vücudun iyileşmesini engelleyebileceğini
E) Research scientists working on the different buldular.” şeklindedir. Soru köküyle hem yapı olarak
aspect of brain have concluded hem de anlamca uyumlu bir ifadenin verildiği E
64
ÖRNEK SORU:
STRATEJİ 5
----, it could have made a huge profit of well over
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
£1 million.
(KOŞUL CÜMLECİKLERİ)
A) Even though a majority of the population was
Koşul bildiren yapılar cümlelerde belirli kurallara göre heading to the internet
çalışırlar.Bu nedenle seçeneklerde eleme yaparken B) If the company had invested in a full online
öncelikle bu kurallara uyan ifadelere yoğunlaşmalıyız. shopping system
‘If Clauses’ üzerinde temel koşul yapısı kurallarını C) Although the business has always been active on
genel olarak hatırlayalım: social media
If Vı, Vı (zero type-real present) D) Because retailers were supposed to have online
If you boil water, it evaporates. presence
E) As long as the firm provides the right online
If Present , can / will / may / could (type 1-real
services for its customers
present/future-possible condition/gerçekleşmesi
mümkün durum)
If I study hard, I will pass the university entrance ÇÖZÜM:
exam. Soru kökünde “could have done” modal’ı ile verilen
ifade öncelikle if grubu bağlaçlarını içeren seçeneklere
If S. Past / Past Cont., could / would / might V1 (type
yoğunlaşmamız gerektiğini göstermektedir. B ve E
2-unreal present/future-improbable condition/
DENİZ PINAR
seçeneklerinde koşul grubu bağlaçları verilmiştir.

gerçekleşmesi olası görünmeyen durum)
Ancak E seçeneği type olarak soru kökü ile
If I were rich,I would buy a big house. örtüşmemektedir. B seçeneğinde verilen if cümleciği
soru kökü ile birleştirildiğinde kurala uygun type 3 bir
If Past Perfect, could/would/might have V3 (type
cümle elde edilmektedir ve anlam genel olarak “Şirket
3-unreal past-impossible condition/gerçekleşmesi
tam bir online alışveriş sistemine yatırım yapmış
imkansız durum/pişmanlıklar)
olsaydı, 1 milyon poundun üstünde büyük bir kâr elde
If I had saved enough money last year,I would have
etmiş olurdu.” şeklindedir. Doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
gone abroad.
Mixed types: ÖRNEK SORU:

If Past Perfect, could/would/might V1 (type ---- if they cannot adapt to the changes happening
4-geçmişte verilen bir koşulun sonucunu şimdi/ in digital transformation.
günümüzde görme)
A) Vast number of changes happen daily due to
If I had won the lottery, I would be rich now. technology’s advancement
If S. Past / Past Cont.,could/would/might have V3 B) Leaders must be willing to accept change in

(type 5-değişmez bir koşul yüzünden geçmişte bir order to remain competitive
eylemin gerçekleşmiş olması) C) Many firms have failed to take the necessary
If he weren’t a rude boy, he wouldn’t have shouted at steps to ensure growth and stability
his mom yesterday. D) Just like dinosaurs, many leaders today may
become fossils in the digital ecosystem
Koşul bildiren yapılar: If,provided/providing that/even
E) To survive in global markets, firms altered not
if,unless,but for, with/without, suppose/supposing,
only their production plans but also technologies
otherwise, as if/as though …etc.
65
ÇÖZÜM: ÖRNEK SORU:
Soru kökünde verilen “cannot adapt” modal yapısından Unless governments work together to safeguard
cümlenin zero ya da type 1 yapılarına uygun bir nuclear energy supplies, ----.
ifadeyle tamamlanması gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. A) over 50 countries utilise nuclear energy in about
Ayrıca “dijital bilişimde gerçekleşen gelişimlere 225 research reactors
ayak uyduramazlarsa” ifadesinde verilen eylemi B) terrorists have developed the ways and means of
gerçekleştirebilecek olan öznenin doğru karşılığı da making nuclear weapons
seçeneklerde aranmalıdır. A, B ve D seçenekleri
C) any country would have relatively easy access to
type olarak soru köküne uygunmuş gibi görünseler
plutonium
de anlam olarak A ve B seçenekleri soru köküyle
D) the issue of nuclear proliferation security has
uyum içerisinde değillerdir. D seçeneği soru kökü ile
been largely ignored
birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak “Dijital bilişimde
gerçekleşen gelişimlere ayak uyduramazlarsa E) the rise in unsecured nuclear technology will put
günümüzün bir çok lideri tıpkı dinazorlar gibi dijital us all in danger
ekosistemde fosil haline gelebilirler.” şeklindedir.
Doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir. ÇÖZÜM:
Soru kökünde verilen unless, uyarı niteliği taşıyan
STRATEJİ 6 bir bağlaç olduğu için temel cümlesinde de uyarı
UNLESS KULLANIMI niteliği taşıyan, genelde olumsuz anlamlı bir yapı
DENİZ PINAR
bekleyebiliriz. Seçenekleri incelerken hem unless’in

Unless bağlacı da bir koşul cümleciği yapısıdır ve
bu özelliğine dikkat etmeli hem de koşul grubu type
diğer koşul cümleleriyle aynı kurallarda çalışır. Ancak
kurallarını göz önüne almalıyız. Hem type kurallarına
unless için ek bir hatırlatmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Unless
uygun hem de anlam olarak uyarı niteliği taşıyan
uyarı niteliği taşıyan bir bağlaç olduğu için sorularda
olumsuz bir yargının verildiği E seçeneği soru kökü
genelde type 1 kurallarıyla karşımıza çıkar ve yine uyarı
ile birleştirildiğinde genel olarak anlam “Hükümetler
niteliği taşıdığından temel cümleciğinde çoğunlukla
nükleer enerji kaynaklarını korumak için birlikte
olumsuz anlam içeren bir yardımcı fiil (won’t/can’t
çalışmadıkça güvenli olmayan nükleer teknolojideki
ya da type 2 kullanımında wouldn’t/couldn’t gibi
artış hepimizi tehlikeye atacaktır.” şeklindedir. Doğru
olumsuz yapılar) ya da olumsuz anlam taşıyan (uyarı
yanıt E seçeneğidir.
anlamı) bir sözcük bulunabilir. Cümle tamamlama
bölümünde bu uyarı anlamını taşıyan ve koşul grubu
kurallarına uygun bir seçenek gördüğümüzde bu
seçeneğe yoğunlaşabiliriz. Tersten soru kökünde
uyarı anlamı veren bir yapıyla(çoğunlukla olumsuz
anlamlı) karşılaştığımızda öncelikle incelenmesi
gereken seçenek unless bağlacının verildiği seçenek
olmalıdır.
66
ÖRNEK SORU:
STRATEJİ 7
Mandela strongly argues that freedom cannot be
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF RESULT
achieved ----.
(SO…THAT…/SUCH…THAT…)
A) even though he championed equal rights for
women worldwide So adj / adv that ve such adj+noun that yapıları sonuç
B) unless women are emancipated from all forms of bildiren zarf cümlecikleridir ve cümlede o kadar …
oppression ki … anlamını verirler. Soru kökünde “so” ya da
C) even if women are bound by poverty and are “such” sözcükleri varsa okuyucu olarak beklentimiz
looked down upon bu dizilimin sonuç bildirecek şekilde “that” ifadesi

ile tamamlanması olmalı ve bu ifadenin yer aldığı
D) if it has improved women’s representation in
seçeneklere öncelik verilmelidir.
government
E) so that women make up almost half of the
country’s politicians ÖRNEK SORU:
Poor people in Zimbabwe were so negatively
affected by the President Mugabe’s policies ----.
ÇÖZÜM:
A) that they formed a substantial part of his
Soru kökünde verilen “freedom cannot be achieved”
opposition
(özgürlük başarılamaz) ifadesi içerdiği olumsuz
anlam nedeniyle uyarı niteliği taşımaktadır. Bu B) and the start of the decade ushered in a ray of
economic hope
DENİZ PINAR
nedenle unless bağlacının yer aldığı B seçeneği

öncelikle incelenebilir. B seçeneği soru kökü ile C) provided its economy cannot recover in a short
birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak “Mandela’ya göre term
kadınlar tüm baskı türlerinden özgür kılınmadıkça, D) most of whom live in extreme poverty
özgürlük başarılamaz.” şeklindedir. Hem yapı hem
E) that are denied their democratic rights such as
de anlam olarak soru köküyle örtüşen bir ifadenin
voting
verildiği B seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
ÇÖZÜM:
Soru kökünde verilen “so negatively affected by
the President Mugabe’s policies” ifadesinden
cümlenin bir that clause ile tamamlanması gerektiği
anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak, so adjective/adverb that
yapısı, that clause içerisinde result (sonuç) bildirdiği
için that clause tam cümle şeklinde olmalıdır. E
seçeneğinde öznesi eksik bir that clause verilmiştir.
Bu nedenle bu seçenek so adjective/adverb that
yapısının mantığına uygun değildir. Tam cümleli bir
that clause yapısı içeren A seçeneği soru kökü ile
birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak “ Zimbabwe’deki
fakir insanlar Başkan Mugabe’nin politikalarından o
kadar kötü etkilendiler ki başkana olan muhalefetin
büyük bir çoğunluğunu onlar oluşturdular." şeklindedir.
Doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
67
ÖRNEK SORU:
STRATEJİ 8
Religion is such an important factor in so many IN THAT(AÇISINDAN)
people’s lives ----.
Soru kökünde ‘similar’ ya da ‘different’ gibi sözcükler
A) yet the great majority of them profess some
yer alıyorsa öncelikle benzerliğin ya da farklılığın
religious affiliation and belief
hangi açıdan olduğunu bildiren “açısından,
B) because religious sentiments are as varied and
bakımından” anlamına gelen “in that” ya da “in terms
unique as each individual
of” ifadelerinin yer aldığı seçeneklere yönelebiliriz.
C) if there seems to be both an intrinsic and an
extrinsic value associated with it
ÖRNEK SORU:
D) that psychologists must take it into account in
Snakes, which cannot remain inactive when it is
practising their profession
too cold, differ from mammals and birds ----.
E) but it is, of course, only one factor that leads to
A) if they try to keep their bodies at a constant
prejudice and discrimination
temperature
B) so warm-blooded animals convert the food they
ÇÖZÜM:
eat into energy
Soru kökünde verilen “such an important factor in
C) in case their muscle activity depends on chemical
so many people’s lives” ifadesinden, seçeneklerde
reactions
öncelikle bir that clause aramamız gerektiği
D) whereas they have sweat glands all over their
DENİZ PINAR
anlaşılmaktadır. That clause sadece D seçeneğinde

bodies
verilmiştir. Soru kökü, D seçeneğinde verilen ifadeyle
birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak “Din bir çok E) in that they cannot produce their own body heat
insanın hayatında o kadar önemli bir faktördür ki ÇÖZÜM:
psikologlar mesleklerini icra ederken bunu hesaba Soru kökünün bitiminde verilen “differ from mammals
katmalıdırlar.” şeklindedir. Doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir. and birds” ifadesinden yola çıkarak ve dilin kendi
kuralları çerçevesinde in that (açısından) ifadesinin
verildiği E seçeneğine öncelik verebiliriz. Soru kökü
E seçeneği ile birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak
“ Hava çok soğuk olduğunda hareketsiz kalamayan
yılanlar kendi vücut ısılarını üretememeleri açısından
memelilerden ve kuşlardan farklılık gösterirler.”
şeklindedir. Doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
68
ÖRNEK SORU:
STRATEJİ 9
---- in that they both allow their users to ZAMAN BAĞLAÇLARI VE KOŞUL YAPILARI
communicate in comparable ways.
Soru kökünde “will v1, imperative (emir cümlesi)
A) While Twitter and Facebook differ considerably
ya da başka bir modal yapısı (can,could,might…
as services, they can nevertheless be considered
etc.) verilmişse doğru yanıt genellikle
similar
present->future çalışan bir zaman bağlacı ya da if
B) It has been found that social news readers are grubu bağlaçlarından birisidir.
more likely to go to Twitter for breaking news
Zaman bağlacı present , future
than Facebook
If grubu type 1 present , future
C) During the last couple of years, the use of
ÖRNEK SORU:
Facebook as a news source has increased
Your doctor may recommend you to abstain from
especially among men
excessive caffeine and alcohol consumption ----.
D) Most Twitter users tweet just once or a few times
A) although it can contribute to dehydration,
a week, which is far less often than Facebook
especially when coupled with low fluid intake
users engage
B) if he /she determines that stress is the primary
E) Twitter and Facebook users differ substantially
cause of the bruxism you suffer from
from each other on many politically relevant
dimensions C) since it is extremely important for you to be an
active participant in the final decision
DENİZ PINAR
ÇÖZÜM: D) in order that he / she may ignore or dismiss your

symptoms unconsciously
Soru kökünde verilen in that ifadesinden seçeneklerde
farklı ya da benzer ögelerin verildiği ifadeleri öncelikle E) when he / she does not seem to respect your
incelememiz gerektiği sonucuna varabiliriz. A ve opinions or welcome your questions
E seçeneklerinde farklılık/benzerlik vurgulayan ÇÖZÜM:

similar/differ ifadelerini görmekteyiz. E seçeneğinde Soru kökünde verilen "may recommend" ifadesi hem
"on many politically relevant dimensions" (bir çok zaman bağlaçlarında present/future çalışmaya uygun
politik boyutta) denilerek farklılığın ne yönde olduğu olduğu için hem de if grubu type yapıları ile uyum sağ-
verilmiştir. Ancak soru kökünde açıklanan yön ladığı için zaman kazanmak açısından öncelikle zaman
politikayla ilgili değildir. Bu nedenle, A seçeneği soru bağlaçlarının ve koşul cümleciklerinin verildiği seçenek-
köküyle birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak “Twitter ler incelenebilir. B ve E seçeneklerinde stratejiye uygun
ve Facebook sağladıkları hizmet nedeniyle büyük cümlecikler verilmiştir. Ancak E seçeneğinde verilen
oranda farklı olsalar da her ikisi de kullanıcılarının “sizin fikirlerinize saygı duymadığında ya da sorularınızı
benzer yollarla iletişim kurmalarını mümkün kılmaları yanıtlamadığında” anlamı soru kökü ile örtüşmemek-
açısından yine de birbirine benzer düşünülebilirler.” tedir. Denemek için stratejiye uygun diğer bir seçenek
şeklindedir. Doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir. olan B seçeneği soru kökü ile birleştirildiğinde anlam
genel olarak “Eğer doktorunuz stresinizin muzdarip ol-
duğunuz diş gıcırdatmanın temel sebebi olduğuna karar
verirse size fazla kafein ve alkol tüketiminden uzak
durmanızı önerebilir.” şeklindedir. B seçeneğinde veri-
len ifade soru köküyle hem yapı hem de anlam olarak
uyum içerisindedir. Diğer seçenekleri incelemeye gerek
kalmamıştır. Bu nedenle, doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
69
ÖRNEK SORU:
STRATEJİ 10
Users can get free access to the content of the
REDUCTION OF CLAUSES/PREPOSITIONAL
newspaper’s website ----.
STRUCTURES
A) as though they can receive news delivered by
mail every Friday Cümle tamamlama sorularında soru kökünde verilen
B) because there is a membership fee they have to ifadeden sonra virgül konulup devamı boş bırakılmışsa
pay either monthly or yearly ve virgüle kadar olan dizilimde özne mevcut değilse,
cümle bir kısaltma ya da prepositional yapı içeriyordur.
C) whereas they have developed community sites
Bağlaçlı cümleciklerde kısaltma yapılabilmesi için
that enable them to communicate
kısaltma yapılan kısım ile temel cümlenin öznesinin
D) provided that they agree to the use of cookies for
aynı olması gereklidir. Seçenekler bu kuraldan yola
advertising purposes
çıkılarak incelenmelidir.
E) when each of these papers sets up their own
websites with entirely local content
Örnek:
After I finished my homework,I went to bed.
ÇÖZÜM:
Having finished/finishing my homework,I went to bed.
Soru kökünde verilen “can get free access”
modal ifadesi nedeniyle öncelikle koşul ve zaman
bağlaçları grubu içeren seçenekleri inceleyebiliriz. Örnek:
DENİZ PINAR
D ve E seçenekleri bu gruplara uygun bağlaçları Despite the fact that she is getting older, she can still
içermektedirler. Ancak D seçeneğinde verilen walk long distances.
they zamiri soru kökünde yer alan users öznesine Despite getting older, she can still walk long distances.
direkt atıfta bulunmaktadır. Öncelikle D seçeneğine
yoğunlaştığımızda ve bu seçeneği soru köküyle
birleştirdiğimizde anlam genel olarak “Kullanıcılar
reklam amaçlı çerez kullanımını kabul ettikleri
takdirde gazetenin web sitesinin içeriğine ücretsiz
giriş yapabilirler.” şeklindedir. Hem yapı olarak hem ÖRNEK SORU:
de anlam olarak soru köküyle örtüşen bir ifadenin
Despite being in power for more than a decade,
verildiği D seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
----.
A) there is widespread poverty and inequality all
around the country
B) the citizens suffered from government-backed
attacks on their civil rights
C) the party could not tackle the crime and violence
corroding the nation
D) authorities say results of the last month’s
elections may be delayed
E) Venezuela still has some of the largest oil
reserves in the world
70
ÇÖZÜM: olmaktadır. E seçeneğinde verilen “had faced” past

perfect ifadesi bu durumla örtüşmemektedir çünkü
Soru kökünde verilen “Despite being in power for
past perfect tense geçmişte verilen iki olaydan daha
more than a decade” (on yıldan fazla süredir iktidarda
geçmişte olanına işaret eder. “Savaşın bir sonucu
olmasına rağmen) ifadesinden seçeneklerde “on
olarak ailelerin kaybedilmesi” önce olan olaydır.
yıldan fazla süredir iktidarda kalmayı başarabilen”
Diğer uygun seçenek olan D seçeneği soru kökü
bir özne aramamız gerektiği sonucuna varabiliriz. Bu
ile birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak “Savaşın bir
anlamı verebilecek en uygun özne C seçeneğinde
sonucu olarak ailelerini kaybetmiş, evlerini terketmeye
“the party” öznesi ile verilmiştir. C seçeneği soru kökü
zorlanan bir çok evsiz çocuk okulu bırakmak zorunda
ile birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak “On yıldan
kaldı.” şeklindedir. Soru köküyle hem yapı hem de
fazla süredir iktidarda kalmayı başarabilmesine
anlam olarak örtüşen bir ifadenin verildiği D seçeneği
rağmen parti, ulusu yıpratan suç ve şiddetle başa
doğru yanıttır.
çıkamadı.” şeklindedir. Soru köküyle yapı ve anlam
olarak örtüşen C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
STRATEJİ 11
INVERTED STRUCTURE/DEVRİK YAPI
ÖRNEK SORU: Soru kökünde boşluktan sonra yardımcı fiil +

özne dizilimi mevcutsa seçeneklerde devrik yapı
Having lost their parents as a result of the war,
gerektiren bir ifade aranmalıdır. (only when, only
----.
if, only by/with/ once, only after, not until,hardly…
A) numerous conflicts between internally displaced
DENİZ PINAR
when…,no sooner…than…, under no circumstances,

people and host communities erupted
on no account …etc.)
B) the fundamental rights of children were violated
every day in a harsh socioeconomic environment
ÖRNEK SORU:
C) the organization aimed to provide assistance to
Only after they had made many failed attempts,
the children who lived in crippling poverty
----.
D) many displaced children who were forced to
A) researchers were able to halt the inflammation
abandon their homes had to leave school
process causing damage to brain cells
E) millions of Guineans in the eastern part of the
B) the neural network of the brain was reprogrammed
country had faced internal displacement
by a team of scientists
C) the secret of the vaccine’s unforeseen success
ÇÖZÜM:
was still being analysed
Soru kökünde after, before ya da adjective clause
D) did scientists finally manage to add the DNA of a
yapılarının kısaltması olabilecek nitelikte bir ifade
bat to that of a human
verilmiştir. “Kısaltmada özne ortaklığı kuralı”
E) they claimed to have solved the mystery of the
çerçevesinde seçeneklerde “savaşın sonucu olarak
deadly Bermuda Triangle
ailelerini kaybeden” bir özne aramamız gerektiği
sonucuna varabiliriz. Bu duruma uygun özneler D ve ÇÖZÜM:
E seçeneklerinde sırasıyla “many displaced children” Soru kökünde cümle başında verilen “only after”
ve “millions of Guineans” şeklinde verilmiştir. Ancak yapısı temel cümlesinde devrik cümle isteyen bir
soru kökünde yer alan “having lost” ifadesi bu yapıdır. Bu kurala uygun tek ifade D seçeneğinde
cümleciğin seçenekte verilen cümlelerden daha verilmiştir. D seçeneği soru kökü ile birleştirildiğinde
önce gerçekleştiği sonucuna varmamıza neden anlam genel olarak “Ancak bir çok başarısız girişimde
71
bulunduktan sonra bilim insanları bir yarasanın

DNA’sını bir insanınkine eklemeyi başardılar.” STRATEJİ 12
şeklindedir. D seçeneği soru kökü ile yapı ve anlam SYNONYMS, FAMILIAR WORDS AND
olarak örtüşmektedir. Bu nedenle, doğru yanıt D REPETITION
seçeneğidir.
Soru kökünde verilen bazı sözcüklerin eş anlamlıları
ya da benzer anlamlıları doğru cevap olan seçenekte
ÖRNEK SORU:
karşımıza çıkabilir çünkü cümle tamamlama
Only by removing the fossil fuel industry and bölümünde eksik parçayı tamamlarken soru kökünde
other big polluters from climate policy, ----. verilen konudan (context/içerik) uzaklaşmamamız
A) people are experiencing the most devastating gerekir. Neticede cümleyi tamamlayan parça yine aynı
impacts of the climate crisis konudan söz edecektir ve benzer ifadeler barındırabilir.
B) are entire countries being swallowed by the Seçenekte bu tür benzer ifadeler kullanılması ya da
ocean as sea levels rise sözcüğün farklı bir yapıda yinelenmesi, seçeneğin
soru köküne bağlı olabileceğinin göstergelerinden
C) we have managed to contribute to developing
biridir. Bazen de soru kökünde tek tek verilen ögeler
climate change solutions
seçenekte bir başlık altında ifade edilebilir (ders
D) activism against the industry and the polluters
anlatımlarımızda şemsiye tekniği olarak söz ettiğimiz
has exploded across the globe
genellemeler).
E) will we be able to advance sustainable and
Örnek: I like cucumber,lettuce and lemon very much.
reasonable solutions globally
DENİZ PINAR
I like some vegetables very much.

ÇÖZÜM:
Soru kökünde verilen “only by removing…” ifadesi
temel cümlede devrik bir yapı gerektirmektedir.
Ayrıca soru kökünde yer alan “ancak fosil yakıtları
endüstrisini ve diğer çevre kirleticilerini iklim
politikasından çıkararak” ifadesinden, seçeneklerde
“bu eylemi yapabilecek bir öznenin aranması ve bu
öznenin sorunu düzeltmek adına olumlu bir eylem
ÖRNEK SORU:
yapması gerektiği” şeklinde bir ifade aramamız
gerektiği sonucu çıkar. B seçeneğinde verilen Because new-born babies’ visual system is
ifade her ne kadar devrik yapıda olsa da soru underdeveloped, ----.
kökü ile anlam olarak uyum içerisinde değildir. (B
A) they are generally more vulnerable to all kinds of
seçeneği soru kökü ile birleştirildiğinde: Ancak fosil
infections and illnesses
yakıtları endüstrisini ve diğer çevre kirleticilerini iklim
B) they cannot focus their eyes on close objects or
politikasından çıkararak tüm ülkeler deniz seviyeleri
perceive depth or colour
yükseldikçe okyanusun altında kalacaklardır.) Diğer
bir devrik yapının verildiği E seçeneği soru köküyle C) they respond best to high-pitched, exaggerated
birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak “Ancak fosil sounds and voices
yakıtları endüstrisini ve diğer çevre kirleticilerini iklim D) they are tested for hearing loss within four to
politikasından çıkararak küresel ölçekte sürdürülebilir seven days after birth
ve mantıklı sonuçları ilerletebileceğiz.” şeklindedir. E) they are still born with a full visual capacity to see
Soru kökü ile yapı ve anlam olarak örtüşen E objects and colours
72
ÇÖZÜM: ÇÖZÜM:
Soru kökünde verilen “visual system” (görsel A, B ve E seçeneklerinde soru kökü ile yakın
sistem) ifadesine yakın anlamlı yapılar B ve E anlamlı ifadeler kullanılmıştır. Ancak B ve E
seçeneklerinde verilmiştir. Ancak E seçeneği soru seçenekleri “European countries” ve "Nigeria" gibi
kökü ile birleştirildiğinde genel anlam “Yeni doğmuş ülke ve kıtalardan söz ettikleri için “the world’s
bebeklerin görsel sistemleri gelişmemiş olduğu için least urbanized continent” (Africa) şeklinde bir
yine de nesneleri ve renkleri görmek için tam bir ifade içeren A seçeneği kadar soru kökü ile ilgili
görsel kapasiteyle doğarlar.” şeklindedir ve anlamsal görünmemektedirler. Bu nedenle zaman kazanmak
olarak mantıklı bir birleşim değildir. B seçeneği soru açısından “the continent” (bu kıta) göndermesinin
kökü ile birleştirildiğinde anlam genel olarak “Yeni karşılığını içeren A seçeneği öncelikle incelenebilir. A
doğmuş bebeklerin görsel sistemi gelişmemiş olduğu seçeneği soru kökü ile birleştirildiğinde anlam genel
için gözlerini yakın nesnelere odaklayamazlar ve olarak “UNESCO 1961’de Afrika kıtası için yoğun
derinlik ya da renkleri algılayamazlar.” şeklindedir. bir eğitim programını duyurdu böylelikle dünyanın
Doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir. en az şehirleşmiş kıtasında yeryüzünün felaketi olan
cehaletle savaşabilecekti.” şeklindedir. Soru kökü ile
hem yapı hem de anlam olarak örtüşen A seçeneği
doğru yanıttır.
DENİZ PINAR
ÖRNEK SORU:
UNESCO announced an intensive education
program for the African continent in 1961 ----.
A) so that it could combat the world evil of illiteracy

in the world’s least urbanized continent
B) for the simple reason that education in European
countries has always been a national affair
C) although CEOs were optimistic about the
prospects for revenue growth over the next 12
months
D) as it was one of the regions of the world that was
hardest hit by climate change
E) due to the challenges in effective curriculum
implementation at primary education level in
Nigeria
73
SENTENCE COMPLETION TESTS DPELS
4. Starting from age 12, children begin to

SENTENCE COMPLETION TESTS
have their own independent ways to solve
SET 1 problems ----.
A) whereas they develop their own individual
1. - 20. sorularda verilen cümleyi uygun düşen styles of coping with the world
şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.
B) until they are reluctant to voice their own
1. ----, there is no argument over the popularity opinions
of this classic dish. C) that you are interested in their thoughts and
A) As long as a hamburger is a type of sandwich feelings
B) If some chains, such as McDonald’s D) although they are still in need of guidance
proliferated worldwide E) for you are still available to help and protect
C) Because it may contain no more than 30 them
percent fat
D) Even though hamburger is a part of our
national identity 5. This year will be an important period for
E) Although the origins of the hamburger are microbiologists, ----.
disputed A) although they have been waiting for their test
results
DENİZ PINAR
2. Unless the necessary measures are adopted B) as their gene modification project had
to halt biodiversity loss induced by man, ----. revealed some promising outcomes
A) nature will have been impoverished to the C) who have been carrying out a significant
point of irreversible damage by 2050 experiment in recent days
B) the issue is undoubtedly too authentically D) that discovered a new species which is
political to be dealt with by international capable of living in Arctic Ocean
institutions E) yet they continue to seek answers for most of
C) the effects of illegal emissions would extend their questions about microscopic organisms
a long way across national frontiers
D) small and medium-sized enterprises could
have been more vulnerable to globalization 6. Cottonwoods are most commonly found
E) people prevented themselves from taking along lakes, riverbanks and irrigation ditches
advantage of the riches offered by nature ----.
A) so they are among the longest-living trees
3. According to legend, the treasure thought to B) that they are native to many parts of the
belong to the Navajo tribe was buried in ----. eastern US
A) which it would be unearthed years later C) because they can only grow in wet soil
B) how many attempts had been made to obtain it D) due to the fact that their leaves are
triangular in shape
C) who carried out such a huge undertaking
E) as its fruit matures in late spring or early
D) what used to be an Indian cemetery
summer
E) that it was believed to be haunted
74
DPELS SENTENCE COMPLETION TESTS
7. In addition to hosting more than 2,000 9. The problems that we are facing today in
species of plants, ----. fields like science and economics are so vast
A) there are various guided tours to watch and so complex ----.
hundreds of birds, insects and orchid A) that we are going to need armies of people
species coming together to solve them working
B) the cloud forest reserve harbours 376 bird together
species or 4 percent of the world's bird B) due to which many scientists have become
diversity afflicted with a serious case of doubt
C) the visitors to the wildlife reserve were C) as academic researchers in the sciences
astounded with its beauty, bounty, and generally cannot rely on university funding
biodiversity alone
D) the management of the Flat Rock Reserve D) whose solutions are by no means complete
has focused on removing rubbish and weeds and may not make sense for every scientific
E) over seven million species of plants and discipline
animals live on planet earth E) as long as truly novel research takes longer
to produce, and it doesn’t always pay off
DENİZ PINAR
8. ----, whereas visual information is processed

in areas found in the back of the brain.
A) The brain’s long-term memory enables us to
hold onto experiences long after we initially 10. People will have to endure serious food
encountered them shortage in the years to come ----.
B) Short-term memory allows us to hang onto A) if families take steps to lower their carbon
a thought only until we’re distracted by emissions from energy use
something else
B) despite the fact that global farming
C) Those two distant parts of the brain must emissions will continue to rise
work together for our brains to hold onto
C) so that they could find their shopping habits
visual information
are radically altered
D) Structures in the frontal region of the brain
D) that non-carbon emissions make up around
are involved in short-term memory
a quarter of total emissions
E) The subjects of short-term memories are
E) unless authorities strive harder to handle the
often things you just saw, that is, visual
climate change issue
information
75
11. Herbivores are distinguished by having 14. Today, thanks to the advances in the
hooves and eating grass or other plants, ----. treatment of eye disease, ----.
A) because horses inherit the attributes of A) nearly all the leading causes of blindness are
having hooves and eating herbs preventable
B) while carnivores are characterized by B) one out of every nineteen Americans has
having claws and by eating flesh poor vision
C) whereas a mule is an animal which cannot C) they do not know that they are suffering from
reproduce itself eye disease
D) that can indirectly impact one another by D) your good vision can be preserved only with
changing the behaviour of shared predators early diagnosis
E) as they will feed on omnivores, and other E) people with hearing loss can hear noises
carnivores in an ecosystem much better
12. Dating back to the Iron Age, Arabic has

been a majorly used language in science, 15. Despite the drawbacks of being an
mathematics and philosophy, ----. immigrant scientific worker, ----.
A) on account of the fact that modern Arabic is A) anyone interested in moving abroad should
derived from the Holy Quran take the expenses into consideration
DENİZ PINAR
B) much as this language was developed long B) you can easily find yourself in debt before
before Latin even came into the picture receiving your first pay cheque
C) due to which many European languages C) the livelihoods of most postdocs depend
have influences of Arabic in them upon approvals of grant applications
D) so the need to communicate is an inherent D) you may find yourself not only out of work but
quality that all living things possess also having to leave the country
E) despite the fact that it has influenced at least E) there are still many reasons to consider
20 languages around the world taking a scientific position abroad
13. In the US, recent statistics have

demonstrated, unlike what some officials 16. Regular aerobic exercise has been shown to
have long argued, ----. aid cognition, ----.
A) as the most common type of liver cancer is A) probably because it boosts blood flow and
hepatocellular carcinoma brings more oxygen to the brain
B) so it is the second most common cause of B) just as objective evidence about the benefits
death from cancer worldwide of mental exercise remains limited
C) even so another risk factor is excessive C) if people stay mentally active by learning
alcohol consumption new subjects and completing puzzles
D) because it is named after the organ in which D) although many older people pursue new
it began intellectual challenges
E) that liver cancer has gradually increased in E) as health professionals have long
both sexes recommended daily aerobic exercise
76
17. Some elderly adults of Tsimané people in 19. ---- so as to boost and sustain economic
Bolivia have arteries so free from disease growth, and aid the sustainability of the
----. pension system in the future.
A) as the disease brings about significant A) Immigration policy could bring about further
economic losses to dairy industry pressures on the country’s infrastructure
B) that they resemble those people in the US B) Healthcare performance is strongly
who are more than 20 years younger dependent on the economy
C) after all, eradicating hunger and malnutrition C) It is urgent that female participation in the
is one of the great challenges of our time labour force be increased
D) because these people are more likely to get D) Economic growth fails to create the
infections than those in the US income opportunities needed to raise living
E) but they are a highly active tribe in Bolivia that standards
live off the land E) Most citizens have failed to make positive
contributions to the economy and society
DENİZ PINAR
18. ---- before it can be turned into petrol and 20. Proteins are critical components of bone,
other usable fuels. ----.
A) Oil sands are a mixture of sand, water, clay A) yet daily consumption is essential for
and a thick, heavy oil called bitumen maintaining, healing and repairing the bones
B) A digital signal has to be converted to an B) although they can be easily overlooked with
analogue signal all the focus on mineral
C) Almost three-quarters of the sunlight energy C) that they play a key role in digestion and the
absorbed by algae is lost functions of the immune system
D) Bitumen is extracted using surface mining D) so they are made up of hundreds or

and drilling, and must be treated thousands of smaller units called amino
acids
E) Crude oil is often a dark, sticky liquid that
cannot be used without changing it E) which are required for the structure,
function, and regulation of the body’s tissues
and organs
77
3. In addition to preventing such diseases

SET 2
as Parkinson’s disease, dementia, and
cirrhosis, ----.
1. - 20. sorularda verilen cümleyi uygun düşen
şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. A) preventive medications don’t always stop
headaches completely and some drugs
cause serious side effects
1. Located at the mouth of the Hudson River
B) caffeine has been associated with positive
between New York and New Jersey, ----.
actions on the brain, including improved
A) the Mississippi River is the chief river of
mental alertness and attention
the second-largest drainage system on the
C) experts have even referred to coffee as a
North American continent
“miracle drug,” due to its miraculous ability to
B) Ellis Island saw millions of newly arrived
prevent such diseases
immigrants pass through its doors until it
D) more caffeine is not necessarily better nor
closed in 1954
will it always prove to have a positive impact
C) the reasons immigrants left their homes in the
on productivity
Old World included war, drought, famine and
E) some individuals, when consuming coffee in
religious persecution
excess amounts, may experience negative
D) visitors can tour the Ellis Island Museum of
side effects, such as anxiety, panic, restless
Immigration in the restored Main Arrivals Hall
sleep, and insomnia
DENİZ PINAR
E) a New York merchant Samuel Ellis

purchases the island, and builds a tavern on
it
4. Apples are just one of the many foods that

2. Advances are being made in immunotherapy
reduce inflammation, ----.
and the management of some symptoms,
----. A) so foods high in amino acids may lower pain
sensitivity just one hour after eating
A) therefore allergies are the sixth leading
cause of chronic illness in the UK B) whereas salt is an effective snow and
ice-control tool
B) because our understanding of allergies made
a leap in the early 1950’s C) for they contain quercetin, an anti-inflammatory
antioxidant
C) as a result, food allergies are difficult to
prove, as they are notoriously inconsistent D) hence, apples are grown best in soil with
plenty of organic matter
D) yet a cure for any allergy remains as difficult
to find as ever E) but vitamin B can be found in leafy green
vegetables, animal proteins, and whole
E) furthermore, food allergies affect four to six
grains
percent of children and four percent of adults
78
5. ---- as they cause harm to rivers, decrease 8. Some of the most common sources of
nutrients and river temperature. chronic pain are age-related disorders, ----.
A) Dams are a crucial part of our national A) because some animals may gradually learn
infrastructure to tolerate the pain
B) The USA is demolishing most of its dams B) although pain is thought to be good for an
C) We are strictly opposed to the proposed injured or a sick animal
regulation C) as pain management has become an

important issue in veterinary medicine
D) The dams are overflowing due to heavy rain
D) but it can also result from illnesses such as
E) The construction of a dam must be started
cancer or bone disease
when the river levels are low
E) if it comes on suddenly as a result of an
injury, infection or a surgery
9. The annual shopping bonanza known as

Black Friday is today an integral part of many
6. New diagnostic techniques have to be Thanksgiving celebrations, ----.
critically assessed and proven to be effective A) as it is a site where sellers of all kinds of
----. products can advertise
A) moreover they are mostly inaccurate B) though retail companies used to record
DENİZ PINAR
B) although they must have failed many times losses in red and profits in black
before C) so Southern plantation owners bought slaves
C) if it results in loss of money, time and effort at a discount on the day after Thanksgiving
D) as long as they meet the requirements D) but this holiday tradition has darker roots
than you might imagine
E) before they can be used on a wide scale
E) since the term didn’t spread to the rest of the
country until much later
10. The development of cities and climate

change, scientists suggest, are both human
7. When consumed in excessive quantities, influences ----.
----. A) which shows climate change may lead to a
A) there are six basic types of nutrients that are 15 to 35 percent increase in rainfall
considered essential to life B) but potential armed clashes should also be
B) your body does not absorb an adequate considered
amount of any of the micronutrients C) because hurricanes Irma, Maria and Katrina
C) some nutrients can cause health problems deliver 5 to 10 percent more rainfall than
and lead to a stroke or heart attack others
D) most people know that calcium is needed for D) after all, cyclones are sensitive to
strong bones characteristics of the surface
E) there is no need to omit these foods from E) that are triggering the rainfall from
your diet cyclones
79
11. Charles Pierce created the word pragmatism 13. Although there is a great amount of evidence
from the Greek word pragma (“act” or that immigrants are less likely to be criminals
“deed”) to emphasize ----. than the native-born, ----.
A) as pragmatism places greater emphasis on A) they are now young adults who have the
method and attitude than on doctrine lowest delinquency rates of all young people
B) the fact that words derive their meanings B) increasingly punitive laws are only as
from actions effective as the immigration-enforcement
apparatus designed to support them
C) so philosophy in the past made the mistake
C) immigrant populations in the United States
of looking for the ultimate
have been growing fast for decades now
D) that sought to mediate between these two
D) many U.S. policymakers still succumb to
traditions
their fears and prejudices about what they
E) although he never wrote a book in imagine immigrants to be
philosophy
E) a recent study’s data suggests that
immigration has the effect of reducing
average crime in the U.S.
14. Since tiny bits of floating plastic look like

prey, ---- .
DENİZ PINAR
A) chemical additives in the plastic may not be

acting as a feeding stimulant
B) there may be an additional reason for the
harmful substances
C) the plastic itself contains something that
makes it tasty
D) marine animals mistakenly eat plastic debris
12. Were it possible to spray the vaccine onto the E) it has hundreds of different ingredients in it
bats as they enter and exit their dwellings,
----. 15. ---- whereas younger individuals are more
A) the goal is to explore the use of new spraying likely to acquire them from friends or
technologies to treat wild goats with topical relatives.
vaccines A) Pain relievers represent the majority of all
B) the flying mammals can also be a valuable prescription drugs that are misappropriated
“natural pesticide” B) Doctors may conduct higher quality
conversations with older patients about the
C) a wide variety of fluids of medical and
drug use
industrial interest may have been hard to
spray in the past C) Adults aged 50 and above generally obtain
pain relievers through more than one doctor
D) bats must have been thought to be better for
D) People who misuse prescriptions of pain
the environment than pesticides
relievers all have one thing in common
E) it would be more feasible to administer
E) Families and friends should know about the
vaccine to many of them at once
substantial health risks of drug abuse
80
16. Even if all greenhouse gas emissions were 19. Elected officials with lower voices are not
stopped on Earth as of now, ----. necessarily better leaders ----.
A) potential policies to curb greenhouse gas A) hence they are believed to be superior
emissions might be eliminated leaders with greater physical prowess and
B) the greenhouse gases already emitted integrity
persisted in the atmosphere for thousands of B) as individuals with lower-pitched voices are
years more likely to win elected office
C) there couldn’t be further warming due to the C) while voters prefer to vote for candidates
stringent policy proposals with lower sounding voices
D) it is not realistic to predict that all emissions D) so there is a correlation between voice pitch
can cease suddenly and leadership ability
E) temperatures would still remain higher than E) then they also should be more persuasive
the pre-Industrial Revolution levels when making policy appeals
17. Experts consider the phrase “uncontacted 20. We pay less attention to changes in the
tribes” to be somewhat inaccurate, ----. environment, ----.
A) but those who live in isolation have a sense A) as we get more stressed and anxious
of the world that exists outside their homes B) still the researchers have conducted a series
DENİZ PINAR
B) for all of the world’s communities have some of experiments

degree of awareness of their neighbours C) as a result, lack of attention can increase our
C) owing to the fear of being killed or enslaved responses
by foreign invaders D) even though we failed to predict the threats
D) and such uncontacted tribes are extremely E) inasmuch as new sources of danger arise
vulnerable to disease there
E) so most indigenous communities have
limited contact with the outside world
18. Astronomers predict that the Earth will be

swallowed up by the Sun in about 7.6 billion
years, ----.
A) thus allowing life to survive for at least 5
billion years
B) yet the oceans will boil dry and the water
vapour will escape into space
C) if the technology could be developed over
the next few centuries
D) though an asteroid could actually hit the
Earth, with catastrophic consequences
E) unless the Earth’s orbit can be altered
81
4. Because their brains are wired to find it

SET 3
rewarding, ----.
1. - 20. sorularda verilen cümleyi uygun düşen A) A study now reveals a neural circuit that
şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. mediates a loneliness-like state driven
1. Although its definition encompasses any instead by social seeking behaviours
unexplained aerial phenomena, ----. B) the properties of some neurons were
A) UFO sightings have been reported observed to change when mice were
throughout recorded history separated from their cagemates
B) they became a major subject of interest in C) the researchers have measured the activity
numerous films of dopamine neurons in animals that were
C) the first well-known UFO sighting occurred in either group-housed or socially isolated for
1947 24 hours
D) U.S. Air Force began an investigation of D) social animals are strongly motivated to seek
these reports called Project Sign out the company of others, especially after
E) the term UFO refers to a suspected alien periods of isolation
spacecraft in popular culture E) fewer interactions may be more repellent in
dominant males who tend to win territorial
2. As well as having noble birth, ----. conflicts
A) the Crusades ended unsuccessfully in the
DENİZ PINAR
th
early 15 century
B) over the centuries, myths and legends about
the Templars have grown
C) the knights were required to take strict vows
of obedience and chastity in 14th century
D) In 1127, new efforts convinced many more
noblemen to join the army in England
E) the Knights Templar Organization was 5. The Industrial Revolution brought about a
founded in the 1200s led by the Frenchman greater variety of goods and raised the
Payens standard of living for many people ----.
A) since wages for those who labored in
3. ---- unless drastic protection policies are put factories were low and working conditions
in place. could be dangerous
A) Current protection practices are likely to be
B) if conditions for Britain’s working-class began
enough to save seals
to gradually improve by the later part of the
B) Unconventional methods to conserve 19th century
ecosystems would be considered
C) while life for the poor and working classes
C) The Great Barrier Reef in Australia has
continued to be filled with challenges
already been affected by ocean warming
D) as it also resulted in grim employment and
D) This is the conclusion of a group of scientists
living conditions for working classes
led by University of California
E) but the iron and textile industries played
E) Many marine species will be harmed or won’t
central roles in the Industrial Revolution
survive
82
6. Slavery itself was never widespread in North 8. People with diabetes, heart failure and other
America in the 17th and 18th centuries, ----. chronic diseases often live independent
A) because slaves in the Southern America lives, without a traditional caregiver, ----.
constituted about one-third of the southern A) so many of these people wish they could
population understand their loved one’s condition better,
B) though many of the region’s businessmen or get more involved in helping them
grew rich on the slave trade in southern B) whereas a lot of people who are providing
plantations this kind of care don’t think of themselves as
C) but the U.S. Congress outlawed the African caregivers
slave trade in 1808 while the domestic trade C) nor have past studies shown the people with
flourished chronic conditions are more successful in
D) whereas the so-called “peculiar institution” managing their health
remained absolutely vital to the South D) but many have a family member or friend
E) however, between 1774 and 1804, all of the who plays a key supporting role in their
northern states abolished slavery health care
E) for nearly half said they had talked with their
loved one about the side effects of their
medication
DENİZ PINAR
9. ----, the people wouldn’t have needed to leave

their homes and migrated to other countries.
A) Unless the state took the necessary
precautions to establish peace
B) As the country was ruled by a ruthless dictator
7. One of the most economically important C) If the government had provided the
fish, Menhaden, has shrunk in body weight, homeland security during the war
length and overall physical size ----.
D) Although there was an ongoing war threat
A) since they make up about one-half of the
E) Because they wanted to live in better
Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico fish harvest
conditions than their own country
B) as air and ocean temperatures have risen
dramatically owing to global warming over
10. ---- that the floor was creaking while the
the past fifteen years
visitors were wandering around.
C) though they are a significant food source for
A) The building was such an archaic structure
birds, seals, whales, striped bass and other
animals B) During the pool party it was so cold
D) moreover the weight and length changes of C) After the examination the expert wanted to
these fish have been calculated using the know
data collected from the ocean D) Whenever the tour guide takes the visitors to
E) thus the air and sea surface temperature off the excavation site
the Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico are E) Now that the archaeologists have calculated
perfectly in balance the age of the bone they have found
83
11. Strongly holding the belief that capitalism 13. Because it is more likely to keep your back
inevitably destroys itself in one way or and neck straight, while letting the mattress
another, ----. support your spine ----.
A) the correspondence of Marx and Engels A) sleeping on your back is better than sleeping
is filled with instances where revolutionary on your front or on your side
implications are discussed B) studies show that sleeping on your face can
B) war was always a possible vehicle for events increase wrinkles
that would instigate a revolution C) choosing the right position can actually
C) Marx and Engels were always alert for signs impact on the quality of your sleep
that it had about run its course D) sleeping on the left side places pressure on
D) Keynes was not of the opinion that free the stomach and lungs
market economy would end without E) it can cause a dead arm if you place your
achieving anything arm under your head or body on that side
E) the conquest of China by capitalism will at the
same time give an impetus to the overthrow
of capitalism in Europe and America
DENİZ PINAR
14. Without substantial and sustained global

efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
12. Whether immigrants are seeking economic ----.
opportunity, a haven from violence, or
A) climate change is expected to impede the
political asylum, ----.
rate of economic growth over this century
A) they seek more affluent lifestyles now by
B) continued changes to Earth’s climate
immigrating to developed countries
might not cause major disruptions in some
B) it seems impossible to control recent waves ecosystems
of migration around the world
C) a fifth of global industrial greenhouse gas
C) in most developing countries, increasing emissions are caused by public investment
living standards is a top policy goal
D) the primary greenhouse gases are water
D) we face decreasing stocks of fossil fuels, vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
some minerals, forests, fish, and freshwater oxide and ozone
E) it’s already causing such problems as rising E) societal efforts to respond to climate change
average temperatures and droughts have expanded in the last five years
84
15. Because the tenant farmers of Ireland relied 17. Using a new approach to measure chemical
heavily on the potato as a source of food, ----. contaminants in polar bears ----.
A) the infestation of fungi ruined up to one- A) halogenated contaminants were recognized
half of the potato crop in 1845, and about in polar bear serum for the first time in the
three-quarters of the crop over the next 1970s
seven years B) human-made substances have been linked
B) Ireland was effectively governed as a colony to disturbances of the immune system of
of Great Britain until its war of independence polar bears
in the early 20th century C) serum that was taken from each population
C) less than 100 years before to the Famine’s was pooled and then carefully examined
onset, the potato was introduced to Ireland D) scientists found a large variety of new
by the landed gentry chlorinated and fluorinated substances
D) many tenant farmers in European countries E) studies rely on gas chromatography
were unable to produce sufficient food for techniques, requiring more and harsher
their own consumption purification steps
E) the infestation of the potato crop by a fungus
had a catastrophic impact on its population
during the Potato Famine
DENİZ PINAR
16. The “Black is beautiful” is a cultural

movement that aims to dispel the racist
notion ----.
A) as the movement also encouraged men 18. As incomes rise in poorer nations,
and women to stop trying to eliminate consumption will rise as well, ----.
African-identified traits A) since today over a third of the world’s income
B) that black people’s natural features such is generated by about a tenth of the world’s
as skin color, facial features and hair are population in wealthy countries
inherently ugly B) in that globalization has made it untenable
C) because the media and society as a whole for such dramatic inequalities between high
had a negative perception of the African and low living standards to persist
American body C) as people in developing countries know more
D) but the idea of blackness being ugly is about differences in living standards
highly damaging to the psyche of African D) thus depleting more natural resources to
Americans achieve a more prosperous lifestyle
E) which spread through the writings of the Black E) while the world’s richest countries have
Consciousness Movement of Steve average incomes per person about 100
Biko in South Africa times higher than in the poorest countries
85
19. Although not much is known about how they 20. ----, whereas underdeveloped countries
do this, ----. continue to suffer as much as before.
A) it seems that owning a pet may have more A) Developed countries have been subject to
health benefits than has ever before been external pressures from institutions such as
realised the OECD, or the World Bank
B) exercise is helpful for people with depression B) Most of the advances made in the control of
and walking a dog provides a means for this vector-borne diseases have been beneficial
C) a pet is a non-judgemental companion to the industrialized world
providing unconditional love C) Many developing and least-developed
D) contact with a pet releases various hormones countries are reluctant to support such a
such as oxytocin and serotonin comprehensive agenda
E) many pets exhibit the ability to detect certain D) Poverty is a global problem that affects
medical conditions and save their owners multitudes of people around the world,
leading to hunger, disease and death
E) For four and a half years, people faced
serious problems following shortage of water
and electricity
DENİZ PINAR
86
3. In order to cope with the challenges young

SET 4
people face in a modern Europe, ----.
1. - 20. sorularda verilen cümleyi uygun düşen A) such a change has its influence on the lives
şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. of young people, as well
B) they have so far experienced many problems
in managing their own career
1. If nothing is done to preserve African
languages and knowledge online, ----. C) every European had to modify themselves to
be able to adapt to change
A) you have to look at government websites
across the African continent D) they need to be equipped with a broad set of
skills and knowledge
B) very little of the present information on them
is accurate E) many European students graduate with poor
quality basic skills
C) they will die and be non-existent online in the
next 20 years
D) online sources can be powerful tools for
developing students’ perspectives 4. ---- so that you can improve yourself
E) most of them are widely used for inter-ethnic personally.
communication A) You should have refrained from looking at
people based on gender
DENİZ PINAR
B) It could be hard for you to express your

feelings
C) You are probably a victim of domestic
violence or abuse
D) Many people struggle to maintain good
mental health
E) Self-criticism in a productive way is very
important
2. ---- unless it makes drastic changes to
its current policies on natural resource
exploitation.
5. Not long after having conquered Poland, ----.
A) Indonesia could face an energy crisis and
A) there was very little protest from the British
environmental disaster
government
B) The country is already on the brink of an
B) Hitler turned westwards and took much of
energy crisis
Europe
C) Many Middle East countries will put more
C) the 1930s were a period of economic
and more young men on the job market
recession and unemployment
D) Indonesia is currently facing an
D) British Jews were divided in their response to
unprecedented environmental crisis
Nazism
E) Iran would allow them to be exploited without
E) European states refused to recognize the
concern for the environment
conquest of Poland
87
6. ---- that there is a strong association between 9. ----, the amount of products lost on account
exceptional creativity and mental illness. of insects has doubled, which is rather
A) In fact, there is a controversy over worrisome.
A) If the harmful effects of a chemical substance
B) The discussion is likely to continue
is not limited to the area it was delivered to
C) It has long been claimed, but not proven,
B) As long as chemical molecules spread
D) Majority opinions are not necessarily correct
everywhere by means of chemical cycles
E) People sometimes really wonder C) Although some chemical substances that
are thought to be non-toxic are actually very
harmful
D) Even though the amount of pesticides used
has increased 10 times compared to the
7. ----, most of whom still use technology
1950s
relatively similar to that employed in the
E) Because of the fact that pesticides are
1900s.
used to combat diseases transmitted by
A) There are over forty thousand licensed
mosquitoes
surveyors in the U.S.
B) The collection of the data at a construction
10. Economists view sustainable development
site is straightforward
in pure commercial terms, ----.
C) The industrial drone space is an increasingly
DENİZ PINAR
A) unless the need for land and resources to

crowded one develop has become a critical issue
D) Many engineers lack skills in accessing and B) in spite of the fact that it did not deplete the
retrieving information environmental quality of an area
E) The room is not adequate for a serious C) that they deem the concept as the best way
criminal trial forward for society and the planet
D) although technology development gave rise
to changes in the resources required
E) whereas environmentalists will also include
environmental quality as an element
8. ---- because it allows quick access compared
to desktop and laptop computers.
11. We encourage our employees to get involved
A) Mobile phones are increasingly used to track
in community activities, ----.
people’s movements
A) as long as it does not lead to a conflict of
B) Shopping online has become a routine
interest
practice for many Internet users
B) whether we need to provide them with
C) Mobile search is frequently used for
high-quality services
shopping research
C) but our employees deserve to work in an
D) Large physical stores have started to adapt
attractive place
to the new online reality
D) as we do not tolerate harassment or the
E) Online shopping makes it easier to search exploitation of children
for and purchase goods
E) that are guided by our values in all our
operations
88
12. ----, it will be impossible to address the 14. A rich gene pool ensures that organisms,
problems of women under representation. species and ecosystems are healthy and
A) Despite the historic practice and lack of flexible ----.
political will on the part of political parties to A) though biodiversity is one of the essential
nominate women fundamentals of human life
B) Unless there is a significant increase in the B) even if it is necessary to protect and
number of women nominated by the major conserve biodiversity
political parties C) that plants and animals provide the food we
C) Because we are concerned about the eat
extremely low level of participation of women D) so that they can adapt to changing
in politics and public life environmental conditions
D) In spite of the fact that no measures E) whether we benefit from a wide range of
have been taken to encourage women to services of nature
participate in political life
E) Due to the fact that there is an urgent need
15. Being able to operate certain tasks
to increase women’s representation at local
subconsciously is beneficial ----.
government
A) since distractions are a vital part of one’s job
performance
DENİZ PINAR
B) while they tackled decision problems about

cars
C) yet every part of the brain is involved in
cognitive functions
D) whose activities influence our conscious
thoughts and behaviour
E) in that it enables us to operate efficiently in
everyday life
13. One’s passion for success is just what the

world needs ----. 16. Our scientists have isolated the genes that
encode odour types and are investigating
A) because it is important to collaborate and
----.
share ideas
A) which results in a change in the body odour
B) if you don’t possess the skills needed to
of infected mice
design, sell or market your product
B) that they are not associated with any clinical
C) since a great portion of it is currently going
changes
through a steep learning curve
C) how the coding is accomplished
D) if they have already experienced
professional success D) so as to identify their presence in mammals
E) in order to remain competitive and continue E) but it results from some alteration in the
to be successful in the future immune system
89
17. Peace and stability are two of the most 19. Gibbons, members of the apes, have
critical parameters ----. relationships that can mirror those of
A) whose existence enables nations to prosper humans ----.
and progress A) because the male eagles also help keep
B) as the majority of these young people live in the eggs warm and feed the little ones after
high levels of poverty they’re born
C) though they are important in promoting B) so male and female gibbons are not very
economic development different in size and shape
D) since they work to foster peace and prevent C) nonetheless, in most species, males and
violence across the country some females sing solos to attract mates
E) so the world today faces a resurgence of D) even if they flirt with potential mates by
violent conflict intertwining tails and dancing around each
other
E) in that they do cheat, breakup, and even
remarry
DENİZ PINAR
18. Fascinating stories of indigenous history and 20. Scientific evidence shows that men are
culture have been around for generations in more likely to have sons if they have more
the U.S, ----. brothers, ----.
A) all the same, non-natives ignore Native A) as a gene consists of two parts, known as
Americans’ lives by focusing on dominant and alleles, one inherited from each parent
negative stereotypes about them B) so when there are too many males in the
B) as Native American photographers are population, females will more easily find a
pushing back against portrayals of their mate
culture by non-natives C) however, they are more likely to have
C) because Native American tribes challenge daughters if they have more sisters
the invisibility and stereotypes indigenous D) although there was a sudden increase in the
people have had to endure for so long number of boys born after the two world wars
D) thus many Native Americans often feel E) as a result, in the UK, there are currently
frustrated by efforts to erase or ignore about 105 males born for every 100 females
indigenous people
E) even so, more than a hundred Native
Americans, a record number, ran for public
office at the state and federal level last fall
90
3. Besides having to deal with national

SET 5
emergency situations, ----.
1. - 20. sorularda verilen cümleyi uygun düşen A) the global security environment has changed
şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. since September 11
B) Singapore has to be prepared to confront the
threat of terrorism
1. Due to the flaws in the education system of
Pakistan, ----. C) a comprehensive range of security measures
has been put in place
A) the Ministry of Education has been able to
build a coherent and comprehensive system D) these are necessary measures in order to
of quality education ensure safety and security
B) the cultural education of children is a crucial E) disasters can be prevented, and their
factor for the further development of their consequences can be minimised
personality
C) education can change people’s values and
behaviours, encouraging them to adopt more 4. It is necessary for companies to adapt to the
sustainable lifestyles changing business environment ----.
D) it is recommended that parents walk the A) as customers prefer businesses that take
route to school with students at the start of steps to correct their mistakes
DENİZ PINAR
the year to assess hazards

B) in case they must detail the benefit that they
E) students are unable to improve their provide to their target market
academic performance and do something
C) when it contemplates improving its
for the benefit of the society
competitive position in the marketplace
D) before they can become competitive in the
market and increase their profits
E) if they can use human resource practices as
an integral part of their business strategy
2. Whereas many asylum-seekers in Britain are 5. We all know the benefits of exercise, ----.
locked up in detention centres, ----.
A) because we should spend more time doing
A) most asylum-seekers in the Netherlands regular exercise
share a similar fate
B) so anyone who lives close to nature is much
B) some of them face grave risks in these healthier
dangerous border towns
C) yet most of us are still not getting enough
C) the Dutch let them out as long as they exercise regularly
register every day
D) whereas spending time outdoors provides a
D) there are lots of people who are unable to chance for fun
afford healthcare costs
E) although it is linked to longevity and
E) these are places where one can enter but decreased risk on mental illness
never leave
91
6. It was thanks to the Treasury Department’s 8. Although the way we look has changed over
report, which was released towards the end the years, ----.
of 1944, ----. A) our vision has to deal with what we want for
A) which was established as a U.S. executive ourselves in life
agency to aid civilian victims of the Nazis B) there are some important things which have
and the Axis powers remained the same
B) that Roosevelt formed the War Refugee C) our eyesight can be expected to get worse
Board that accepted tens of thousands of as we get older
Jewish refugees
D) the way we smell is one of the most
C) but it acted as an independent government revealing indicators of who we are
unit with a mission to evacuate the victims of
E) how we live and interact has been
the war
transformed beyond recognition
D) as it represented the only official effort by the
U.S. government to rescue Jews from the
Holocaust
9. Green kyllinga is a plant that grows best in
E) so it ended abruptly when the Congress moist or wet areas that receive full sun light
enacted restrictive immigration quotas in the ----.
following years
A) as it is becoming a major problem in
ornamental plantings
DENİZ PINAR
B) since it flourishes in warm weather from April

through October
C) but it can survive some shade and drying
once established
D) despite the fact that it can reach a height of
about 15 inches
E) whenever it produces a network of numerous
underground stems
7. Population growth in Africa will outstrip the
growth in food production for a long time to
come ----.
10. Though sea turtles spend their lives in the
A) unless much more is done to accelerate
ocean, ----.
agricultural growth
A) they are actually one of the Earth’s most
B) that the country has the necessary foreign
ancient creatures
exchange to import food
B) their colour varies from yellow and greenish
C) if the African governments rely on food aid to
to black
make up the difference
C) people sometimes call them marine turtles
D) as China’s food policy will determine the
D) the body of the majority of them is protected
future of world food markets
by a shell
E) so technological innovations in agriculture
E) they still return to sandy beaches to nest and
reduce unit costs of production
lay eggs
92
11. Despite being one of the world’s richest 13. One in four children in Ireland are already
countries, the United States still faces overweight or obese ----.
poverty, ----. A) in spite of the severe health problems
A) primarily due to large disparities between the associated with this condition
wealthiest and poorest B) rather than reducing sedentary lifestyles and
B) which is fuelled by abundant natural improving nutritional habits
resources and high productivity C) in terms of the physical measurements that
C) since it is the largest exporter of goods and took place around the country
second-largest importer D) as a consequence of unhealthy nutritional
D) as it has been a leader in technological habits and physical inactivity
innovation since the late 19th century E) in contrast with the predictions that it will
have the highest obesity rate in Europe
E) that it has the third-highest workforce
productivity per person in the world
14. It is impossible to stop manufacturing acid

----.
A) due to its negative consequences on the
environment
B) as it completely damages whichever body
DENİZ PINAR
part it is thrown at
C) if some precautions are taken to reduce its
availability to criminals
D) whereas women, mostly, become victims of
such attacks
E) since it is a vital ingredient in several
everyday products
12. Though scientists have only just begun to
understand how reefs can contribute to
medicine, ----.
15. In addition to providing us with essential
A) they provide a natural barrier against the
food, feed and energy crops, ----.
worst ravages of hurricanes, and typhoons
A) agricultural chemistry includes the
B) coral reef organisms are already being used in
application of chemical insecticides
treatments for diseases like cancer
B) other agricultural production goods include
C) there is a possibility that they will disappear
timber, fertilizers, leather and fibres
unless taken under protection
C) the significance of farming has
D) they are less significant to human health
dropped steadily since the beginning of
than they are to the oceans of the world
industrialization
E) children born today may be the last D) agricultural production accounts for less than
generation to see coral reefs in all five percent of the gross world product
their glory
E) agriculture has to be economically viable to
be sustainable over the long term
93
16. Sometimes back pain happens because of 19. Edgar Allen Poe was a writer, who was
an injury, ----. distressed and emotionally distraught, ----.
A) but it can also stem from an underlying issue A) as he was abandoned through his close
like nerve damage family members untimely deaths
B) due to the fact that it can make it tough to B) unless he had created a spooky gothic scene
tackle everyday tasks with the help of his writing personality and
C) so that the physicians can evaluate your pain style
to pinpoint the root cause C) but Poe’s experiences throughout his life led
D) so many people hope to avoid surgery, or him to create more pieces portraying gothic
drugs with heavy side effects fiction
E) although home treatment and proper body D) for he used multiple rhetorical devices to add
mechanics heal it easily to the flow of his poems
E) while the hardships he experienced
throughout his life definitely influenced his
17. Whereas dogs have traditionally been the
writing style
focus of rabies vaccine campaigns, ----.
A) they have shared their lives with humans
for thousands of years and proven to be
beneficial partners
DENİZ PINAR
B) humans have three cones (photoreceptor 20. ---- because of the versatility and creamy
cells) in their eyes; blue, red and green texture of the oil and the productivity of the
C) other domestic animals also get this trees.
fatal virus, which can put your family at A) New plantation in Papua Province violates
risk an Indonesian moratorium on clearing
D) a cat will show little or no gratitude for its peatland
food and shelter B) Nearly half of Indonesia’s greenhouse gas
E) the human nose has about 5 to 6 million emissions come from deforestation
olfactory receptors C) People in the path of plantations have
suffered in many ways
18. ----, nuclear plants are cheap to operate and D) Palm oil companies have sometimes
profitable in the long run. bulldozed entire indigenous villages
A) Because nuclear advocates have a E) Over the past few decades palm oil use has
comforting response to their opponents exploded
B) Given that several nuclear plants have been

shut down
C) If the share of nuclear energy in the world’s
electricity generation is declining
D) When utilities replaced existing nuclear
plants with fossil fueled plants
E) Although they are extremely expensive to
build
94
.
PARAGRAPH STRATEGIES
Bu sebepler, adayların ders çalışma alışkanlıkları ya

da sınav hazırlığına ayıracakları süre gibi bireysel
YDT’de her biri üç soru içeren beş paragraf özellikleri ve İngilizce’ye olan yatkınlıklarına göre
farklılık gösterebilir. Strateji bölümünde sınava
bulunmaktadır. Paragraf bölümü, YDT’de bazı
hazırlık sürecinde adaylara engel teşkil eden bu
adayları diğer bölümlere göre daha fazla tedirgin
sorunları ortadan kaldırmaya yardımcı olabilecek
edebilen bir bölümdür.
ya da en azından minimum düzeye çekebilecek bir
Yapılan hataların özellikle bu bölümden gelmesinin takım soru çözüm teknikleri bulunmaktadır. Stratejileri
bazı nedenleri vardır: çalışmadan önce aşağıda verilen genel tavsiyeleri
1. İngilizce kitap okuma deneyiminin olmaması. inceleyiniz.
2. Adaylar tarafından sınav süresinin iyi kullanıla-
PARAGRAF SORULARINDA DİKKAT EDİLMESİ
maması.
GEREKEN GENEL KURALLAR
3. Kelime bilgisinin yeterli olmaması (özellikle par-
Paragrafta ana fikrin tespiti önemlidir. Ana fikir
çalarda büyük önem taşıyan synonym -eş an- (yazarın paragrafı üzerine inşa ettiği temel konu/
lamlı sözcük- bilgisinin yetersiz olması). konular) anlaşılırsa konuyla ilgisiz seçenekler
4. Soru kökleri bilinmediği için soruda tam olarak daha kolay elenebilir. İdeal bir paragrafın ana
ne istendiğinin anlaşılamaması. fikri, parçanın giriş bölümü olan ilk cümlede
5. Parçada nereden başlayacağını, önce nereye verilir. Yazar, bu bölümde, paragrafın ilerleyen
bakacağını bilememek. bölümlerinde savunacağı, üzerinde duracağı,
6. Geçmişten gelen okuma alışkanlığı yoksa dik- destekleyeceği ya da bazen çürüteceği fikri
katli ve hızla okuma kabiliyetinin gelişmemiş ol- ortaya atar. Paragraf, çoğunlukla genelden özele
DENİZ PINAR
ması. giden bir düşünce zincirine dayalıdır (kronolojik

7. YDT’ye dönük grammar (dil bilgisi) konusun- paragraflar, biyografiler ve hikâyeler dışında). Bu
durumda, parçanın ilk cümlesinin genel bir yargı
da yeterli bilgiye sahip olmamak. Farklı yapıla-
niteliği taşıması ve diğer cümlelerde bu yargıyı
rı biçimsel ve anlamsal olarak birbirlerine dö-
(iddiayı) destekleyen, daha “specific” (özel)
nüştürememek ya da anlamca yakın ifadeleri
cümlelerin yer alması gerekir.
(restatements) tanıyamamak.
Bir metinin ilk cümlesinde, gönderme ifadeleri
8. Parçada ana fikri tespit edememek. Ana fikir
(this, that, it, those, she, the former, another vb.)
(main idea) paragrafta okuyucuya iletilmek is- ve bazı bağlaçların (because, therefore, however,
tenen en temel mesajdır. Soru köklerinde direkt but vb.) cümle başlatması dil kurallarına uygun
ana fikir sorulmasa bile bu bilgi tüm soru tipleri- değildir.
nin çözümünde gerekli bir unsurdur. Paragraf sorularında, okuma esnasında, her
9. Fazla heyecan, stres, ya da buna benzer duygu- seçenek soru köküyle birleştirilerek okunmalıdır
ların sınav hazırlık süresince adayların motivas- çünkü çoğu durumda, herhangi bir seçenek tek
yon ve odaklanmalarını düşürmesi. başına doğru ancak soru köküyle birleştirildiğinde
10. Bol miktarda ve nitelikli soru çözmemiş olmak. yanlış bir anlam ifade edebilir.
Yeterli sayıda soru çözülse bile soruların düşük Parça okunurken, gerçek hayatta da yer alma
kalitede, sınava yönelik olmayan, hatalı ya da sı- ihtimali daha sınırlı olan “all, none, never, every,
extremely, only, superlative, comparative vb.” gibi
navın zorluk düzeyinin çok altında veya üstünde
anlam daraltan ve genişleten, keskin (radikal)
olması.
ifadelerin yer aldığı seçeneklere öncelikle
11. Çözülen sorularda yapılan hataların ayrıntılı bir
yoğunlaşılmamalıdır. Ancak, tersten, okuma
biçimde incelenmemesi ve bu nedenle aynı yan-
esnasında parçada geçen bu tür ifadelerin altı
lışları tekrar tekrar yapmak. çizilmelidir çünkü yazarlar, genellikle, bu tür
12. Çıkarım sorularında, ima edilen bilginin bulun- keskin ifadelerin geçtiği cümleler ile ilgili soru
masında zorluk yaşamak. sorarlar.
97
Paragraf sorularını yanıtlarken, dikkat etmemiz Parçaları okurken nesnel (tarafsız) bir tavırla
gereken en önemli noktalardan biri, kendimize okumamız gerekir çünkü aşağıda verilecek soruların
ait yorum yapmamamızdır. Sorular yanıtlanırken, parçada yer alan bilgilere göre yanıtlanması
verilen parçaya bağlı kalınmalıdır. Her soru tipinin gerekmektedir. Kendi düşüncelerimiz, bizi genel
kendine ait bir mantığı vardır ve soru çözerken olarak ya da kendimizce doğru ama parçada
kendi mantığımıza göre değil sorunun mantığına iletilmek istenen mesaja göre yanlış seçeneklere
ve parçada verilen bilgiye göre hareket etmemiz yönlendirebilir.
gerekir. Bu durumda, soru kökünün iyi okunup Paragraf sorularında yetkin olabilmek için en
anlaşılması ve parçada soruya uygun yanıtın azından son on yılın çıkmış YDT soruları titizlikle,
aranması zaman kazandıracaktır. Aynı zamanda sabırla, dikkatlice ve yanlışlar detaylıca incelenerek
bu şekilde, hatalı okuma alışkanlıklarına (soru çözülmelidir. Düzenli olarak yapacağınız günlük
kökünde verilen olumsuz bir ifadeyi olumlu olarak paragraf çözme egzersizleri anlama, yorumlama,
okumak gibi) da engel olunabilir. sebep-sonuç ve karşılaştırma yeteneğinizi
Paragrafta önce metin dikkatlice okunmalıdır. geliştirerek okuduğunu anlama bölümünde
Önce üç soruyu okuyup da parça okuma esnasında başarılı olmanızı sağlayacaktır.
hepsini akılda tutmaya çalışmak hem zor olacaktır
hem de parçaya odaklanmanızı engelleyecektir. STRATEJİ 1
Ancak paragraf sorularıyla yeni tanışan adaylar TEMEL DÜZEYDE PARAGRAF
başlangıç çalışmalarında metini okumadan önce ORGANİZASYONUNU BİLMEK
sorulara göz atarak, özellikle ana fikir sorusu
DENİZ PINAR
soruluyorsa okuma esnasında parçanın ilk iki Adaylarda bir takım okuma kabiliyetleri ve etkili
cümlesini anlamaya ağırlık verebilirler. okumaya dönük bir altyapı olsa da olmasa da en
Paragraf soruları diğer soru tiplerinden aslında azından temel düzeyde paragraf organizasyonunu
daha kolaydır çünkü diğer soru tiplerinin aksine bilmeleri gerekir. Çünkü YDT paragraflarında
parça incelemeye dayalı sorularda, çok üst düzey parçada geçen tüm sözcüklerin anlamını bilmek
bir dil bilgisine (grammar) ya da sözcük bilgisine ya da parçayı birebir Türkçe’ye çevirmek yeterli
(vocabulary) sahip olunmasa bile soruların değildir. Paragraf organizasyonunu bilen adaylar soru
yanıtları paragrafın içeriğiyle sınırlı olduğu için köklerinde istenen bilgiyi nerede arayıp bulacaklarını
paragraf organizasyonunu bilen ve süreli test bilebilirler. Özellikle uzun paragraflarda paragraf
çözen adaylar bu sorularda daha yüksek başarı organizasyonuna hâkim olmayan adaylar paragrafın
sağlayabilirler. içinde kaybolarak hem süreyi yetiştirememektedirler
hem de psikolojik olarak kendilerini stres altında
Parça okunurken, hız kazanmak için (soru
hissederek sınavdan hedefledikleri ve kolaylıkla
kökünden parçada istenen bilgiye hızlı dönüş
alabilecekleri puanları alamamaktadırlar.
yapmak için) paragrafta önemli olan bilgilerin
altı çizilmelidir. Okuma esnasında ilk cümlenin YDT paragrafları bilim dallarını içeren makalelerden
(konu cümlesi), anlam daraltan ya da genişleten ve diğer yazı türlerinden alınmış parçalardır. Metinlerin
ifadelerin, comparative/superlative (kıyaslama) çoğu bilim dallarıyla ilgili konular içerdiklerinden
ifadelerinin, dönüş (however, nevertheless vb.) sınav paragraflarının geneli için serbest yazılardır
ifadelerinin, vurgu zarfı (in fact, indeed, actually diyemeyiz. Bu nedenle, akademik unsurlar taşıyan bu
vb.) içeren ifadelerin ve sonuç cümlesinin altı paragrafların belirli bir organizasyonları vardır. Tabi
çizilmelidir. Bu şekilde, aday, seçenekler arasında ki kurala uymayan serbest yazılarla (anı, deneme,
çelişkiye düştüğünde altı çizili ifadeleri okuyarak biyografi, vb.) da karşılaşabiliriz. Bu tür metinlerde
doğru seçeneğe ulaşabilir. de bol miktarda soru çözülerek başarı sağlanabilir.
98
Aşağıda sözünü edeceğimiz paragraf organizasyonu, fikirler) ile en başta verdiği konuyu destekler.
sınav metinlerinin genelini kapsayan bilim dalı “Supporting ideas”, önem ve genellik sırasına göre
paragrafları temel alınarak hazırlanmıştır. “major” ve “minor” olabilir. Paragraf ilk cümlede
YDT’de paragrafların çoğu, bir “argument/claim” verilen iddiayı (anafikri) destekleyen ve toparlayan
(iddia, sav, tez) cümlesi ile başlar. Nasıl ki derse ya da tekrar eden bir sonuç cümlesi (restatement)
başlarken bir öğretmen o gün hangi konuyu ele ile bitebilir.
alacağını bildiriyorsa benzer bir şekilde yazar da
paragrafta ele alacağı konuyu çoğunlukla ilk cümlede Tipik bir paragraf örneği:
verir. Bu durumun istisnası genelde kronolojik ya
da biyografi paragraflarıdır. Ancak tüm metinler
göz önüne alındığında bu tarz paragrafların sayısı
azınlıktadır. Tipik bir paragraf üç kısımdan oluşur:
“introduction (giriş), body (gelişme), conclusion
(sonuç)” İddianın ortaya atıldığı ilk cümle çoğunlukla
paragrafın en genel cümlesidir. Bu bölüm adaylar
için çok büyük bir önem taşımaktadır çünkü “topic”
(konu)’i ve “main idea” (ana fikir)’yı içeren “topic
sentence” (konu cümlesi) bu bölümde verilir.
Paragraflar genellikle tek bir konuyu ve o konunun tek
bir yönünü ele alırlar. (Bazı metinlerde birden fazla
DENİZ PINAR
konu ya da konunun ele alınan yönü olabilir: Çok

soru çözerek bu metinlerde de başarı sağlanacaktır.)
Bu bilgi uzun metinlerde olduğu kadar paragraf
tamamlama ve ilgisiz cümleyi bulma bölümlerinde de
soruyu çözme noktasında çok önemlidir. Yazar, ilk
cümlede verdiği konuyu “controlling idea” (sınırlayıcı
fikir) ve “keywords” (anahtar kelimeler) kullanarak
tek bir yönde sınırlayabilir. (one specific aspect of
the topic) Bunun amacı metinin çok genel ve çok
uzun olmasını engellemektir. Ayrıca, ilk cümlede
göreceğimiz “keywords” (ki bunlar genelde sıfatlar
ve zarflardır) bize paragrafın gidişatı hakkında da ön Without a library, educational facilities would die in
bilgi verir. Yani paragraf eğer olumsuz anlam taşıyan a short time. First, the library is essential to students
ifadelerle başlıyorsa çoğunlukla konuya bakış açısı who find the materials they need for writing reports,
o şekilde gider. Aynı biçimde olumlu bir başlangıç term papers, and for outside reading. They also find
varsa yine okuyucu olarak beklentimiz olumlu devam it the most appropriate place to study. Free of noise
etmesidir. Bu bilginin faydası, seçenekleri okurken and having plenty of academic resources, it serves
aksi yöndeki ifadelere ilk evvela yoğunlaşmayarak a peaceful atmosphere for the students. Second,
zaman kazanmaktır. the library is the center for teachers. They must not
Tipik bir sınav metininin “generalization” (genelleme) only prepare their class materials but must also keep
ile başladığı ve “main idea” (ana fikir) ‘nın da bu up with new developments in their fields. Third, it
bölümde yer aldığını ifade etmiştik. Yazar genelden is generally open to public even if it belongs to an
özele doğru giderken “supporting ideas” (destekleyici educational institute. In this way, it makes a wide
99
variety of reading available to people and increases PARAGRAFTA ANA FİKİR NEREDE YER ALIR
the literacy level of the community. Therefore, library YDT gibi sınavlarda paragrafın ana fikri başta,
is a factor which should be regarded as being the true ortada ya da sonda yer alır diye kesin bir yargıda
center of a campus. bulunamayız. Hatta bazı paragraflarda ana fikir, tüm
metinden çıkarım yapılarak bulunur. Ancak sınavda
Serbest metin örneği: sıklıkla karşılaştığımız özellikle bilim dallarından
alınan paragraflar iyi organize olmuş metinlerdir.
My most frightening experience happened when I
Bu tür metinler genellikle ana fikri ilk cümlelerde
was 10 years old. I went swimming with my friends
verirler. Bilim dalı paragrafları çoğunlukla giriş
during a summer vacation. The beach we went was
bölümünde bir “argument” (sav, tez) ortaya atarlar
full of big and sharp stones and the water was very
ve paragrafın geri kalan kısmında ilk bölümde ortaya
deep. We were swimming near the beach at first but
atılan iddia desteklenir ya da çürütülür. Fakat, serbest
we soon moved deeper and deeper. Then, one of my
metinlerde (deneme, biyografi vb.) aynı paragraf
friends challenged me to race with him but there was
organizasyonuyla karşılaşmak zordur. Çünkü bu
a great distance between the two points. I was scared
tür paragraflar herhangi bir mesaj iletme kaygısı
still I agreed to race with him. We started swimming
taşımazlar. YDT paragrafları genelde çeşitli bilim
and I got tired in the middle of the race. I found a
dalları makalelerinden alınmış metinlerdir ve bu
stone, climbed on it, and sat there for a while. He was
da paragraf organizasyonunu bilen adaylar için
rather ahead of me. When he was about to win the
bir şanstır. Bu tür iyi organize olmuş, tipik olarak
race, I jumped into the water and started swimming
adlettiğimiz paragrafların yapısını iyi kavrayan
DENİZ PINAR
really fast. The water got deeper and I got even more adaylar kısa süre içinde atipik metinlere de hakim
tired but I won the race in the end. During the next olacaklardır.
four days, I got cramps and I wasn’t able to walk.
ANA FİKRİN YAPISI

Daha önce de belirttiğimiz gibi özellikle bilim
dallarından alınmış ya da akademik paragraflar
daha organize bir yapıya sahiptirler. Bu tür metinler
STRATEJİ 2 genelde bir iddianın ortaya atıldığı bir “topic sentence”
PARAGRAFIN ANA FİKRİNİ BELİRLEMEK (konu cümlesi) ile başlarlar ve ana fikir de bu konu
cümlesinin içinde yer alır. Bu yüzden adaylar için
Parçada ana fikri bulmak hem ana fikir sorusu
metnin ilk cümlesini hatta ilk iki cümlesini (ikinci
sorulduğunda hem de soru kökünde anafikir istenmese
cümle bazen ilk cümledeki iddiayı desteklerken farklı
bile diğer soru tiplerini doğru yanıtlayabilmemiz
ifadelerle pekiştirir) çok iyi anlamak önemlidir. 80
açısından önemlidir. Ana fikir tespit edilmişse konu sorudan oluşan ve 120 dakika (2 saat) süre verilen
dışı olan seçenekler elenebilir. Yazarlar, zaman YDT’de paragraf için ayırmamız gereken ortalama
zaman yanlış olan seçeneklerde parçanın konusu süre 30/40 dakikadır. Paragrafı anlamaya üç dakika
ile ilgisi olmayan ifadeler kullanırlar. Paragrafın ana ayırdıysak bu sürenin en az bir dakikasını ilk iki
konusu ya da yazarın metinde okuyucuya iletmek cümleye ayırmalıyız. Ana fikir yani paragrafa hâkim
istediği temel mesaj, aday tarafından net bir biçimde düşünce ya da düşünceler net anlaşılırsa paragrafı
anlaşılırsa bazı sorularda üç seçenek birden konu da tam olarak anlama şansımız büyük oranda artar.
dışı olduğu için kolaylıkla elenecektir. Bu bilginin Çünkü diğer cümleler genelde ilk iki cümlede sunulan
ışığında paragrafın ana fikrini tespit etmek daha ana düşünceyi destekleyici niteliktedir ve sorulardaki
büyük önem kazanır. seçenekler de bu bağlamda karşımıza çıkacaktır.
100
a) Ana fikir tek bir konunun tek bir yönünü ele Örnek:
alabilir: Building a dam for hydraulic power is a process that
Genel olarak; iyi organize olmuş çoğu paragraf, tek involves many complex steps and expertism. After the
bir konuyu (one topic) ve o konunun tek bir yönünü need for such a construction has been determined,
(one specific aspect of the topic) ele alır. Bu nedenle the kind of region and the prospects for population
growth must be examined. Besides, a hydrology
ilk cümle okunduğunda sorulması gereken iki soru
research should be conducted as to the precipitation,
vardır: “konu ne? ve nesi? (konunun hangi yönü ele
soil constituents, and river measurements in the
alınmış?)”. Ele alınan bu yön paragrafın anafikrini
construction area. After all these complex stages, the
(main idea) oluşturur. Aday paragraf soruların
dam is ready to be built.
başarılı olabilmek için ‘konu ne?, nesi?’ sorularını tüm
Topic (konu ne?): building a dam
metinlerin özellikle ilk iki cümlesine sormalıdır. Özneler
One specific aspect (nesi?): complexity of building
ve nesneler konuyu ve anafikri tespit etmemizde
a dam
önemli rol oynarlar. Parçanın giriş bölümünde daha
Örnekte de gördüğümüz gibi paragrafta konu olarak
genel olan ifadeler konuyu, özel olanlar ise anafikri
"baraj inşaatından" söz edilmiştir. Paragraflarda ilk
belirler.
cümleler genelde konuyu verirler ve cümle içerisinde
daha genel olan ifade (özne ya da nesne) parçanın
Örnek: konusudur. Daha özel olan ifade ise ana fikirdir. Bu
Climate has changed dramatically throughout the parça, bir YDT paragrafı olsaydı, muhtemelen ana fikir
world in the last few years. sorusunda seçeneklerin çoğu "baraj inşaatının başka
herhangi bir yönünden (maliyeti, çevresel koşullar,
DENİZ PINAR
Bu cümlenin bir paragrafın başlangıç cümlesi

işçilerin durumu vb.)" söz edecekti. Oysa ki, parçada
olduğunu varsayarsak sormamız gereken ilk soru baraj inşaatının ele alınan yönü “zorluklarıdır”. Sınav
“konu ne?”dir. Cümlede yer alan en genel ifade olan paragraflarında hem ilk cümleden hem de paragraf
“the World” paragrafın konusudur. Konu geneldir. boyunca sürekli tekrar eden ya da anlamca birbirine
Anafikir ise daha “specific” (özel) olan ifadede verilir. benzeyen yapı ve kelimelerden de yola çıkarak konu
Paragrafın açıklayacağı kısım ve aday için en önemli ve konunun hangi yönünün ele alındığı kolaylıkla
kısım anafikirdir. Bunun için konu cümlesine ikinci bulunup konu dışı ifadeler içeren seçenekler
soru sorulmalıdır: “dünyanın nesi?”. Cevap “climate” elenmelidir.
(iklim) ifadesidir. İlk cümlede konuya bakış açısı Örnek:
genelde sıfat ve zarfların verildiği ifadelerde yer Over the past two decades, Qatar has experienced
alır. Bu cümlede bakış açısı “changed dramatically” enormous changes in almost every area. First of all,
(büyük oranda değişti) ifadesinde yer almaktadır. communications have been developed; in the past,
Konu ne: the World there were no telecommunications systems at all but
now the country has a modern system connected
Nesi: climate
to other countries in the world by satellite. The
Bakış açısı: change dramatically industrial sector has also grown tremendously by the
Konuyu tek bir yönde sınırlamanın nedeni, “too construction of plenty of factories including cement,
general” (çok genel) bilgiden kaçınarak paragrafı petrochemicals and food canning. Moreover, the
tek bir yönde sınırlamak ve paragrafı genelden transportation system has been modernized totally.
özele doğru taşıyarak “unity” (metinsel bütünlüğü) Now, it has a network spreading to even the most
sağlamaktır. Paragrafların çoğu genelden özele remote parts of the country. All these factors make
doğru gider, ancak özelden genele giden, ya da Qatar appealing to both the natives and to visitors.
her iki kurala da uymayan kronolojik parçalarla da Topic (konu ne?): Qatar
karşılaşmak mümkündür. Bol miktarda, nitelikli soru One specific aspect (nesi?/ana fikir): enormous
çözerek bu tarz paragraflarda da başarı sağlayabiliriz. changes Qatar has experienced
101
Örnek: Örnek:
The physical universe has often offered hazards to The main economies of Karabük are iron, steel
explorers throughout human history. For instance, industries and wheat growing.
the primitive people risked their lives while they were Bu cümlenin bir paragrafın ilk cümlesi olduğunu
abandoning their homes in search of food and water varsayarsak, konu daha genel ifade olan Karabük,
because there was almost always the possibility to konunun ele alınan yönleri (anafikir) ise Karabük’ün
encounter a predator. They were actually risking their temel endüstrileri olan demir çelik ve buğday
lives. Afterwards, people sailed the seas in quest of yetiştiriciliğidir. Okuyucu olarak beklentimiz, artık
new settlements or for earning money, but most of paragrafta hem demir çelik endüstrisinden hem de
them died in terrible storms. Likewise, mankind went buğday yetiştiriciliğinden söz edilmesidir.
to space and even walked in the space which is home
to unknown dangers for explorers. Örnek:
Topic (konu ne?): the physical universe Pollution and the over-exploitation of resources are
having a tremendous impact on environment.
One specific aspect (nesi?): hazards (dangers) of
Örneğimizde, konu “environment” (çevre), konunun
exploration
ele alınan yönü (ana fikir) ise kirliliğin ve kaynakların
aşırı tüketiminin çevre üzerinde yarattığı büyük etkidir.
Örnek: Örnek:
Advertisements are one of the most boring parts of Italy and Greece have warm climates.
DENİZ PINAR
watching television. They are not only waste of time Bu örneğimizde ise iki konu ve konunun tek bir yönü
with about fifteen minutes of useless breaks but (anafikir) verilmiştir. Konular, “İtalya ve Yunanistan”,
also interrupting us from what we watch. Because konuların ele alınan yönü yani paragrafta açıklanacak
of advertisements, we often forget the situation of a olan kısım ise bu ülkelerin ılıman iklimlere sahip
show or a film and so we may lose our feelings related. olmasıdır.
Even worse, advertisements show many products
c) Bağlaçlı cümlelerde ana fikir yan cümlecikte
more appealing than they really are and make us
(bağlaçlı kısımda) yer almaz:
buy unnecessary products. As a result, we should
Bağlaçlı cümlelerde ana fikir gibi yazarın
be aware and careful about the advertisements on
okuyucuya iletmek istediği önemli mesajlar
television in order to resist their attraction.
temel cümlede yer alır.
Topic: advertisements
One specific aspect: negative effects of
advertisements Örnek:
Although book prices have only risen by 30 percent
in the last two years, those of magazines, during the
last ten years, have gone up more than 130 percent.
b) Konu cümlesi birden fazla konuyu ya da aynı
Yukarıda verdiğimiz cümlede yazarın iletmek istediği
konunun birden fazla yönünü içerebilir:
temel mesaj (ana fikir), temel cümlede yani bağlacın
Bazı metinlerde ortaya atılan iddia içerisinde bulunmadığı kısımda yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle,
çok sayıda konu ya da bu konuların alt ögeleri cümle bir parçanın giriş cümlesi olsaydı, okuyucu
verilebilir. Bu durumda parça iddia edilen olarak beklentimiz paragrafın geri kalanında temel
ögelerin tamamını kapsamalıdır. cümlede ortaya atılan iddianın açıklanması yönünde
olmalıydı.
102
Örnek: Yukarıdaki metin çitaların ne kadar etkin avcılar

Highlights of the Great Wisconsin Festival, where olduğu ifadesiyle başlamaktadır ancak “yet” (ama/
sculptors transform 18 kg blocks of cheddar cheese ancak) bağlacının kullanımıyla konu, “avlanmakta
into objects of beauty, include cheese-carving and yarı yarıya başarılı olduklarına ve bunun nedenlerine”
cheesecake contests. geçiş yapmıştır.
Cümlede ana fikir bağlacın olmadığı kısımda

verilmiştir. EXERCISES ON MAIN IDEA
A) Find the most general statement
NOT: “Noun clause” (isim cümleciği) yapısında ana
1. a) participating in classes
fikir temel cümlede değil yan cümlecikte yer alır.
b) studying regularly
c) listening to lectures carefully
Örnek:
d) being successful at school
Scientists suggest that huge amounts of greenhouse
e) doing the assignments on time
gases will be released into the atmosphere if rising
temperatures cause the Arctic ice to melt.
2. a) being healthy
Yukarıdaki örnekte de gördüğümüz gibi verilmek
istenen temel mesaj (ana fikir) “that huge amounts b) eating less but frequently
of greenhouse gases will be released into the c) watching your weight control
atmosphere if rising temperatures cause the Arctic d) doing sports
DENİZ PINAR
ice to melt” cümleciğinde ifade edilmiştir. e) preferring healthy foods
NOT: “But, yet, however, nevertheless ve on the other

3. a) telling your situation to your acquintances
hand” gibi bazı bağlaç ve geçiş sözcüklerini içeren
b) being aware of your capabilities
cümlelerde önemli bilgiler bu ifadelerin yer aldığı
kısımdadır. c) determining your objectives and goals
d) applying for an employment agency
Örnek: e) getting a job appropriate for you
Sunbathing is beneficial, but it may be harmful as well.

4. a) being friends with your colleagues
Verilen cümlede güneşlenmenin yararlı olduğu
şeklinde bir giriş yapılmıştır fakat asıl verilmek istenen b) getting paid satisfactory amounts of wages
mesaj (ana fikir) ve paragraf boyunca da ele alınacak c) overcoming the work stress
olan iddia “but” bağlacının verildiği kısımda yer alan d) giving breaks to relax yourself
“güneşlenmenin zararlı olabileceği” ifadesidir. e) concentrating on your job
Örnek: 5. a) having limited numbers of scholarships

The cheetah is believed to be an efficient hunter, yet b) having a complex curriculum
in fact only about half of its endeavours to catch prey c) finding experienced and qualified professors
are successful. The most common cause of its failure
d) difficulties of attending a college
is early notice by the prey. Cheetahs do not take
e) paying tuition and dormitory fees
wind direction into consideration when running, and
unlike hyenas, cheetahs do not attempt to single out
Answer Key: 1.D 2.A 3.E 4.C 5.D
handicapped or sick animals.
103
B) Put the sentences in the best order to make 4. a) Over time, it can also cause strokes and other
a meaningful paragraph and mark the topic serious health problems.
sentence. b) Worst of all, it can give permanent damage to the
1. a) Firstly, they work in boring or dirty or unpleasant brain.
jobs without complaining. c) High blood pressure and heart-related diseases
b) In addition, robots on the assembly line are quite are the secondary side effects of alcohol.
cost effective. d) Depending on how much is taken and the
c) Lastly, they are accurate; their rejection rate is zero. physical condition of the individual alcohol can cause
headaches.
d) Secondly, they work in jobs too dangerous over a
long period of time for man. e) Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol can lead to
some health problems.
e) Robots are good workers especially on assembly
lines. The order: _______
The order __________ The topic sentence: ___________
The topic sentence ___________

5. a) Then, I need to be able to find specific information
2. a) However, spending time in an over-chlorinated on different subjects that I am interested in.
pool is associated with certain health hazards. b) First, I need to find out which books I want to read.
b) Keep in mind while swimming in the ocean to stay c) There are a lot things I should learn about reading.
DENİZ PINAR
on the lookout of sea creatures such as jellyfish. d) Finally, I must find a quiet place to read efficiently
c) Swimming is an excellent way to get in shape. what I have found.
d) Drowning is also a real risk regardless of where e) Second, I should find the places where they are
you swim. sold or lent.
e) Moreover, the risk of cramps shouldn’t be The order: ______
underestimated. The topic sentence: __________
The order __________
3. a) The factor of being in adolescence period cannot

be changed, but you can take precautions to avoid
spots and pimples.
b) It can emerge anywhere on the body but especially
on the face.
c) It usually affects teenagers in a negative way.
Answer Key:
d) Keep away from fatty foods and avoid stress which
1. e, a, d, b, c 2. c, a, b, d, e 3. e, b, c, a, d
are mainly responsible for this condition.
4. e, d, c, a, b 5. c, b, e, a, d
e) Having spots and pimples is a common occurence
during the adolescence.
The order __________
104
1. Robots are good workers especially on assembly ÖRNEK SORU:

lines. Firstly, they work in boring or dirty or
Language has never been static. All living languages
unpleasant jobs without complaining. Secondly,
embody change, and always have done. It is in the
they work in jobs too dangerous over a long
nature of languages to change over time. This reflects
period of time for man. In addition, robots on the
the process by which each of us learns our own
assembly line are quite cost effective. Lastly,
language. We can go beyond the obvious difference
they are accurate; their rejection rate is zero.
in language use between children and adults and
2. Swimming is an excellent way to get in shape.
assert that no two speakers of any language actually
However, spending time in an over-chlorinated
speak identically. People from different regions,
pool is associated with certain health hazards.
even villages, sound different. Even within families
Keep in mind while swimming in the ocean to
stay on the lookout for sea creatures such as and tightly knit speech communities, factors such
jellyfish. Drowning is also a real risk regardless as age, gender, education, intelligence, curiosity,
of where you swim. Moreover, the risk of cramps openness to risk and new experiences result in
shouldn’t be underestimated. slight differences in speech. Through encounters
3. Having spots and pimples is a common with others, we come across new words, different
occurence during the adolescence. It can pronunciations, and subtly or explicitly these become
emerge anywhere on the body but especially integrated into our speech. These alterations, tiny
on the face. It usually affects teenagers in a though they may individually be, taken together build
negative way. The factor of being in adolescence a picture of language as being in a state of constant
period cannot be changed, but you can take flux and development. As no one speaker ever
DENİZ PINAR
precautions to avoid spots and pimples. Keep speaks the entirety of the language in all its variants,
away from fatty foods and avoid stress which are with all its vocabulary, and no two speakers use the
mainly responsible for this condition. language identically, it follows that the language itself
4. Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol can is a shifting force.
lead to some health problems. Depending on The main concern of the passage is ----.
how much is taken and the physical condition
A) the processes involved in learning a new
of the individual alcohol can cause headaches.
language
High blood pressure and heart-related diseases
are the secondary side effects of alcohol. B) the role of age in the acquisition of a language
Over time, it can also cause strokes and other C) difference in language use between children and
serious health problems. Worst of all, it can give adults
permanent damage to the brain. D) language as a shifting entity
5. There are a lot things I should learn about
E) addition of new words to a language
reading. First, I need to find out which books I
want to read. Second, I should find the places
where they are sold or lent. Then, I need to ÇÖZÜM:
be able to find specific information on different Soru kökünde “the main concern of the passage”
subjects that I am interested in. Finally, I must yani ana fikir istenmiştir. Tipik sınav paragraflarında
find a quiet place to read efficiently what I have ana fikir genellikle ilk cümlede (iddia cümlesi) yer
found. alır. Bu parçada da ilk cümlede “Language has never
been static.” (Dil hiçbir zaman durağan olmamıştır.)
şeklinde bir argüman ortaya atılmıştır. Parçanın geri
kalanını okuduğumuzda bu iddiayı destekler nitelikte
cümlelerle devam edildiğini görmekteyiz. Özellikle
105
parça boyunca kendini tekrar eden “change, difference Private automobile is a messy and uneconomical
ve alteration” sözcükleri parçanın konu bütünlüğünün way of travel. It pollutes the air, undermines the
devam ettiğini göstermektedir. C seçeneğinde her safety and ruins the sociability of the street. It causes
ne kadar dil kullanımındaki farklılıklardan söz edilmiş the devastation of the forests and the nature as it
olsa da, bu seçenekte verilen “between children emits CO2 to the air. As a result, it spoils the relations
and adults” (çocuklar ve yetişkinler arasında) ifadesi between people and make them more inhumanly. It
parçanın genelinde anlatılan için çok özel/kısıtlayıcı also ruins the cities and destroys the environment.
(specific) kalmıştır. D seçeneğinde verilen “shift” (Cause and effect paragraph)
(değişim) sözcüğü parça boyunca ilk cümlelerden
itibaren tekrar edilen “change, difference ve alteration”
We can separate men under three headings while
(değişim, farklılık) sözcükleriyle yakın anlamlıdır.
they are dating women according to the way they
“Language as a shifting entity” (değişen bir unsur
treat them. The first kind is a social addict. It can
olarak dil) ifadesinin verildiği D seçeneği doğru
be defined as the type of men who are always late
yanıttır.
and things work on his schedule. They are especially
selfish and self-absorbed. The second type is called
a content lover. This type comes and goes whenever
he pleases. He hardly ever opens up his feelings and
thoughts. He seems as if he were with you but actually
he is not involved with the relationship. Lastly, there
DENİZ PINAR
is the keeper who always plans beforehand and takes

you into account while planning. The keeper is usually
STRATEJİ 3
eager to talk about your common future and plans.
PARAGRAF TÜRLERİNİ TANIMAK
He is almost always in contact with you and gives
Paragraf türleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak YDT high priority to your feelings and thoughts. These are
adayları için önemlidir. Paragraf türünü bilen adaylar, the kinds of men dating and it depends on your mood
paragrafın genelinde anlatılan düşünceye hâkim whichever one you prefer. (Classification paragraph)
olabilirler ve verilen fikirler arasındaki geçişlerde
bağlantıyı daha kolay kurarak parçayı daha çabuk
The benefits of humor and laughter on the ill
kavrarlar.
people have been stated by the researchers
Örnek Metinler: for ages. Voltaire alleged, for instance, “The art of
European football (soccer) and American football medicine consists of amusing the patient while nature
reveal some differences though European football cures the disease.” William Fry, a psychiatrist from
is the ancestor of the American version. European California, also pointed out to the effect of laughter on
football is played in more than 80 countries, making our bodies. He made his patients watch comedy films
it the most commonly played sport in the world. and he observed their condition. He concluded that
American football, on the other hand, is popular laughter regulates and improves the body functions
only in the United States and Canada. One of the while quickening breathing.
most important differences between soccer and (Exemplification paragraph)
football is the contact between players. While, in
soccer, players don’t need to contact much, in
football, they should have full body contact in order
to block the running ball carrier of the opposite team.
(Comparison paragraph)
106
ÖRNEK SORU: STRATEJİ 4

----. First, the most important difference is the word ZITLIK BİLDİREN YAPILARI TESPİT ETMEK
order. Whereas question word is at the beginning
Paragrafta bir düşünceden başka bir düşünceye
in English, in Chinese, it is used at the end of the
geçiş sağlayan ve zıtlık bildiren yapılara (transitions)
sentence in questions forms. For example, in English,
dikkat edilmelidir. “However, nevertheless, on the
a greeting is “How are you?” but in Chinese “You
other hand, nonetheless, notwithstanding, all the
are how?” is correct. Next, in Chinese, the words
same, even so, but, yet” (ama, ancak, bununla
of English don’t have past equivalents; instead an
birlikte, yine de) gibi bağlaç ve geçiş sözcükleri
adverb of time is used. In English, however, time is
paragrafta başlatılan temel düşünceyi değiştirebilirler
determined by tense. These are the basic differences
ve sıklıkla geçiş yapılan yeni düşünceye yönelik soru
between Chinese and English.
sorulabilir. Paragrafta bu geçişlerin yapıldığı bölümler
A) There are a few similarities between Chinese and
daha dikkatli okunmalı ve geçiş yapılan yeni düşünce
English.
tespit edilmelidir.
B) Chinese differs from English in several ways.
Örnek Metin:
C) Chinese does not distinguish between “he” and
Amsterdam is one of the popular tourist destinations
“she.”
in Europe with its charming channels and unique
D) Chinese is more easily learned than English. architecture. It reflects its rich cultural background
E) Chinese and English are alike in a few ways. through a wide range of historical apartments and
residences. However, there is a major problem in
DENİZ PINAR
(Comparison paragraph)
Amsterdam; the cost of housing mainly resulting
from the increasing numbers in population. Also,
ÇÖZÜM:
expatriates who come and live in the city temporarily
Parçanın ikinci cümlesinde verilen “the most important or permanently are generally in better financial
difference” (en önemli farklılık) ifadesi parçanın condition than the locals and they are generally not
bir kıyaslama paragrafı (comparison paragraph) aware of the prices in the city. This situation is also
olduğunu göstermektedir. contributing to the rise in housing prices.
Parçanın üçüncü cümlesinde verilen “whereas” Açıklama:
direct contrast (taban tabana zıtlık) bağlacından
Yukarıdaki metinde görüldüğü gibi ilk iki cümlede
da anlaşılabileceği gibi parçada Çince ile İngilizce
konu Amsterdam ve Amsterdam’ın cazip özellikleridir.
arasındaki farklılıklardan söz edilmektedir. Bu durum
Fakat üçüncü cümlede “however” (ancak) geçiş
parça boyunca devam etmektedir. İki dil arasındaki
sözcüğü ile konu Amsterdam’da barınmanın pahalı
farklılığı vurgulayan ifade B seçeneğinde verilmiştir.
olduğu noktasına geçiş yapmıştır. Parçalarda özellikle
Bu nedenle doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
“but, yet” bağlaçlarıyla ve “however, nevertheless,
nonetheless, even so” (ancak, bununla birlikte, yine
de) gibi geçiş sözcükleriyle yapılan olumlu/olumsuz
dönüşlere dikkat edilmelidir. Bu ifadelerle, konuyla
ilgili olumsuz yargılardan olumlu yargılara da dönüş
yapılabilir.
107
ÖRNEK SORU: STRATEJİ 5

----. Facial piercings are quite fashionable among PARAGRAFTA ANLAM DARALTAN YA
teenagers nowadays. These piercings are usually DA GENİŞLETEN VE COMPARATIVE
fairly easy to heal, but this is not the exact situation (KARŞILAŞTIRMA), SUPERLATIVE (EN
always. Though they frequently heal in most cases, ÜSTÜNLÜK DERECESİ) İÇEREN İFADELERE
there is always the possibility for them to migrate or VE KESKİN ANLAMLI SIFAT/ZARFLARA
reject. You cannot always know how your body will DİKKAT EDİLMELİ
respond to such kind of outside intervention until
Seçeneklerde yer alan “only, merely, just, solely, the
you give it a try. There are also other complications
most… the longest (superlatives), all, no, none, never,
occurring especially during the application of the
every, always, impossible, any, very, completely,
piercing. Because piercings can be misreplaced if
absolutely, quite (completely anlamında), chiefly,
you don’t have an experienced body piercer or they
mainly, significantly, extremely, first, second ve more
can leave scars unless properly cared for. Therefore,
… than, longer … than (comparatives)” gibi anlam
make sure you always do your proper after care and
daraltan ya da genişleten ifadelerin ve bunların
wear the suitable jewellery so that you can avoid the
eşanlamlılarının ayrıca karşılaştırma / en üstünlük
migration and other complications.
derecesi bildiren yapıların -paragrafta geçmedikçe-
The passage is generally about ----.
doğru yanıt olma ihtimalleri diğer seçeneklere göre
A) the easy healing characteristic of facial piercings çok daha zayıftır. Bu bilgiye hakim olan bir aday
B) human body’s reaction towards an outside seçenekler arasında bu tür keskin ifadeler içeren
DENİZ PINAR
material yargıları öncelikle eleyecek ve hız kazanacaktır.

C) the high popularity of facial piercings Ancak bu tür radikal (keskin) ifadeler paragrafta
geçiyorsa büyük olasılıkla bu yapıların paragrafta
D) complications and side effects of facial piercings
geçtiği kısımla ilgili soru gelecektir. Bu nedenle;
during or after application
bu şekilde keskin ifadeler içeren cümlelerin parça
E) solutions for avoiding the complications of
okunurken altlarının çizilmesi adaylara seçenekler
piercings
arasında eleme yapılırken zaman kazandıracaktır.
ÇÖZÜM: Ayrıca comparative (kıyaslama) içeren cümlelerde
… quite fashionable … → + de hangi ögenin diğerine üstünlük kurduğu tespit
… fairly easy to heal … → + edilmelidir.
… but … → -
… not the exact situation … → -
… possibility of complications … → -
Konu cümlesinde (ilk cümlede) “facial piercing”
olgusuna bakış açısı olumlu iken “but” bağlacıyla
bu konuya dönük olumsuz anlam taşıyan yargılara
geçiş yapılmıştır. A, B ve C seçenekleri konuya
dönük olumlu anlam taşıyan ifadeler içermektedirler.
E seçeneği ise parçada ele alınan “facial piercings”
konusu yerine “piercings”den söz ederek daha genel
bir anlam içermektedir. Hem olumsuz anlam bildiren
hem de parçada but bağlacından sonra konunun
yöneldiği düşünceleri doğru bir şekilde veren D
108

In a survey carried out in the USA, most of the students The Tulip flower originated from Central Asia as early
have stated that they find it difficult to cope with math. as 1000 AD and was first cultivated by Turkish people.
According to them, understanding and acquiring
Carolus Clusius, a famous biologist and director of the
math formulas is troublesome and challenging. As
oldest botanical garden of Europe, brought the flower
a mathematician, I believe learning math is similar to
into Western Europe and the Netherlands in 1600s.
learning a foreign language. It is possible to say that
He had come across with the beautiful flower, Tulip, in
both math and language have similar acquisition ways
when examined closely. In order to understand each of the Ottoman palace gardens in İstanbul and planted
them, one should know the rules, symbols and formulas it in the Netherlands. In those times, the Tulip was
used in these fields (e.g. vowels and consonants in used as a garden decoration as well as for medicinal
languages, and symbols in math). A learner should purposes. Soon, it gained value as a trading item
also be able to comprehend the logical meaning behind especially in Holland due to the huge interest for
the combination of those symbols, rules, formulas or the flower. There happened actually a “Tulipmania”
equations. Without having such knowledge, one may across the country particularly after the botanists
have difficulty in grasping math or learning a language. improved the flower into a more decorative form and
It can be inferred from the passage that ----. the traders earned quite a lot of money from this trade.
A) learning a language is more difficult than learning In the twentieth century, it was discovered that the
math flames that gave the flower its astounding look indeed
B) if a person is good at math, he is definitely good were symptoms of infection and the healthy flower
at languages was to be smooth and monotone. These infected
DENİZ PINAR
C) the reason for students to find math difficult is kinds are not sold anymore but you can buy hybrids
their laziness genetically stable that look like the diseased ones.
D) math and language are the most difficult branches However, Tulip still keeps its charm coming from the
to learn for students past generations across the Netherlands and Europe.
E) acquiring the knowledge of math and a foreign According to the passage, Tulip ----.
language are alike A) was spread by Turks throughout Europe
B) is the only flower preserving its charm for
ÇÖZÜM:
generations
Soru kökünde parçadan bir çıkarım yapmamız
istenmektedir. Parçada “comparative” ya da C) was more expensive than any other flower in the
“superlative” ifadeler yer almamaktadır. Zaten yer 17th century
alsaydı strateji gereği altını çizmemiz gerekirdi. Bu D) was raised by Turkish people at its start
nedenle bu tarz comparative ya da superlative ifadeler E) is not sold anymore as it became extinct
içeren A ve D seçeneklerini öncelikle incelemeyiz.
Benzer bir biçimde “definitely” (kesinlikle) keskin
ifadesini içeren B seçeneği de elenmelidir. Çünkü ÇÖZÜM:
parçada böyle bir keskin ifade yer alsaydı, altını çizer Paragraf sorularını çözerken keskin ifadeler içeren
ve seçenekleri okurken daha dikkatli davranırdık. C seçeneklerden kaçınmamız gerektiğini biliyoruz.
seçeneği ise “laziness” (tembellik) ifadesi yüzünden
Tersten, paragrafta keskin ifade verilmişse ilgili kısmın
paragrafta yer almayan farklı bir konu içermektedir.
sorulma ihtimalinin yüksek olduğunu da biliyoruz.
(bkz. Strateji 2 – Anafikir stratejisi) Matematik ve
Bu bakış açısıyla, parçada, stratejide verdiğimiz,
yabancı dil öğrenmenin benzer olduğu mesajını veren
keskinlik bildiren ya da “comparative / superlative”
ve parçayla anlamca örtüşen E seçeneği doğru
yanıttır. yapılar içeren üç cümle yer almaktadır: “was first
cultivated,” “the oldest botanical garden,” “are not
109
sold anymore.” Paragraflarda bu tarz genelin dışında

STRATEJİ 6
daha keskin anlam içeren ifadelerin geçtiği cümlelerle
YAZARIN KONUYA BAKIŞ AÇISINI ELE VEREN
ilgili sıklıkla soru sorulur. Bu nedenle parça okunurken
MODAL, SIFAT-ZARFLARA DİKKAT EDİLMELİ
bu yapıların altı çizilmelidir ki seçeneklerden parçaya
dönüş yapıldığında yerleri hızla tespit edilebilsin.
Paragraflarda genellikle “passive” (edilgen) yapılar
Soruda B seçeneği içerdiği anlam daraltan “only” genel-geçer düşünceleri bildirirken, “modal” (kiplik)
(sadece) zarfı yüzünden öncelikle elenir. “Only, ve “adjective-adverb” (sıfat-zarf) yapılar yazarın kendi
merely, just, solely” gibi zarflar doğru yanıtı içeren kişisel görüşlerini iletmesini sağlar. “Modal” yardımcı
bir cümlede kullanıldıklarında cümlenin anlamını fiilleri zorunluluk, eleştiri, gereklilik, öneri, pişmanlık gibi
daralttıkları için seçeneğin elenmesine neden olurlar. anlamlar vererek paragrafa yorum getirmekte katkıda
B seçeneğinde verilen “is the only flower preserving bulunurlar. Bu yapılar yazarın konuya olan olumlu-
its charm for generations” ifadesi “is the flower olumsuz bakış açısını anlamamızda yardımcı olurlar.
preserving its charm for generations” şeklinde verilmiş Böylece seçenekler arasında olumlu-olumsuz anlam
olsaydı doğru yanıt olabilirdi. Parçada “comparative” stratejisine göre eleme yaparak hız kazanabiliriz.
Ayrıca paragrafta ‘modal’ kullanımıyla bir ihtimalden
(karşılaştırma) cümlesi yer almadığı için kıyaslama
bahsedilirken aynı olay seçeneklerde kesin bir
ifadesi içeren C seçeneği de elenir. A seçeneğinde
yargı olarak karşımıza çıktığında, o seçenekten
verilen “was spread by Turks throughout Europe”
kaçınmamız gerekir. Benzer bir biçimde, paragrafta
ifadesi ilk cümlede yer alan keskin anlam içeren
kesin ve net bir ifade verilmişse seçeneklerde olasılık
“first” sözcüğünün geçtiği “The Tulip flower originated bildiren ifadelerden kaçınmamız gerekir.
from Central Asia as early as 1000 AD and was
DENİZ PINAR
first cultivated by Turkish people” cümlesine

atıfta bulunmaktadır. Ancak “spread” yayılmak
anlamına gelir. Oysa ki parçada lalenin ilk kez
Türkler tarafından yayıldığından değil üretildiğinden
söz edilmektedir. Parçada “These infected kinds ÖRNEK SORU:
are not sold anymore.” ifadesiyle “enfekte olmuş Television is the most prevailing and most available
lalelerin artık satılmadığından” söz edilmiştir oysa ki national medium in many countries throughout the
E seçeneği soru kökü ile birleştirildiğinde genel olarak world. Some 99 per cent of American homes have
“lale çiçeğinin satılmadığı çünkü neslinin tükendiği” at least one television set which might be watched
sonucu çıkmaktadır. Bu yüzden E seçeneği de for approximately four hours a day. Surveys suggest
doğru yanıt olamaz. D seçeneğinde verilen “raise” that television is the most significant source of news
parçanın ilk cümlesinde geçen “cultivate” sözcüğünü, for Americans and it may be potentially capable of
“at its start” zarfı ise yine aynı cümlede geçen “first” forming opinions and influential in consumer choices.
sözcüğünü karşılamaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt In the early days of its invention, it was generally
D seçeneğidir. used as a tool for spreading information but as the
circumstances changed and people became more
affluent, its role as an entertainment means came
to the fore. Moreover, television is one of the most
important means of communication because it brings
our homes live visual and audial information from all
around the world. Since its appearance, television
has brought us a wide variety of advantages and
nowadays, many people around the world spend
most of their leisure time watching television.
110
It is stated in the passage that ----.

STRATEJİ 7
A) in the USA, people generally watch television
SORU KÖKLERİNİ TANIMAK
almost four hours a day
B) television’s role as an entertainment method Paragraf bölümünde soruları doğru yanıtlayabilmemiz
outweighed its usage as a means of için gereken bir diğer önemli unsur da soru kökünde
communication ne istendiğinin net anlaşılmasıdır. Bu yüzden soru
C) thanks to television, people can have access to köklerinin incelenmesi gerekir. Her ne kadar 2018
the information at once from all around the world YDT’de birkaç yeni soru köküyle karşılaşmış olsak da
D) television is the most controversial issue
YDT paragraflarında genel mantık olarak üç ana soru
nowadays because it undermines people’s
kökü vardır.
activities in their daily routines
E) ever since people became richer, television has
lost its popularity as a news spreading means 1. Parçanın konusunu (topic) ya da ana fikrini
ÇÖZÜM: (main idea) bulmaya yönelik soru kökleri
Parçada konuya bakış açısının olumlu mu yoksa a) The passage is mostly about …
olumsuz mu olduğunu hızlı tespit edebilmek için b) The passage is mainly concerned with …
okuma esnasında sıfat, zarf ve modal yapıların
c) The main idea of the passage is … (gerund or
altının çizilmesi gerekir. Böylelikle ters anlam içeren
noun) / is that … (subject + verb)
seçenekler ilk bakışta elenebilir. Genel gidişatın
olumlu olduğu ve parçadaki iki cümlede net ifadeler d) The main subject of the passage is … / is that …
yerine “may/might” (possibility) olasılık kipliklerinin e) The passage describes …
DENİZ PINAR
verildiği görülmektedir. D seçeneğinde yer alan “it

f) The main point of the passage is … / is that …
undermines people’s activities in their daily routines”
(insanların günlük aktivetelerini engeller) ve E g) The main argument of the passage is … / is that
seçeneğinde verilen “television has lost its popularity …
as a news spreading means” (televizyon bir haber h) The passage emphasizes …
yayma yolu olarak popülaritesini kaybetti) yargıları
i) The passage concentrates on …
olumsuz anlam taşımaktadırlar. Bu seçenekler
elenir. A seçeneğinde verilen “in the USA, people j) The passage largely deals with …
generally watch television almost four hours a k) The passage gives a general account of …
day” ifadesi kesin bir yargı bildirmektedir oysa ki
l) The main focus of the passage is .../ is that ...
parçadaki benzer ifade bir olasılık kipliği olan “might”
ile yer almaktadır: “one television set which might
be watched for approximately four hours a day.” 2. Parçada açıkça belirtilen ifadeleri (explicitly
Bu, sınav paragraflarında sıklıkla karşılaştığımız bir stated idea) bulmaya yönelik soru kökleri:
durumdur. B seçeneğinde verilen “outweigh” fiili ağır
a) According to the passage, …
basmak, üstün gelmek anlamlarına gelir. Parça, bir
unsurun diğerine üstün geldiği şeklinde bir yargı b) It is stated (As is stated / as stated) in the passage
içermemektedir. Parçada okurken altını çizdiğimiz, that …
“superlative” ifade içeren “moreover, television is c) The point made in the passage is that …
one of the most important means of communication
d) As asserted in the passage, …
because it brings our homes live visual and audial
information from all around the world” cümlesi C e) It is argued in the passage that …
seçeneğinde verilen “thanks to television, people f) It is clearly stated in the passage that …
can have access to the information at once from all
g) It is pointed out in the passage that …
around the world” ifadesiyle anlamca örtüşmektedir.
Bu nedenle doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir. h) As it is pointed out in the passage, …
111
i) As (is) mentioned in the passage, … Yakın Anlamlı Cümle Örnekleri:

j) The author points out that … 1. This book about politics is more complicated
k) The writer argues that … than the other books in the library.
l) The author explains that … • The other books are not so / as complicated
as this one.
m) It is suggested in the passage that …
• This book is the most complicated of all in the
n) It is clear from the passage is that …
library.
o) As can be seen from the passage that ...
2. This is the worst film I have watched so far.
p) The author seems to suggest that …
• Until now, I haven’t watched a film as bad as
q) As clearly stressed in the passage , ...
this one.
r) According to the author, ...
• I haven’t watched such a bad film as this one
s) It is claimed in the passage that …
so far.
t) It is asserted in the passage that ...
3. No other students in our class can play the piano
as well as Bülent.
Paragrafta açıkça belirtilen yargıları bulmaya dönük
• Bülent can play the piano better than all the
sorularda, pek çok aday başarılı olmaktadır. Çünkü bu
other students in our class.
tip soru kökleri adaydan paragrafta açıkça verilen bir
• Of all the students in our class, Bülent can
ifadeyi bulmasını ister ve bu da üst düzey bir yorumlama
play the piano the best.
ya da sonuç çıkarma süreci gerektirmemektedir.
DENİZ PINAR
Ancak sağlam bir gramer ve sözcük alt yapısı bu • There aren’t any students in our class who
bölümdeki sorularda fire vermemek açısından çok can play the piano better than (as well as)
önemlidir. Yazar paragrafta verdiği “active” (etken) Bülent.
bir cümlenin seçeneklerde “passive” (edilgen) halini 4. No matter who you are, come and join us.
isteyebilir. Benzer bir şekilde, metinde “real” (gerçek)
• Whoever you are, come and join us.
bir cümle, seçeneklerde karşımıza “unreal” bir ifade
• Regardless of who you are, come and join us.
olarak çıkabilir. Veya metinde kullanılan herhangi bir
sözcüğün seçenekte “synonym” haliyle karşılaşabiliriz 5. The company hadn’t predicted that so many
(parçada “sufficient”, seçenekte “adequate” gibi). people would apply for the position.
Ayrıca bazen parçada sırayla belirtilen birkaç öge, • The number of applicants went beyond the
(bir olayın sebepleri anlatılırken ya da herhangi bir company’s predictions.
şeyin özellikleri açıklanırken olabilir) seçenekte tek bir
• The position drew the attention of more
sözcük öbeği altında ifade edilmiş olabilir. Bu durumu
people than predicted.
ders anlatımlarımızda “umbrella technique” (şemsiye
tekniği) şeklinde ifade ediyoruz. Bu bölümde anlamca 6. Julia said she was sorry she came late.
ve dilbilgisi olarak birbirine yakın anlamlı ifadeleri • Julia apologized for coming late.
tanımak çok önemlidir. Bu nedenle aşağıda bu tarz
7. I couldn’t have finished this assignment if you
paragraf sorularında adaylara yardımcı olabilecek
hadn’t helped out me.
ve artık sınavlarda klişe haline gelmiş yakın anlamlı
• I was able to finish this assignment because
cümle kalıpları verilmiştir.
you helped out me.
• I could have had difficulty finishing this
assignment without your help.
112
8. However hard I tried, I couldn’t open the door. 17. Tom never stays in a five-star hotel unless there
• No matter how hard I tried, I couldn’t open the is a discount.
door. • Tom only stays in a five-star hotel when there
is a discount.
9. It’s likely that the weather will get better in a few
days. • Only when there is a discount, does Tom stay
in a five-star hotel.
• The weather may/might get better in a few
days. 18. He couldn’t leave the office before he finished
• It’s possible/probable that the weather will get the documents.
better. • He had to stay in the office until he finished
• Maybe/perhaps, the weather will get better. the documents.
10. This is the second time the management has 19. Only those who are qualified enough in the field
started a construction in this area this week. can appreciate her latest book.
• The management has already been in this • People who lack the necessary quality fail to
area and started a construction once this comprehend her latest book.
week.
• Those without the necessary quality can’t
11. I regret attending the lecture so late. appreciate her latest book.
• I wish I hadn’t attended the lecture so late.
20. It was unnecessary for you to study so much for
DENİZ PINAR
• I wish I had attended the lecture earlier. the exam. After all, it was called off.
12. The only part in which Sue failed in the • You needn’t have studied so much for the
competition was the last one. exam.
• Sue was successful in every part of the
21. Having no other relatives to talk to, I had to call
competition except for the last one.
her.
• Sue was successful in every part of the
• As / Because / Since I had no relatives to talk
competition but the last one.
to, I had to call her.
13. That was the first time I had seen Alison so
embarassed. 22. It’s a pity that you can’t stay longer.
• I hadn’t seen Alison so embarassed before. • I’d rather you could stay longer.
• I had never witnessed Alison being so • I wish you would stay longer.
embarassed until then.
23. The tour agency wanted to organize a trip to the
14. I last went to Sdyney a year ago. island, but then had to give up because of the
stormy weather.
• It’s been a year since I last went to Sdyney.
• The tour agency would have made a trip
• I haven’t been to Sdyney for a year.
to the island if the stormy weather had not
15. These two groups are different from each other. prevented them from doing so.
• There is a difference between these two
24. My travel to Prag was unlike anything that I had
groups.
experienced till then.
16. He won the race unexpectedly. • What I saw in Prag was unique; I had never
• His winning the race was unexpected. seen such things before that time.
113
25. If it hadn’t been for his research, I couldn’t have 32. The condition of the patient has been
written the article. deteriorating in the last four days.
• It was his research that helped me write the • The patient’s condition has been getting
article. worse over the past four days.
33. No matter how hard Jack works, there is no

26. There is no point in buying this car if you are not
improvement in his prospects.
going to get a rise in your salary.
• There is no improvement in Jack’s prospects
• Unless you are likely to get a rise in your
despite his hard work.
salary, it will be a waste of money to buy this
car. 34. Amanda was requested to resign due to her
poor performance, but she insisted on not doing
27. What worries me most is that the term work will so.
not be due by the deadline.
• They told Amanda it was best to resign as
• The term work doesn’t seem to finish on time, she was poorly qualified, but she didn’t listen
which is of considerable concern for me. to them.
28. Of all the problems faced in the country 35. By the time Clara entered the lecture hall, the
nowadays, none appears to be as widespread Professor had already finished her speech.
as bribery. • The Professor’s speech was over before
• When compared to all other problems, bribery Clara entered the lecture hall.
DENİZ PINAR
is probably the most common crime in today’s

36. Without your help, going abroad would have
world.
been nothing, but a dream.
29. This successful student owes his success to his • I could not have gone abroad if it hadn’t been
never-ending hard work as well as his worship of for your help.
books. 37. Few businessmen regret not attending to
• It is due to both his everlasting hard work college.
and worship of books that this student has • As far as businessmen are concerned,
become a successful one. college can be a waste of time.
30. If the coffee hadn’t been so hot, I would have 38. It is highly likely people abandoned this area
drunk it. owing to harsh weather conditions and shortage
of water.
• I couldn’t drink the coffee because it was too
hot. • People must have left this area due to harsh
weather conditions and shortage of water.
• The coffee was too hot so I couldn’t drink it.
• The coffee was too hot for me to drink. 39. The new facility in the campus attracts hardly
any student, so it will be closed down soon.
31. John has produced hundreds of works in his • The new facility in the campus will be closed
career; that’s why, people believe that he is one down soon because it attracts almost no
of the most prolific writers in the country. student.
• Having produced hundreds of works in his
40. Christopher Columbus discovered America.
career, John is believed to be one of the most
• America was discovered by Christopher
prolific writers in the country.
Columbus.
114
3. Parçada ima edilen bilgi, yargı ya da 2. He tried restoring his mobile phone, but it
düşüncelerle ilgili sonuç çıkarma, bir hükme didn’t work.
varmaya yönelik soru kökleri: A) His mobile phone broke down when he tried
a) The passage implies that … to restore it.
B) Restoring a mobile phone never helps solve
b) We can infer from the passage that …
its problems.
c) We can understand from the passage that …
C) He had a problem with his mobile phone.
d) It can be inferred from the passage that … D) He must have had his mobile phone
e) It is implied in the passage that … repaired.
f) From the passage we learn that …

3. We got to the exam room early so as not to
g) One can / may infer from the passage that …
miss the exam.
h) The author concludes that … A) The exam had already started when we got
i) As (it) can be understood from the passage … to the exam room.
B) There were some others who missed the
j) One can / may conclude from the passage that
exam.
…
C) There were some others who had arrived at
k) We can understand from the passage that …
the exam room earlier than us.
Yazarlar her zaman okuyucunun anlaması gereken
DENİZ PINAR
D) We managed to take the exam on time.

her şeyi yazmayabilirler. Bazen belirli mesajları
“indirectly” (dolaylı yoldan) iletirler ve iyi bir okuyucu
yazarın dolaylı ifadelerinden ya da “implications” 4. All the students in Ali’s class but Fatih took
(imalarından) doğru bir sonuç çıkarabilmelidir. Çıkarım part in the activities, yet none of my students
(inference), bir sonuçtur. Çıkarım yapabilmek için did.
yazarın bize açıkça verdiği ipuçlarını değerlendirip A) My students were eager to take part in the
bunlardan bir hükme varmamız yani bir sonuç activities.
çıkarmamız gerekir.
B) Fatih failed to take part in the activities.
C) No other student but Fatih took part in the
activities.
Inference Exercises: D) Fatih never takes part in classroom activities.
Choose the correct inference

5. There could be an increase in the employment
1. All of the students except Hasan will have rate, but I really doubt it.
to hand in more than four assignments this A) The employment rate can’t have increased.
term. How many assignments will Hasan
B) I believe that the employment rate will
hand in this term?
increase.
A) Four or fewer
C) My doubts regarding an increase in the
B) More than four unemployment rate are baseless.
C) Four D) I don’t think the employment rate will
D) A lot increase.
115
6. It took him five years to find a job after 9. Wild leaves, either fresh or dried, are one of
graduating from university. the most widely consumed forest foods.
A) He was unemployed for a certain period of A) Fresh wild leaves are not as popular with
time after university. people as the dried ones.
B) He graduated from university five years ago. B) There are other forest foods than wild leaves
consumed in large amounts.
C) University students need to wait for at least
five years to find a job. C) No other forest foods are consumed as much
as wild leaves.
D) He is not the sort of person who is eager to
work to make a living. D) The consumption amount of wild leaves
are dependent on whether they are fresh or
dried.
10. Like many other painters, Rembrandt

7. The train to Eskişehir was supposed to skilfully transformed the places he lived into
leave Ankara at 10 o’clock, but it has been art.
announced that it was half an hour behind
A) There were many other painters who lived in
the schedule.
the same places as Rembrandt.
A) The train has been waiting at the platform for B) There were many painters who had not
half an hour. painted about the places they lived.
DENİZ PINAR
B) The train will have left the platform by 10:25. C) The writer is satisfied with the way Rembrandt
C) The train will arrive in Eskişehir half an hour performed his art.
late. D) Rembrandt worked with many painters to
D) Trains to Eskişehir from Ankara are always transform the places he lived into art.
prone to be delayed.
11. In cities across Australia, koalas are likely
to be seen in city areas, but people try to
avoid the situation. Cities are growing and
suburbs are spreading, so there are few
8. Mollusks are extremely rich in potassium.
places for koalas. Most of their habitat has
Clams, for example, have a whopping 1200
been turned into car parks and shopping
milligrams of potassium in a serving of 20
centres. This is not good news because
small clams, which is about one-quarter of
cities are very dangerous for them. Luckily,
your daily needs for the mineral. Octopus and
there are volunteers who are trying to protect
whelk both have almost the same potassium
this species from the effects of urbanisation.
content.
A) Urbanisation has a devastating effect on
A) Octopus and whelk are not as
koalas.
potassium-rich as clams.
B) Officials are building special places for
B) We can meet our potassium need from
koalas in cities and suburbs.
nothing but mollusks.
C) The number of koalas in the wild is
C) No other kind of food is as rich in potassium decreasing sharply.
as mollusks.
D) Koalas are attracted to the atmosphere of
D) Octopus, whelk and clams are all mollusks. car parks and shopping centres.
116
12. In 1879, archaeologists made a surprising 14. What makes you happy? The smell of
discovery in Iraq. When they were working new-mown grass on a spring morning,
on the different formations of the region, perhaps; or the laughter of your children. For
they found an ancient cylinder with writing many of us, happiness is spiritual, individual,
on it. Fortunately, it was in good condition. difficult to define and ephemeral. A Buddhist
Scientists wondered what it was and monk with no possessions beyond his
examined it. Finally, they found out that the clothes and an alms bowl might consider
writing was the words of a king, Cyrus the himself happier than a city financier with
Great, who had ruled the Persian Empire homes on three continents.
2,500 years earlier.
A) Buddhist monks lead a much happier life
A) Nothing was known about Cyrus the Great than city financiers.
before 1879.
B) Homes on three continents are not adequate
B) Archaeologists had long been looking for the enough to make a city financier happy.
ancient cylinder when they finally found it in
C) The meaning of happiness changes from
1879.
person to person.
C) It has been 2500 years since Cyrus the
D) Feeling the smell of new-mown grass on
Great ruled the Persian Empire.
a spring morning makes us happier than
D) The ancient cylinder was accidentally
anything else.
discovered in Iraq about one and a half
century ago.
DENİZ PINAR
15. The precise date of the first human occupation

13. One of the primary reasons for pursuing
of Australia is likely to remain unknown, but
alternative-fueled vehicle technology is to
decrease environmentally harmful emissions. evidence has been uncovered to suggest
It is estimated that vehicles on the road account human presence on the continent for at least
for 60 per cent of carbon monoxide pollution, 40,000 years. Migration from Europe dates
29 per cent of hydrocarbon emissions, and 31 from 1788, when the first transports bearing
per cent of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions convicted criminals made the long journey
in the United States. All of these emissions south. This was quickly followed in the early
released into the atmosphere contribute to 1790s by the first wave of voluntary – and
smog pollution, and increase the levels of hence free – immigrants.
dangerous ground-level ozone. A) The first voluntary immigrants to Australia
A) Ground-level ozone will disappear altogether were followed by the imprisoned criminals.
with the introduction of alternative-fueled B) The first European migrants to Australia
vehicle technology. were forced to go there.
B) Alternative-fueled vehicles are more C) Nobody will ever know when humans first
environmentally friendly than the current occupied Australia.
ones on the road.
D) No humans existed in Australia 40,000 years
C) About one-third of the hydrocarbon emissions ago.
globally is due to the vehicles on the road.
D) Decreasing environmentally harmful Answer Key: 1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C
emissions is the sole reason for adopting 8.D 9.B 10.C 11.A 12.D 13.B 14.C 15.B
alternative-fueled vehicle technology.
117

Nigeria relies to a great extent on the export of The type of farming that produces vegetables with a
crude oil in order to provide money for its industrial sole objective of supplying to the processing industry
development. 90% of Nigeria’s exports by value are is termed as vegetable garden for processing.
crude oil. If current production rates do not alter, Vegetable production for processing mainly canning,
known reserves will only be adequate enough till the freezing and dehydration is distinct from fresh market
end of the century. In 1973, oil prices increased four vegetable production. The vegetables meant for
times, as a result of which industrialisation began to processing are grown exclusively in field under
flourish. With the reduction in oil prices in the early naturally occurring conditions. A significant quantity
1980s, Nigeria was deprived of its important income. of vegetables meant for fresh market consumption
It was in 1974 that oil production peaked and output especially tomatoes, bell pepper, cucumber
reached 112 million tonnes. and lettuce is grown in green houses where the
It is understood from the passage that only a environmental conditions are artificially manipulated.
fraction of Nigeria's exports ----. For processing, only one or two varieties of one or
two crops are grown on a large scale to produce in
A) are goods other than crude oil
bulk. The farming is generally mechanized and away
B) would be be necessary to support industrial
from the cities. The varieties are selected in such a
development
way that there is a continuous supply of raw material
C) were affected by the decrease in oil prices in the to feed the processing units for a longer period.
1980s
DENİZ PINAR
D) were oil-related products

E) have benefited from price increases
ÇÖZÜM:
1. According to the passage, ----.
Soru kökü bir çıkarım ifadesi (It is understood from the
A) the farming known as vegetable garden for
passage) içermektedir. Cümlede “only a fraction of
processing is carried out for a variety of
Nigeria’s exports” (Nijerya’nın ihraç ettiği ürünlerin
reasons
sadece küçük bir kısmı) şeklinde Nijerya’nın ihraç
B) fresh market vegetable production and
ettiği ve parçada söz edilmemiş olan %10’luk kısım
vegetable production for processing are
sorulmuştur. İhraç edilen ürünlerin %90’ı ham petrol
exactly the same as each other
ise kalan %10’luk kesimin petrol haricindekiler olduğu
sonucunu çıkarabiliriz. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt A C) certain vegetables are grown in green
seçeneğidir. houses particularly for fresh market
consumption
D) tomatoes, bell pepper, cucumber and lettuce
are the types of vegetables that can only be
grown in green houses
E) one advantage of vegetable garden for
processing is that it is done in urban areas
118
2. The main purpose of the author is to ----. 1. Soru kökünde bizi parçanın herhangi bir yerine
A) describe fresh market vegetable production yönlendirebilecek bir ipucu ifadesi verilmemiştir.
in detail Seçenekleri tek tek incelememiz gerekmektedir.
A seçeneği parçanın ilk cümlesinde verilen “The
B) give specific information about vegetables
grown in green houses type of farming that produces vegetables with
a sole objective of supplying to the processing
C) compare the canning, freezing and
industry is termed as vegetable garden for
dehydration processes
processing.” (Sebze bahçeciliğinin tek bir amaçla
D) inform us about how raw materials are yapılan bir endüstri olduğundan söz edilmektedir.)
supplied for processing ifadesiyle çelişmektedir. A seçeneğinde verilen
E) briefly describe what vegetable garden for “the farming known as vegetable garden
processing is for processing is carried out for a variety of
reasons” (Sebze bahçeciliğinin çeşitli sebeplerle
3. It is concluded in the passage that ----. yapıldığından söz edilmektedir.) ifadesi parçayla
anlamca örtüşmemektedir. Bu seçenek elenir. B
A) the more varied the crops are, the better it is
ve D seçeneklerinde verilen ifadeler incelemek
for processing
açısından öncelikli sırada olmamalıdırlar çünkü
B) the processing units are constantly in need
B seçeneğinde “exactly” (tam olarak, kesinlikle),
of raw material
D seçeneğindeyse “only” (sadece) keskin
C) vegetable garden for processing is highly ifadeleri verilmiştir. Ve parçada bu seçeneklerde
dependent on labor force verilen bilgilerle ilgili herhangi bir keskin ifade
DENİZ PINAR
D) fresh market vegetable production is more yer almamaktadır. (Zaten yer alsaydı okuma
profitable than prcessing esnasında ifadenin altını çizmemiz gerekirdi.)
E) in green houses, vegetables are grown E seçeneğinde “one advantage of vegetable
under naturally occurring conditions garden for processing is that it is done in urban
areas” (Sebze bahçeciliğinin bir avantajının
şehirlerde yapılması olduğundan söz edilmiştir.)
ÇÖZÜM:
şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Ancak parçada
(2nd) The type of farming that produces vegetables
geçen “The farming is generally mechanized
with a sole objective of supplying to the processing
and away from the cities.” (İşlem sürecinin
industry is termed as vegetable garden for processing.
şehirlerden uzakta gerçekleştirildiğinden
Vegetable production for processing mainly canning,
söz edilmiştir.) ifadesinden yola çıkarak E
freezing and dehydration is distinct from fresh market
seçeneğini eleyebiliriz. C seçeneğinde verilen
vegetable production. The vegetables meant for
“Certain vegetables are grown in green houses
processing are grown exclusively in field under
particularly for fresh market consumption”
naturally occurring conditions. (1st) A significant
(genel anlam: Bazı sebzeler taze tüketim için
quantity of vegetables meant for fresh market
seralarda yetiştirilir.) ifadesi, parçada geçen “A
consumption especially tomatoes, bell pepper,
significant quantity of vegetables meant for fresh
cucumber and lettuce is grown in green houses
market consumption especially tomatoes, bell
where the environmental conditions are artificially
pepper, cucumber and lettuce is grown in green
manipulated. For processing, only one or two varieties
houses where the environmental conditions are
of one or two crops are grown on a large scale to
produce in bulk. The farming is generally mechanized artificially manipulated” (genel anlam: Özellikle
and away from the cities. (3rd) The varieties are domates, biber, salatalık ve marul gibi taze
selected in such a way that there is a continuous tüketim amaçlı önemli miktarda sebze seralarda
supply of raw material to feed the processing units yetiştirilir.) ifadesiyle anlamca örtüşmektedir.
for a longer period. Doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
119
2. Soru kökünde bizden parçanın ana fikri ÖRNEK SORU:

istenmektedir. İlk cümlede verilen “The type of
Any economist will agree that entrepreneurs are
farming that produces vegetables with a sole
crucial to the development of every branch of
objective of supplying to the processing industry
industry. Frequently, the most successful (1) ones
is termed as vegetable garden for processing.”
are those serial entrepreneurs who have set up
(Sebze bahçeciliğinin tek bir amaçla yapılan
multiple businesses in the course of (2) their careers.
bir endüstri olduğundan söz edilmektedir.)
Research traditionally explains the success of (3)
ifadesinden E seçeneğinde verilen “briefly
these individuals who find themselves bosses of a
describe what vegetable garden for processing
string of prosperous businesses in terms of traits
is” ifadesine ulaşabiliriz. Doğru yanıt E
such as risk-taking and competitiveness. However,
seçeneğidir.
genetic analysis carried out in America suggests that
(4) this view may be erroneous, or at best only true to
3. “It is concluded in the passage that” şeklinde a certain extent. According to some social scientists,
verilen soru kökünden parçanın tümünden ya serial entrepreneurs are actually distinguished
da son cümlesinden bir çıkarım yapmamız more by their sociability. (5) Their findings are the
gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Sonuç cümlesinde yer first attempt to demonstrate that business success
alan “continuous” (sürekli, durmaksızın, devam could have genetic roots. (6) This represents a new
eden) keskin anlamlı sıfatının eş anlamlı zarf approach to how to understand (7) this category of
hali B seçeneğinde “constantly” (durmaksızın, entrepreneurs and the driving force behind (8) their
sürekli, sabit olarak) şeklinde verilmiştir. B innovations.
DENİZ PINAR
seçeneğindeki diğer ögeler de sonuç cümlesiyle 1. What does “ones” refer to in the paragraph?
anlamca örtüşmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt 2. What does “their” refer to in the paragraph?
B seçeneğidir.
3. What does “these individuals” refer to in the
paragraph?
Son cümle: The varieties are selected in such a 4. What does “this view” refer to in the paragraph?
way that there is a continuous supply of raw material 5. What does “Their” refer to in the paragraph?
to feed the processing units for a longer period.
6. What does “This” refer to in the paragraph?
(genel anlam: Çeşitler öyle bir yolla seçilir ki işleme
7. What does “this category of entrepreneurs” refer
ünitelerini daha uzun süreçlerde doyuracak sürekli bir
to in the paragraph?
hammadde kaynağı mevcuttur.)
8. What does “their” refer to in the paragraph?
B seçeneği: The processing units are constantly in
need of raw material. (genel anlam: İşleme üniteleri
sürekli bir hammadde ihtiyacı içindedirler.) Answer Key:
1. entrepreneurs
2. serial entrepreneurs
3. serial entrepreneurs
NOT: Paragraf sorularında başarı kaydedebilmek 4. in terms of traits such as risk-taking and
için “inference” (çıkarım yapma) kadar “reference” competitiveness
(gönderimde/atıfta bulunma) kabiliyetlerimizi de 5. some social scientists
geliştirmemiz gerekir. “Reference” konusunda 6. business success could have genetic roots 7-
çalışma yaparken grammar kitabımızdaki “pronouns” serial entrepreneurs
(zamirler) bölümüne ağırlık verebilirsiniz. 8. this category of entrepreneurs
120
ÖRNEK SORU: 3. It can be understood from the passage that

----.
Although there are a wide variety of thoughts
regarding the emergence of gold, it has actually been A) gold was discovered during the Bronze Age
in use for centuries. Especially, in Bronze Age, gold B) there is no earlier known map other than
was in common use by the early artists with a view Turin Papyrus Map outlining an early gold
to making jewelry. If one looks at the history of gold, mine
gold had an important place in the cultures of many C) the ancient king Tushratta of Mitanni
ancient civilizations including Egypt, Greece, Rome favoured dirt rather than gold in the streets
and Africa. People of these civilizations benefited
D) Egypt is a civilization that benefits from
from gold in their artifacts, home decorations and
mainly gold in art
adornments. Especially in Egypt, there was so much
E) abundance of gold claimed by Tushratta of
gold discovered that the ancient king Tushratta of
Mitanni in Egypt has been totally proved
Mitanni argued there was much more gold than dirt
in the streets and this utterance maybe led to the
modern phrase “streets paved with gold.” Although ÇÖZÜM:
there is not any scientific evidence as for the Although there are a wide variety of thoughts
abundance of gold alleged by Tushratta of Mitanni in regarding (1st) the emergence of gold, it has actually
Egypt at the time, some recent archeological findings been in use for centuries. (2nd) Especially, in Bronze
show that the claim of the king can be true. During the Age, gold was in common use by the early artists with
excavations in the area, researchers have found the a view to making jewelry. If one looks at the history
earliest known map (Turin Papyrus Map) which laid of gold, gold had an important place in the cultures
DENİZ PINAR
out an early gold mining construction and thus adding of many ancient civilizations including Egypt, Greece,
credibility to the claim. Rome and Africa. People of these civilizations
benefited from gold in their artifacts, home decorations
1. The main concern of the passage is ----. st
and adornments. (1 ) Especially in Egypt, there
A) the fame of the ancient king Tushratta of was so much gold discovered that the ancient king
Mitanni Tushratta of Mitanni argued there was much more
B) early history of gold especially in Egypt gold than dirt in the streets and this utterance maybe
C) the use of gold in various civilizations led to the modern phrase “streets paved with gold.”
Although there is not any scientific evidence as for the
D) abundance of gold in Egypt
abundance of gold alleged by Tushratta of Mitanni in
E) archeological efforts to find the first gold
Egypt at the time, some recent archeological findings
reserves
show that the claim of the king can be true. (3rd)
During the excavations in the area, researchers have
2. According to the passage, gold ----. found the earliest known map (Turin Papyrus Map)
A) was utilized for the purpose of making which laid out an early gold mining construction and
jewellery by people as far back as the thus adding credibility to the claim.
Bronze Age
B) is still found abundantly in civilizations
1. Soru kökünde parçanın ne hakkında olduğu
including Egypt, Greece, Rome and Africa
(konusu) sorulmuştur. Bu tür konu/ana fikir
C) is a benchmark for the measurement of the
sorularında özellikle ilk cümleye “konu ne, nesi”
progress of ancient civilizations
soruları sorulmalıdır ve sınav paragraflarının
D) was merely used in making adornments in
büyük bir çoğunluğu ilk cümlede yer alan
early times
iddiada parçanın konusunu da verir. Bu
E) was the most preferred bartering item at the paragrafta da parçanın giriş kısmında bulunan
time “emergence of gold,” “Bronze Age,” “history
121
of gold” ifadeleriyle okuyucuya metnin ne in common use by the early artists with a view to
hakkında olduğuna (konusuna) dair bir making jewelry” ifadeleri A seçeneğinde verilen
fikir verilmiştir. Parçanın devamında Mısır “was utilized for the purpose of making jewellery
medeniyetinden bir örnek verilerek altının by people as far back as the Bronze Age” ifadesi
tarihiyle ilgili yeni bilgiler sunulmuştur. Konu ile anlamca örtüşmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru
/ ana fikir sorularında ilk cümlelerden de yola yanıt A seçeneğidir.
çıkılabileceği gibi bazı parçalarda kendini
tekrar eden ifadelerin toplamına bakılarak ana
3. Soru kökünde parçadan bir çıkarım yapılması
fikir, paragrafın tümünden çıkarım yapılarak
istenmiştir. Çıkarım sorularının yanıtı parçada
bulunabilir. Bir paragrafın konusu o paragrafın
açıkça geçmez, bunun yerine ima edilir. Keskin
en genel yönüyle ve de tek cümleyle ifade
ifadelerin (superlative, all, no, none, never,
edilebilmesidir. Bu nedenle, seçenekler arasında
every…) ve “comparative” (karşılaştırma)
kararsız kalındığında nispeten parçanın
ifadelerin yer aldığı cümleler çıkarım soruları için
tümünü kapsayabilecek nitelikteki daha genel
daha uygun kısımlardır. A seçeneğinde, “altının
seçeneklere yönelmekte fayda vardır. Tüm bu
Bronz çağında bulunduğu” şeklinde bir ifade
kıstasları göz önüne aldığımızda “early history
verilmiştir ancak ilk cümleyi incelediğimizde;
of gold especially in Egypt” ifadesini içeren B
“Although there are a great variety of thoughts
regarding the emergence of gold, it has actually
been in use for centuries” (altının ortaya çıkışına
2. Soru kökünde bir özne (gold) verilmiştir. Bu dair çeşitli fikirler olmasına rağmen yüzyıllardır
nedenle, her bir seçenek okunurken hataya kullanılmaktadır) şeklinde A seçeneği ile anlamca
DENİZ PINAR
düşmemek için soru köküyle birleştirilmelidir. örtüşmeyen bir cümle ile karşılaşmaktayız.
D seçeneği içerdiği anlamı daraltan “merely” C seçeneğinde Tushratta of Mitanni’nin
(only:sadece) ifadesi yüzünden öncelikle altından ziyade kirden hoşlandığı şeklinde
incelenmemelidir çünkü daha önce de belirttiğimiz parçadakiyle örtüşmeyen bir iddia verilmiştir. D
gibi parça okunurken bu tarz ifadelerin altı ve E seçenekleri ise içerdikleri anlam daraltan/
aşağıda soru gelebileceği düşüncesiyle çizilir genişleten ifadeler (“mainly” /temelde ve “totally”
ve parçada anlam daraltan böyle bir ifade yer /tamamiyle) nedeniyle öncelikle incelenmezler,
almamaktadır. C ve E seçenekleri parçada çünkü parçada bu tarz ifadelerin okunurken altı
sözü edilmeyen (konu dışı) ifadeler içerdikleri çizilir. Eğer parçada keskin ifadeler geçmiyorsa
için elenirler. (measurement of the progress of seçeneklerde de bu tür ifadelerden kaçınılır.
ancient civilizations ve bartering item) Parça, Ayrıca D seçeneğinde verilen ifade zamansal ve
altınla ilgili geçmişte olmuş eylemlerden söz anlamsal olarak da parçayla örtüşmemektedir.
etmektedir. Present tense ile günümüze dair bir Paragraf sorularında sık karşılaşılan bir durum
yargı veren B seçeneği de elenir. Paragraflarda da parçada “superlative” bir ifadenin karşılığının
burada strateji olarak ele almadığımız vurgu “comparative” ile verilmesi ya da tam tersidir. B
zarflarıyla ilgili bir ipucu vardır. İngilizcede “in fact, seçeneğinde verilen “there is no earlier known
actually, indeed, as a matter of fact, in actual” map other than Turin Papyrus Map outlining an
zarfları, vurgu zarfları (adverbs of emphasis) early gold mine” (bir altın madenini gösteren
olarak adlandırılırlar ve bir önceki cümleye Turin Papyrus haritasından daha eski bilinen bir
vurgu yaparlar. Paragraflarda bu zarfların geçtiği harita mevcut değildir) “comparative” cümlesi
kısımların altı çizilmelidir çünkü genellikle bu parçada yer alan “researchers have found the
kısımlardan önemli bilgi içerdikleri için soru gelir. earliest known map which laid out an early gold
Parçanın giriş bölümünde yer alan “Although mining construction” (araştırmacılar eski bir
there are a great variety of thoughts regarding altın madenini gösteren bilinen en eski haritayı
the emergence of gold, it has actually been in buldular) ifadesi ile anlamca örtüşmektedir. Bu
use for centuries” ve “In those times, gold was nedenle doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
122
It may be inferred from the passage that ----.

STRATEJİ 8
METNİ DİKKATLİCE OKUMAK A) it is impossible to solve the population problem in
the world
Paragrafta en önemli unsurlardan biri de, öncelikle
B) food shortage stems from the wrong export
metni dikkatli bir biçimde okumaktır. Bu süreçte
policies of countries
parçadaki önemli bilginin, örneğin tarihlerin, kişi,
C) governments are the most eager ones to create
eser ve yer adlarının, rakamsal ifadelerin altı
permanent solutions for the problem
çizilmelidir. Özellikle miktar bildiren ifadelerin,
sayıların ve yüzdelerin altı çizilir çünkü kaba bir D) the world’s population has almost tripled in the
benzetmeyle “sayarsa sorar.” Soru kökünde ya da last 70 years
seçeneklerde bu bilgilere gönderme yapıldığında E) developed countries will be lucky when the food
parçada aynı noktaya dönüş hızlı olacaktır. Ayrıca shortage comes to an end
bazı adaylar, önce soruları okuyup sonra metne
dönmektedirler. Oysa ki üç sorunun da akılda
ÇÖZÜM:
kalması ve aynı zamanda paragrafın sağlıklı bir
“Sayarsa sorar!” stratejisinden yola çıkarak
biçimde okunması çok zordur. Bunun yerine, belki ilk
paragrafı okurken rakamsal ifadelerin altını çizmiştik.
soru okunabilir ve daha sonra paragraf tek seferde
Soru kökünde bizden bir çıkarım istenmektedir.
dikkatli bir biçimde okunmalıdır. Burada paragrafın
“impossible to solve the population problem” keskin
soru çözmek maksadıyla değil, ilgiyle ve gerçekten
yargısını içeren A seçeneği ve “the most eager ones”
anlamak için okunmasında fayda vardır.
DENİZ PINAR
ifadesinin yer aldığı C seçeneği vakit kazanmak

açısından öncelikle incelenmemelidir. E seçeneğinde
gelişmiş ülkelerle ilgili getirilen “lucky” (şanslı)
yorumu paragrafla anlamca örtüşmemektedir. B
ÖRNEK SORU: seçeneğinde “food shortage stems from the wrong
export policies of countries” (yiyecek kıtlığı ülkelerin
Most of the countries in the world are facing the
yanlış ihracat politikalarından kaynaklanır) şeklinde
problems of astoundingly increasing population and
bir ifade verilmiştir ancak yiyecek kıtlığının tek sebebi
the shortage of food. In 1950s, the world’s population
ülkelerin ihracat politikaları değildir. Bu durum ilk
was approximately 2.5 billion people, today in 2020,
cümleden de anlaşılabileceği gibi nüfus artışı ya da
it is nearly 7.5 billion and it is estimated that by the
başka faktörlerden de kaynaklanabilir. Bu seçenekte
year 2050, the population will have risen to about
yer alan yargı eksik bilgi içermektedir. Dolayısıyla,
10 billion. The future numbers are alarming for the
B seçeneğinde verilen ifade çeldiricidir. Duruma
countries. Governments are striving to find solutions
“specific” (özel) bakıldığında doğru yanıt gibi görünse
to the problem but none of the solutions is easy. One
de çoktan seçmeli testlerde mantık her zaman beş
of the possible solutions is preventing people from
seçenek arasında en doğru seçeneği tespit etmek
having large families. Secondly, new and modernised
olmalıdır. D seçeneği okunduğunda parçada net bir
agricultural machinery and farming methods can
biçimde yer alan rakamsal bir ifadenin çıkarımının
be put into practice through the aid of developed
verildiği görülmektedir. 2020 yılında olduğumuzu
countries in the world. Thirdly, if countries with a food
göz önünde bulundurduğumuzda D seçeneğinde yer
shortage exported their iron or wood or other raw
alan dünya nüfusu son 70 yılda neredeyse üç katına
materials, they could import at least a percentage of
çıkmıştır ifadesi yerinde bir yargıdır bu nedenle doğru
the food they require from other countries. All of these
yanıt D seçeneğidir.
possible solutions, though difficult to implement, can
simplify the population problem.
123
PARAGRAPH TESTS
2. According to the passage, fertilizers ----.

PARAGRAPH TESTS
A) are found to have no benefit whatsoever on
SET 1 the fertility of good soils
B) could lead to the demise of the plant if used
1. - 3. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
too much
layınız.
C) can only be beneficial when crops have used
Early American settlers discovered that when the up all food components in the soil
Algonquin Indians planted corn, they put dead fish D) were brought to America by the Algonquin
in the soil to make the corn grow better. They knew Indians
that plants, just like people, must have proper food
E) are used in good soils to preserve their
for their best growth. A fertile soil contains all the
fertility
necessary food elements in sufficient amounts for
active plant growth. The name fertilizers is given to
any material added to the soil to give it one or more
of the elements that promote plant growth. Fertilizers
are used not merely to maintain the fertility of good
soils, but also to cure the infertility of poor soils. By
the time crops are harvested by farmers, all the food
components are taken by them and carried away
DENİZ PINAR
from the grounds, which means that crops have used

up all the supply of food components in the soils.
The farmer uses fertilizers to put back into the soil
the food elements removed in the harvested crops or
to build up the supply of elements that are naturally
low in the soil, but the farmer must use just the right
amount of fertilizer, as well as the right kind as too
much fertilizer can hurt his plants.
1. It is clear from the passage that ----.

A) the more fertilizers a farmer uses, the better 3. It can be understood from the passage that
it is for the plant ----.
B) Algonquin Indians were skilled at A) fertile soils are deprived of some of the basic
manufacturing fertilizers on a commercial food elements
scale B) the Algonquin Indians were adept at farming
C) fertilizers are applied to crops not merely as C) but for the Algonquin Indians, fertilizers
solids but also as liquid would not be so widespread now
D) using more fertilizers than necessary could D) the fertility of the soil must be carefully tested
have negative effects on plants before using fertilizers
E) the only kind of crop Algonquin Indians E) not all types of soils respond well to the use
planted was corn of fertilizers
124
PARAGRAPH TESTS
5. The main purpose of the passage is to ----.

layınız. A) describe the differences between the feeding
habits of carnivore and herbivore dinosaurs
By studying calcium in fossil remains in deposits in B) inform us about the proportions of different
Morocco and Niger, researchers have been able
calcium isotopes in the fossilized remains
to reconstruct the food chains of the past, thus
C) give specific information about the
explaining how so many predators could coexist in
calcium found in fossil remains in deposits in
the dinosaurs’ time. French researchers have studied
Morocco and Niger
fossils in the Gadoufaoua deposits in Niger, dating
from 120 million years ago, and the Kem Kem Beds D) explain how different predators could inhabit
in Morocco, dating from 100 million years ago. These the same site without damaging one another
two sites are characterized by an overabundance of E) give general information about how
predators compared to the herbivorous dinosaurs dinosaurs shared their food resources to
found in the locality. More specifically, the researchers survive in the wild
measured the proportions of different calcium
isotopes in the fossilized remains (tooth enamel and
fish scales). Among vertebrates, calcium is almost
exclusively derived from food. By comparing the
isotopic composition of potential prey with that of the
carnivores’ teeth, it is thus possible to retrace the diet
of those carnivores. The data obtained show similar
DENİZ PINAR
food preferences at the two deposits: some large

carnivorous dinosaurs preferred to hunt terrestrial
prey such as herbivorous dinosaurs, while others
were piscivorous (fish-eating). The giant crocodile-
like Sarcosuchus had a diet somewhere in between,
made up of not only terrestrial but also aquatic prey.
Thus, the different predators avoided competition by
subtly sharing food resources.
4. According to the passage, ----.

6. Which of the following is true about
A) the fossils examined in the Kem Kem Beds
Sarcosuchus?
had originated earlier than the ones in
Gadoufaoua A) It had a diet totally composed of aquatic prey.
B) predators greatly outnumbered the ones B) It preferred to hunt herbivorous dinosaurs

which feed only on plants in the sites rather than fish.
examined C) It resembled an enormous crocodile.
C) vertebrates receive the calcium they need D) It was the largest of the dinosaurs found in
from nothing but the food they consume the sites.
D) there were apparent discrepancies between E) Its diet was mostly made up of preys that
the diets of the dinosaurs from each site lived on the land.
E) researchers still could not find out how a
large number of predator dinosaurs were
able to coexist
125
PARAGRAPH TESTS
8. It can be concluded from the passage that

----.
layınız.
A) greenhouse gas emissions created by
It’s well known that seasonal changes regularly burning fossil fuels brings about a bluer
change water colour, but warming oceans could be ocean
permanently altering the mosaics of blues and greens B) the parts of oceans which abound in
seen from space. Sunlight penetrates over 600 feet phytoplankton look greener from space
below the surface of the ocean. Everything deeper
C) the phytoplankton in chlorophyll helps it
is enshrined in darkness. Above that, most water
absorb the sunlight needed by plants
molecules are capable of absorbing all colours but
D) the stratification of the layers in water
blue, which is why blue is reflected out. However,
enables warm regions to mix with cold ones
organic matter that blankets the surface of the
ocean, like phytoplankton, changes this colour. Much E) there are no water molecules over 600 feet
of it contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that below the surface of the ocean
absorbs the sunlight plants need to make food. As
the ocean warms, currents become more irregular,
and the layers in the water become more stratified,
meaning warm regions do not mix as easily with
cold regions. There are thousands of phytoplankton
species, uniquely adapted to warm or cold water.
DENİZ PINAR
As oceans continue warming, some species may

die off, some will thrive, and others will migrate to
different regions, which leads to a change in the
perceived colour of water. According to researchers,
if significant changes are implemented, the ocean’s
colour might remain the same. That would require
significant cutbacks to greenhouse gas emissions
created by burning fossil fuels.
7. According to the passage, why do oceans 9. The primary purpose of the author is to ----.
look blue?
A) criticize the officials who do not do anything
A) Due to the fact that currents gradually to stop greenhouse gas emissions
become irregular as the ocean warms.
B) discuss the differences between the
B) As a result of the seasonal changes that take phytoplankton species and organic matter
place throughout the year.
C) explain what causes an alteration in the
C) Organic matter, like phytoplankton, covers perceived colour of oceans
the surface of the ocean and gives its colour.
D) compare the oceans that look blue with the
D) Owing to the migration of some species ones that look green
which cannot adapt to the alterations in
E) inform us about the species that cannot
temperatures.
adapt to the warming oceans and become
E) The majority of water molecules cannot take extinct
in the blue colour, so they return it back.
126
PARAGRAPH TESTS
11. What is the primary purpose of the writer?

10. - 12. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre ce-
vaplayınız. A) To inform the reader about Egyptians’
attitude towards afterlife.
The concept of the afterlife changed in different B) To discredit archaeologists’ undertakings in
eras of Egypt’s very long history, but for the most tombs and graves.
part, it was imagined as a paradise where one lived
C) To contrast different perspectives towards
eternally. To the Egyptians, their country was the
after life.
most perfect place which had been created by the
D) To make a comparison between afterlife and
gods for human happiness. The afterlife, therefore,
life on earth.
was a mirror image of the life one had lived on earth
with the only difference being an absence of all E) To describe Egyptians’ way of living.
those aspects of existence one found unpleasant or
sorrowful. One inscription about the afterlife shows
husbands and wives meeting again in paradise
and doing all the things they did on earth such as
ploughing the fields, harvesting the grain, eating and
drinking. In order to enjoy this paradise, however, one
would need the same items one had during one’s life.
Tombs and even simple graves included personal
belongings as well as food and drink for the soul in
DENİZ PINAR
the afterlife. These items are known as ‘grave goods’

and have become an important resource for modern-
day archaeologists in identifying the owners of tombs,
dating them, and understanding Egyptian history.
10. According to the Egyptians, the sole 12. What is the main reason why Egyptians
dissimilarity between afterlife and life on buried personal belongings and certain tools
earth is that ----. with the body of a dead person?
A) one won’t have any duties in afterlife A) They thought that these would help identify
B) everybody will be alone in afterlife the owners of tombs.
C) the latter is more enjoyable than the former B) They thought these were necessary to lead a
D) no one will be responsible for their actions in happy afterlife.
afterlife C) They wanted to leave hints as to their history
E) the former is free of any suffering or misery for future generations.

D) These were very valuable for them.
E) To make it possible for future generations to
date the dead body.
127
PARAGRAPH TESTS
14. Which of the following could be the best title

for the passage?
vaplayınız.
A) Buddhist Sculptures Unearthed in the Ruins
Archaeologists excavating the ruins of a city of the
of an Ancient City
Kushan Empire in Pakistan have discovered an
B) A Religion on the Basis of Love, Compassion
ancient shrine with figures depicting the Buddha’s
and Mercy
entry into the world of suffering people. After he saw
the pain and misery of the world, from which he had C) The prince Siddhartha Leaving His Father’s
been shielded as a youth, Buddha went on to found Palace in Bazira
a religion based in love, compassion, and mercy. D) Excavations Revealing the Emergence of
Italian archaeologists discovered the sculptures and Buddhism in Pakistan
carvings in the ruins of the shrine and courtyard in E) The Significance of Sculptures and Carvings
the long-abandoned city of Bazira in the Swat Valley. in Buddhism
Some of the images depict the prince Siddhartha,
the name of Gautama Buddha, astride his horse
Kanthaka and leaving his father’s palace. Bazira
was a small town but became a city in the Kushan
Empire. The ruins of Bazira, also called Vajirasthana,
are near the modern town of Barikot, where the
Italian Archaeological Mission has been excavating
DENİZ PINAR
since 1978. Over the years archaeologists have

excavated the ancient city to reveal palatial quarters
and shrines, which makes Bazira an important center
for the study of Greco-Buddhist art.
13. It can be understood from the passage that

Buddha ----. 15. The underlined word “compassion” in the
A) dwelled in Kushan Empire in Pakistan for passage is closest in meaning to ----.
most of his life A) indifference
B) himself had the sculptures and carvings in B) affluence
the shrine made
C) desire
C) was free of the agonies and sufferings of the
D) kindness
world
E) meanness
D) left Bazira after he witnessed the sorrows of
the people there
E) quitted his father’s palace to found a religion
of love and sympathy
128
PARAGRAPH TESTS
2. According to the passage, memorizing

SET 2
techniques ----.
1. - 3. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap- A) have only recently been devised by Greek
layınız. scientists
B) are stored as documents in the Metropolitan
Six years ago, science writer Joshua Foer was just
Museum of Art
like the rest of us, forgetting where he left his car
C) make use of the human brain’s spatial and
keys, what he needed to buy at the grocery store
visual memory
and even his girlfriend’s phone number. However,
twelve months later, he became the U.S. memory D) work best when you want to remember your
champion by training himself to become a memory childhood memories
athlete, someone who regularly tries to memorize E) are useless for people who were born with
lists of hundreds of numbers and words. It might poor memory
sound like an incredible feat, but such people’s
brains aren’t any different than a normal person’s.
They just tap into different parts of the mind to turn
mundane lists into vivid, lasting memories. Employing
techniques that date back to the Greeks, memory
champions like Foer create “memory palaces” that
rely on the human brain’s natural advantage with
DENİZ PINAR
spatial and visual memory. They think up images

to represent everything they want to remember,
the more outlandish or shocking the better. Once
envisioned, these images are stored inside the rooms
of the palace, an imaginary building in the brain
that can be anything from a childhood home to the
Metropolitan Museum of Art.

3. The underlined word “outlandish” in the
Foer became the U.S. memory champion ----.
passage is closest in meaning to ----.
A) as he is much more intelligent than a normal
A) usual
person
B) vibrant
B) after he started to forget his girlfriend’s
C) crucial
phone number
D) weird
C) by using all parts of his mind to evoke lasting
memories E) convincing
D) after being trained to memorize lists of words

for six years
E) by practising hard and using the appropriate
techniques
129
PARAGRAPH TESTS
5. According to the passage, in the past ----.

layınız. A) having convergent thinking skills was
adequate enough to be creative
Divergent thinking, which means developing multiple B) people used to give a paper cup to a child to
solutions to a single problem, is the key to creativity. measure his creativity
So, for example, if you wished to measure the
C) divergent thinkers were only capable of
creativity of a child, you might give him a paper cup,
creating sculptures and music
put him in an empty room with nothing to do, and
D) convergent thinking and divergent thinking
then see what games or ideas he invents. If he can
had a lot in common
see no other purpose than to drink out of the cup, he
may not be very creative – at least, that is the theory. E) creativity was believed to be solely reliant on
If the second child puts it on his head and pretends divergent thinking
it’s a hat, however, or puts it to his ear and claims he
can hear the sea, he may be more naturally creative
than the first. Convergent thinking, on the other hand,
means using logical steps to arrive at a solution. At
one time, it was believed that creativity depended on
divergent thinking alone. It is now believed, however,
that the truly creative combine the two. In other
words, it isn’t just a question of the brilliant, chaotic,
DENİZ PINAR
divergent thinkers creating the sculptures and music,

while the narrow, dull “convergers” do the organizing
and planning. 6. Which of the following could be the main
idea of the passage?
A) It is divergent thinking that makes one
creative and capable of developing solutions
4. It is pointed out in the passage that divergent to problems.
thinkers ----.
B) One must be endowed with both divergent
A) do not attempt to measure the creativity of a and convergent thinking skills in order to be
child at all creative.
B) tend to put paper cups on their heads like a C) Creative children can easily invent new
hat when they are alone games even when they are on their own in
C) are more rational than the convergent ones an empty room.
when arriving at a solution D) Only brilliant, chaotic, divergent thinkers are
D) can provide various solutions when they are creative enough to produce sculptures and
faced with a problem music.
E) are incapable of coming up with reasonable E) Narrow, dull convergent thinkers can do
solutions to problems nothing more than organize and plan things.
130
PARAGRAPH TESTS
8. It is pointed in the passage that ----.

layınız. A) the FDA does not approve several of the hair
loss treatments as they pose serious health
Male pattern baldness is very common, with an risks for individuals
estimated 40 million men in the United States being B) male pattern baldness is by far the most
affected by it in some degree. A quarter of men begin common complaint received by the FDA in
balding by the age of 20, and two out of three men the United States
by age 60. Both parents contribute to their offspring’s
C) the number of the hair loss treatments not
likelihood of baldness. With such a large number
acknowledged by the FDA far exceeds that
of men being affected by male pattern baldness,
of the recognized ones
many millions of men seek out hair loss reversal
D) DHT inhibitors are among the male pattern
treatments. Hair loss reversal is certainly one of the
baldness treatments which do not bring
most contested medical topics. There are currently
about satisfying results
a few FDA approved hair loss treatments available
which have been shown to reverse or reduce hair E) DHT inhibitors, growth stimulants, and anti-
loss, while there are a much greater number of inflammatories are among the treatments not
non-approved treatments and products for hair loss approved by the FDA
reversal. Out of several types of hair loss treatments,
some have shown to be more effective than others.
These include DHT inhibitors, growth stimulants,
DENİZ PINAR
anti-androgens, and anti-inflammatories. There are

other treatments which are available to reverse hair
loss, but are not as proven with both anecdotal and
scientific evidence as the aforementioned treatments.
7. It can be understood from the passage that 9. The primary purpose of the author is to ----.
----. A) describe the reasons for hair loss in males in
A) globally, almost seventy percent of men at detail
the age of 60 are bald B) briefly explain what can be done to reduce
B) male baldness is solely related to the father hair loss
being bald C) give brief information about hair loss reversal
C) female pattern baldness is as common as treatments
male baldness D) compare male pattern baldness with female
D) there is a controversy over hair loss reversal pattern one
treatments E) inform us about the consequences of male
E) 40 million men in the US are expected to pattern baldness
become bald soon
131
PARAGRAPH TESTS

for the passage?
vaplayınız.
A) How Western Nations Colonized America
The United States has long been considered a nation B) The Unites States of America: A Land of
of immigrants. Attitudes toward new immigrants by Immigrants
those who came before have vacillated between
C) Puritans and Pilgrims in the 1600s
welcoming and exclusionary over the years. Laws
around U.S. immigration have vacillated between D) What America Looked Like 20,000 Years
welcoming and restrictive since the country's Ago
beginning. The recent move against immigrants into E) Why Europeans Came to America
the U.S. was a series of three executive orders by
President Trump that aimed at curtailing travel and
immigration from 7 Muslim-majority countries. All
Trump travel bans are actually challenged in court.
Thousands of years before Europeans began crossing
the vast Atlantic by ship and settling en masse, the
first immigrants arrived in North America and the land
that would later become the United States. They were
Native American ancestors who crossed a narrow
spit of land connecting Asia to North America some
DENİZ PINAR
20,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age. By the

early 1600s, communities of European immigrants
dotted the Eastern seaboard, including the Spanish
in Florida, the British in New England and Virginia,
the Dutch in New York, and the Swedes in Delaware.
Some, including the Pilgrims and Puritans, came for
religious freedom. Many sought greater economic
opportunities. Still others, including hundreds of
thousands of enslaved Africans, arrived in America
against their will. 12. We can understand from the passage that
immigrants left their countries for the U.S.
----.
in the history of the U.S., immigrants ----. A) just because they wanted to lead a more
comfortable life than they did in the countries
A) were forced to leave after spending some
they came from
time there
B) in order to receive a better education
B) couldn’t find anyone there who would support
them financially C) for their ancestors had been living there for
centuries
C) have not always enjoyed good attitudes from
those who came before them D) in order that they could become pilgrims
before God
D) were happy to have arrived in the new land
during the 1600s E) as, in their homelands, some did not have a
better life, while some others suffered from
E) were mostly composed of people from Africa
pressure due their beliefs
who were forcibly enslaved
132
PARAGRAPH TESTS
14. The main idea of the passage is ----.

vaplayınız. A) members of a society must invariably
conform to the standards of conduct of the
All societies have standards of conduct that must society
be met by their members. Any effort by authorities B) severe punishment prevents any kind of
to encourage conformity to those standards can be delinquency in a society
regarded as a disciplinary measure. When someone
C) it is easier to obtain obedience in
says that a child needs “a little discipline”, they often
undemocratic societies
mean that the child should be punished, but discipline
D) approval of right behaviour is more efficient
has a positive as well as a negative aspect. It involves
than punishment in guaranteeing discipline
not only the prohibition of unacceptable behaviour
but also the encouragement of behaviour which E) in order to make individuals disciplined,
meets approved standards. The goals of discipline unacceptable behaviours must be prohibited
go beyond mere obedience, at least in democratic
societies. The major goal of discipline in a democracy
is self-control on the part of the governed, and this
goal is considerably more difficult to reach. Approval
for right behaviour has more beneficial effects than
punishment for wrong behaviour. Instead of directly
reducing the tendency to perform a forbidden act,
DENİZ PINAR
punishment creates a drive, fear. And once fear is

instilled, forbidden behaviour may be avoided, at
least as long as the punisher is present. Severe
punishment is often proposed as a corrective or
preventive measure in the control of misbehaviour,
but the results of research suggest that it is an
ineffective way of controlling behaviour.
15. It is pointed out in the passage that fear ----.

13. It can be understood from the passage that A) will directly extinguish unwanted behaviour
the writer ----. in children
A) fervently supports the idea that punishment B) has no effect whatsoever on managing
is a must for discipline unwanted behaviour
B) believes that punishment reduces the C) can be learned by experiencing
tendency to perform a forbidden act
D) begins to fade away as time goes by
permanently
E) can prevent a forbidden behaviour only
C) does not approve of punishment as a way of
temporarily
enforcing discipline
D) maintains that the control of misbehaviour
entails severe punishment
E) ardently favours the idea that obedience is
vital to fulfil the goals of discipline
133
PARAGRAPH TESTS
2. Which of the following can be said about

SET 3
anorexia?
1. - 3. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap- A) It can easily be treated with proper
layınız. medication.
B) It is more widespread among short people.
Anorexia is the fear of gaining weight or becoming
C) It leads to an increase in self-awareness
fat. An anorexic person refuses to eat enough food
among teenagers.
to survive and gets thinner and thinner. This illness
seems to be linked to the society as it is the society D) It encourages people to be careful about
which increasingly forces people to be careful about their appearance.
their appearance. The other factor is the media which E) It has the potential to deteriorate and cause
encourages them to try to be slim and beautiful. anaemia.
Photos of attractive models who are always thin are
the criteria of beauty that all magazines and papers
suggest. Falling short of these criteria can put a
great deal of pressure on the majority of people who
don’t feel as beautiful as they should be. Anorexics
are highly females in their teens and twenties. What
makes anorexia develop in the teenage period is the
increase in self-awareness in these years. Anorexia
DENİZ PINAR
is a dangerous illness on its own, but the possibility

that it might lead to anaemia makes it worse.
Treatment involves persuading patients to regain
weight by providing therapy and diets.
1. According to the passage, the media ----. 3. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A) provides the readers with tips on how to be A) To highlight the differences between
slim and beautiful anorexia and anaemia.
B) avoids sharing the photos of thin models so B) To briefly explain the causes and
as not to increase the occurrence of anorexia development of anorexia.
C) should encourage people to do regular C) To offer preventive measures to reduce the
exercise and to have a healthy lifestyle incidence of anorexia.
D) can partly be blamed for the development of D) To warn readers about the negative
anorexia among young people consequences of anorexia.
E) must be sensitive when reporting on the E) To provide readers with some advice on how
incidence of anorexia among females to look beautiful.
134
PARAGRAPH TESTS
5. How did jarls make most of their money?

layınız. A) By taxing the farmers who hired their
estates.
At the top of Viking society was the king. He was the B) By attending the Thing to make laws.
most powerful person in all the land and everyone
C) By providing trained warriors for battles in
looked up to him. Being a king cost a lot of money,
times of war.
because they had to make sure their kingdom was
D) By working along with the tenants on their
safe and that their followers were loyal to them.
land.
Below the king were the nobles or wealthy Vikings
known as jarls. The jarls held most of the wealth after E) By supporting the king throughout his rule.
the monarch. They oversaw huge estates, which
were leased to tenant farmers, and could demand
taxes, which made up much of their wealth. As well
as working on the land, Jarls had the responsibility
of attending the Thing, a public assembly which was
part of the Viking system of law and order, and were
also expected to train warriors for battle in times of
war. If the country was under threat, the Jarl would
be expected to bring out a band of trained men in
support of the king. At the bottom of the pile were the
DENİZ PINAR
thralls or slaves. They did the hardest, dirtiest jobs

and if they tried to run away, they could be killed.
However, if thralls could earn enough money, they
could buy their freedom.
4. We can infer from the passage that Viking 6. What is the main purpose of the passage?
kings ----.
A) To briefly explain the responsibilities of the
A) placed more importance to safety than jarls in the Viking society.
anything else
B) To highlight the differences between the
B) were elected through democratic elections kings and the jarls.
C) had to rely on jarls to acquire the money they C) To emphasize the importance of money for
needed to rule their lands the Vikings.
D) owed their positions to their abilities as war D) To inform the readers about the different
leaders levels of the Viking society.
E) gave money to their supporters in return for E) To provide the readers with some information
their loyalty regarding the thralls.
135
PARAGRAPH TESTS
8. According to the passage, the city of Tokyo

is replacing wooden houses with concrete
layınız.
structures ----.
More than any other earthquake-prone country, A) because they are not strong enough to
Japan is prepared for a strong earthquake. The withstand a major earthquake
Japanese government spends as much on earthquake B) with the hope that they will reduce loss of life
preparations as it does on national defence. The city in case of an earthquake
of Tokyo is destroying thousands of wooden homes
C) so that they can lower the number of
and replacing them with concrete structures. The
casualties during an earthquake
authorities hope this will help eliminate destruction by
D) as they are more likely to crumble during an
fire after a major earthquake. Furthermore, they are
earthquake
storing food, blankets, baby bottles, and 400,000 tons
of water in preparation for the expected quake. The E) in order to prevent them from being
water (stored in earthquake-proof storage houses) destroyed by fire after an earthquake
is sufficient for all 12 million Tokyo residents for
10 days. Many other examples show the degree
to which the Japanese are prepared. The famous
“bullet trains” traveling up to 130 mph between
cities, have special “earthquake brakes.” These
brakes, developed by Japanese scientists, engage
DENİZ PINAR
automatically in the event of an earthquake. In

addition, every September 1, the anniversary of
the 1923 quake, the Japanese practice earthquake
drills. Also, most Japanese households are equipped
with earthquake kits—containers with non-perishable
food, water, flashlights, and fire extinguishers.
7. It can be understood from the text that ---. 9. Which could be the best title for the passage?
A) earthquake prediction systems in Japan A) The Methods Japan Uses for Earthquake
are not as developed as the ones in other Prediction
countries B) A Country Ready to Survive a Major
B) it is unlikely that a great earthquake will Earthquake
occur in Japan in the near future C) What Japanese Scientists Do To Prevent
C) bullet trains in Japan are unsafe in case of Earthquakes
an earthquake and need to be reinforced D) A Must Have during an Earthquake -
D) Japan will possibly not face a serious water Earthquake Kits
shortage following an earthquake E) Japanese Expenditure on Earthquake
E) Japan spends much less on national Prevention
defence than on earthquake preparations
136
PARAGRAPH TESTS

for the passage?
vaplayınız.
A) The River Thames under Threat
Bottled water use has doubled in the U.K. in the past
B) Why Plastic should be Banned
15 years. And notably, plastic bottles are abundant
along the banks of the River Thames, which carries C) What to Do to Protect the Environment
them out to sea as they gradually break down into D) Plastic Bottles: A Danger for the Environment
ever smaller fragments, polluting the river and the E) Planktons and Bottled Water Use
ocean with micro plastics that can invade every level
of the food chain. Scientists have found these tiny
bits of degraded plastic—along with fibres shed from
synthetic fabric, and micro-beads from cosmetics—
hiding throughout the oceans, lakes, soil and even
the air. Creatures from plankton to earthworms
to humans are eating them, posing a potentially
serious health threat to animals and ecosystems. The
problem is only expected to balloon because plastic
production gradually increases — from a mere two
million metric tons annually in 1950 to more than 300
million metric tons today, and a projected 33 billion
DENİZ PINAR
metric tons each year by 2050.

10. According to the passage, the use of bottled the current issue of river pollution in the UK
water in the UK ----. ----.
A) has nothing to do with the increase in plastic A) will not stop since plastic production will
production considerably go up in the years to come
B) is the only culprit for the pollution of the air, B) can only be prevented if people start to use
ocean and soil tap water instead of bottled water
C) has totally damaged the ecosystem in the C) is due to the fact that all people in the UK are
River Thames ignorant
D) is closely related to the current, health D) will certainly result in serious outcomes
threatening environmental problem including financial recession
E) should be discouraged in order to avoid E) has emerged as necessary precautions were
nature from being polluted not taken in the 1950s
137
PARAGRAPH TESTS
14. What is the main purpose of the passage?

vaplayınız. A) To create a really bad image of the U.S in the
reader’s mind
Americans are used to thinking that their nation
B) To prove the claim that the U.S. is an
is special. In many ways, it is: the U.S. has by far
exceptional country
the most Nobel Prize winners, the largest defence
expenditures (almost equal to the next 10 or so C) To show some downsides of the U.S. while
countries put together) and the most billionaires mentioning its advantages
(twice as many as China, the closest competitor). But D) To belittle those who believe in the notion of
some examples of American Exceptionalism should the American Dream
not make us proud. By most accounts, the U.S. E) To glorify American health and education
has the highest level of economic inequality among system
developed countries. It has the world’s greatest
per capita health expenditures, yet the lowest life
expectancy among comparable countries. It is also
one of a few developed countries jostling for the
dubious distinction of having the lowest measures
of quality of opportunity. The notion of the American
Dream—that, unlike old Europe, America is a land of
opportunity—is part of its essence, yet the numbers
DENİZ PINAR
say otherwise. The life prospects of a young American

depend more on the income and education of his
or her parents than in almost any other advanced
country.
13. It’s pointed out in the passage that despite 15. According to the passage, the notion of
the considerable amount of money spent per American Dream ----.
person in the U.S., ----.
A) has turned into a nightmare
A) the young cannot sustain life without the help
B) is nothing but a lie
of their parents
C) allures millions each year
B) people there have a shorter lifespan on
average D) has made U.S. citizens proud of their country
C) health problems have gotten worse in recent E) is not valid in many ways including economic
years opportunities
D) economic problems have made life

miserable
E) life expectancy remains the same as
Europe’s
138
PARAGRAPH TESTS
2. It can be inferred from the passage that Ku

SET 4
Klux Klan ----.
1. - 3. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap- A) was founded in Omaha, Nebraska

layınız. B) encouraged blacks to take control of their
lives
Malcolm X, the activist and outspoken public voice
C) was a racist organization that posed threat
of the Black Muslim faith, challenged the mainstream
for black people
civil rights movement and the nonviolent pursuit of
integration championed by Martin Luther King Jr. He D) moved to another city in the mid 1900s
urged followers to defend themselves against white E) didn’t influence Malcolm X’s life at all
aggression “by any means necessary.” Born in 1925,
in Omaha, Nebraska, Malcolm was the son of a Baptist
preacher who was a follower of Marcus Garvey. After
the Ku Klux Klan made threats against his father,
the family moved to Lansing, Michigan. There, in the
face of similar threats, he continued to urge blacks
to take control of their lives. Born Malcolm Little, he
changed his last name to X to signify his rejection of
his “slave” name. Charismatic and eloquent, Malcolm
became an influential leader of the Nation of Islam,
DENİZ PINAR
which combined Islam with black nationalism and

sought to encourage and enfranchise disadvantaged
young blacks searching for confidence in segregated
America. After Malcolm X’s death in 1965, his
bestselling book The Autobiography of Malcolm
X popularized his ideas, particularly among black
youth, and laid the foundation for the Black Power
movement of the late 1960s and 1970s.
1. According to the passage, Malcolm X ----. 3. It can be concluded from the passage that
A) became a source of inspiration for especially ----.
black youth A) when he was alive, Malcolm X wasn’t able to
B) was against the laws of the US when he was spread his ideas
young B) Malcolm X was one of the founders of the
C) started a widespread rebellion movement Black Power movement
against the whites C) there were not many people supporting
D) was in favour of aggression while defending Nation of Islam in 1960s
blacks’ rights D) non violent attitude of Malcolm X caused his
E) changed the legal system in the US by failure
means of his ideas E) Malcolm X paved the way for another black
movement through his autobiography
139
PARAGRAPH TESTS
5. According to the passage, in polluted places

----.
layınız.
A) it is useless to take action against Alzheimer’s
Researchers have published a new study that
disease
reveals increased risks for Alzheimer’s and suicide
B) people have abnormal dietary habits
among children and young adults living in polluted
megacities. Dr. Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas said C) only the babies less than a year old have the
her group studied 203 autopsies of Mexico City Alzheimer’s
residents ranging in age from 11 months to 40 D) there are study groups tracking disease
years. Metropolitan Mexico City is home to 24 onsets
million people exposed daily to concentrations E) signs of Alzheimer’s disease show up in
of fine particulate matter and ozone above U.S. childhood
Environmental Protection Agency standards. The
researchers tracked two abnormal proteins that
indicate development of Alzheimer’s, and they
detected the early stages of the disease in babies
less than a year old. “Alzheimer’s disease hallmarks
start in childhood in polluted environments, and we
must implement effective preventative measures
early,” said Calderón-Garcidueñas, a physician and
DENİZ PINAR
Ph.D. toxicologist in UM’s Department of Biomedical

and Pharmaceutical Sciences. “It is useless to take
reactive actions decades later.”
4. The main purpose of this passage is to ----. 6. It can be concluded from the passage that
A) give general information about Alzheimer’s ----.
disease A) proteins can trigger the Alzheimer’s disease
B) explain why children commit suicide in B) Dr. Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas is herself
megacities suffering from Alzheimer’s
C) give specific information about Dr. Lilian C) it might be late to take measures decades
Calderón-Garcidueñas later for the Alzheimer’s
D) inform readers about a new study on D) Alzheimer’s is generally observed in Mexico
Alzheimer’s and suicide City residents
E) describe the effective methods to prevent E) pollution is the sole cause for Alzheimer’s
Alzheimer’s disease disease
140
PARAGRAPH TESTS

----.
layınız.
A) Britain became a politically stable society as
The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the soon as the Industrial Revolution started
18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which B) manufacturing was often done in people’s
predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe homes, using hand tools or basic machines
and America became industrial and urban. Prior to during the Industrial Revolution
the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in
C) Industrialization just led to improved
the late 1700s, manufacturing was often done in
systems of transportation, communication
people’s homes, using hand tools or basic machines.
and banking in countries other than Britain
Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-
D) but for great deposits of coal and iron ore of
purpose machinery, factories and mass production.
England, Industrial developments couldn’t
The iron and textile industries, along with the
be that widespread in Europe
development of the steam engine, played central
roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw E) Industrial Revolution had a couple of
improved systems of transportation, communication negative effects as well as the positive ones
and banking. While industrialization brought about on the poor and working classes
an increased volume and variety of manufactured
goods and an improved standard of living for some,
it also resulted in often grim employment and living
DENİZ PINAR
conditions for the poor and working classes. A

number of factors contributed to Britain’s role as the
birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. For one, it had
great deposits of coal and iron ore, which proved
essential for industrialization. Additionally, Britain
was a politically stable society, as well as the World’s
leading colonial power, which meant its colonies
could serve as a source for raw materials, as well as
a marketplace for manufactured goods. 9. As is stated in the passage, the fact that
Britain’s colonies could serve as a source for
raw materials ----.
7. It can be inferred from the passage that
A) was one of the factors which contributed
Industrial Revolution ----.
to Britain’s role as the birthplace of the
A) played a central role in the urban Industrial Revolution
advancement of the developing countries
B) led to severe unemployment and poor living
B) brought about several important conditions in the country
developments in Europe and America
C) was not so essential for industrialization as
C) was a period of agrarian and rural societies her being as a politically stable society
in Britain
D) played the most important role in the
D) changed all the business sectors in Europe development of manufacturing and
completely transporting the goods
E) made Britain the world’s leader as a colonial E) resulted in an improved standard of living for
power most of the people in Europe
141
PARAGRAPH TESTS

for the passage?
vaplayınız.
A) World War I and Its Consequences
At the outbreak of fighting in 1914, the United States B) The First Marine Battle Breaks Out in the
remained on the sidelines of World War I, adopting War
the policy of neutrality favored by President Woodrow
C) Commerce and Shipping during the First
Wilson while continuing to engage in commerce and
World War
shipping with European countries on both sides of the
D) The Conditions That Led To World War I in
conflict. Neutrality, however, was difficult to maintain
Europe
in the face of Germany’s unchecked submarine
aggression against neutral ships, including those E) The United States Enters World War I
carrying passengers. In 1915, Germany declared
the waters surrounding the British Isles to be a war
zone, and German U-boats sunk several commercial
and passenger vessels, including some U.S. ships.
Widespread protest over the sinking by U-boat of
the British ocean liner Lusitania—traveling from New
York to Liverpool, England with hundreds of American
passengers onboard—in May 1915 helped turn the
tide of American public opinion against Germany.
DENİZ PINAR
In February 1917, Congress passed a $250 million

arms appropriations bill intended to make the United
States ready for war. Germany sunk four more U.S.
merchant ships the following month, and on April 2
Woodrow Wilson appeared before Congress and
called for a declaration of war against Germany.
12. It is implied in the passage that the United

States was unwilling to take sides in the First
10. According to the passage at the start of World War because ----.
World War I ----. A) President Woodrow Wilson adopted the
A) Germany declared war against the United policy of neutrality as soon as he had come
States into office
B) President Woodrow Wilson was against the B) it was benefitting from commerce and
policy of neutrality shipping with European countries on both
C) the United States remained impartial sides of the conflict
D) Germany was opposed to attacking C) American citizens were not supporting a war
passenger ships against European countries
E) there were widespread protests against the D) Germany’s unchecked submarine
war in Britain aggression against neutral ships was

escalating gradually
E) it was going through an economic recession
and was not ready for the war
142
PARAGRAPH TESTS

vaplayınız. A) To warn the reader of crows’ mean features
B) To ask the reader to treat crows nicely
Crows are known for their problem-solving skills and
C) To convince the reader that crows are the
amazing communication skills. For example, when a
smartest animal on earth
crow encounters a mean human, it will teach other
D) To provide the reader with information about
crows how to identify him so that they can take
crows in general
revenge. In fact, research shows that crows don’t
forget a face. Many types of crows are solitary, but E) To make crows look cute birds
they will often forage in groups. Others stay in large
groups. A group of crows is called a murder. Murders
of crows will ban together and chase predators in a
behavior called mobbing. With some crow species,
the yearlings and non-mating adults live in a group
called a roosting community. Some crows migrate
while other crows don’t migrate in the common sense.
They will travel to warmer areas of their territory,
when needed. American crows can be harmful to
crops, but they also may prevent damage by eating
insect pests. Recent studies have shown that 60 to
DENİZ PINAR
90 percent of insects eaten by rooks are agricultural

pests. As foragers, they also clean up dead animals
and garbage. In fact, crows are often blamed for
overturning garbage cans; however, the real culprits
are usually raccoons or dogs, according to the
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.
13. According to the passage, if you harm a 15. We can understand from the passage that
crow, ----. although they can be harmful, some species

of crows ----.
A) you will feel regretful, as they are innocent
birds A) are more intelligent than mammals
B) you could be attacked by crows in droves B) can live longer than man
C) it might inform other crows to avoid you C) contribute to the environment and agriculture
D) it means you are nothing but an animal hater D) prefer to live alone throughout their lives
E) it will harm your crops to take revenge on E) feed on only pests that do crops harm
you
143
PARAGRAPH TESTS
2. It is stated in the passage that Hitler’s

SET 5
invasion of Poland ----.
1. - 3. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap- A) caused Great Britain and France to fall out
layınız. with each other
B) resulted from the political and economic
The instability created in Europe by the First World
instability in Europe
War (1914-18) set the stage for another international
C) had long been planned by Nationalist
conflict–World War II–which broke out two decades
Socialist Party
later and would prove even more devastating.
Especially, political and economic instability in D) was due to Hitler’s desire to have Italian
Germany, and lingering resentment over the harsh assistance
terms imposed by the Versailles Treaty of World E) led eventually to the outbreak of World War II
War I fueled the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and
his National Socialist (Nazi) Party. Adolf Hitler and
his National Socialist Party rearmed the nation and
signed strategic treaties with Italy and Japan to
further his ambitions of world domination. Hitler’s
invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great
Britain and France to declare war on Germany, and
World War II had begun. Over the next six years, the
DENİZ PINAR
conflict would take more lives and destroy more land

and property around the globe than any previous
war. Among the estimated 45-60 million people killed
were 6 million Jews murdered in Nazi concentration
camps as part of Hitler’s diabolical “Final Solution,”
now known as the Holocaust.
1. It may be inferred from the passage, in many

respects, World War II ----.
----.
A) would result in the extermination of the
A) World War II dragged on until the defeat of
Jewish race in Europe
Britain and France
B) was initiated by Italy and Japan to realize
B) World War II began six years after the end of
their ambitions of world domination
World War I
C) grew out of issues left unresolved by an
C) After World War I, Hitler came to control the
earlier conflict
National Socialist (Nazi) Party
D) ended with the idea of the superiority of the
D) World War II was the most destructive
“pure” German race, which Hitler called as
conflict ever seen in the World until then
final solution
E) Hitler placed his stamp on the war and
E) began because some countries believed
realized his ambition of World domination
that war was the only way to gain land and
property
144
PARAGRAPH TESTS
5. It can be inferred from the passage that

deposits of ice found on Mars are important
layınız.
----.
Researchers using NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance
A) so we should warn the future generations
Orbiter (MRO) have found eight sites where thick
against them
deposits of ice beneath Mars’ surface are exposed
in faces of eroding slopes. These eight scarps, B) because they can make frozen water
with slopes as steep as 55 degrees, reveal new available for future robotic or human
information about the internal layered structure of exploration missions
previously detected underground ice sheets in Mars’
C) if any possible harm for humans hasn’t yet
middle latitudes. The ice was likely deposited as
been discovered
snow long ago. The deposits are exposed in cross
section as relatively pure water ice, capped by a D) as they are located in both northern and
layer one to two meters thick of ice-cemented rock southern hemispheres of Mars
and dust. They hold clues about Mars’ climate E) although they give us a 3-D view with more
history. They also may make frozen water more detail than ever before
accessible than previously thought to future robotic
or human exploration missions. Researchers who
located and studied the scarp sites with the High
Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera
on MRO have reported the findings in the journal
Science. The sites are in both northern and southern
DENİZ PINAR
hemispheres of Mars, at latitudes from about 55 to 58

degrees, equivalent on Earth to Scotland or the tip of
South America. “There is shallow ground ice under
roughly a third of the Martian surface, which records
the recent history of Mars,” said the study’s lead
author, Colin Dundas of the U.S. Geological Survey’s
Astrogeology Science Center in Flagstaff, Arizona.
“What we’ve seen here are cross-sections through
the ice that give us a 3-D view with more detail than
ever before.”
4. According to the passage, the findings on
Mars ----. 6. Which of the following could be the best title
A) have been issued in a science periodical by for the passage?
the researchers A) Time to Discover the Red Planet
B) were discovered by Colin Dundas of the U.S. B) Early History of Mars
Geological Survey’s Astrogeology Science C) Structure of Ice on Red Planet Revealed
Center
D) How to Maintain Life on Mars
C) are not of any importance since they are
E) NASA’s Missions on Red Planet
eroded slopes
D) give us the definite proof of other life forms
on the planet
E) are physically very similar to Scotland or the
tip of South America
145
PARAGRAPH TESTS
8. The underlined word ‘novel’ in the passage is

closest in meaning to ----.
layınız.
A) vintage
“Green tea is the second most consumed beverage B) deterring
in the world and is grown in at least 30 countries,”
C) repellent
said Xuebo Liu, a researcher at the College of Food
D) innovative
Science and Engineering in China. And he added
“The ancient habit of drinking green tea may be a E) acceptable
more acceptable alternative to medicine when it
comes to combatting obesity, insulin resistance,
and memory impairment.” But now another study
conducted by Susanne Henning, a lead author and
an adjunct professor at the UCLA Center for Human
Nutrition shows that black tea also may promote
weight loss and other health benefits by changing
bacteria in the gut. Liu’s studies indicated that green
tea polyphenols are more effective and offer more
health benefits than black tea polyphenols since
green tea chemicals are absorbed into the blood
and tissue. However, the new findings show that
DENİZ PINAR
black tea polyphenols, which are too large to be

absorbed in the small intestine, stimulate the growth
of gut bacterium and the formation of short-chain fatty
acids, a type of bacterial metabolites that has been
shown to alter the energy metabolism in the liver.
Susanne Henning’s novel study has proved that black
tea, through a specific mechanism through the gut 9. What can be inferred from the passage?
microbiome, may also contribute to good health and A) Susanne Henning has proved that black
weight loss in humans.” tea having a specific mechanism in the
intestines is more successful than green tea
in combatting diseases.
7. It is implied in the passage that ----. B) Green tea promotes weight loss; therefore, it
A) green tea is accepted widely as the best is grown in at least 30 countries.
alternative to medicine C) Xuebo Liu himself seems to have the
B) taking considerable amounts of liquid tendency to drink tea more than anybody
deteriorates good health else.
C) combatting obesity requires just regular tea D) Liu’s studies proved their validity whereas
drinking habits Susanne Henning’s study has been confined

to some academic circles.
D) drinking tea is extremely beneficial for
mental health E) There are two studies showing that both
green tea and black tea are beneficial to
E) water is the most consumed beverage in the
struggle against some health problems.
World
146
PARAGRAPH TESTS
11. Which of the following is true about the

Boston Tea Party?
vaplayınız.
A) All American citizens supported it.
In Boston Harbor, a group of Massachusetts colonists
B) It was planned and initiated by the Indians.
disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded three British
tea ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into the C) A virtual monopoly on the American tea trade
harbor. The midnight raid, popularly known as the was executed via this incident.
“Boston Tea Party,” was in protest of Act of the British D) The dumping of the tea in Boston Harbor led
Parliament’s Tea 1773, a bill designed to save the to financial loss as well.
faltering East India Company by greatly lowering E) It was a bill designed to save the East India
its tea tax and granting it a virtual monopoly on the Company.
American tea trade. The low tax allowed the East
India Company to undercut even tea smuggled into
America by Dutch traders, and many colonists viewed
the act as another example of taxation tyranny. When
three tea ships, the Dartmouth, the Eleanor, and
the Beaver, arrived in Boston Harbor, the colonists
demanded that the tea be returned to England.
After Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson
refused, Patriot leader Samuel Adams organized
DENİZ PINAR
the “tea party” with about 60 members of the Sons

of Liberty, his underground resistance group. The
British tea dumped in Boston Harbor on the night of
December 16 was valued at some $18,000.
10. What can be inferred from the passage about

12. According to the passage, Patriot leader
Boston Tea Party?
Samuel Adams ----.
A) It occurred as a united American resistance
A) had a secret underground resistance group
to the British which was set up first time in
history. B) played a minor role in Boston Tea Party
B) Its main objective was to board three British C) was a collaborator of Governor Thomas
tea ships and have a tea party. Hutchinson
C) It was a protest of the tax on tea, which had D) was a Mohawk Indian
been implemented by the British Parliament E) dumped the tea into the harbor with his
in 1773. relatives
D) It resulted from the inadequacy of tea

resources in the new states of America.
E) It was designed against America as a
revolution act by the British.
147
PARAGRAPH TESTS
14. According to the passage, the abolitionist

movement, notwithstanding indirectly, ----.
vaplayınız.
A) was launched by those who had been
The abolitionist movement was a social and political
enslaved centuries before
push for the immediate emancipation of all slaves
B) reached its pinnacle during the late 17th
and the end of racial discrimination and segregation.
century
Advocating for emancipation separated abolitionists
from more moderate anti-slavery advocates, who C) provoked all blacks both in the North and
argued for gradual emancipation, and from “Free- South against the whites
Soil” activists who sought to restrict slavery to existing D) paved the way for the Civil War by
areas and prevent its spread. Radical abolitionism triggering antagonism between the North
was partly fueled by the religious fervor of the Second and the South
Great Awakening, which prompted many people to E) was able to draw attention of only a small
advocate for emancipation on religious grounds. The minority of black people
abolitionist movement became increasingly prominent
in Northern churches and politics beginning in the
1830s, which contributed to the regional animosity
between North and South leading up to the Civil
War. By stressing the moral imperative to end sinful
practices and each person’s responsibility to uphold
DENİZ PINAR
God’s will in society, preachers like Lyman Beecher,

Nathaniel Taylor, and Charles G. Finney in what
came to be called the Second Great Awakening led
massive religious revivals in the 1820s that gave a
major impetus to the later emergence of abolitionism
as well as to such other reforming crusades as
temperance, pacifism, and women’s rights, all of
which would be known to so many people.
through efforts of men of religion, ----.
13. We can understand from the passage that the
A) black people in the Southern states began to
more moderate people against slavery ----.
hate those living in the Northern states
A) did not champion immediate liberation of
B) U.S. citizens experienced a new awakening
slaves in the U.S.
about Christianity and how blacks could earn
B) separated those who took sides with the their rights through violence
antislavery movement
C) churches across the country gained
C) were not welcomed by the majority of people importance
D) were more successful than the Free Soilists D) racism spread to all parts of the country
E) were prevented from putting their goals into E) large masses became aware of the
practice importance of other rights and peaceful
struggle for their cause
148
PARAGRAPH TESTS
2. It is understood from the passage that ----.

SET 6
A) natural disasters cause a lot more harm than
1. - 3. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap- armed conflicts
layınız. B) parents are indifferent to how their children
feel during terrible events
Every year, millions of people are affected by
C) manmade disasters could be avoided with
disasters both natural, such as floods or hurricanes,
particular attention
and manmade, such as armed conflicts between and
within nations. During these times, children require D) in case of a disaster, parents need more
particular attention because of their special needs. psychological help than their children
Each terrible event is different, and therefore each E) not every child and family deals with a
child and family has their own way of coping and terrible event in the same way
relating. Each child reacts to a disaster according to
their developmental stage, and each stage brings to
a child a new understanding of the world, the passing
of time, and how events happen. In general, these
stages of development correspond to age ranges, but
each child develops at his own pace. When terrible
things happen, parents are concerned about the
impact these things will have on their children. They
DENİZ PINAR
want to know how to keep their children safe and

protect them from the psychological effects of going
through a disaster. After such an event, parents may
feel insecure and worried themselves. They are often
concerned about saying either too much or too little
to their children. But to comfort children, it is best
to speak to them using words and ideas they can
understand.
3. The primary purpose of the author is to ----.

1. According to the passage, the developmental
stage of a child ----. A) discuss the differences between the impacts
of natural and manmade disasters
A) could change depending on how s/he
understands the world B) give brief information about the effects of
terrible events on children and their parents
B) has nothing to do with the way s/he reacts to
a bad event C) give specific information about the
developmental stages of children
C) is a determinant of how s/he responds to a
disaster D) emphasize the importance of psychological
counselling in case of a terrible event
D) could greatly affect how events happen
E) illustrate the physical and psychological
E) is mostly determined by the changes in their
impacts of armed conflicts on people
special needs
149
PARAGRAPH TESTS
5. According to the passage, students ----.

layınız. A) and teachers may change roles in distance
learning
Although many people think it is a modern B) only need a computer to write an essay in
phenomenon, distance learning has been around distance learning
for at least 200 years in one form or another. The
C) rely highly on technology in a face-to-face
technological advances of the past 20 or so years,
course
however, have meant that this form of education is
D) find distance learning more efficient than a
now able to rival face-to-face learning as a credible
face-to-face course
alternative. Indeed, 1996 saw the establishment
of the world’s first `virtual university’ in the United E) need high motivation to succeed in their
States, showing how far distance learning has come distant classes
in a relatively short space of time. There are certain
differences between the two ways of learning. When
comparing the two systems, the first and most
obvious area to focus on is the way that learning is
delivered. Distance learning is heavily dependent
on technology, particularly the internet. In a face-
to-face course, the only thing students may require
for the purpose of writing an essay is a computer. In
DENİZ PINAR
comparison, when learning remotely, technology is

the principal means of communication. The flexibility
this provides means that students may be better
able to learn at their own pace, following their own
timetable, but it may also mean that learners have
to be well-organized and self-disciplined. They must
therefore be highly motivated in order to do well on
the distance-learning courses.

A) To describe face-to-face learning in detail.
4. It is pointed out in the passage that distance
learning ----. B) To encourage students to enrol in a distance
learning course.
A) cannot compete with face-to-face learning
yet C) To motivate university students to be
well-organized.
B) has gained more importance for the last
decade D) To compare distance learning and face-to-
face learning.
C) has been in our lives in different formats for
a long time E) To give brief information about the cons of
distance learning.
D) was first tried at a university setting in the
18th century
E) has long been discredited by many scholars
at universities
150
PARAGRAPH TESTS
8. According to the passage, critical period

refers to a time when a child ----.
layınız.
A) loses some mental and language abilities
‘Critical period” theory posits that a child’s brain B) must not be exposed to second language
is best suited to learn a language effortlessly and
C) can best pick up a language
perfectly during the early years. However, young
D) learns a native language best
children can take advantage of the critical period
only if they are immersed in an environment that E) has the utmost cognitive skills
gives sufficient exposure to the language and
opportunities for interaction over an extended period
of time. Successful bilingual children are typically
those raised in an environment where the second
language is spoken in the community, or within the
home where one or both of the parents speak the
additional language. Learning a second language
in the classroom, however, is an entirely different
matter. Most classrooms cannot give the thousands
of hours that are necessary for language learning to
take place. Contrary to popular belief, in a classroom
setting, younger might actually not be better. Several
DENİZ PINAR
studies have confirmed that, apart from pronunciation

skills, older children and early teens learn languages
better in the classroom than younger children. Older
children generally have superior cognitive skills,
attention span, and motivation. These attributes are
essential for successful classroom learning.
7. It is understood from the passage that there 9. How does age affect language learning in a
is a wide assumption that ----. classroom setting?
A) a foreign language can be best learned A) Older children perform better in language
outside the classroom classes.
B) younger children are better at language B) Younger children are more motivated to learn
learning as they have superior cognitive languages.
skills C) Older children outperform younger ones in
C) classrooms are not the correct places for pronunciation.
learning a foreign language D) Younger children can concentrate better in
D) the earlier a child is exposed to a second learning.
language, the better it is E) Younger children are more likely to learn the
E) non-native teachers are not capable of language effortlessly.
teaching a foreign language
151
PARAGRAPH TESTS
11. It stated in the passage that lunar eclipses

----.
vaplayınız.
A) take place more than four times a year
A lunar eclipse can occur only at full moon, and a B) are not as common as solar eclipses
total lunar eclipse can happen only when the Sun, the
C) can be best observed during the last stage
Earth and the Moon are perfectly lined up — anything
D) can be witnessed from a limited area on the
less than perfection creates a partial lunar eclipse
Earth
or no eclipse at all. Some understanding of simple
celestial mechanics explains how lunar eclipses E) cannot be noticed until they are in their final
work. Because the Moon’s orbit around Earth lies in stage
a slightly different plane than Earth’s orbit around the
Sun, perfect alignment for an eclipse doesn’t occur at
every full moon. A total lunar eclipse develops over
time. The Earth casts two shadows that fall on the
Moon during a lunar eclipse: The umbra is a full, dark
shadow. The penumbra is a partial outer shadow.
The Moon passes through these shadows in stages.
The initial and final stages — when the moon is in
the penumbral shadow — are not so noticeable, so
the best part of an eclipse is during the middle of
DENİZ PINAR
the event, when the Moon is in the umbral shadow.

According to NASA, two to four solar eclipses occur
each year, while lunar eclipses are less frequent.
However, while solar eclipses can only be seen along
a roughly 50-mile wide path, each lunar eclipse is
visible from over half the Earth.
12. The primary purpose of the author is to ----.

10. According to the passage, if the Sun, the
Earth and the Moon are not in a faultless row A) give brief information about lunar eclipses
----. B) describe total lunar eclipse in detail
A) no lunar eclipse will possibly take place C) explain NASA’s studies on lunar eclipse
B) celestial mechanics fall short of explaining D) discuss the difference between a solar
the event eclipse and a lunar eclipse
C) a couple of hours is needed for the lunar E) give general information about the stages of
eclipse to happen a lunar eclipse
D) the Moon’s orbit around Earth takes a bit

longer
E) it is impossible to observe a full lunar eclipse
152
PARAGRAPH TESTS
14. We can understand from the passage that

after having come to power, ----.
vaplayınız.
A) the Bolsheviks won the first election after the
Communism, a political and economic ideology that
October Revolution
calls for a classless, government-controlled society
B) The Czar declared the new system across
in which everything is shared equally, has seen a
the empire to be communism as of 1917
series of surges and declines. It was launched with
Lenin’s October Revolution and it spread to China C) Vladimir Lenin acted as opposed to what he
with Mao Zedong’s rise to power and to Cuba, with promised, resorting to violence
Fidel Castro’s takeover. It was the ideology behind D) Mao Zedong became the best friend of
one side of the Cold War, which ended in 1991, Vladimir Lenin
when the USSR was dissolved. Today just a handful E) Fidel Castro of Cuba established police state
of countries remain under communist rule. German tactics against their opponents
economist and philosopher Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels created the ideology when they published The
Communist Manifesto in 1848, calling for a working-
class revolt against capitalism. Its motto, “Workers
of the World, unite!” quickly became a rallying cry.
With Vladimir Lenin at the helm, the Bolsheviks,
ascribing to Marxism, seized power during Russia’s
DENİZ PINAR
October Revolution in 1917 and become the first

communist government. Later that month, the leftist
Socialist Revolutionaries defeated the Bolsheviks in
an election, but, despite his promises of “bread, land
and peace,” Lenin used military force to take power.
It was during this period that the Czar’s officials were
executed and prisoner-of-war labor camps and other
police state tactics were established. 15. It is stated in the passage that though their
numbers are more in the past, ----.
A) more and more capitalist countries are
13. According to the passage, communism ----.
leaving this system for communism
A) is an ideology that champions a
B) all of the communist countries in the world
private-controlled economic system
have failed their citizens
B) emerged as an ideology to counter
C) socialist revolutionaries are missed by many
capitalism
people today
C) is based on the ideas of the Bolsheviks
D) Cuban communists support their leader
D) is similar to the system pursued in the voraciously
Russian Empire
E) there are only a few countries left today that
E) was created by Vladimir Lenin in 1917 have adopted communism
153
PARAGRAPH TESTS
2. The writer of the passage seems surprised

SET 7
by the fact that ----.
1. - 3. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap- A) gambling has a great variety of forms
layınız. B) most people engage in gambling for a certain
In these days of high unemployment, it might be period of time
expected that people would try to save as much C) unemployed people are more into gambling
money as possible. However, the astonishing fact than the employed ones
is that people would prefer to gamble rather than D) people gamble instead of saving money
put money aside during an economic depression. during an economic crisis
Gambling takes many forms and most people do it at
E) majority of people bet small amounts on
one time or another. The majority usually bet small
horse races and lotteries
amounts on football matches, horse races, lotteries
and scratch cards. They regard it as a kind of hobby
which may improve the quality of their lives. Although
they know very few have managed to do this, they
are hopeful that they will win a large sum of money.
This group usually know when they are supposed to
stop gambling so they can at least control the amount
they spend. There are, on the other hand, those who
DENİZ PINAR
have such a strong desire to gamble that they take no

notice of anyone who tries to stop them. As a result,
they feel they have to bet to satisfy their addiction.
These people would rather be out of work or cause
their marriage to break down than give up gambling.
1. Which of the following could be inferred

3. According to the passage, although the
about those who are addicted to gambling?
majority of people go on betting small
A) They can easily give up gambling whenever
amounts on various forms of gambling, ----.
they want.
A) they are almost sure that they will not win a
B) Their marriages never last long due to
huge amount of money
monetary problems.
B) not many have been able to improve their life
C) They may risk losing all their money without
standards through it
a second thought.
C) not every one of them accepts that they are
D) They are frequently dismissed from work as
actually gambling
they are not punctual.
D) they do not do it frequently enough to win
E) They start gambling by betting small amounts
large sums of money
on football matches.
E) they sometimes feel they must control the
amount they spend
154
PARAGRAPH TESTS
5. It is pointed out in the passage that the

commodity theory of money ----.
layınız.
A) is not as widely preferred as the credit theory
The invention of money took place before the of money
beginning of written history. Consequently any story B) is viewed by many as a more rational
of how money first developed is largely based on alternative to money of account
conjecture and logical inference. The earliest ideas
C) regards money as an inevitable result of
included Aristotle’s “metallist” and Plato’s “cartalist”
market activity
concepts, which Joseph Schumpeter integrated into
D) has greatly been shaped by how we
his own theory of money as forms of classification.
understand early monetary systems
Schumpeter’s theory had several themes but the
most important of these involve the notions that E) is mostly associated with the notions of the
money can be analysed from the viewpoint of social metallists
accounting and that it is also firmly connected to
the theory of value and price. There are at least two
theories of what money is and these can influence
the interpretation of historical and archaeological
evidence of early monetary systems. The commodity
theory of money (money of exchange) is preferred by
those who wish to view money as a natural outgrowth
DENİZ PINAR
of market activity. Others view the credit theory of

money (money of account) as more plausible and
may posit a key role for the state in establishing
money.

Schumpeter ----.
A) was a big influence on the formation of 6. The underlined word “conjecture” in the
Aristotle’s ‘metallist’ concept passage is closest in meaning to ----.
B) worked alongside with Aristotle and Plato to A) guess

develop his money theory B) concept
C) was firmly against Aristotle’s and Pluto’s C) fact
notions on money D) information
D) was among the first philosophers to connect E) knowledge
the theory of value and price
E) made use of Aristotle’s and Pluto’s ideas
when devising his theory of money
155
PARAGRAPH TESTS
8. According to the passage, ecosystem-based

approaches ----.
layınız.
A) have so far failed to ease the effects of
Biodiversity and climate are closely related and impact climate change
each other. The current and future climate change B) are less expensive than technical solutions
represents one of the biggest threats for the diversity
C) strain the carbon sequestration capacity of
of life on Earth. At the same time it is presumed to
ecosystems
be one of the biggest challenges of conservation
D) worsen the impacts of extreme events and
in the coming years. To an increasing degree,
natural disasters
climate change not only threatens biodiversity but
also the human society and their natural resources. E) cost a lot more than other approaches
Through the protection, restoration and sustainable
use of ecosystems, effective conservation can
contribute to mitigate climate change and protect the
population against the impacts of extreme events
and natural disasters. These so-called ecosystem-
based approaches use ecosystem services such as
the carbon sequestration capacity of ecosystems.
They are aimed at synergies between conservation,
mitigation and adaptation and often turn out to be
DENİZ PINAR
more cost-efficient than technical solutions.
9. The main purpose of the passage is to give

brief information about ----.
----.
A) the factors contributing to climate change
A) increasing climate change does not threaten
and what can be done to prevent them
biodiversity on Earth
B) the extreme events and natural disasters
B) our natural resources will soon be depleted
that have devastating effects on humans
due to climate change
C) ecosystem-based approaches that help
C) the diversity of life on Earth depends on
lessen the adverse effects of climate change
climate change to survive
D) the measures that need to be taken to
D) climate change will continue to pose a risk to
eliminate threats for the diversity of life on
efforts to preserve biodiversity
Earth
E) there comes a point when nothing can be
E) the protection, restoration and sustainable
done to prevent climate change
use of ecosystems through technical
solutions
156
PARAGRAPH TESTS

----.
vaplayınız.
A) decreasing greenhouse gases emissions
Many countries are trying to find effective ways to is necessary to reduce the speed of global
slow down the pace of global warming. In its green warming
strategy, the Department for Environment, Food B) the pace of global warming cannot be slowed
and Rural Affairs in the UK claims that developing down without developing recycling systems
a recycling system is vital for lowering greenhouse
C) the European Union aims at recycling more
gases emissions. The UK has also signed up to EU
than half of the household waste by 2028
targets to recycle about 50 % of household waste
D) jetting off on summer holidays aids the fight
every year. It means the country will have recycled
to lower the pace of global warming
1.7 million tons of waste by 2028. However, a
new research from University of Lund, Sweden has E) switching to a plant-based diet is not so
shown that jetting off on just one summer holiday effective a measure as cutting down on cars
is so important for global warming that it wipes out
the advantage of 20 years of recycling. It shows that
recycling has far less impact compared with cutting
down on flights, living-car free or switching to a plant-
based diet. As a result, the researchers point out
that governments and schools must do more than
DENİZ PINAR
commonly promoted strategies such as recycling.

Most importantly, the public should be educated
about the most effective ways to reduce the carbon
footprint so that people will make more informed
choices.
10. It is pointed out in the passage that recycling 12. Which of the following could be the main
----. idea of the passage?
A) needs twenty years to show its impacts on A) No other solution is as effective as recycling
global warming in the fight against global warming.
B) is much more effective than driving less in B) Every country must have its green strategy
terms of global warming to alleviate the effects of global warming.
C) should not be promoted by governments and C) Recycling is not the only solution to slow
schools any more down the pace of global warming.
D) is by far the most effective way to slow down D) The public must be educated about how to
the pace of global warming recycle their household waste.
E) is not the best strategy in the fight against E) Governments and schools must work
global warming together to make everyone recycle.
157
PARAGRAPH TESTS
14. Which of the following is among the effects

of farming?
vaplayınız.
A) It has led to the disappearance of native
Farming has made the landscape more varied, biodiversity.
fostered biodiversity and shaped the cultivated B) It has resulted in standardized landscape.
landscape for many centuries. Since the 1950s,
C) It has paved the way for a boom in animal
however, farming has become more intensive and
species.
many marginal sites have been abandoned. This
D) It has caused a rise in the variety of plants
caused extensively farmed ecosystems to disappear
and animals.
together with animal and plant species that had
adapted to them. Intensive agricultural production E) It has brought about an increase in the
has thus contributed to biodiversity decline in both number of marginal sites.
cultivated and wild species and is one of the main
causes of biodiversity loss. To counter this trend,
a target has been adopted under the Convention
on Biological Diversity (CBD), with areas under
agriculture to be managed sustainably by 2020 in
order to ensure conservation of biodiversity. The
National Strategy on Biological Diversity (NBS)
adopted by the German Federal Cabinet likewise
DENİZ PINAR
lays down specific and measurable targets in

relation to agriculture and cultural landscapes. These
stipulate, for example, that biodiversity in agricultural
ecosystems must increase significantly by 2030, and
that by 2025 the proportion of land accounted for
by agricultural habitats of conservation value must
increase by at least 10 percent compared with 2015.
15. The Convention on Biological Diversity and

the National Strategy on Biological Diversity
13. We can conclude from the passage that are similar in that ----.
extensive farming has ----. A) neither of them have so far been successful
A) made societies wealthier and more powerful in reducing biodiversity loss
B) been banned since the 1950s to protect B) they both aim at conserving agricultural
ecosystems areas and prevent biodiversity loss
C) had negative consequences on the C) they have both been implemented by the
ecosystems German Federal Cabinet
D) improved and enriched the cultivated D) neither of them has been able to ensure
landscape conservation of biodiversity
E) been beneficial for plant and animal species E) they both disregard wild species in their
conservation attempts
158
PARAGRAPH TESTS
2. It is pointed in the passage that the Kingdom

SET 8
of Shambala ----.
1. - 3. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap- A) only appears in ancient texts Kalachacra
layınız. Tantra and Mahabarata
B) would not be so popular now if it had not
The Kingdom of Shambala has been mentioned in
become extinct
many ancient texts; among them the Kalachacra
C) attached three meanings to life
Tantra of Tibet and the Indian Mahabarata. It is
known as the Pure Land because it became extinct D) vanished as all its residents reached
somewhere in time, not because of phenomenological enlightenment
or disastrous reasons, but because all of its E) was a place where the inhabitants lived in joy
inhabitants reached enlightenment. Throughout its
history in the memory of humankind, the idea of
Shambala has been dissolved into three meanings:
an external one, an internal one and an alternative
one. The external one is a physical space, but only
people with the right karma can have access to it
and experience it as such. There are many theories
surrounding the possible location of this fantasy
land, but the most popular among them states that
DENİZ PINAR
it is found somewhere in the highest peak of the

Himalayas, protected by the mountain and its snow.
The truth is that, in the dimensions accessible to man,
there is no place more inviting and more beautiful.
The meanings of “internal” and “alternative” are
represented in terms of our own bodies and minds
(internal), and the practice of meditation (alternative).
These symbolic explanations are generally passed
from master to disciple on the diamond way (or path
to enlightenment).

1. The author of the passage believes that the for the passage?
Kingdom of Shambala ----. A) The Kingdom of Shambala in Kalachacra
A) is the most attractive and striking place in the Tantra
world B) Kalachacra Tantra of Tibet and Mahabarata
B) is nothing but a myth and has never existed of India
C) was destroyed as a result of a natural C) The Disastrous Destruction of the Kingdom
disaster of Shambala
D) cannot be accessed as it is hidden deep in a D) A Pure Land in Ruins
valley E) The Kingdom of Shambala, The Purest of All
E) can be accessed at any time by any person Lands
159
PARAGRAPH TESTS
5. It is stated in the passage that ancient people

----.
layınız.
A) planted many trees to colour their
Infinite are the ways in which nature creates life environment
and preserves it. The tree which not only provides B) considered trees equivalent to human beings
sustenance and shade to man but also adds colour
C) spent most of their time under the shade of
to his environment is truly one of the most precious
trees
gifts of nature. Primitive man had the highest regard
D) saw trees as a profitable commodity
for the tree because in his view it was another
animate being. Like a being, the tree also had a soul E) penalized those who gave harm to trees
and thus it could, when hurt or damaged, feel pain,
or even bleed. A Buddhist monk is prohibited from
cutting down a tree or having a tree cut down not
only because it has life but because it could also be
the home of a deity. The Vinaya Pitaka (The Book
of the Discipline), which lays down rules for the
proper behaviour of monks, states specifically that
there is an offence of expiation for the destruction
of vegetable growth, by which is meant five different
kinds of propagation: what is propagated from roots,
DENİZ PINAR
from stems, from joints, from cuttings and from seeds.
4. The writer of the passage is of the opinion

that ----. 6. The underlined word “propagation” in the
A) those who cut down trees should be severely passage is closest in meaning to ----.
punished A) intention
B) there are many divine beings who live in B) reproduction

trees C) emotion
C) the tree is the most valuable present the D) selection
nature gives us E) reduction
D) the tree provides man with many things
except for sustenance
E) trees have a number of benefits for humans
160
PARAGRAPH TESTS
8. It is pointed out in the passage that people

enjoy the sounds of the countryside ----.
layınız.
A) as they are not interrupted by other
When city dwellers go deep into the countryside, they disturbing noises
are often struck by the wonderful quality of silence. B) because it is utterly silent there
They compare this with the city, where it is never
C) while their quality could be irritating for them
completely quiet. Even in the middle of the night,
D) despite the buzz coming from
you can hear either the distant hum of traffic or the
air-conditioning units
buzz coming from streetlights, air-conditioning units
and heating systems. The city never sleeps, and its E) if they are not awakened by them in the
citizens never fully relax. Of course, the countryside middle of the night
isn’t a completely silent place. On the contrary, there
are noises all around – birds sing, insects buzz and
the wind whistles through the trees. The thing about
the countryside is that against the general backdrop
of silence, these sounds can be heard so clearly that
we’re actually able to appreciate them. Rather than
irritating us when it breaks the silence, birdsong is
perceived as beautiful. We go to the countryside in
order to find peace, and the sounds of the countryside
DENİZ PINAR
are as much a part of that as the silence itself.

city dwellers ----.
A) prefer to keep silent when faced with 9. Which of the following could be the best title
injustice for the passage?
B) do not mind the distant hum of traffic A) The Buzz of the Streetlights
C) are fed up with the noises of the city B) An Escape from the Rush of the City
D) are short of time to relax C) In Search of Silence
E) are irritated by the birdsong in the D) Downsides of City Life
countryside E) Vibrant Life of the City
161
PARAGRAPH TESTS

ordinary writers ----.
vaplayınız.
A) must be committed to their work to succeed
A government research agency recently carried out B) have to fall back on their salary to make a
a survey in which 15,000 people in the UK were living
asked the question: ‘What would be your ideal job?’
C) have an extravagant lifestyle that charms
Incredibly, around 60% of those who filled in the
everybody
questionnaire gave the same answer. It may come
D) find it difficult to get by on the money they
as a surprise to anyone who actually works in the
earn
business, but these people all thought they would like
to be writers. Although no data is available to explain E) cannot explain why they chose writing as an
their reasons for choosing this particular occupation, occupation
it seems that what appeals to these people is the
lifestyle that they imagine a writer leading. Writing
work is often done from home, with no fixed timetable
and so can be combined with family commitments and
other activities. In reality, of course, the lifestyle isn’t
so glamorous. Most writers work on a freelance basis
and so have no regular salary to rely on, challenging
deadlines are the norm, and only the most successful
DENİZ PINAR
of them can expect to make a living from it.
10. What can be inferred from the passage?

A) Three out of ten people in the UK would like
to be a writer.
writers?
B) Writers on the whole are not satisfied with
A) They are looked up to by nearly all of the UK
their jobs.
citizens.
C) Writing appeals to many people because it is
B) They started writing as a career because of
a profitable activity.
its salary.
D) People in the UK are not fond of working
C) They had no reason for starting writing as a
fixed hours.
career.
E) Writers do not have as many commitments
D) They do not want that many people to
as other freelancers.
become writers.
E) They have tight deadlines that they have to
meet.
162
PARAGRAPH TESTS
14. Why is it sometimes necessary to make

adaptations to measured time?
vaplayınız.
A) It is due to the substantial differences in the
The idea of the day as a unit of time is clearly a part Earth’s orbit around the sun.
of nature. Even the earliest humans must have been B) In order to rectify the errors in ancient
aware that time was divided into alternating periods scientists’ calculations.
of light and dark. Exactly when people began to
C) So that the noticeable differences in
divide the day up into smaller units so that they could
the Earth’s orbit around the sun can be
measure time more accurately, however, remains
corrected.
uncertain. According to historians, it was the ancient
D) So as to add a leap second to official time
Greeks who first came up with the idea of the hour,
from time to time.
and calculated how many of these made up the typical
day. The Greeks are also believed to have invented E) It is because the Earth’s rotation around the
the minute, the subdivision of the hour into smaller sun shows minor discrepancies.
units. Generally speaking, the calculations of the
ancient scientists have proved remarkably accurate,
even if nature itself isn’t always completely regular.
Slight variations in the Earth’s orbit around the sun
mean that occasional adjustments to measured time
are necessary. For example, in 2015 what is called a
DENİZ PINAR
leap second was added to official time.

13. According to the passage, there is an for the passage?
ambiguity as to ----. A) How Ancients Measured Time
A) how earliest humans knew that time was B) Surprising Accuracy of Ancient Scientists’
divided into alternating periods of light and Calculations
dark C) Measuring Time
B) why ancient people felt a necessity to divide D) Greeks’ Role in the Discovery of Minute
the day up into smaller units
E) Great Advances in Measurement Systems
C) how the calculations of the ancient scientists
have turned out to be surprisingly correct
D) when people first used smaller units of time
like minute or hour to measure time more
precisely
E) whether ancient people appreciated the idea
of the day as a unit of time
163
PARAGRAPH TESTS
2. How did the researchers determine that

SET 9
hunting was an activity that took place in Ti’s
al Ghadah?
layınız. A) By looking at twenty-one animal teeth from
the site.
The Arabian Peninsula is the part of southwestern
B) By the chemical analysis of the fossils of
Asia that includes Saudi Arabia and other countries.
antelopes, elephants and other animals.
Today this region is known for its harsh deserts.
C) As most of the bodies of dead animals in the
But at least 300,000 years ago, it was a green hot
site had been cut up to be eaten.
spot for migrating members of the human genus.
That’s the finding of a new study. Patrick Roberts D) By the butchery marks on the bones of the
and his colleagues studied an ancient site called Ti’s two animal fossils they studied.
al Ghadah. This Saudi Arabian site held fossils of E) By investigating the feeding habits of the
antelopes, elephants and other animals. Two of the animals that lived in the site.
animal fossils seemed to have butchery marks on the
bones. In other words, someone cut up the carcasses
to eat them, which would mean hunting happened
at this site, the researchers now conclude. The
researchers also looked at 21 animal teeth from the
site to discover chemicals that would indicate what
DENİZ PINAR
the animals had eaten. Those chemicals suggest that

the ancient environment looked like today’s grassy
savannahs in East Africa. Forms of carbon in the
animals’ teeth reflected a grassy menu. And forms
of oxygen showed that the animals regularly drank
water from ponds or other sources fed by rainfall.
These data point to that long ago site as being a
grassy, green region regularly fed by rain.
1. It is pointed out in the passage that The

3. The writer of the passage suggests a parallel
Arabian Peninsula ----.
between ----.
A) has always been a place covered with
A) the fossils of antelopes, elephants and other
deserts throughout history
animals
B) had not been explored before Patrick Roberts
B) the ancient site called Ti’s al Ghadah and
and his colleagues' studies
today’s grassy savannahs in East Africa
C) is a desert place that is in the borders of
C) the Arabian Peninsula in the past and the
Saudi Arabia
ancient site called Ti’s al Ghadah
D) was the first place members of the human
D) what the animals in the site in the past ate
genus migrated to
and drank
E) did not use to be a desert three thousand
E) the forms of carbon and the forms of oxygen
centuries ago
carbon in the animals’ teeth
164
PARAGRAPH TESTS

----.
layınız.
A) migrants have so far spent a huge amount
A caravan of more than 7,000 migrants is embarking of money for a thousand-kilometre journey
on a thousand-kilometre journey through Mexico, through Mexico
aiming for the border with the USA. The migrants are B) the migrants in the caravan are willing to live
mainly from Honduras and are hoping to find a better in the USA despite the violence and a lack of
life in the U.S. Parents with young children are fleeing job opportunities there
violence and a lack of job opportunities in their home
C) many people in the caravan had to leave
countries. A reporter described the caravan as being
their children in the USA when they were
“a river of people”. They are battling hot weather, a
forced to leave the country
lack of food and exhaustion in their epic flight. The
D) no other newspaper in the USA than the
Washington Post reported that there were many in
Washington Post reported about the river of
the caravan who were recently deported from the
people flowing to the country
U.S. after having lived there illegally for decades.
They are desperate to be reunited with their children E) many illegal migrants in the caravan have
still living in the U.S. The U.S. government has made passed away due to hot weather, a lack of
it clear that it will stick to the law regarding any food and exhaustion
applications for asylum. It will turn away all migrants
who don’t apply for asylum in Mexico first. There has
DENİZ PINAR
been a “zero-tolerance” policy towards migrants to

deter people from attempting to enter the country
illegally.
6. The passage mainly deals with ----.

the U.S. government ----. A) a huge number of people heading towards
the USA to start a new life there
A) is striving hard to curb illegal immigration to
the USA B) the measures taken by the US government
to prevent illegal migration
B) would rather accept Mexican migrants than
Hondurans C) the reasons for the Hondurans to immigrate
to the USA
C) was initially lenient towards migrants from
Honduras D) the difficulties the people in the caravan face
in their flight to the USA
D) is eager to reunite migrants with their children
E) the “zero-tolerance” policy pursued by the
E) provides better life standards for illegal
USA government towards migrants
migrants
165
PARAGRAPH TESTS
8. According to the research mentioned in the

passage, ----.
layınız.
A) old people are affected less by polluted air
Scientists have revealed that air pollution may be when compared to young people
responsible for a significant reduction in intelligence. B) air pollution’s effect on intelligence is
Research conducted for the World Health Organization heightened by the length of time one is
(WHO) in China showed that air pollution was exposed to it
responsible for notable falls in student test scores for
C) student test scores did not indicate
languages and arithmetic. The Chinese study called
a significant fall in subjects other than
“The impact of exposure to air pollution on cognitive
languages and arithmetic
performance” took place over a period of four years.
D) the education periods of students should be
Researchers analysed verbal and arithmetic tests
increased by one year in response to the
taken by 20,000 people of all ages. They say their
effects of pollution
study is a warning to the rest of the world, especially
to those who live in cities. Their results have shown E) tall people are relatively more affected by the
that polluted air may impede cognitive ability as polluted air they are exposed to than short
people become older. The researchers discovered people
that the longer people were exposed to polluted air,
the greater was the damage to their intelligence.
They equated the impact of air pollution to losing a
DENİZ PINAR
year’s worth of education. For those aged over 60,

this could be the equivalent of several years of lost
education.
7. The main purpose of the passage is to ----.

A) give general information about types of
pollution and their effects on humans
B) inform us about what we can do to minimize 9. The underlined word “impede” in the passage
the effects of air pollution on intelligence is closest in meaning to ----.
C) give specific information about how air A) aid
pollution leads to an increase in people’s B) advance
mental abilities
C) compete
D) inspire and encourage people to take
D) hinder
necessary measures to reduce air pollution’s
impact on intelligence E) promote
E) briefly present the results of a research

on the negative effects of air pollution on
cognitive abilities
166
PARAGRAPH TESTS
11. According to the passage, a large number of

lawmakers ----.
vaplayınız.
A) are not satisfied with the content of the law
France has voted to ban smartphones and B) think disabled students should be exempt
personal tablets from schools. Lawmakers voted from the ban
overwhelmingly by 62-1 on Monday to prohibit
C) have failed to keep up with technology
students aged between 3 and 15 from even bringing
D) believe the public will object to the ban on
their devices to school. The ban is part of a campaign
smartphones
to reduce addiction to electronics. It fulfils a campaign
promise made by French President Emmanuel Macron E) suffer from addiction to electronics
in 2017. French Minister of National Education Jean-
Michel Blanquer also campaigned for the ban saying
devices were harmful to children’s development. He
called mobile devices a public health crisis and said
the law protects children from the “phenomenon of
screen addiction and the phenomenon of bad mobile
phone use.” The new ban extends a previous law
made in 2010 that meant students could not use their
devices in lessons. There are exceptions to the ban
for students with disabilities and for using devices
DENİZ PINAR
in the classroom for extra-curricular activities. Many

lawmakers do not believe the ban is enough to bring
about change. They believe the ban is little more than
a publicity stunt.

French government ----.
10. What is the purpose of the ban mentioned in A) has paved the way for a crisis by
the passage? banning smartphones and personal tablets
A) To encourage class participation among from schools
students. B) regards screen addiction as a more harmful
B) To decrease children’s obsession with phenomenon than bad mobile phone use
electronic devices. C) has harshly been criticized for its decision to
C) To reduce the sale of smartphones and ban smartphones and personal tablets from
personal tablets. schools
D) To considerably increase students’ academic D) has made similar attempts to prohibit

success. students bringing their devices to school
E) To prevent children from access to harmful several times before
websites. E) has long been against the use of

mobile-phones in classroom except for
extra-curricular activities
167
PARAGRAPH TESTS
14. The writer of the passage ----.

vaplayınız. A) is doubtful whether a song really activates
memories
Have you ever heard a song that sparked a distant B) is curious about which part of the brain helps
memory? When you hear a song, it immediately humans memorize information
activates memories from an emotional time in
C) finds the effect of music on memory strange
your past. People have always known that certain
and mysterious
music can trigger particularly unique memories, but
D) is not sure whether music can trigger
scientists and psychologists are studying exactly
particularly unique memories
where this specific incidence is taking place in
the brain. The power of music to affect memory is E) believes that language and music impact the
quite intriguing, yet very complex. Researchers have brain in the same way
long debated whether or not language and music
depend on the same common processes in the brain.
Now, researchers have found evidence that the
processing of music and language depend on some
of the same brain systems. The brain system that is
known for helping humans memorize information in
both language and music is based in the temporal
lobes. One example of this is words and meanings
DENİZ PINAR
in language and familiar tunes in music. The other

system helps individuals involuntarily learn and use
the rules of both language and music, such as the
rules of syntax in sentences, and the rules of pitches
in music. This system is found in the frontal lobes of
the brain.
15. Which of the following can be said about the

rules of syntax in sentences and the rules of
13. Which of the following could be the best title pitches in music?
for the passage? A) They are both involuntarily learned and used
A) Similarities between Music and Language by individuals.
B) How Music Evokes Emotions and Memory B) They are processed in the temporal lobes of
C) The Effect of Music on Our Cognitive Abilities the brain.
D) The Power of Music in Language Learning C) Neither of them can be used unless first
memorized.
E) How We Form Memories from Our Past
D) They must be processed together in the
brain in order to be learned.
E) They both go through controlled processes
in the brain.
168
PARAGRAPH TESTS
2. We can infer from the passage that in terms

SET 10
of actual representation of U.S. deputies in
London, ----.
layınız. A) the British Parliament found those in favor of
actual representation right in their cause
A fundamental difference of opinion, among other
B) Virgina and Massachussets lent their
things, had developed between British authorities
support to James Otis and his friends
and the Americans on the related issues of taxing the
C) a civil war broke out in America
colonists and their representation in Parliament. The
Americans held to the view of actual representation, D) James Otis was not supported by many U.S.
meaning that in order to be taxed by Parliament, delegates
the Americans rightly should have actual legislators E) the Stamp Act was unanimously passed from
seated and voting in London. James Otis and few parliament
other delegates argued for this form of representation
in the Stamp Act Congress in 1765. The British,
on the other hand, supported the concept of virtual
representation, which championed that a deputy
virtually represented every person in the empire and
there was no need for a specific representative from
Virginia or Massachusetts, for example. If taxes were
DENİZ PINAR
necessary, then the Americans wanted their own

assemblies to impose them. Opposition to British
rule, thus, was built around the slogan, “No Taxation
without Representation” of 1773, when shiploads
of heavily taxed tea were dumped by American
protestors, led to repression, military conflict, and, if 3. We can understand from the passage that
not directly, American independence. the Americans were of the opinion that ----.
A) they had the right to sit and vote on
behalf of the American people in the British
Parliament; otherwise, the British throne
would not be able to impose tax on them
for the passage? B) due to the fact that American protesters
did not want tea imported from other British
A) American Taxpayers and British Colonies
colonies, they dumped it in 1773
B) Colonies’ Opposition to British Rule
C) the then existing issue of taxation directly
C) From A Slogan to American Independence
caused American independence from the
D) How America Fought against Taxation British rule
E) American Parliament’s Efforts to Achieve D) The British and the Americans had only
Independence taxation issue they disagreed upon
E) The slogan “No Taxation without
Representation” spread to other colonies
under the British rule
169
PARAGRAPH TESTS

layınız. A) To urge governments of the world to protect
and conserve coral reefs
The variety of life supported by coral reefs rivals B) To demonstrate how crucial coral reefs are to
that of the tropical forests of the Amazon or New both humanity and the seas of the world
Guinea. But without urgent action to address climate
C) To prove the indifference of humanity
change, pollution, overfishing and other threats,
towards coral reefs
these beautiful and life-sustaining organisms could
D) To help the reader to compare coral reefs to
disappear. The total area of the world’s coral reefs
the rainforests of the Amazon
amounts to less than one quarter of 1% of the entire
marine environment. Yet some estimates put the E) To show the commercial value of coral reefs
total diversity of life found in, on, and around all coral
reefs at up to 2 million species. All up, reefs are home
to 25% of all marine life, and form the nurseries for
about a quarter of fish. This biodiversity translates
directly into food security, income, and a multitude
of other benefits to people. Although scientists
have only just begun to understand how reefs can
contribute to medicine, coral reef organisms are
being used in treatments for diseases like cancer and
DENİZ PINAR
HIV. For many coastal areas, coral reefs also provide

an important barrier against the worst ravages of
storms, hurricanes, and typhoons. As thousands of
communities across the world will tell you, coral reefs
are essential not only to ocean health, but also to
human health and well-being.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that until

4. We can understand from the passage coral recent years, ----.
reefs ----.
A) coral reefs were under good conditions
A) are found more in the Amazon or New
B) people did not realize corals reefs were in
Guinea than in any other parts of the world
danger
B) are the staple of fish in the oceans
C) species living around coral reefs were not as
C) might become extinct unless the necessary many as today
measures are taken
D) coral reefs were thought to be valueless
D) nurture more than 2 million species
E) scientists did not fully grasp the medicinal
E) are the best natural barricade against natural value of coral reefs
disasters seen in coastal areas
170
PARAGRAPH TESTS

layınız. A) To warn people against chronic insomnia
B) To encourage sufferers of insomnia to
People with insomnia can feel dissatisfied with their receive treatment
sleep and usually experience one or more of the
C) To show how serious insomnia is
following symptoms; fatigue, low energy, difficulty
D) To inform the reader about insomnia and its
concentrating, mood disturbances, and decreased
types
performance in work or at school. This disorder
may be characterized based on its duration. Acute E) To enable the readers to understand chronic
insomnia is brief and often happens because of life insomnia
circumstances like having an exam the next day. Many
people may have experienced this type of passing
sleep disruption, and it tends to resolve without any
treatment. Chronic insomnia is disrupted sleep that
occurs at least three nights per week and lasts at least
three months. Chronic insomnia disorders can have
many causes. Changes in the environment, unhealthy
sleep habits, shift work, other clinical disorders, and
certain medications could lead to a long-term pattern
of insufficient sleep. People with chronic insomnia
DENİZ PINAR
may benefit from some form of treatment to help them

get back to healthy sleep patterns.
7. We can conclude from the passage that you 9. It can be understood from the passage that
may experience acute insomnia ----. insomnia ----.
A) during the night before an important job A) is experienced by all people

interview B) is a condition that needs to be addressed
B) if you can’t sleep at night for weeks without delay
C) if your working hours have been changed C) gets serious as one ages
D) when you’re taking drugs for your illness D) is experienced more often by women
E) if you move to a new neighborhood E) can be classified according to how long it

lasts
171
PARAGRAPH TESTS
11. According to the passage, to declare

somebody an addict to technology, ----.
vaplayınız.
A) the addict should admit that he needs a
Even if addiction to different types of technology is yet special clinic where he can receive treatment
to be recognized as a disorder on its own, the problem for this serious disorder
has been on the radar of health professionals since B) the country where he lives should recognize
the 1990s. In 1995, Kimberly Young, PhD, established technology addiction a serious disorder
the Center for Internet Addiction and created the first
C) how much time he spends with his
treatment plan for technology addiction based on
technological device and how his use
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques. That
negatively influences him in many ways
same year, the term “Internet addiction disorder” was
should both be assessed
coined by psychiatrist Dr. Ivan Goldberg. The way
D) one must have the necessary qualifications
tech addiction is diagnosed can differ from country to
so that he can evaluate the symptoms of
country. In 2006, researchers at Weill Cornell Medical
technology addiction objectively
College conducted a telephone survey that found that
one out of eight Americans have at least one possible E) the addict’s mental and physical health
sign of problematic Internet use. Solid statistics in should be negatively affected by technology
the U.S. for addictive behavior specifically related to addiction for a long time
smartphones, texting and social media are harder
to come by. Technology addiction is recognized as
DENİZ PINAR
a widespread health problem in other countries,

including Australia, China, Japan, India, Italy, Japan,
Korea and Taiwan, which have established dedicated
clinics to address this growing issue. It’s not simply
the amount of time spent with the digital device that
defines an addict, though, but how excessive use
adversely affects someone’s mental and physical
health, daily life, relationships and academic or job
performance as well.
technology addiction?
A) Internet addiction is taken seriously by far
eastern countries.
technology addiction ----.
B) There are more technology addicts in the
A) can be treated only in China and Japan
U.S. than in any other parts of the World.
B) has not been accepted as an ailment by all
C) But for Cornell researchers, internet
countries
addiction would not be recognized in the
C) was first recognized through a telephone U.S.
survey
D) There was no such thing as Internet addiction
D) is only about using smartphones disorder until 1995.
E) was known to psychiatrists prior to the 1990s E) Countries’ approaches toward technology
addiction are similar.
172
PARAGRAPH TESTS
14. It is implicitly stated in the passage that

through King’s unshakable struggle, ----.
vaplayınız.
A) America began to accept black immigrants
Martin Luther King, Jr. was a determined social from Africa as citizens
activist and Baptist minister who played a key B) those who had long been oppressed in the
role in the American civil rights movement from U.S. were able to gain rights they deserved
the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968.
C) the government had to succumb to King’s all
King sought equality and human rights for African
demands
Americans, the economically disadvantaged and all
D) other minorities in the world gained the right
victims of injustice through peaceful protest. He was
to be elected to public offices
the driving force behind watershed events such as
the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the 1963 March E) America recognized only black people as
on Washington. The latter helped bring about such equal citizens
landmark legislation as the Civil Rights Act and
the Voting Rights Act. By the time the Supreme
Court ruled segregated seating on public buses
unconstitutional in November 1956, King—heavily
influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist
Bayard Rustin—had entered the national spotlight as
an inspirational proponent of organized, nonviolent
DENİZ PINAR
resistance. The March on Washington culminated in

King’s most famous address, known as the “I Have a
Dream” speech, a spirited call for peace and equality
that many consider a masterpiece of rhetoric. King
had also become a target for white supremacists
that firebombed his family home that January. He
was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 and is
remembered each year on Martin Luther King, Jr.
Day, a U.S. federal holiday since 1986.
15. We can infer from the passage that even
though King became a very prominent figure
13. We can conclude from the passage that who fought for equal rights, ----.
Martin Luther King’s efforts, although being
A) the U.S. government killed him
harshly criticized for many years, ----.
B) his ideals were not believed to be a cure for
A) were never met with praise and appreciation
inequalities in the U.S.
during his lifetime
C) he had to break his ties with the minority
B) culminated in immediate successes for the
groups
black community in the U.S.
D) he couldn’t satisfy the needs of either blacks
C) were appreciated and officially realized by
or women in terms of human rights and
the U.S. government
freedoms
D) failed thousands of blacks
E) he was found to be threatening by some who
E) scared the U.S. government and intelligent did not welcome his thoughts at all
services
173
PARAGRAPH TESTS DPELS
DENİZ PINAR
174
.
DPELS DIALOGUE COMPLETION STRATEGIES
ÖRNEK SORU:
DIALOGUE COMPLETION STRATEGIES
Maria:
– Here in the article it says that behavioural
YDT’de diyalog tamamlama bölümü adayların advertising is basically advertising which sends
İngilizce konuşma becerisini ölçmeyi hedefleyen bir adverts to specific people based on what they are
bölümdür. Ancak bilindiği üzere konuşma becerisi, actually interested in.
bu soru tiplerinde iletişimsel olarak değil de bir kısmı Sara:
boş bırakılmış diyalogları tamamlamayla ölçülecektir.
– ----
Soru olarak verilen boşluklar, öncesindeki ya da
Maria:
sonrasındaki ifadelerden yararlanarak belirli
kurallar dahilinde, konuşmanın akışını bozmayacak – By monitoring their web habits, or the websites
şekilde tamamlanmalıdır. YDT’de adaylar, diyalog they visit. So, if you have recently visited a site to
tamamlama kısmında 5 soru yanıtlayacaklardır. find out about flights to London, you may be sent
advertisements for hotels in London and so on.
Sara:
– Are you saying that advertisements will be
watching which Internet sites we visit? I have to
say that makes me feel pretty uncomfortable.
A) Well, they may have the information, but they
DENİZ PINAR
don’t actually know who you are.

B) Sorry, I’m not with you. How do they know what
people are interested in?
C) But would you rather have adverts which you
have no interest in at all?
D) How do TV programs know what sort of adverts
people like most?
E) Are you talking about those annoying little adverts
STRATEJİ 1 that appear on your webpage?
REFERENCE/GÖNDERİMDE BULUNMA
ÇÖZÜM:
Soruyu oluşturan boşluktan sonra ya da önce doğru
Soru kökünde boşluktan sonra Maria’nın
yanıtı bulmamıza yardımcı olacak sözcük ve ifadelerin
konuşmasında verilen “By monitoring their web
tespit edilmesi gerekmektedir. Özellikle boşluktan
habits, or the websites they visit” ifadesinden boşlukta
sonra verilen referans sözcüklerin (gönderme
“they” zamirini karşılayacak bir insan grubundan söz
sözcükleri) altı çizilmeli ve neye gönderme yaptıkları
edilmesi gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu göndermeyi
tespit edilmelidir. Gönderme ifadelerindeki tekillik
karşılayan “people” ismi B ve D seçeneklerinde
/ çoğulluk ilişkisiyle seçeneklerde eleme yoluna
verilmiştir. Ayrıca A seçeneğinde de Maria’nın bir
gidilebilir.
önceki cümlesine gönderme yapan ve özne takibi
kuralını devam ettiren “they” zamiri yer almaktadır.
Ancak boşluktan sonra Maria’nın kullandığı “by
monitoring” (gözlemleyerek) cevabından, boşlukta
Sara’nın “how” (nasıl) soru kelimesi ile başlayan
177
DIALOGUE COMPLETION STRATEGIES DPELS
bir soru sorduğu anlaşılmaktadır. A seçeneği elenir. ÇÖZÜM:

Geriye kalan B ve D seçeneklerinden öncelikle B
Polly’nin son konuşmasında kullandığı “they” (effects
seçeneğini inceleriz çünkü bu seçenekte Maria’nın
of global warming) gönderme zamirlerinin karşılığı
boşluktan önce kullandığı “they are actually interested
boşlukta yer almalıdır. Ayrıca yine aynı konuşmada
in” ifadesinin tekrarı B seçeneğinde verilmiştir. B
Polly “They aren’t waiting for some far-flung future
seçeneğinde verilen ifade boşluğa yerleştirildiğinde
– they are appearing right now” (Uzak bir geleceği
hem boşluktan önceki hem de boşluktan sonraki
beklemiyorlar- şu anda oluyorlar.) şeklinde bir ifade
konuşmayla uyum içerisindedir. Bu nedenle doğru
kullanmıştır. Bu durumda boşlukta Jonathan’ın “And
what about its effects? I don’t think our generation
will ever be prone to them.” (Peki ya küresel
ısınmanın sonuçları nedir? Bizim neslimizin bunlarla
karşılaşacağını sanmıyorum.) şeklindeki konuşması
yerinde olacaktır. Doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
ÖRNEK SORU:
Jonathan:
– Wherever I look, I see something about global
warming. What does it mean precisely?
Polly:
– It means that the planet is warming, from North
DENİZ PINAR
Pole to South Pole. And since 1906, the global

average surface temperature has increased by
more than 1 degrees Celsius.
Jonathan:
– ----
Polly:
– On the contrary. They aren’t waiting for some STRATEJİ 2
far-flung future – they are appearing right now. APPROVAL/DISAPPROVAL
The heat is melting glaciers and sea ice, shifting (ONAYLAMA/ONAYLAMAMA)
precipitation patterns, and setting animals on the
Diyalog tamamlama sorularında onaylama/onayla-
move.
mama soru tipleri ile de karşılaşılabilir. Bu tür sorular
A) Many people think of global warming and climate
konuşmacıların aynı paydada buluşup buluşmadık-
change as synonyms.
larının ya da konu hakkında görüş ayrılığına sahip
B) Is it because humans continue to add olup olmadıklarının sorgulanmasından ibarettir. “Yes
heat-trapping greenhouse gases to the / No Questions” (evet/hayır soruları) karşıdaki konuş-
atmosphere? macı tarafından farklı ifadelerle yanıtlanabilir. “Tag
C) As far as I know, as temperatures change, many questions” (değil mi? öyle mi?) yapıları ya da “yes /
species are on the move. no questions”daki yardımcı fiil kullanımıyla, zaman
D) You mean other effects could take place any uyumu (tense agreement) belirlenir ve seçeneklerde
time, if warming continues. buna yönelik bir eleme yapılabilir. Yardımcı fiil uyumu-
na (soru yapısı) dikkat edilmelidir. Ayrıca, soru-cevap
E) And what about its effects? I don’t think our
kısımlarına özne takibi yapıp uygun özne ile başlama-
generation will ever be prone to them.
yan seçenekler de elenebilir.
178
Örnek cümle: ÖRNEK SORU:

- Have you ever been to Rome? Carol:
- No, I haven’t. – ----
- Were you in London last year? Verity:
- Yes, I was. – I agree with you. Without them, humans would
Yes yerine; Yes of course, for sure , certainly, right, have to resort to negotiating every new situation
exactly, absolutely, I agree with you / him …, I share afresh and would run the risk of social-break
your view, I think so, I really think so, I have no down.
objection, I approve of it, I hold the same opinion , Carol:
we are of one mind / of the same mind, it is true, fair – So, it seems reasonable to argue that young
enough, quite so, just so, that’s just it…etc. people need to learn the conventions of their
No yerine; Indeed, I guess so, I don’t agree, I social setting.
disagree, I think otherwise, I take a different view, Verity:
that may be true , I don’t think so, I am afraid that’s
– Certainly. In fact, it is almost inconceivable that
not quite true, not at all, this argument doesn’t hold,
they could grow up within a culture without being
on the contrary, not really, actually, as a matter of fact
influenced by their, rules, values and beliefs.
...etc. ifadeler kullanılabilir.
A) I believe that society as a whole is better off when
As a matter of fact, “Aslına bakarsanız” anlamına
information is available to the public.
gelmektedir ve karşı tarafın söylediğini düzeltmek için
DENİZ PINAR
B) What problems would humans experience if they

kullanılan bir yapıdır.
didn’t follow at least some conventions?
I guess so, I hope so, I believe so, I don’t think so …
C) In my opinion, social life depends on and should
yapılarıyla daha önce cümlede verilmiş olan anlam
assume the acceptance of a set of conventions.
kast edilmektedir.
D) Stephen Hawking believed humans need to
We would love to, we would like to … Bu tip yapılar
leave the Earth in order to avoid annihilation.
daha önceki cümlede bir teklifin öne sürüldüğünü ve
teklifin kibarca reddedilmiş olduğunu gösterir. E) I am of the idea that all animals, without exception,
deserve the basic right to be free and safe.
Not necessarily, we don’t have to, we don’t need
to anlamına gelir ve lack of necessity (gerekliliğin
duyulmadığını) ifade eder. ÇÖZÜM:
Verity’nin boşluktan sonra verilen “I agree with you.
Without them, humans would have to resort to
negotiating every new situation afresh and would
run the risk of social-break down.” (Sana katılıyorum.
Onlar olmasaydı insanlar her yeni durumu
sıfırdan değerlendirmek zorunda kalacaklardı ve
sosyal bir çöküş riskine gireceklerdi.) şeklindeki
onaylayıcı ifadesinden boşlukta Carol’ın da benzer
ifadeler içeren bir düz cümle kullandığı sonucunu
çıkarabiliriz. Verity’nin konuşmasında yer alan
“them” zamirinin karşılığını C seçeneğinde verilen
“conventions” (gelenekler) olarak düşündüğümüzde,
Verity’nin onayladığı durum da ortaya çıkmaktadır.
179
C seçeneğinde anlam genel olarak “Benim fikrime ÇÖZÜM:

göre sosyal hayat gelenekleri kabul etmeli ve bunlara
Pat’in son konuşmasında verilen “Oh certainly.”
dayanmalıdır.” şeklindedir. C seçeneğinde verilen
(yes/onaylama) ifadesinden boşlukta onaylanması
ifade diyaloğun tamamıyla örtüşmektedir. Bu durumda
gereken bir soru sorulmuş olabileceği sonucunu
doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
çıkarabiliriz. Ayrıca yine Pat’in son konuşmasında
verilen “His ideas are really amazing and
thought-provoking” ifadesinden Faulkner ile ilgili
konuşulmaya devam edildiğini ve bu konuşmaların
olumlu yargılar içerdiğini anlayabiliriz. Bu kriterlere
uyan bir soru içeren E seçeneğinde soru köküne
direkt gönderme içeren “this special style” ifadesi
kullanılmıştır. Bu ifadeyle Julie’nin ilk konuşmasındaki
“his style” tamlamasına atıfta bulunulmuştur. Tüm
yönlerden soru köküyle örtüşen bir sorunun sorulduğu
E seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
ÖRNEK SORU:
Jack:
– How are you getting on with that book James
gave you as a birthday present? I know Faulkner
DENİZ PINAR
has a reputation of being a writer difficult to read

and understand.
Julie:
– Let’s say his style is a little unusual, and you
need to get accustomed to it.
Jack: STRATEJİ 3
– ---- CONTEXT (İÇERİK/KONU)
Pat:
YDT’de diyalog soruları, bir konu üzerine
– Oh certainly. His ideas are really amazing and yoğunlaşmış olacağı için, diyaloğu devam ettiren ya
thought-provoking. da tamamlayan doğru yanıt da bu konu ile ilgili, bu
A) Do all his novels and stories deal with the konu hakkında olmalıdır. Kısacası “context”e (içeriğe)
hardships southern people face? bağlı kalınmalıdır. Diyalogda konuşulan konuyla ilgisi
B) I wonder what makes him one of the most olmayan ifadeler içeren seçenekler elenmelidir.
celebrated writers in American literature. Bu açıdan diyalog tamamlama soruları paragraf
C) I don’t know why some people regard him as the tamamlama sorularıyla benzeşmektedir. Paragraf
Dostoyevsky of the South. tamamlamada nasıl boşluktan sonraki ya da önceki
cümleleri daha özenli ve dikkatli okuyorsak diyalog
D) I reckon all good writers have their own individual
tamamlarken de konuya bağlı kalabilmek için boş
style.
bırakılan konuşmanın öncesinde ve sonrasında
E) Does this special style of his serve any useful
verilen ifadeler daha dikkatli incelenmelidir.
purpose?
180
ÖRNEK SORU: olurlar. Bana göre iyi bir hikaye bir grup gerçek
John: ve rakamdan daha ilginçtir.) ifadesiyle hikayelerden
olumlu söz etmiştir. Boşlukta da Maria’nın konuya dair
– Some people see stories as fiction, and they
olumlu konuşmasını beklemeliyiz. Tüm bu kriterlere
consider them to be silliness and lies. What about
uygun “In my point of view, stories are a powerful
you? What do you think of them? way of bringing to life our unique qualities.” (Benim
Maria: kanaatimce hikayeler hayatımıza eşsiz özellikler
– ---- getirmek için eşsiz bir yoldurlar.) ifadesinin verildiği B
John:
– I don’t think I can get it? Could you make it a
bit clearer, please? ÖRNEK SORU:
Maria: Presenter:
– Well, I mean that they help us sell ourselves – Susie, could you please tell me what a chav is.
more creatively and effectively. For me, a good Susie:
narrative is much more interesting than a list of – OK. A chav is a young person, usually working
facts and figures. class, who is not well-educated. Chavs usually
A) I personally believe that non-fiction writers need wear designer clothes, particularly top sports
to perform research, as well. brands, and they usually wear big, gold jewellery.
B) In my point of view, stories are a powerful way of Presenter:
DENİZ PINAR
bringing to life our unique qualities. – ----

C) According to some, it is more reliable than many Susie:
other sources.
– Hmm. Experts do not really agree about this.
D) They are award-winning artists who are among There are two common theories. One is that it’s
the top storytellers in the nation. an old Romany word that just means boy or child.
E) I personally think that museums are among the But another theory says that chav comes from the
greatest storytellers of modern times. name of a particular place, a town in Kent called
Chatham.
ÇÖZÜM: A) I am sure most of our listeners have long
Soru kökünde John’un ilk konuşmasında verilen “Some wondered the reason why chavs have a bad
people see stories as fiction, and they consider them reputation.
to be silliness and lies. What about you? What do you B) So you’ve done a lot of work in this area, so what
think of them?” (Bazı insanlar hikayeleri kurgu olarak makes these people so unpopular among teens?
görüyorlar ve onların saçmalık ve yalan olduğunu
C) Can we say that working class people are,
düşünüyorlar. Sence? Sen hikayeler hakkında ne
on average, the least educated people of the
düşünüyorsun?) ifadesinden konuşmanın konusunun
society?
“stories” (hikayeler) olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Okuyucu
olarak beklentimiz boşlukta Maria’nın hikayeler D) Then, why do designer clothes cost more even
hakkında konuşmaya devam etmesidir. Ayrıca Maria though the materials are the same as cheap
son konuşmasında “Well, I mean that they help us ones?
sell ourselves more creatively and effectively. For me, E) Well. One thing I have always wanted to know
a good narrative is much more interesting than a list about chavs is where the name chavs come
of facts and figures.” (Bence hikayeler kendimizi daha
from.
yaratıcı ve etkin biçimde ifade etmemize yardımcı
181
Sorunun çözümünde Susie’nin son konuşması Frank:

kilit noktadadır. Susie son konuşmasında yaptığı – What is it that you are reading there?
açıklamada “chav” kelimesinin nereden geldiğini Sue:
(kökenini) anlatmaktadır. Bu şekilde bir açıklama için – It is an article which says that the application of
boşlukta da “chav” kelimesinin nereden geldiğine Savonius turbine for obtaining useful energy from
dair bir ifadenin verilmiş olması gerekir. Diyaloğun wind is an alternative to the use of conventional
konusuna bağlı, bu şekilde bir ifade sadece E wind turbines. And, amongst its advantages are
seçeneğinde verilmiştir. Doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir. the simple construction, high start-up and full
operation moment, wind acceptance from any
direction, and low noise.
Frank:
– ----
Sue:
– Of course, it does. It has certain drawbacks such
as low performance efficiency and sometimes
poor starting characteristics. Its performance
is affected by different operational conditions,
geometric and air flow parameters.
DENİZ PINAR
A) Sounds nice. But what about its disadvantages?

Does it have any?
B) Is it used for converting the force of the wind into
torque on a rotating shaft?
C) So, we can say that it is used whenever cost or
STRATEJİ 4
reliability is much more important than efficiency.
TRANSITIONS (GEÇİŞ
D) Does it provide electricity without contributing to
SÖZCÜKLERİ/OLUMLU-OLUMSUZ ANLAM)
the increase in global-warming gases?
E) It must have a wide range of usage area, then.
Diyalog esnasında konuşmacılardan biri bir soru
sorduğunda cevap veren kişi önce onaylamış gibi
görünüp daha sonra özellikle “transition” (geçiş ÇÖZÜM:
sözcüğü) kullanarak konuyu farklı bir yöne çekebilir. Soru kökünde konuşulan konu “Savonius turbine”
Bu dönüşler diyalogda konuya bakış açısını olumludan şeklinde Sue’nun ilk konuşmasında verilmiştir. Ancak
olumsuza ya da olumsuzdan olumluya çevirebilir. Bu konuya ilişkin konuşmalarda boşluğun öncesi ve
tür anlamsal dönüşlere dikkat etmek gerekir. sonrasında çelişkiler vardır. Sue boşluktan önce
konuya ilişkin olumlu ifadeler kullanırken, boşluktan
sonra bakış açısını değiştirmiş ve Savonius Turbine’in
olumsuz yönlerini açıklamaya başlamıştır. Boşlukta
olumludan olumsuza olan bu geçişi sağlayabilecek
bir ifadeye ihtiyaç vardır. Bu ifade A seçeneğinde
“Sounds nice. But what about its disadvantages?
Does it have any?” (Kulağa hoş geliyor ama ya
dezavantajları? Dezavantajı var mı?) şeklinde
verilmiştir. Doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
182
ÖRNEK SORU:
Daphne:
– I’ve heard that you are quite competent in
sports, especially basketball and tennis?
Joe:
– ----
Daphne:
– Well, don’t worry about not being good at
both of them. Actually, we already don’t have the
suitable areas for them in the campus.
Joe:
– I’m relieved to hear your comments because I
don’t want to lose my scholarship just because I
lack in some sports.
A) Sports is not my field of interest, yet I like
watching series especially at weekends.
B) I’m very much skilled at basketball and swimming,
so I was in the school team.
DENİZ PINAR
C) I don’t play any games seriously, thus, can we

skip this question?
D) I’m quite good at soccer, but I hate having to play
basketball and tennis as I feel myself incapable.
E) Well, if it is not going to be held in evidence
against me, playing chess is my favorite hobby.
ÇÖZÜM:
Diyalogda Daphne’nin olumlu başlayan konuşması
ikinci konuşmasında olumsuza dönmüştür. Boşluğa
olumsuza giden bu geçişi sağlayabilecek ve
Daphne’nin ikinci konuşmasındaki “both of them”
ifadesinin karşılığının verildiği bir konuşma gereklidir.
D seçeneğinde verilen “I’m quite good at soccer,
but I hate having to play basketball and tennis as I
feel myself incapable.” (Futbolda gayet iyiyim ama
kendimi yetersiz hissettiğimden dolayı basketbol ve
tenis oynamaktan nefret ediyorum.) ifadesi boşluk
için uygundur. Doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
183
DIALOGUE COMPLETION TESTS DPELS
2. Kelly:
DIALOGUE COMPLETION TESTS
– I am working on my Natural Earth assignment
SET 1 on acid rain. At first, I thought it would be
quite easy, but it turned out to be really
1. - 16. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş complicated.
bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bu- Harris:
lunuz.
– Well, I can help you with it! I know a lot about
acid rain. I studied its causes and effects last
year.
1. John:
Kelly:
– Who do you think will be promoted for the
new managerial position? – Really? That’s great I’ve done some work
on the causes. I’m going to emphasize that
Sally:
acid rain is caused by Sulphur dioxide from
– It’s a tough question, but I think Jane would
power plants and smelters.
quite suit such a position.
Harris:
John:
– ----
– ----
Kelly:
Sally:
– Really? Thanks. I didn’t know that. I might
– Yes, with the qualifications she has and with
add that, as well.
her dedication, she certainly does.
DENİZ PINAR
A) But, aren’t nitrogen oxides also caused by

A) She is experienced enough for such a position,
natural events?
isn’t she?
B) Exactly. Power plants and smelters can also
B) Do you think she has the necessary
lead to acid rain by producing sulphur dioxide.
qualifications?
C) Well, it’s not just sulphur dioxide, it’s also nitrogen
C) I hardly know what she really does for the
oxides from things such as car exhausts.
company.
D) I will explain how acid rain often comes down
D) I suppose you are right. She deserves it, doesn’t
not only as rain but also as snow or fog.
she?
E) I’m really not sure what causes the formation of
E) That she lacks the required skills and
acid rain apart from sulphur dioxide.
commitment is obvious.
184
DPELS DIALOGUE COMPLETION TESTS
3. Claire: 5. Jason:
– You know fraud is becoming more and more – Hi Sheila, it’s been a month since we last
common, and every day we hear people saw each other. How is your school going?
losing large amounts of money. And your job
Sheila:
is?
Timothy: – It’s going well, actually. I’m really enjoying
my math course at the moment, mainly
– My job is to tell the public what’s happening.
because it’s not that difficult compared to
Claire: the other classes.
– ----
Jason:
Timothy:
– ----
– That’s right. For criminals, Internet fraud
is easier because it’s so impersonal. In the Sheila:
old days, they had to make fake cheques – Well, I’ve got four and they are all highly
or pretend to be someone else to fake their knowledgeable, but Professor Jones is my
targets. Nowadays, though, they can steal favourite – I really respond well to the way
money without ever meeting their victims. he teaches.
A) I see, and the main area you are working on is A) How many classes do you have to take each
Internet fraud I think, isn’t it?
term?
B) So what’s the main difference between frauds in
B) Nice. Is it the only course you are enrolled in
the past and today?
right now?
C) But does the public find it easy to understand
things happening on the Internet? C) Good. And what about the tutors – what are they
like?
D) Your days must be occupied with running after
DENİZ PINAR
criminals stealing money, then. D) What about the other students’ reaction toward
E) Therefore, it is clear that the Internet is becoming the teachers?
a big part of the gambling world. E) How about your social life? Have you been able
to make any friends so far?
4. Richard:
– ---- 6. George:
Tom: – Do you have any plans for this afternoon?
– I’m not sure I understand what you are trying Harriet:
to convey.
– Not really. Why?
Richard:
George:
– I mean that they do it all the time and it
doesn’t seem to bother them. – ----
Tom: Harriet:
– Sounds so reasonable, doesn’t it? After all, – Oh, I would love to. I love arts and crafts.
one cannot learn to walk by falling over. Let’s do it!
A) Have you read the new article on the importance A) It is because I don’t like arts and crafts at all.
of creativity for children?
B) Let’s stay here at home and read the papers,
B) Many toddlers start walking on their own then.
between 12 and 15 months.
C) Are you aware of the fact that the exhibition is
C) I don’t think that children are as good as they
about to begin?
are supposed to be in learning languages.
D) Why don’t we go outside and visit the
D) Have you ever noticed how children are always
making mistakes? newly-opened exhibition?
E) I don’t see why some people are so apprehensive E) Would you agree if I said art is nothing but a
about the mistakes they make. waste of time?
185
7. Jade: 9. Alan:
– ---- – Why do you want to borrow my laptop?
Mike: Where’s yours? You do have one, don’t you?
– They certainly are. As they mostly feed on Mark:
insects, they are beneficial in helping to – ----
manage pests in gardens, fields, forests and
homes. Alan:
Jade: – Oh, I see. How long will it take?

– Yet many people are afraid of them. Why is Mark:
that? – I don’t know, but at least a couple of weeks,
Mike: I can say.
– It must be because some are dangerous to A) Yes, I do. It’s over there. Can’t you see it?
humans and almost all are hunters.
B) No, I’ve given it to my sister.
A) Have researchers examined the spiders they
C) Well, because I didn’t use it so often, I left it in
collected in the forest yet?
my office.
B) More than 43,000 different species of spiders
are found in the world. D) Not any longer. I think they are all nothing but a
C) Some spiders like moisture and are found in waste of time.
basements of buildings. E) Of course, I do, but at present I am having it
D) The majority of the 3,000 spiders in the United repaired.
States aren’t poisonous.
E) I suppose spiders must be very important in
DENİZ PINAR
controlling insect populations.
8. Claire:
– Is it true that acid rain has both aquatic and
forest impacts? 10. Pete:
Timothy: – What do you think is the reason for the
– Certainly. Scientists believe that acid rain is spread of American pop culture around the
responsible for the dramatic disappearance world?
of brook trout and other fish species from Mathew:
unspoiled lakes and streams.
– ----
Claire:
Pete:
– ----
– Is it possible that a language has such an
Timothy:
effect?
– According to the latest reports, the current
mortality and decline of high elevation red Mathew:
spruce populations in the northeast forests – Definitely! That is because it is a universal
are mainly linked to acid deposition. language.
A) Have you seen the latest reports on the A) One major reason is aggressive marketing,
consequences of acid rain? I think.
B) Does it have anything to do with the elevation in
B) I know many people are fond of American songs
red spruce populations?
and movies.
C) How are they so sure of its impact on the health
C) Natives of America spoke derivatives of the
of forest ecosystems?
Aztec language.
D) Oh, how awful! But what about its effects on the
forests? D) It must have been due to English, I would say.
E) How come? I thought they had more disastrous E) For the basic reason that the USA is a universal
effects on forest ecosystems. power.
186
11. Amber: 13. Amy:

– I read an article on flying saucers the other – ----
day. Many people claimed that they saw David:
them. – It is the term used to refer to the eight
Kevin: schools that make up the Ivy League athletic
conference and they are famous for their
– ----
accomplishments in sports and academic
Amber: excellence.
– How come can you be so sure of that? Amy:
Kevin: – Which schools are they?
– Come on, Amber. They are all products of David:
science fiction! – Harvard, Dartmouth, UPenn, Brown,
A) I have always wondered the outer space and Columbia, Princeton, Yale and Cornell.
aliens living on other plants. A) Being a student at any Ivy League universities is
my biggest dream.
B) I don’t believe they are telling the truth and there
is no such thing as flying saucers! B) I think there are 8 universities in the Ivy League,
aren’t there?
C) I am among those who saw aliens and their
C) Do you happen to know anything about the Ivy
space ships.
League?
D) I’m sure that there are intelligent beings that are
D) Which Ivy League school do you want to study
trying to communicate with us. at?
E) Whether you believe me or not, aliens exist. E) What exactly is the academic excellence in the
DENİZ PINAR
Ivy League?
14. Sam:
– I don’t understand why Professor Mathiason
insists that we should refer to the names
12. Maggie: from whom we quote while writing an
– What happened? What kept you so long? academic paper?
Julia: Kimberly:
– ---- – It’s no wonder, Sam, as otherwise it would be

plagiarism.
Maggie
Sam:
– You should have expected that beforehand
– ----
given the fact that we are on Christmas Eve.
Kimberly:
Julia:
– It is presenting someone else’s work or
– Next time, I’ll keep that in mind. ideas as your own, which is considered to
A) The store was swarmed with people and it took be an act of fraud.
me 45 minutes to get to the cashier. A) I have never plagiarized anyone’s work.
B) Some people at the theatre were so rude that I B) Do you mean plagiarism is an illegal act or a
couldn’t help arguing with them. felony?
C) I got hit by a car and had to wait for the doctor C) Plagiarism is the act of taking credit for someone
on duty to examine me. else’s words or ideas.
D) What does stealing someone else’s ideas
D) The infrastructure is very bad in this town as a
mean?
matter of fact.
E) I have never heard of it before. What is
E) My car must have been towed away by now, as
plagiarism, anyway?
I had to double park it.
187
15. Avery: 16. Bill:

– My father has got emotional especially lately. – What do you think about Elon Musk?
He starts to shed tears even while watching Sarah:
a commercial.
– Well, I believe he is rather accomplished,
Felicia: as in his 20s, he founded Tesla Motors
– ---- and SpaceX, which launched a landmark
Avery: commercial spacecraft in 2012.
– As far as I know, it’s fine. He got it checked Bill:

last week. – ----
Felicia: Sarah:
– Then, it must be because he is getting older. – You’re right. He proved that a person can
You know what they say: As one gets older, see such success and wealth at such a
they become more vulnerable and sensitive. young age.
A) How is his health? Is he OK, or is he going A) Elon Reeve Musk is a South African-born
through an economic problem these days? American entrepreneur and businessman who
B) Do you know if he has a heart-related problem, founded X.com.
as intense emotions may be seen in such B) He also took on an advisory role in the early days
situations? of President Donald Trump’s administration.
C) Health is the most precious thing in one’s life C) In my opinion, what makes him remarkable is
indeed. that he made a great contribution to science
D) He had a heart surgery last year if I’m not despite being so young.
DENİZ PINAR
mistaken, didn’t he? D) He moved to Canada to attend Queen’s

E) He has been overreacting to anything since he University and avoid mandatory service in the
went bankrupt last year. South African military, didn’t he?
E) I don’t think he is that successful; just his moves
were timed perfectly with the Internet boom.
188
3. Bob:
SET 2
– Do you think you can easily land your first
1. - 16. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bıra- job here in the UK?
kılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz. Tamer:
– With many internship, apprenticeship and
1. Terry:
scholarship opportunities available, I believe
– Are you sad to miss the voter registration
it will be easier for me to build my career
deadline?
here.
Richard:
Bob:
– ----
– ----
Terry:
Tamer:
– Yes, I do not like it when people cannot
debate about politics without becoming – I want to work full time as a research
mean to each other. scientist specializing in nanotechnology.
Richard: A) Have you consulted the career advisor at the
– I think most people are OK, but the most career center office?
vocal ones cannot cope with anyone B) Which professions are available now?
disagreeing with them.
C) Why don’t you try to apply for an appropriate
A) Not too much. Everyone gets very nasty with
job?
people who support the other party when there
is an election. D) I think you want to go back to your country, don’t
B) My state always votes for the Republican Party, you?
so the Democrats will never win there. E) What position do you actually want for your
DENİZ PINAR
C) I’m not sure. I don’t support one party strongly, so future career?
I just look at whether candidates are promising.
D) I definitely am not! It is better for me to stay
away from politics totally.
E) Sure, I always perform my duty as a responsible
citizen. I think it’s very important to go and vote.
4. Sam:
– Did you enjoy the football match you went to
2. Derya:
at the weekend?
– What will you do for the New Year?
Edward:
Burak:
– Yes. I have always loved going to watch
– We’ll spend it at home. We might sit and talk
when the TV shows get boring. Then, once football.
it’s midnight, we’ll wish each other a happy Sam:
New Year.
– ----
Derya:
Edward:
– ----
– Not as much, but yes I still enjoy the
Burak:
atmosphere at the stadium where everyone
– We actually have. It won’t be a big party, but sing and chant together.
I’m sure we will enjoy spending time with
A) How often do you go to watch them play?
each other.
A) How do you plan what to do? B) Did you want to play football when you were
B) Do you do the same thing each year? young?
C) What have you been doing since last Christmas? C) Will you buy tickets for the next match?
D) Have you had a different one in recent years? D) Even when the local team loses?
E) Have you invited other people to join you for the
E) Do you know the celebrity players?
event?
189
5. Lucas: 7. Flora:
– Do you know where I can get hold of a – So, what’s on the menu for tonight’s feast?
second hand car in good condition? Jordan:
Sean: – Well, along with my special soup and green
– In fact, I was thinking about selling mine. salad, I’ll cook creamy parmesan mushroom
Haven’t you changed yours recently? chicken.
Lucas: Flora:
– ---- – ----
Sean: Jordan:
– In that case, I’ll come by tomorrow and you – Of course, I do. I will prepare another portion
can call him to come over. for him without mushrooms in it.
A) Well, my sister is looking for a new one these A) I have tried that recipe once and it was awful.
days. B) Do you have any idea how to cook such a
B) I’m thinking of getting one and having it challenging recipe?
refurbished. C) In that case, I get to prepare the dessert. How
C) Oh, I’m not the one looking for a car. My brother about tiramisu?
wants to buy one. D) Sounds delicious, but you do remember that my
D) I need to speak to my wife first. brother is allergic to mushrooms, don’t you?
E) What’s the price on your mind? E) Why haven’t you picked a meal that will appeal
to everyone’s taste?
DENİZ PINAR
8. Jenny:
6. Patricia: – Good afternoon. May I have the medical
– Why are you at home at this hour? Aren’t records of a patient named Stan Norman,
you supposed to be at work? please?
Rachel: Secretary:
– I had a quarrel with my supervisor yesterday – I can’t give them to you unless you have
and I don’t want to confront him. I think I’ll filled out a medical record request form first.
quit my job. What would you do if you were Jenny:
in my shoes?
– ----
Patricia:
Secretary:
– ----
– That’s why we didn’t have such requirements
Rachel: back then. Fill out the form please if you
– I guess you have a point. I should think want the records.
about this thoroughly on my own. A) I didn’t need to fill one the last time I got here six
A) But you have a perfect job. How could you quit months ago.
your job? B) I have already filled it out and handed it over to
B) It’s not important what I think. You should be the your colleague on the front desk.
one to decide what to do. C) You should be more polite to the people you’re
C) You must be respectful to your manager if you dealing with.
want to get a promotion. D) He was a patient staying in this hospital three
D) I’m sorry to hear that. You must be devastated. months ago.
E) Don’t worry. It shouldn’t be so hard for such a E) How long does it take to fill out this form? I’m in
qualified person as you are to find a job soon. a bit hurry.
190
9. Chloe: 11. Jimmy:

– Do you think we will live long enough to – Why are you so frustrated?
meet aliens?
Thomas:
Aaron:
– ----
– ----
Jimmy:
Chloe:
– Didn’t you see the news last night? The
– What on earth are you talking about?
President is visiting our city today.
Aaron:
Thomas:
– Don’t you ever watch the news? The
archaeologists have recently found some – Now the mystery has been solved. I thought
mummified aliens predicted to be 1700 years there was a huge traffic accident somewhere.
old in Peru. They have been doing such A) I had a big fight with my wife this morning.
discoveries since the 1990s.
B) On the contrary, I’m having a very pleasing
A) I don’t believe in aliens. They are all conspiracy morning today.
theories.
C) I watched the news this morning. This country
B) My brother and I once saw a space ship when
gets on my nerves every day.
we were camping in our backyard.
C) You do not believe in everything you read D) Yes, I am. But why are so cheerful about this?
online, do you? E) The traffic was a mess. It drives me crazy
D) I have faith in the fact that we will meet them especially when it happens in the morning.
one day.
E) They have already been met, you know.
DENİZ PINAR
10. Megan: 12. Richard:

– What are you reading? – Did you know the right part of the brain is the
Harry: one responsible for our feelings, emotions
– An article about tulip cultivation. It says and fantasies?
when a tulip has two colours, then it means, Anna:
it has a virus disease.
– ----
Megan:
Richard:
– ----
Harry: – It deals more with logic and reality.
– So do I. Anna:
A) How can the researchers be sure of such a – Good to know that.

thing? A) Emotions play a part in business decision
B) Really? I prefer the single-coloured ones after making.
all. B) So the problem is those who behave like
C) It could be, as I’ve also read about two- children and rely exclusively on them.
coloured tulips that aren’t as healthy as the
C) Some people’s personalities are too rigid to
single-coloured ones.
obey strict rules.
D) What a pity since they are so cute. Don’t you
agree with me? D) Are our brains active even when we are
sleeping?
E) I don’t believe this is true. They are always
coming up with incredible and unreliable ideas. E) Interesting; what about the other part?
191
13. Cameron: 15. Prudence:

– I am of the opinion that it is urgent that – ----
female participation in the labour force be Andy:
increased. – Too low blood pressure can also pose risks
Nicholas: to health indeed.
– Why do you think it is needed? Prudence:
Cameron: – In what way?
– ---- Andy:
Nicholas: – Well, fainting, nausea, rapid and shallow
breathing, fatigue, pale skin that feels cold
– I totally agree with you on that.
and clammy, and lack of concentration are
A) Workers reaching the official retirement age among the symptoms.
remain in their current employment.
A) We get blood pressure from the natural pumping
B) So as to boost and sustain economic growth of blood through the heart.
and aid the sustainability of the pension system
B) Some people feel fine when their blood pressure
in the future.
reads 90/60, while others, usually older patients,
C) Immigration policy could bring about further experience symptoms if their blood pressure
pressures on the country’s infrastructure. sits around 115/70.
D) Governments refrain from using women as C) When blood pressure is dangerously high, it
human shields when they cite women’s rights may produce symptoms in some people that
violations to justify imperial wars. include headaches, dizziness and nosebleeds.
E) Most citizens have failed to make positive D) First and foremost, symptoms related to low
contributions to the economy and society. blood pressure should be evaluated in the
DENİZ PINAR
medical office.
E) If lifestyle habits do not successfully increase
blood pressure, medication may then be
prescribed to ensure the heart is working
14. Phillip: sufficiently.
– The steam engine and electrification
revolutionized the entire sectors of the 16. Mel:
economy from the 18th century onwards.
– Do you know what a Super volcano is?
Elizabeth: Susannah:
– Absolutely! What about today’s industries? – ----
Phillip: Mel:
– ---- – It currently has become a popular term used
Elizabeth: to refer to volcanoes that can release at
– And data analytics of course. least 300 cubic kilometers of magma in the
eruption.
A) The Internet, robotics, and artificial intelligence
Susannah:
have all dramatically altered them, I believe.
– Thanks for the information, Mel.
B) New technologies have made the business
transactions more complicated than ever. A) Geological records show that a Super volcano
eruption occurs at least every 100,000 years.
C) The steam engine had the potential to produce
disciplined, diligent, resolute, and ordered B) The question is not “whether a Super volcano
workers. eruption will occur”, but “when it will occur.”
D) The website Mpsallowances.parliament.uk C) The most recent eruption, which formed Lake
allows anyone with Internet connection to view Taupo, occurred in the North Island, New
all the MPs’ expenses. Zealand, 26,500 years ago.
D) Maybe you can enlighten me about it.
E) In 2005, there were just 500 million devices
connected to the Internet; today there are 8 E) Geological Society of London in 2005 reported
billion. some worse eruptions affecting five to ten times
more than the impact of an asteroid.
192
3. Brea:
SET 3
– I watched a video on social media today that
showed how some animals are instinctively
1. - 16. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bıra-
protecting nature and the environment.
kılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz.
Avery:
1. Diane: – It is safe to say that they are more sensitive
– The article I’ve just read says that cosmetic than people in this regard, isn’t it?
surgery in the U.S. has considerably Brea:
increased in the last decade.
– ----
Ken:
Avery:
– There is nothing surprising me in that article,
– And I’m sorry to see their ignorance and
as a matter of fact.
insensitivity are getting worse each day!
Diane:
A) You’re right, but what worries me more is
– What do you exactly mean, Ken? that especially teenagers are indifferent toward
Ken: nature.
– ---- B) Among those animals are crows that are known
A) Men were interested in plastic surgery last year for their intelligence and adaptability.
indeed. C) If a raven knows another raven is watching, it
B) Well, there are too many programs and hides its food.
commercials on TV that praise and promote D) People have become aware of the significance
perfect bodies. of nature for us all.
C) I don’t think producers of such programs attach E) Crows are more sensitive to nature than people,
importance to beauty, as it does not matter
DENİZ PINAR
aren’t they?
when establishing relationships.
D) You know what they say: Beauty is skin deep.
4. Theodore:
E) Because voters go to vote for candidates in
November after the election campaigns are – People-especially children- in poverty-
over. stricken countries are going through serious
illnesses.
2. Maggie: Vermont:
– The bald eagle has been added to the – Yes, but most of these diseases in such
vulnerable list! countries are preventable with clean water
and sanitation.
Julia:
Theodore:
– ----
– Meaning?
Maggie:
Vermont:
– How come do you say that? It is too early to
conclude that its number is increasing in the – ----
wild. A) Poverty is about not having enough money to
Julia: meet basic needs including food, clothing and
shelter.
– I believe it is something good anyway.
B) In terms of human immunodeficiency
A) I’m really happy to hear that, as it was on the
virus (HIV) infection, a minimum of 5-10 million
endangered species list last year.
Africans are infected.
B) An endangered species is a species which has
been categorized as likely to become extinct. C) Clean water and hygiene can help prevent
many of the diseases in poverty areas.
C) Populations of the bald eagle have been on the
rebound for a decade. D) Desertification is a type of land degradation in
D) The bald eagle is an opportunistic feeder which which a relatively dry area of land becomes
subsists mainly on fish. increasingly arid.
E) Endangered species issues are thus linked to E) Improving sanitation has become a focus for the
other international law enforcement issues. development community.
193
5. Janet: 7. Cameron:
– A recent research has revealed that there is – There are only two species of elephants: the
no relationship between how well students African elephant and the Asian elephant.
do academically and what their attitudes Jack:
toward schooling actually are. – There were, actually.
Pamela: Cameron:
– I couldn’t agree more with you! – ----
Janet: Jack:
– ---- – In 2000, scientists categorized the African
elephant species into two distinct species,
Pamela:
the larger being the African savannah
– Well, I actually do; Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, elephant and the smaller being the African
and Mark Zuckerberg to name but a few. forest elephant.
A) Numerous celebrities have ventured into A) What do you mean by that?
becoming business moguls and established B) All three species have similar sociality, with
themselves as entrepreneurs. defined social structures.
B) Hollywood is a neighborhood in the central C) Elephants are greyish to brown in colour, and
region of Los Angeles, California, notable as the their body hair is sparse and coarse, am I right?
home of the U.S. film industry. D) Asian and African elephants can be differentiated
C) Do you believe money is the root of all evil? most easily by their ears, their head shape, and
D) Do you know any famous person that achieved their tusks.
great achievements in this regard? E) Most elephants were in Arunachal Pradesh and
Assam, with only about 60 animals in West
E) Don’t you actually think that you are exaggerating
Bengal and Tripura.
DENİZ PINAR
the necessity of academic achievement?
8. Vera:
6. Mia:
– Mount Vesuvius is the only active volcano
– Do you know what bibliothreapy is? on mainland Europe, and has produced
Perry: some of the continent’s largest volcanic
– I think I do; it is a therapeutic aid in treatment eruptions.
of an illness through the use of books, am I Tom:
right? – Yes, I know and it is best known because
Mia: of the eruption in A.D. 79 that destroyed the
cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
– ----
Vera:
Perry:
– It hasn’t erupted for years; actually, its last
– Hospitalized persons often resort to reading eruption was in 1944.
as an escape from boredom or to forget their
Tom:
ailments.
– ----
A) Bibliotheraphy for emotionally disturbed or
A) Other Italian volcanoes, such as Campi Flegrei
mentally ill persons consists of organized
and Stromboli, are part of the Campanian
reading programs.
volcanic arc.
B) Exactly, so can you tell me how it works on B) There are about 1500 potentially active
those who are sick? volcanoes worldwide, aside from the continuous
C) The major drawback of this therapy device is the belt of volcanoes on the ocean floor.
lack of research that has been conducted on it. C) Even so, it still represents a great danger to
D) In the 1980s and early 1990s, bibliotherapy was the cities that surround it, especially the busy
a widely used but poorly researched therapeutic metropolis of Naples.
model, wasn’t it? D) Dormant volcanoes are those that have not
E) Storytelling is the social and cultural activity erupted for thousands of years.
of sharing stories, often with theatrics and E) Volcanic lava is also one of the best
improvisation. cave-makers known to geology.
194
9. David: 11. Henry:

– This article says the female Anopheles – There is nothing in the town to do these days
mosquito is the only mosquito that transmits and I’m really bored.
malaria. Glee:
Christina:
– That makes two of us.
– I know that and there are more than 100
Henry:
species of malaria parasite, the most
deadly of which is known as Plasmodium – ----
falciparum. Glee:
David: – I really would love to do that! I have missed
– How does it infect the body? them a lot, indeed!
Christina: A) The economic outlook does not look promising.
– ---- B) Let’s eat at home rather than spend so much
A) Cerebral malaria can cause coma, life-long- money on the food at that restaurant, shall we?
learning disabilities, and death.
C) The news warns the local people about an
B) It primarily bites between the hours of 9pm and approaching hurricane at Category 4.
5am, which is why sleeping under a mosquito
D) Shall we go to see a good movie instead of
net at night is such an important method of
renting a DVD movie?
prevention.
C) Female mosquitoes bite because they need E) Why don’t we get in the car and pay a visit to our
protein found in blood to develop their eggs. grandparents in Los Angeles?
D) Well, once the parasite enters the human body,
it lodges itself in the liver where it multiplies 12. Terry:
approximately 10,000 times and two weeks – What is Manifest Destiny, anyway?
DENİZ PINAR
after that, the parasite bursts into the blood

Herbert:
stream where it begins infecting red blood cells.
E) Nearly everyone is sensitive to mosquito bites, – It is a phrase coined in 1845 and it expressed
but the reaction can be serious. the philosophy that drove 19th-century U.S.
territorial expansion.
10. Maria: Terry:

– What do you think of the use of animals in – ----
science? Herbert:
Orlando: – Let me put it this way then. Manifest
– I’m totally opposed to it, as I believe those Destiny held the view that the United States
who use them are doing nothing but making was destined by God to expand its dominion
them suffer. and spread democracy and capitalism
Maria: across the entire North American continent.
– But when the numerous affirmative results A) In the 19th century, Manifest Destiny was a
for humanity through such experiments are widely held belief in the United States that its
considered, I can’t agree with you on this. settlers were destined to expand across North
Orlando: America.
– ---- B) The Congress formally adopted the Declaration
A) Why are you insisting on being so adamant of Independence, written largely by Jefferson, in
about this controversial issue? Philadelphia on July 4.
B) Let’s leave this accommodation problem to C) Will you please make it more clear for me so
experts and politicians, then. that I can grasp what exactly it is about, as I did
C) The border of trustees of the company is losing not understand what you just said?
credit day by day. D) Is it related to the Universal Declaration of
D) Are you familiar with scientific experiments, for Human Rights and if so, how?
God’s sake? E) Do you mean that it is an international
E) Even so, I still am of the opinion that it cannot be document that underscores the basic rights and
acceptable. fundamental freedoms?
195
13. Sam: 15. Felicia:

– This article lays an emphasis upon the – ----
importance of avoiding some chemicals. Mandy:
Hillary: – All Buddhist schools today, despite their
– Yes, I have read it, too and we should take differences in ritual, doctrine, and practice,
heed to its warning about them, indeed. are based on the original teachings of
Sam: Buddha Shakyamuni.
– ---- Felicia:
Hillary: – So this must be the reason why Buddha
Shakyamuni is the principal object of refuge
– Because certain chemicals, especially
for all Buddhists, then.
if continuously taken in high levels, can
weaken memory and the ability to learn, and Mandy:
that can accidentally result in mistakes. – Exactly!
A) Why do you act so cautiously? A) Why is Buddha Shakyamuni is the most
B) How do you believe doctors can treat an represented image in Buddhism?
infectious disease? B) Buddha Shakyamuni is often referred to as «the
C) You should definitely see a specialist, then. Buddha».
D) Approximately a quarter of the premature deaths C) Tibet developed a distinct culture due to its
throughout the world result from air pollution in geographic and climatic conditions.
countries that produce goods for export. D) Is Khatag a traditional ceremonial scarf used in
E) At its height, the city produced a considerable Tibet and Mongolia?
amount of pollution. E) Buddhism arose in the eastern part of Ancient
DENİZ PINAR
India, in and around the ancient Kingdom of

Magadha.
14. Perry:
– Do you know what a “sound economy”
means? 16. Tony:
Jayden: – Doctors warn that toddlers are especially
susceptible to the effects of environmental
– Of course I do, Perry. I read papers and
pollutants.
watch news.
Belinda:
Perry:
– Why do you think it is?
– ----
Tony:
Jayden:
– ----
– It is a diverse and integrated economy led by
the industry and manufacturing sectors. Belinda:
A) The economic indications are not promising for – Oh, that makes sense.
investors. A) They are affected by conflicts although they
B) I’m not interested in economics and statistics at don't understand what they are about.
all! B) By 10 months old, infants display the full range
C) I can feel sarcasm here! Anyway, will you tell me of what are considered the basic emotions.
what it is? C) Because their organs and immune systems are
D) Germany has a sound economy which is also still developing and their bodies are so small.
resilient against both internal and external D) After all, small children are especially vulnerable
shocks. to dehydration, and it’s not only stomach bugs
E) You received your master’s degree in that are seen as a problem.
international relations, so you should tell me E) Since adults must help children avoid sugary
why it is. drinks both at home and at school.
196
2. Seth:
SET 4
– The Emancipation Proclamation gave
1. - 16. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bıra- hope and freedom to African Americans
kılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz. across the U.S.
Amanda:
– But they still do not fully enjoy the blessings
1. Jerry:
the Emancipation proclamation was
– Scientists maintain that by the end of the supposed to provide for them.
century, the Arctic will get far more rain. I’m
Seth:
really worried about wildlife in the Arctic.
– What makes you think that way?
Ramos:
Amanda:
– What is so big deal?
– ----
Jerry:
A) African Americans in Southern states are still
– ----
going through disenfranchisement, segregation
Ramos: and oppression in a white-dominated world.
– OK, I’m taking my question back now. B) President Abraham Lincoln issued the
A) The proper understanding of precipitation Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863,
variability, seasonality, and predictability as the nation approached its third year of the
are important for effective environmental bloody civil war.
management. C) The indigenous people in Australia have been
B) Global warming has the potential to seriously living thousands of years in the communion with
DENİZ PINAR
disrupt our food supply, drive costs upward, and nature.

affect everything from coffee to cattle. D) These clans have an intricate classification
C) They, at the same time, warn that the vicious system that defines kinship relations and
cycle regarding warming and precipitation could regulates marriages.
have serious consequences for wildlife. E) It is against the law to discriminate against
D) Record warmth in the Arctic this month could anyone in the workplace because of their actual
yet prove to be a freak occurrence, but experts or assumed race.
warn the warming event is unprecedented.
E) Conservation of wildlife in the Amazon
is important in identifying areas of concern and
management priorities.
197
3. Daniel: 5. Bree:
– The U.S. Treasury Department put Susan – Long before the advent of Christianity, plants
B. Anthony’s portrait on one dollar coins in and trees that remained green all year had a
1979. special meaning for people in the winter.
Sandra: Paul:
– What is that supposed to tell us? – I don’t understand the reason they attached
Daniel: so importance to such trees in the past?
– ---- Bree:
Sandra: – ----
– Good for her! Paul:
A) Anthony was tireless in her efforts, giving – So decorating the pine tree dates back to
speeches all around the country to convince ancient times.
others to support women’s right to vote. A) Just as people today decorate their homes
B) It demonstrates that the U.S. government during the festive season with pine, ancient
recognized and appreciated her tireless efforts peoples hung evergreen boughs over their
for women. doors and windows.
C) It wasn’t until 1920 that the Constitution gave all B) In the Northern hemisphere, the shortest day
adult women the right to vote. and longest night of the year falls on December
D) Anthony was inspired to fight for women’s rights 21 and is called the winter solstice.
while campaigning against alcohol but denied a C) Many ancient people believed that the Sun was
chance to speak at a temperance convention. a god and that winter came every year because
E) Along with activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the Sun god had become sick and weak.
Anthony founded the “National Woman Suffrage D) It is a widely held belief that Martin Luther, the
Association” in 1869. 16th-century Protestant reformer, first added
DENİZ PINAR
lighted candles to a tree.

E) It was believed by ancient people that
evergreens would keep away witches, ghosts,
4. Tim:
evil spirits, and illness.
– Economic development is the main drive as
governments try to maximize the exploration
of natural resources to pay for social
services and infrastructure.
Francis: 6. Gina:
– Yes, true, and it is the same drive for – ----
especially rich countries to carry out Albert:
activities in technology as well. – Oh, I’m sorry for her, Gina! I know that she
Tim: has long wanted to get it.
– ---- Gina:
Francis: – Yes, indeed she has, but it’s her fault that she
– They promote the manufacture and sale of acted too aggressively during the interview.
electric vehicles primarily for reasons of Albert:
economic development. – You know what they say: Every cloud has a
A) Tourism is progressively becoming an important silver lining.
source of income for a large number of countries. A) Julia have long wanted to pursue a master’s
B) Desert plants, for example, cannot thrive in the degree at Houston University.
company of rain-forest plants. B) The company to which Margaret has applied for
C) No one knows the exact number of community internship has rejected her.
theatres. C) Why are you so upset? This is not the end of the
D) In what technological area do they display it? world, you know.
E) The most outstanding of them are those able to D) My brother has lost the opportunity to marry his
employ professional leadership. high school sweetheart.
E) There are dark clouds approaching.
198
7. Matt: 9. Walter:
– ---- – Have you read Gone with the Wind by
Nicole: Margaret Mitchell?
– A similar situation is seen in some other Jessica:
mammals, so governments must take action – ----
to protect them. Walter:
Matt:
– The story is set in Clayton County, Georgia,
– Furthermore, not only states but also NGOs and Atlanta during the American Civil War
should demonstrate a concerted effort to and Reconstruction era and it depicts the
this end. struggles of young Scarlett O’Hara, the
Nicole: spoiled daughter of a well-to-do plantation
– I couldn’t agree more! owner.
A) Radical changes must be made to fishing in Jessica:
order to prevent the world’s smallest and most – Sounds interesting. I’ll read it when I have
threatened dolphin from becoming extinct. time, then.
B) An endangered species is a species which
A) I haven’t heard of either the book or the author.
has been categorized as very likely to become
What is it about?
extinct.
B) The novel was popular with American readers
C) All mammals have hair growing from some parts
from the onset and was the top American fiction
of their bodies during at least some stages of
bestseller in the year it was published.
their life cycles.
C) As of 2014, a Harris poll found it to be the
D) Invertebrates are animals that neither possess
second favorite book of American readers, just
nor develop a vertebral column derived from the
behind the Bible.
notochord.
E) Dolphins have a unique whistle, called a D) More than 30 million copies of the novel have
DENİZ PINAR
"signature whistle", that they often use in big been printed worldwide.
group settings. E) Margaret Mitchell was born in Atlanta, Georgia
on November 8, 1900 into a notably rich and
politically prominent family, didn't she?
8. Sharon:
– What is home-schooling anyway?
Alex: 10. Will:
– It is the act of teaching children at home – The transportation industry, among
rather than at a public or private school. other industries, underwent significant
Sharon: transformation during the Industrial
– ---- Revolution.
Alex: Diane:
– Well, they vary from providing a better – ----
environment for education and customization Will:
and individualization of the curriculum – Raw materials and finished goods were
for each student’s needs to wanting to hauled and distributed via horse-drawn
accomplish more academically than at a wagons, and by boats along canals and
public school. rivers.
A) Why are critiques of homeschooling opposed to Diane:
it? – So it must have taken too much time, then.
B) It is often criticized for being an impractical or A) In the early 1800s, American Robert Fulton built
harmful form of education. the first commercially successful steamboat.
C) The number of home-schooled students has
B) How was it prior to the Industrial Revolution?
grown from 1.1 million in 2003 to 1.77 million in
C) Was the textile industry transformed by
2013.
industrialization too?
D) Many home-schooling sceptics feel that the
D) Around 1820, Scottish engineer John McAdam
student’s education is inferior when compared
developed a new process for road construction.
to public school.
E) What about the reasons why some parents E) The passenger was second in priority
home-school their children? when stagecoaches were designed.
199
11. Alicia: 13. Drew:

– Leonardo Da Vinci is known for his enduring – More than half of adults aged 65 and older
works The Last Supper and Mona Lisa, have 3 or more medical problems, such as
right? heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, Alzheimer’s
Carry: disease, or high blood pressure.
Rose:
– ----
– Yes, older adults have special healthcare
Alicia:
needs that can make their medical care more
– What do you mean by that? complicated.
Carry: Drew:
– His ideas and body of work have influenced – ----
countless artists and made da Vinci a leading Rose:
light of the Italian Renaissance.
– All in all, caring for older people with multiple
A) He was much more than what you said of him health problems can be tricky, even for
and he meant much more than those works of healthcare professionals who specialize in
art indeed. geriatrics, the medical care of older adults.
B) The Last Supper is a late 15th-century mural A) Geriatrics is the branch of medical science
painting by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci. concerned with the prevention and treatment of
C) The Mona Lisa represents the philosophy of diseases in older people.
humanism by representing the focus of the B) You’re right, for example, a drug that might be
actual human being and realism. useful in treating one health problem can make
D) Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, another problem worse.
near the village of Vinci about 25 miles west of C) Our bodies change over time, and our health
Florence. care needs to adapt with us.
DENİZ PINAR
E) The period of European history referred to as D) While certain medications are best for younger
the Renaissance was a time of great social and women who have already been through
cultural change in Europe. menopause, others are better for older ones.
E) Nursery homes are obliged to provide nutrition,
which is appropriate for the age and health
12. James:
conditions of their residents.
– Pneumonia is an infection that causes the
air sacs of the lungs to fill up with fluid or
pus.
14. Liam:
Carl:
– I watched the 89th Academy Awards
– ---- ceremony live last night. It was a great show,
James: indeed.
– That makes it hard for her to breathe in Tina:
enough oxygen to reach her bloodstream. – ----
Carl: Liam:
– Oh, God forbid! – No, Tina, of course not! I watched it on ABC.
A) Lifestyle factors, like smoking cigarettes and Tina:
drinking too much alcohol can also enhance – Oh, I got you wrong, then.
your chances of getting pneumonia. A) You must have had fun there with all those
B) Anyone can get this lung infection, but infants celebrities!
younger than 2 and people over age 65 have B) Wow! Were you in the hall where it was held?
the highest odds. C) Emma Stone won the Oscar for the actress in a
C) It can affect just one lung or both. leading role with her performance in La La Land.
D) Will you explain it in plain English, please? What D) Who won the award for the actor in a leading
does it do to the sufferer? role?
E) If your pneumonia is caused by bacteria or a E) I think you enjoyed the show very much, didn’t
virus, it means that it is infectious. you?
200
15. Heather: 16. Ashley:

– According the article I’m reading, during – From what I can understand from this article
World War 2, female workforce was of utmost I have read, for good digestion one should
importance. have healthy teeth.
Graham: Julia:
– ---- – Exactly. After all, digestion starts in the
Heather: mouth.
– It says between 1940 and 1945, the female Ashley:
percentage of the U.S. workforce increased – ----
from 27 percent to nearly 37 percent, and by Julia:
1945 nearly one out of every four married
– They indeed are, but what you said is
women worked outside the home.
secondary when compared to being healthy.
Graham:
A) Further, good teeth are also related to having
– It must have been due to the fact that good looks.
widespread male enlistment left gaping
B) Strong teeth are also of great importance for
holes in the industrial labor force.
chewing foods well.
A) The U.S. lost tens of thousands of American
C) When the jawbone is broken, it sometimes
lives and thousands of vehicles and aircraft on
takes years for it to heal.
foreign battlefields.
D) Dental cavities are common, affecting over 90%
B) They included the Women’s Airforce Service
of the population.
Pilots, who on March 10, 2010, were awarded
the prestigious Congressional Gold Medal. E) I have strong and healthy teeth, as I regularly
have them checked.
C) Oh, really? I’m sure it gives some statistical data
DENİZ PINAR
about their contribution to workforce during the

war years.
D) Some 50 million people were killed in World
War II, and by 1945, millions of refugees were
wandering across Europe trying to return to their
homes.
E) Many countries were so battered by World
War II that their first priority had to be economic
recovery.
201
3. Alex:
SET 5
– Have you read the article about the harp seal
1. - 16. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bıra- that stranded in Long Island?
kılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz. Jeannette:
– During this time of the year? It’s weird, isn’t
1. James:
it?
– Have you ever heard of “jet lag”?
Alex:
Susan:
– It is but animal rescuers have said the seal
– ----
now being rehabilitated must have ended up
James:
in Long Island due to unseasonably warm
– It happens when a person flies across weather.
different time zones. It causes extreme
Jeanette:
tiredness and other physical effects.
– ----
Susan:
A) Seals are highly intelligent animals, aren’t they?
– I see. As I have never flown such a long
distance, it’s so natural that I have never B) How can they be so sure?
experienced it. C) It must have made himself sick by eating sand
A) Of course, I have. Isn’t it something related to jet and rocks.
engines? D) That’s terrible. If the weather conditions do not
B) I really wonder who came up with that term. improve, more seals will die.
C) I don’t think I have. Maybe you could just E) Oh, it could have been disoriented then.
acquaint me with it.
DENİZ PINAR
D) Come on! Everybody knows what it is.

E) I don’t want to waste my time with such ridiculous 4. Jessica:
things. – Did you know that the United States and
Russia were allies during the Second World
War?
2. Benjamin:
Robert:
– This article claims that the economies of
developing countries will enormously grow – Yes, they were, but this friendship didn’t last
within the next few years. long.
Adam: Jessica:
– Yes, I’ve read it, too. But I object to some – ----
parts of it because I don’t think their Robert:
economies will grow due to globalisation – The problem was that the two countries had
and foreign investment only. very different ideologies, or ideas about
Benjamin: how political and economic systems should
– ---- work. The United States was a capitalist
Adam: multiparty democracy, whereas Russia was
– For me, their growth will be due to shifts a communist state.
in talent and intellectual property, and in A) What could have been the reason for that?
energy and resource allocation. B) How long did they cooperate, then?
A) How come you can say that they will not grow? C) So, you mean they were never fond of each
B) What will help them flourish then? other at all.
C) I don’t agree with this article, either. D) What problems did these countries face during
D) Whoever wrote this article must be an expert in the war?
the issue. E) Were they involved in a fight against the
E) We must first decide what we mean by growth. Germans?
202
5. Tracy: 6. Melanie:
– I can’t get what they mean with “a long shot” – These two words: data and information. I
when they say “Getting a senior position in can’t figure out the difference between them
the corporation one day is a long shot.” yet. Have you any idea?
Ed: Julie:
– I think this phrase comes from sports, like – Yeah, it’s quite simple. Data is a number,
basketball for example, when a player is picture, statement, and things like those
trying to shoot from a long distance. that are unprocessed. It might be a name,
Tracy: the content of an email, an address, a sales
figure; anything of that nature.
– Alright, but I still can’t understand what it
precisely means. Melanie:
Ed: – ----
– ---- Julie:
A) I don’t think I have ever heard it before. I – Not exactly. Information is processed data.
suppose you must consult to a specialist to It has meaning and context. It isn’t just a
learn its meaning. single data point, it’s a series of data points
that have been melded into something that
B) Of course. You can ask me anything you want,
informs or allows you to act.
but you must be careful not to offend me with
such questions. A) So, you mean “information” is easier to
understand than “data”.
C) I believe that if you shoot from a short distance,
it more likely that you will score. B) How can you be sure that they are distinctly
DENİZ PINAR
different?
D) As far as I know it must mean “something that
is unlikely to happen – with very little chance of C) Then, can we say that you have specialized
success.” knowledge in them?
E) If they don’t know the literal meaning of the D) I already know what “data” is, but I can’t really
idiom, it may sound absurd when used in a get “information”.
sentence. E) Alright, but what about information, isn’t it
roughly the same?
203
7. Monica: 8. Sarah:
– That article you are reading is by Gummerson – Have you ever heard about what is called
on flexibility, isn’t it? “chronic stress”?
Raul: Henry:
– Yes. ---- – No, I haven’t. Can you tell me what it is?
Monica: Sarah:
– So he means it is a myth that some people – ----
are innately flexible throughout their entire Henry:
body, and being flexible in one particular
– So, in other words, it is the reaction you give
area or joint does not necessarily imply
to emotional pressure you experience for an
being flexible in another.
extensive period of time but cannot do much
Raul: to avoid it.
– Exactly. A) Its symptoms can vary from anxiety, depression,
A) There are different types of flexibility which social isolation, headache, lack of sleep to back
are grouped according to the various types of pain and difficulty concentrating.
activities involved in athletic training. B) In simple terms, it is a kind of pressure, force
B) He claims that dynamic flexibility is the ability to or influence that moves us to action, either
perform dynamic movements of the muscles. physically, emotionally or mentally.
C) According to him, flexibility is not something C) Anything from everyday responsibilities like
general but is specific to a particular joint or set work and family to serious life events such as a
of joints. new diagnosis, war, or the death of a loved one
DENİZ PINAR
D) For him, static-passive flexibility is the ability to can trigger it.

assume extended positions. D) It is the response to emotional pressure suffered
E) You know, he is also the writer of the well-known for a prolonged period of time in which an
book, The Anatomy of Stretching. individual perceives they have little or no control.
E) To put it bluntly, during the stress response, you
breathe faster in an effort to quickly distribute
oxygen-rich blood to your body.
204
9. George: 11. Jack:

– What do you know about Galileo Galilei? – There are many people who believe that all
John: forms of energy are economically beneficial,
– As I remember he was an Italian astronomer, whereas I doubt that’s true for all of them?
physicist and engineer. Nancy:
George: – ----
– ---- Jack:
John: – Well, take wind, wave and solar energy, for
– As far as I know he also contributed greatly example. We cannot say they are reliable,
to the scientific method. In fact, physicists and also, they are generally very expensive
such as Einstein and Hawking proclaimed to produce.
him as the father of modern science.
Nancy:
A) In my opinion, science has evolved beyond
– You have appoint, but I don’t think that’s
recognition over the last thirty years.
a large enough fact to disregard them
B) Right, more than that he is generally remembered
completely.
for his famous gravity experiment.
A) That sounds weird. Do you have any grounds to
C) Actually, I can list hundreds of ways where
support your opinion?
astronomy and physics differ from medical
research. B) Can you name some of the energy forms that
are economically beneficial?
D) On the other hand, both Hawking and Einstein
were interested in the vastness of space. C) What can be done to reduce the costs, then?
E) Moreover, the scientific method has been the D) How come you can say that we need to get rid
DENİZ PINAR
gold standard for investigating the natural world. of them?

E) What can be done to improve their efficiency?
10. Student:
– Hi. I’d be grateful if you could give me some
information about the services here at the
Student’s Union.
Assistant:
– Of course, we’re here to help you throughout
your time at university.
Student:
– ----
Assistant:
– Well, our job focuses on three main areas:
giving advice and information to students,
arranging social events, and campaigning
for students’ rights.
A) So, how can I contact the advisors?
B) Do you give assistance to post- graduate
students, as well?
C) Do you mean that I can consult you any time I
want?
D) Cool. What kind of help can you give me
exactly?
E) Whose job is it to give information to the staff?
205
12. Jamie: 13. Paul:

– I am trying to research on the minority – Do you think South Wales police have
languages project, but I have been having improved how they protect children?
some trouble about the number of Cornish Timothy:
speakers in the UK. Have you got any
– ----
information about this?
Paul:
Monica:
– Could you clarify it a bit, please?
– Well, I have looked on the government’s
Timothy:
minority languages website, and it says that
nearly half of the language speakers in the – Well, unnecessary delays in some cases in
UK are speakers of Welsh. obtaining specialist support for children who
are at particular risk of harm still exist. Also,
Jamie:
too many children are still being detained
– ----
unnecessarily in police custody.
Monica:
A) Certainly. I’m pleased to see that the force has
– It used to be when Gaelic was a compulsory taken steps to improve its response to children
subject in schools, but today there are fewer who go missing from home
speakers of Gaelic.
B) To be honest, I hadn’t expected to see so many
A) I think you are right. The number of Cornish improvements in such a short time.
speakers are decreasing day by day.
C) Not many people would agree with me, but I
B) Do you have any idea how many speakers of
DENİZ PINAR
must say I’m satisfied with the measures taken.

Welsh currently reside in the UK?
D) In general, yes. However, there are still some
C) As far as I know, Cornish isn’t spoken by nearly areas that need further attention.
as many people as the other languages.
E) You know, they have long been endeavouring to
D) What’s more, the number of Irish speakers and make sure that they are protected well.
Welsh speakers are almost identical to each
other.
E) Are you sure? I thought the number of Gaelic
and Welsh speakers was more or less the
same.
206
14. Tim: 15. Jonathan:

– ---- – Have you ever heard of Homo luzonensis?
Jason: Sue:
– And, what have they suggested so far? – You are mentioning the new species that
Tim: was named after Luzon Island, where the
more than 50,000 year old fossils were found
– That playing video games can change the
during excavations at Callao Cave.
brain regions responsible for attention and
visuospatial skills and make them more Jonathan:
efficient. – ----
Jason: Sue:
– A good reason for me to go on playing them, – In addition, stone tools dating to around
then. 200,000 years ago have also been found on
A) Video games are becoming more common and the island of Sulawesi, meaning that ancient
are increasingly enjoyed by adults. hominins potentially inhabited many of the
large islands of Southeast Asia.
B) Scientists have summarized studies looking at
how video games can shape our brains and A) Certainly. Luzon sits at the northern end of the
behaviour. Philippines, and is the country’s largest and
most populous island.
C) Changing technology also means that more
people are exposed to video games. B) It was one of the earliest national parks of the
country when it was established on July 16,
DENİZ PINAR
D) We know that video games are an increasingly

1935.
common form of entertainment, but do they
have any effect on our brains? C) It shares some unique skeletal features with the
famous Homo floresiensis or ‘the hobbit’.
E) A recent study has shown that playing video
games can change how our brains perform, and D) The Philippines is made up of a group of large
even their structure. islands, each with its distinctive feature.
E) Exactly. It has proved that the region played a
key role in hominin evolutionary history.
207
16. Peter:
– ----
Andy:
– How could have they managed to do that?
Peter:
– By coordinating the power of eight major
radio observatories on four continents,
to work together as a virtual, Earth-sized
telescope.
Andy:
– An impressive accomplishment, in deed.
A) Scientists have revealed the structure of a
critical receptor in the brain associated with
learning, and mood.
B) An international team of over 200 astronomers
has captured the first direct images of a black
hole.
C) Rocky, Earth-like planets orbiting our closest
stars could host life, according to a new study.
D) About 4,000 planet-like objects are known to be
orbiting isolated stars outside the Solar System.
DENİZ PINAR
E) Solar storms can be far more powerful than

previously thought.
208
.
DPELS RESTATEMENT STRATEGIES
ÖRNEK SORU:
RESTATEMENT STRATEGIES
Globally, quite a few children and adults suffer
Anlamca en yakın cümleyi bulma bölümünden YDT’de from health problems related to being overweight,
5 soru sorulmaktadır. Bu bölüm, YDT’ye girecek but few of them seek treatment.
adayların zorlandıkları bölümlerden biridir. Bunun A) Although the number of children around the world
nedeni, soru kökünde verilen cümleye anlamca who experience health problem as a result of
en yakın cümle olan eşanlamlı cümlenin hangi being overweight is not very high, a few of them
değişikliklere uğrayabileceğinin iyi bilinmemesidir. are still in search of treatment.
Cümleler hem yapısal hem de sözcüksel değişikliklere
B) Throughout the world, a few of the children and
uğrarlar. Örneğin active bir cümle verilip seçeneklerde
adults who suffer from health problems related
cümlenin passive hâli istenebilir ya da if yapısıyla
to being overweight are looking for special
unreal bir cümle verilip seçeneklerde bizden
treatment.
real hâli istenebilir. Ayrıca, bu tür sorularda eş
C) Around the world, a large number of children and
anlamlı sözcüklerin (synonyms) bilinmesi büyük
adults are experiencing health problems linked
avantaj sağlar ancak sadece kelimeleri eşleştirerek
with being overweight, yet almost none of them
anlamın karşılanması yeterli değildir. Bu yüzden,
try to receive treatment.
aşağıda belirtilen stratejilerin uygulanması önemlidir.
Bazı sorularda çözüme ulaşmak için tek stratejiyi D) Across the globe, there are very few children and
uygulamak yeterli olurken, bazı soru tiplerinde aynı adults who are experiencing health problems as
soru üzerinde üç-dört kriteri incelememiz gerekebilir. a consequence of being overweight, but they still
DENİZ PINAR
need treatment for their ailment.

E) Worldwide, a great many children and adults
suffer from health problems due to being
overweight, and a few of them get medical
STRATEJİ 1
treatment.
MİKTAR BELİRTEÇLERİ / QUANTIFIERS
Miktar belirten ifadeler (quantifiers), oran, rakam, ÇÖZÜM:

derece veya miktar zarflarından oluşabilir. Bu
Soru kökünde verilen miktar belirteçlerinin karşılıkları
belirteçler cümleye “az, biraz, çok, aşırı, çok fazla, vb.”
tam ve doğru bir biçimde sadece C seçeneğinde
gibi anlamlar verirler. Anlamca en yakın cümleyi bulma
verilmiştir. E seçeneği her ne kadar soru köküne
bölümünde, soru kökünde verilen miktar belirteçleri
çok yakın miktar ifadeleri içeriyor olsa da soru
tespit edilmeli ve tam karşılıkları seçeneklerde
kökünde verilen few ve E seçeneğinde yer alan a few
aranmalıdır. Yakın anlamlı cümleyi bulma bölümünde
belirteçleri arasında anlam farkı vardır. Few olumsuz
genellikle cümlenin subject+verb+object diziliminde
bir anlam taşır, az ve yetersiz anlamlarına gelir oysa
değişiklik yapmaktansa cümle içinde geçen daha
ki a few bir kaç, az ama yeterli anlamlarında kullanılır.
küçük ögeler seçeneklerde farklı şekilde verilirler.
C seçeneğinde anlam genel olarak “Küresel olarak
Çünkü cümlenin iskelet ögelerinde değişiklik
büyük sayıda çocuk ve yetişkin aşırı kilolu olmaktan
yapıldığında cevabı bulmak çok basit olacaktır ve
kaynaklı sağlık problemleri yaşamaktadır ancak
bu bölüm anlamını koruyamayacaktır. Bu bilgiden
bunların pek azı tedavi almaktadır.” şeklindedir.
hareketle, özellikle miktar ifadelerinin tam karşılıklarını
Doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
bulmak bu bölümde büyük önem taşır.
Not: Miktar belirteçleri için; bkz. Grammar kitabımız
211
RESTATEMENT STRATEGIES DPELS
ÖRNEK SORU:
STRATEJİ 2
There are scores of people around us who have MODALS
to get by on a very little amount of money despite
the improvements in economic conditions. Modal (kiplik) yapılar ile bu yapıların karşılığı olabilecek
bazı ifadeler ve sözcük öbekleri iyi bilinmelidir. Örneğin
A) Because economic conditions have improved
soru kökünde zorunluluk anlamı taşıyan bir modal
substantially, not many people around us need a
kullanılmışsa seçeneklerde yine bu anlamı bildiren
huge amount of money to sustain their livings. bir yapı aranmalıdır. Ya da soru kökünde olasılık
B) Although the economic conditions are getting anlamı taşıyan bir modal kullanılmışsa, seçeneklerde
better, the number of people around us who have bu olasılığın derecesinde başka bir ifade ya da modal
to survive with a very limited amount of money is aranmalıdır.
extremely high. “Can, could, may, might, should, ought to, had better,
would rather, must, have to, don’t have to” sıklıkla
C) The people around us are obliged to carry on
kullanılan bazı modal örnekleridir. Modal kullanımıyla
their lives relying on a small amount of money
cümleye verilen anlamı sağlayan benzer ifadeler ise
on account of the deterioration in economic
şu şekildedir: “be obliged to, manage to, be capable
conditions.
of, be likely to, be possible, seem, look, appear, etc.”
D) There are large numbers of people around us who Örnek cümle:
have to get by on very little money; however, they Arriving at work every day, employees are strictly
are still optimistic that the economic conditions required to be punctual.
will improve. Employees have to arrive at work on time every day.
DENİZ PINAR
E) Despite the fact that the economic conditions are

improving, the people around us are still deprived ÖRNEK SORU:
of enough money to survive. You do not have to attend the meeting which will
be about all the latest developments in nutrition
ÇÖZÜM: science, but naturally we would be glad to see
you there.
Soru kökünde verilen scores of people (bir çok
A) You are not obligated to be present at the
insan) ve a very little amount of money (çok az
meeting on the latest developments in nutrition
miktarda para) miktar ifadelerini karşılayan belirteçler
science, but we will certainly be pleased if you do
B ve D seçeneklerinde doğru bir şekilde verilmiştir.
join us there.
Ancak D seçeneğinde “they are still optimistic” (hala
B) The meeting which will be about the latest
iyimserler) şeklinde soru kökünde geçmeyen bir ifade
developments in nutrition science does not
yer almaktadır. B seçeneğinde anlam genel olarak
concern you at all, but it is quite natural that you
“Ekonomik koşullar iyi gitmesine rağmen çevremizde
would like to attend.
çok az bir parayla geçinmeye çalışan insanların
C) You are not allowed to attend the meeting about
sayısı oldukça yüksektir.” şeklindedir. B seçeneği
the latest developments is nutrition science, and
soru kökü ile yapı ve anlam olarak örtüşmektedir.
we will surely be furious if we see you there.
Doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
D) It is not necessary for you to attend meetings in
which the developments in nutrition science are
discussed, but we are of course glad to have
welcomed you in the last one.
E) You needn’t have joined the meeting on the
latest developments in nutrition science, but we
were indeed very pleased that you did.
212
ÇÖZÜM:
STRATEJİ 3
Soru kökünde verilen ve lack of necessity (zorunluluğun COMPARATIVE/SUPERLATIVE YAPILAR
ortadan kalkması) anlamında kullanılan do not have
(KARŞILAŞTIRMA İFADELERİ)
to attend (katılmak zorunda değilsin) kiplik yapısının
zaman ve anlam olarak doğru karşılıkları A ve D
Karşılaştırma içeren ifadelerin eşleştirilmesi de
seçeneklerinde verilmiştir. Ancak D seçeneğinde
anlamca en yakın cümlelerde sıklıkla karşılaştığımız
verilen “We are of course glad to have welcomed
bir soru tipidir. Eğer soru kökünde bir karşılaştırma
you in the last one.” (En son yaptığımız toplantıda
yapılmışsa doğru yanıtta da karşılaştırma anlamının
sizi ağırlamış olmaktan memnuniyet duyuyoruz)
ifadesinin karşılığı soru kökünde yer almamaktadır. verilmesi gerekir. Burada hangi ögenin diğerine
A seçeneğinde anlam genel olarak “Beslenme üstünlük kurduğunun tespiti önemlidir. İngilizce’de
bilimindeki son gelişmelere dair toplantıya katılmak karşılaştırma yapmak için kullanılan yapılar özellikle
zorunda değilsiniz, ancak bize orada katılırsanız “comparative” ve “superlative” içeren cümlelerdir.
kesinlikle memnun oluruz.” şeklindedir. Doğru yanıt Aynı zamanda “while, whereas, whilst” gibi zıtlık
A seçeneğidir. bağlaçları ve benzer ifadelerle de karşılaştırma
yapılabilir.
ÖRNEK SORU:
The authorities should have taken a number of ÖRNEK SORU:
precautions in order to avoid the spread of the
South Korea is, without doubt, far more
infection.
infection
democratic than its neighbour, Japan, and indeed
DENİZ PINAR
A) The authorities should take numerous precautions more democratic than all the other countries in
so as to stop the infection from spreading. the region.
B) The spread of the infection could have been A) There is no doubt that South Korea is a slightly
prevented by a variety of measures adopted by more democratic country than its neighbour,
the authorities. Japan, and actually it is as democratic as all the
C) It is not easy to understand why the authorities other countries in the region.
didn’t take any measures in order to prevent the B) Undoubtedly, South Korea is a lot more
spread of the infection. democratic than its neighbour, Japan, and as a
D) The spread of the infection was avoided thanks to matter of fact it is the most democratic country in
a number of precautions taken by the authorities. the region.
E) It was necessary for the authorities to adopt C) Japan is not as democratic as South Korea,
several measures so that they could prevent the which is in fact by far the most democratic
infection from proliferating. country in the region.
ÇÖZÜM: D) Indisputably, South Korea is a great deal more
Soru kökünde should have done modal yapısıyla democratic than its neighbour, Japan, which
verilen geçmiş eleştiri ve "in order to avoid the is one of the most democratic countries in the
spread of the infection" (enfeksiyonun yayılmasını region.
engellemek için) yapısıyla verilen anlamlar E) Undeniably, South Korea and Japan are among
seçenekler arasında sadece E seçeneğinde tam the most democratic countries in the region, but
olarak verilmiştir. E seçeneğinde anlam genel olarak Japan is considerably more democratic than its
“Otoritelerin bazı önlemleri almaları gerekmekteydi neighbour, South Korea.
böylelikle enfeksiyonun çoğalmasını önleyebilirlerdi.”
şeklindedir. Doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
213
Soru kökünde verilen “South Korea is more California is one of the least liberal states in the
democratic than all the other countries in the region” country, largely because of its long-standing poor
keskin anlamlı comparative içeren cümlenin sorularda performance in economic freedom.
sıklıkla karşılaştığımız bir kaç klişe yakın anlamlı A) Mainly because it has long had a poor
karşılığı mevcuttur: performance in economic freedom, California is
South Korea is more democratic than all the other less liberal than any other state in the country.
countries in the region. B) No other state in the country has such a low
(Güney Kore bölgedeki diğer bütün ülkelerden daha performance in economic freedom, due to which
demokratiktir.) California is generally deemed as the least liberal
city.
South Korea is the most democratic country in the
region. C) To a great extent its long-lasting unsuccessful
performance in terms of economic freedom has
(Güney Kore bölgedeki en demokratik ülkedir.)
put California among the least liberal states in the
No other country is as democratic as South Korea in
country.
the region.
D) Essentially because California is less liberal than
(Bölgede başka hiçbir ülke Güney Kore kadar
many other states in the country, it has a constant
demokratik değildir.)
low record in terms of economic freedom.
Bu klişe yapılardan bir tanesi B seçeneğinde verilmiştir.
E) The reason why California is not generally
DENİZ PINAR
Ayrıca soru kökünde verilen “without doubt” ifadesinin

considered a liberal country is that, it has always
karşılığı B seçeneğinde undoubtedly, far ifadesinin
had a low performance in terms of economic
karşılığı a lot, indeed zarfının karşılığı ise as a matter
freedom.
of fact şeklinde verilmiştir. B seçeneğinde anlam
genel olarak “Şüphesiz ki Güney Kore komşusu
Japonya’dan çok daha demokratiktir ve aslında ÇÖZÜM:
bölgedeki en demokratik ülkedir.” şeklindedir. Soru Soru kökünde verilen “one of the least liberal states”
kökü ile anlam ve yapı olarak uyum içerisinde olan B (en az özgür devletlerden biri) ifadesinin karşılığı
seçeneği doğru yanıttır. “among the least liberal states” (en az özgür devletler
arasında) şeklinde doğru bir biçimde sadece C
seçeneğinde mevcuttur. Doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
214
ÖRNEK SORU:
STRATEJİ 4
Frankly, the suggestion he put forward regarding
ADJECTIVES&ADVERBS
the use of rockets to vary the amount of
(SIFATLAR VE ZARFLAR)
atmospheric sodium was utterly impractical.
Soru kökünde yer alan sıfatları ve zarfları tespit A) To be honest, his suggestion as regards
etmemiz doğru yanıtı bulmamız açısından önemli bir the usage of rockets so as to diversify the
tekniktir. Sıfatlar, durum bildiren fiiller ile birlikte ya amount of atmospheric sodium was absolutely
da ismi nitelemek için kullanılırlar. Zarflar, cümlede unreasonable.
sıfatları, fiilleri ya da başka bir zarfı nitelemek
B) Undoubtedly, the suggestion he made concerning
için kullanılabilirler. Bazı zarflar ise tüm cümleyi
the use of rockets to change the amount of
nitelerler. Soru kökünde verilen zarfın tam karşılığını
seçeneklerde aramamız gerekir. atmospheric sodium was somewhat unrealistic.
C) Evidently, the suggestion put forward by him with
regard to the usage of rockets so that we could
ÖRNEK SORU:
alter the amount of atmospheric sodium was
Despite excellent immunization rates, children totally viable.
of the region are highly susceptible to invasive
D) Honestly, his suggestion with respect to the use
bacterial infections.
of rockets to modify the amount of atmospheric
A) In spite of terrible immunization rates, children sodium was pretty feasible.
of the region are greatly immune to invasive
E) Actually, the suggestion put forward by him
DENİZ PINAR
bacterial infections.
pertaining to the usage of rockets in order that
B) Bacterial infections are rampant among the the amount of atmospheric sodium could be
children of the region, which is mainly due to the altered was apparently irrational.
appalling immunization rates.
C) On account of brilliant immunization rates,
ÇÖZÜM:
children of the region are insusceptible to invasive
bacterial infections in general. Soru kökünde verilen ve cümleyi niteleyen frankly
(dürüstçe/dobraca) zarfının doğru karşılıkları A ve
D) Although immunization rates are exceptionally
D seçeneklerinde verilmiştir. Ancak soru kökünde
good, children of the region still suffer from
yer alan “utterly impractical” (tamamiyle kullanışsız/
invasive bacterial infections.
mantıksız) ifadesinin karşılığı D seçeneğinde
E) Children of the region are extremely vulnerable to verilen pretty feasible (oldukça makul) olamaz. A
invasive bacterial infections in spite of outstanding seçeneğinde anlam genel olarak “Dürüst konuşacak
immunization rates. olursak, atmosferik sodyum miktarını değiştirmek için
roket kullanımına dair öne sürdüğü teklif tamamiyle
ÇÖZÜM:
mantıksızdı.” şeklindedir. Doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
Soru kökünde verilen “excellent immunization
rates” (mükemmel bağışıklık oranları) ve “highly
susceptible” (yüksek derecede meyilli/zayıf)
ifadelerinin tam ve doğru karşılıkları sadece E
seçeneğinde verilmiştir. E seçeneğinde anlam genel
olarak “Mükemmel bağışıklık oranlarına rağmen,
bölgedeki çocuklar istilacı bakteriyel enfeksiyonlara
karşı yüksek derecede zayftır.” şeklindedir. Doğru
yanıt E seçeneğidir.
215
STRATEJİ 5 ÇÖZÜM:
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER (OLAY SIRALAMASI) Soru kökünde anlam genel olarak “Gruptaki
öğrenciler dijital güvenlik hakkında bir film izlediler
Verilen cümlede birden fazla eylem varsa olay ve sonrasında onlara videonun mesajı iletmeyi
sıralamasının doğru tespit edilmesi gerekir. İki veya başarıp başarmadığı soruldu.” Soru kökünden de
daha fazla olay ardışık olarak sıralanmış olabilir. anlaşılacağı gibi önce olan eylem “filmin izlenmesi”
Ya da iki olay eş zamanlı gerçekleşmiş olabilir. sonra olan eylem ise “onlara sorulmasıdır.” Bu olay
Seçenekleri incelerken bu zamanlamayı benzer sırasının doğru bir şekilde verildiği seçenekler B ve
şekilde veren doğru cümleyi bulmalıyız. D seçenekleridir. Ancak D seçeneğinde yer alan
Sıralamalar: “how it could be possible” (nasıl mümkün olacağı)
1- Zaman Cümlecikleri: after, before, by the time, ifadesi soru kökünde verilmemiştir. B seçeneğinde
once, the moment, until, till, whenever, every time, anlam genel olarak “Dijital güvenlik hakkında bir
the first time, the second time, etc. film izledikten sonra gruptaki öğrencilere videonun
2- Zarflar ve benzer ifadeler: finally, eventually, mesajı başarılı bir şekilde iletip iletmediği soruldu.”
subsequently, following, in advance, prior to, şeklindedir. Doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
previously, earlier, etc.

3- Bağlaçlar/geçiş sözcükleri: afterwards, beforehand,
later, in the meantime, then, etc. ile verilebilir.
DENİZ PINAR

The students in the group watched a film about The Romans were so strong because they were
digital safety, and afterwards, they were asked prepared in advance for almost any threat by any
whether the video succeeded in communicating military around them.
the message. A) Even if they were prepared for all the threats by
A) After they were asked to find out whether the the military forces surrounding them, the Romans
video would manage the message, the students were too weak to advance.
in the group were shown a film about digital B) In order to be ready to wipe out nearly any threat
safety. by any military around them, the Romans had to
B) Having been shown a film on digital safety, the be very strong.
students in the group were asked if the video C) The reason for the Romans being so powerful was
successfully communicated the message. that they had done their preparations beforehand
C) The students in the group were doubtful as to for practically all the possible menaces by any
whether the film they watched about digital safety military surrounding them.
succeeded in communicating the message. D) What made the Romans so powerful was
D) After they watched a film about digital safety, the that they were constantly under threat by all
students in the group were asked how it could be the military surrounding them, which needed
possible to communicate the message through advanced preparation.
the video. E) Due to all the threats by any military around them,
E) Having been asked whether videos were Romans started to get prepared vigorously,
successful in communicating ideas, the students which was the reason for their strength.
in the group watched a film about digital safety.
216
ÇÖZÜM: ÇÖZÜM:
Soru kökünde verilen in advance (beforehand, earlier, Soru kökünde bir zıtlık bağlacı olan but (ama, ancak,
previously) zarfının karşılığı sadece C seçeneğinde fakat) yer almaktadır. Zaman kazanmak açısından
verilmiştir. C seçeneğinde verilen diğer ögeler de önce zıtlık grubu bağlaçlarının verildiği seçenekleri
soru kökü ile anlamca ve yapıca uyumludur. C incelemek yerinde olacaktır. B ve E seçeneklerinde
seçeneğinde anlam genel olarak “Romalıların bu
zıtlık grubu bağlaçları verilmiştir. B seçeneğinde
kadar güçlü olmalarının nedeni onları çevreleyen
verilen ve soru kökünde yer almayan and (ve) bağlacı
herhangi bir askeri güçten gelecek neredeyse
nedeniyle öncelikle C seçeneği incelenmelidir. Soru
tüm tehditler için önceden hazırlıklarını yapmış
kökünde anlam genel olarak “Çocuk felcini yok
olmalarıydı.” şeklindedir. Doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
etmenin eşiğindeyiz ancak aşı olarak kullanılan virüs
değişip tehlikeli bir hâle gelebilir.” ve C seçeneğinde
STRATEJİ 6 anlam genel olarak “Çocuk felci yok edilmek üzere
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (ZARF CÜMLECİKLERİ) olmasına rağmen aşı olarak kullanılan virüsün
değişime uğrayıp tehlikeli olma ihtimali vardır.”
Conjunctions (Bağlaçlar) ve Transitions (Geçiş şeklindedir. Soru köküyle yapı ve anlam olarak
Sözcükleri)anlamca en yakıncümleyi bulma bölümünde uyumlu bir ifadenin verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
sıklıkla karşılaştığımız yapılardır. Bağlaçların ve geçiş
sözcüklerinin cümleye verdiği anlam bu bölümde dikkat
edilmesi gereken önemli noktalardan biridir. (zıtlık,
paralellik, sebep / sonuç, koşul, çelişki, amaç vb.)
DENİZ PINAR
Soru kökünde verilen bağlaç ya da geçiş sözcüğünün

ÖRNEK SORU:
anlam olarak tam karşılığı seçeneklerde aranmalıdır.
Corruption is one of the worst enemies of
business because it can result in far-reaching
ÖRNEK SORU: consequences, including total closure of the
We’re on the brink of eradicating polio, but the company.
virus used as a vaccine can evolve to become
A) As it can bring about extensive effects which
dangerous.
include complete closure of the company,
A) Even if we have succeeded in eliminating polio, it corruption is by far the most terrible enemy of
is possible that the virus employed as a vaccine business.
will develop itself and become hazardous.
B) Total closure of the company is among the
B) We are close to doing away with polio, and
dreadful results of corruption, which is regarded
although the virus has the potential to destroy us,
as a horrible enemy of business.
we still use it as a vaccine.
C) Even though polio is about to be wiped out, C) Nothing is as worrying for business as corruption
there is a possibility that the virus employed as since it can cause negative outcomes, including
a vaccine will undergo a change and become total closure of the company
dangerous. D) Due to the fact that it can lead to sweeping
D) Polio needs to be eradicated as soon as possible consequences, such as the total closure of the
as the virus used in vaccine production is capable company, corruption is among the most wicked
of evolving and menacing us. enemies of business.
E) We’re determined to wipe out polio, as the E) Among the damaging consequences of corruption
virus used as a vaccine will possibly change is the total closure of the company, so firms see it
dramatically and risk our lives. as their worst enemy.
217
Soru kökünde verilen because (çünkü) bağlacı The temperatures in the thermosphere increase
nedeniyle öncelikle sebep-sonuç grubu bağlaçlarının with altitude due to the absorption of intense
verildiği seçenekleri incelemek yerinde olacaktır. solar radiation by the limited amount of molecular
A, C, D ve E seçeneklerinde bu gruptan bağlaçlar oxygen.
kullanılmıştır. Ancak soru kökünde verilen “one of A) The temperatures in the thermosphere decline
the worst enemies, result in, far-reaching, including” due to altitude, which enables the limited amount
ifadelerinin tam ve doğru karşılıkları sadece D of molecular oxygen to absorb intense solar
seçeneğinde sırasıyla “among the most wicked radiation.
enemies, lead to, sweeping, such as” şeklinde B) The decrease in the temperatures in the
verilmiştir. Doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir. thermosphere as a result of altitude is the main
reason for the absorption of solar radiation by the
STRATEJİ 7 boundless amount of molecular oxygen.
VOCABULARY (SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ) C) The temperatures escalate as one descends
in the thermosphere, causing the absorption of
Anlamca en yakın cümleyi bulma sorularında
strong solar radiation by the insufficient amount
sözcük bilgisi önemli unsurlardan biridir. Bu bölüm
of molecular oxygen.
için kelime çalışması yapılırken paragrafta olduğu
gibi “synonym-antonym” (eş anlamlı-zıt anlamlı) D) The absorption of strong solar radiation by
sözcüklere yoğunlaşmak gerekir. Soru kökünde the limited amount of molecular oxygen leads
DENİZ PINAR
verilen sözcüklerin eşanlamlıları genellikle doğru to a reduction in the temperatures in the

seçenekte yer alır. Bu nedenle iyi bir sözcük dağarcığı thermosphere.
bizi kolaylıkla doğru yanıta götürecektir. E) The inadequate amount of molecular oxygen
absorbs extreme solar radiation and thereby
causes the temperatures in the thermosphere to
rise as one gets higher.
ÇÖZÜM:
Soru kökünde verilen ifadelerin tam ya da benzer
anlamları doğru bir şekilde E seçeneğinde verilmiştir:
increase: rise (artmak)
limited: inadequate (yetersiz)
altitude: get higher(yükseklik/yükselmek)
due to: thereby (nedeniyle, sonuç olarak)
absorption: absorb (özümseme/özümsemek)
intense: extreme (yoğun, aşırı)
Doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
218
ÖRNEK SORU:
STRATEJİ 8
The country remains isolated largely because it TIME ADVERBS(ZAMAN ZARFLARI)
is unable to react sensibly and effectively to the
rapid changes in world events. Soru kökünde verilen zaman zarfları ve bazen
cümlenin kendi zamanı da yakın anlamlı cümleyi
A) The main reason why the country is isolated is
bulma bölümünde önemlidir. Bu nedenle zaman
that it cannot adapt to the gradual changes in
zarfları ile beraber verilen cümlenin zamanı da
world events determinedly and resolutely.
tespit edilerek uygun yapıları içeren seçenekler
B) Countries which cannot adjust to the quick
incelenmelidir.
changes in world events in a rational and effective
way can be expected to become isolated.
ÖRNEK SORU:
C) The country is still isolated partially due to the
fact that it has been unable to keep up with the The number of casualties and the amount of
changes in world events rapidly and decisively. destruction caused by an earthquake depend on
the number of people living nearby and on the
D) The country fails to respond reasonably and
strength of the buildings in the area.
successfully to the swift changes in world events,
and mainly due to that, it is still isolated. A) How many fatalities and how much damage an
earthquake brings about is influenced by the
E) If the country had been quick enough to adapt to
number of people residing in the surrounding
the on-going changes in world events, it would
area and the strength of the buildings in the area.
not have been left isolated.
DENİZ PINAR
B) The high number of people living nearby and

the frailty of the buildings in the area escalated
ÇÖZÜM:
the number of dead people and the amount of
Soru kökünde verilen yapıların eş ya da benzer destruction that the earthquake caused.
anlamlıları eksiksiz bir biçimde D seçeneğinde
C) The damage and the mortalities that were
verilmiştir:
caused by the earthquake affected not only the
remain isolated: still isolated (izole kalmış/hâlâ izole) people living nearby but also the strength of the
largely because: mainly due to (büyük oranda buildings in the area.
nedeniyle) D) The number of sufferers and the amount of
unable to react: fails to respond (tepki veremeyen) demolition caused by the earthquake was
rapid changes: swift changes (hızlı/çabuk değişimler) dependent on both the sum of the people
accommodating there and on the strength of the
sensibly and effectively: reasonably and successfully
buildings in the area.
(makul ve başarılı bir biçimde)
E) The number of losses and the amount of damage
that an earthquake causes has almost nothing
to do with the number of people living in the
surrounding area and the strength of the buildings
in the area.
219
ÇÖZÜM: ÇÖZÜM:
Soru kökünde present bir cümle verilmiştir. Öncelikle Soru kökünde verilen present gidişata uygun
present tense ile kurulmuş seçenekleri incelemekte seçenekler B ve E seçenekleridir. Öncelikle bu iki
fayda vardır. A ve E seçenekleri present yapılar seçeneğin incelenmesi yerinde olacaktır. Ancak E
içermektedirler. Ancak E seçeneğinde verilen “has seçeneğinde “sigarayı azaltarak bırakanların, derhal
almost nothing to do with” (ilgisi yoktur) ifadesinin soru bırakanlarla aynı oranda başarı gösterebileceği”
kökünde karşılığı bulunmamaktadır. Soru kökünde şeklinde soru kökü ile anlam olarak örtüşmeyen
anlam genel olarak “Bir depremin yol açtığı ölü sayısı bir ifade verilmiştir. Ayrıca soru kökünde verilen
ve yıkımın miktarı yakında yaşayan insanların sayısına "recently" (soz zamanlarda) zaman zarfının karşılığı
ve bölgedeki binaların dayanıklılığına bağlıdır.” ve A bu seçenekte yanlış bir biçimde "previous" (önceki,
seçeneğinde anlam genel olarak “Bir depremin kaç eski) şeklinde verilmiştir. Soru kökünde anlam
kişinin ölümüne ve ne kadar zarara yol açtığı yakında genel olarak “Sigarayı bir anda bırakan insanlar,
yaşayan insanların sayısına ve bölgedeki binaların azaltarak bırakanlara göre muhtemelen daha başarılı
dayanıklılığına bağlıdır.” şeklindedir. Soru kökü ile olacaklardır.” şeklindedir. B seçeneğinde anlam
yapı ve anlam olarak örtüşen bir ifadenin verildiği A genel olarak “Sigarayı azaltarak bırakanlar, bir anda
seçeneği doğru yanıttır. bırakanlar kadar başarılı olamayabilirler.” şeklindedir.
B seçeneği yapı ve anlam olarak soru köküyle
örtüşmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
ÖRNEK SORU:
People who quit smoking all at once are more
DENİZ PINAR
likely to be successful than those who cut down NOT: Soru kökünde ve seçeneklerde doğru olduğunu
on cigarettes gradually, according to a study düşündüğümüz cümlede verilen “özne, yüklem,
conducted recently. miktar belirteçleri, bağlaçlar, zarflar, modal yapıları,
karşılaştırma yapıları, eş anlamlı ve zıt anlamlı
A) According to a new study, people who stopped
sözcükler, zaman uyumu (tense agreeement) , unreal-
smoking right away were not as successful as
real yapılar” eşleştirilmelidir. En son tüm stratejileri
those who lessen smoking bit by bit.
uyguladıktan sonra, eğer vaktimiz kalmışsa, bu
B) A new study has found that those who reduce
yapıları numaralandırma tekniği ile eşleştirirsek doğru
smoking step by step are unlikely to be as
yanıta daha hızlı ve kesin olarak ulaşabiliriz.
successful as those who give up smoking at
Örnek cümle:
once.
My stomach can’t process the food made of cereal;
C) It has been put forward by the latest study that
1 2
people who stopped smoking gradually stood a
higher chance of being successful than those that’s why, I have to be very careful with my diet.
who reduced it bit by bit. 3 4 5
D) According to the results of a survey, the

participants who lessened smoking gradually Since I can’t digest products including cereal, I must
were not as successful as those who gave up 3 1 2 4
smoking all at once. pay attention to what I eat.
E) A previous study has revealed that those who 4 5
decrease smoking little by little are likely to be as
successful as those who stop smoking straight
away.
220
DPELS RESTATEMENT TESTS
3. Hydrogen is becoming increasingly important

RESTATEMENT TESTS
as a highly promising energy carrier, but it can
be extremely dangerous, as it is combustible
SET 1
and difficult to detect.
1. -16. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en A) Hydrogen’s importance as a highly promising

yakın cümleyi bulunuz. energy carrier is currently mounting, but due to
its explosive property, it is difficult to notice and
1. Carbon dioxide emissions from developed thereby extremely dangerous.
countries have not increased for three years in B) As a highly promising energy carrier, hydrogen
a row, much as the global economy has grown. has a steadily declining significance, for besides
A) Because the economy has expanded globally, being highly flammable and difficult to detect, it
there has not been much rise in carbon dioxide is extremely perilous.
emissions from developed countries for the last C) Although it is gaining more and more prominence
three years. as a highly promising energy carrier, the fact
B) The reason why not much carbon dioxide that it is flammable and cannot be discovered
release from developed countries have taken easily makes hydrogen extremely hazardous.
place for three successive years is because the D) Hydrogen is progressively becoming a highly
global economy has hardly grown. promising energy carrier as a result of it being
C) It was three years ago that developed countries combustible and undetectable, but it is also
stopped releasing carbon dioxide mainly due to extremely lethal.
the growth in the global economy. E) That hydrogen is sluggishly becoming a highly
D) Although the economy has flourished worldwide, promising energy carrier does not mean that
DENİZ PINAR
the amount of carbon dioxide released by it is safe since it is flammable and difficult to
developed countries has not gone up for three discover.
consecutive years.
E) The economy has expanded globally, but carbon
dioxide release from developed countries has
significantly decreased for three successive
years.
4. While there is nothing wrong with wanting a
change, hastily made decisions could end up
2. With tiger numbers constantly decreasing, there
with poor results.
is a very real danger they will become extinct if
we do not take urgent action. A) His demand for a change was quite reasonable,
but it could have led to undesirable outcomes.
A) Urgent action is needed in order to prevent tigers,
whose numbers are temporarily lessening, from B) No one can claim that a want for change is a
becoming extinct. bad thing, but that he has made his decisions
hurriedly will possibly result in unfavourable
B) Due to the steady decline in their population,
consequences for him.
tigers are on the brink of dying out unless drastic
measures are taken immediately. C) Although a demand for a change is acceptable,
there is a possibility that a decision made
C) If we do not step into action at once, endangered
without giving it a second thought might have
tigers will soon vanish despite the current boost
unsatisfactory consequences.
in their numbers.
D) Those who make their decisions quickly without
D) The continual decrease in their numbers
deliberating enough just because they want a
indicates that tigers sooner or later will die out
change face undesirable results.
even if we step into action immediately.
E) Even though wanting a change is not
E) In view of the enormous fall in their numbers,
objectionable, the poor outcomes were due to
tigers have been taken under protection, or else
the decisions they made too quickly.
they would become extinct soon.
221
RESTATEMENT TESTS DPELS
5. Anti-obesity drugs, which focus primarily on 7. Officially, the largest rain event in U.S. history,
weight loss, are unlikely to provide lasting Hurricane Harvey caused more damage than
benefits, according to distinguished scientists any other natural disasters so far except for
from various countries. Hurricane Katrina.
A) A majority of scientists from a variety of countries A) Hurricane Harvey is officially the biggest rain
think that anti-obesity drugs whose main aim is event in the history of the U.S., and even though
weight loss will apparently lead to durable it was not as devastating as Hurricane Katrina, it
benefits. did more harm than any other natural disasters
B) What eminent scientists from a variety of up to now.
countries think is that anti-obesity drugs, which B) Hurricane Harvey, which is officially the largest
are mainly aimed at producing weight loss, will rain event in U.S .history, brought about more
probably not bring about long-term benefits. destruction than any other natural disasters
C) Anti-obesity drugs, which are produced with such as Hurricane Katrina.
the sole aim of producing weight lost, are sure C) Hurricanes Harvey and Katrina, officially the
to result in permanent benefits, according to largest rain events in U.S history, have been the
leading scientists from various countries. most devastating hurricanes up to now.
D) A variety of scientists from several countries are D) Despite not being as devastating a hurricane as
of the opinion that anti-obesity drugs, which are Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Harvey, led to as
primarily focused on weight lost, haven’t been much harm as any other natural disasters in the
able to provide long-lasting benefits. history of the U.S.
E) Anti-obesity drugs, whose exclusive focus is E) Second only to Hurricane Harvey in terms
weight loss, hasn’t been permanently beneficial, of destruction, Hurricane Katrina brought
DENİZ PINAR
according to many scientists from a variety of about more devastation than any other natural
countries. disasters in U.S. history so far.
8. Not until the beginning of the seventeenth

century did anyone think of merging drama and
music, and thus inventing the new art we call
6. Having a healthy lifestyle does not mean letting opera today.
go of all the fun and pleasure in life, nor making
A) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, no
healthy choices all the time.
one thought of uniting drama and music so as to
A) Both keeping away from all the fun and pleasure form the new art form that is called opera today.
in life and always choosing healthy things are
B) The seventeenth century is a turning point in
necessary to have a healthy lifestyle.
history as it was the time when the new art
B) Giving up all the enjoyable things in life or form, called opera, was invented through the
constantly making healthy choices do not help detachment of drama and music.
someone have a healthy lifestyle.
C) What we call opera today would have never
C) People who do not isolate themselves from all come into being if people had not thought about
the fun and pleasure in life or are not capable of diverging drama and music at the beginning of
making healthy choices cannot have a healthy the seventeenth century.
lifestyle.
D) No one has ever considered combining drama
D) One does not need to abandon all the joys and and music in order to invent the new art form,
happiness in life by making healthy choices and called opera today, since the beginning of the
having a healthy lifestyle. seventeenth century.
E) A healthy lifestyle does not require us to E) It was at the beginning of the seventeenth
relinquish all the entertainment in our lives century that people started to mull over bringing
but it does require continually making healthy drama and music together and thereby creating
choices. what is called opera today.
222
9. Just as the number of people who inject drugs 11. Discipline does not mean suppression and
and share needles has soared, so has the rate control, nor is it adjustment to a pattern or an
of infection with Hepatitis C. ideology.
A) The reduction in the rate of infection with A) In order to enforce discipline, one doesn’t need
Hepatitis C could directly be related to the to suppress or control others, but needs to
decrease in the number of people who inject adjust himself to a pattern or an ideology.
drugs and share needles. B) Discipline has nothing to do with suppression
B) The increase in the rate of infection with and control, but it requires adjustment to a
Hepatitis C has dramatically amplified the pattern or an ideology.
number of people who inject drugs and use the C) Adjusting oneself to a pattern or an ideology
same needles. could be the correct definition of discipline, while
C) While the number of people who inject drugs suppression and control cannot.
and share needles has declined, the rate of D) Those who define themselves as disciplined
infection with Hepatitis C has dramatically went do not suppress or control others, nor are they
up. eager to adapt themselves to a pattern or an
D) The number of those who inject drugs and ideology.
use the same needles has risen sharply, and E) Neither suppression and control nor adapting
accordingly, the rate of infection with Hepatitis oneself to a pattern or an ideology can
C has mounted. adequately define discipline.
E) The number of people who inject drugs and
share needles has diminished, which has led to
a reduction in the rate of infection with Hepatitis
DENİZ PINAR
C.
10. In men, ageing occurs later and more gradually 12. India is of the view that so long as certain
than in women, but once it occurs, wrinkles countries are allowed to possess nuclear
are deeper, and thickening features are more weapons legally, there will always be an attempt
noticeable. made by other countries to possess such
weapons.
A) Even though wrinkles are deeper, and thickening
features are more obvious in old men, they do A) India has long stated that because some
not age as late and slowly as women. countries are legally allowed to possess nuclear
weapons, there is no way to ban other countries
B) The pace at which men and women age is not
from owning such weapons.
identical to each other, as it is men who age
faster with deeper wrinkles and more visible B) If India were allowed to own nuclear weapons
thickening features. legally, it seems that it wouldn’t be against other
countries using them.
C) When compared to women, men age later and
more slowly, though wrinkles are deeper and C) India supports the view that the permission to
thickening features are more easily observed possess nuclear weapons legally should only be
when they get old. granted to certain countries.
D) In men, ageing signs like wrinkles and thickening D) India thinks that unless certain countries
features are easier to notice due to the fact that are prevented from legally owning nuclear
they age later and more progressively than weapons, other countries will also try to have
women do. such weapons.
E) Once men age, they have deeper wrinkles and E) According to India, certain countries that have
more apparent thickening features, but it is long been given permission to own nuclear
because their ageing process is quicker than weapons legally are encouraging other countries
that of women. to produce such weapons, as well.
223
13. You may have travelled in many more countries 15. If the information is to enter long-term storage,
in Europe than most of us, but it does not it must be repeated often so as to strengthen
necessarily mean that you are an expert on the connections between the sensory neurons
every issue. in the network.
A) It is not necessary for you to travel in many A) When the information enters long-term storage,
more countries in Europe than most of us in it is regularly repeated so that the connections
order to be an expert on every issue. between the sensory neurons in the network are
B) The number of the countries that you have reinforced.
visited in Europe possibly far exceeds most B) If the information is not repeated occasionally
of ours, but that does not inevitably suggest to strengthen the connections between the
that you have specialized knowledge in every sensory neurons in the network, it cannot enter
matter. the long-term storage.
C) It could be true that you have travelled in a lot C) In order to fortify the connections between the
more countries in Europe than most of us have sensory neurons in the network, it is necessary
done, but in order to be an expert on this issue for the information be repeated often before it
you need to visit many more. can enter long-term storage.
D) There is no doubt that the majority of us have D) The information must be repeated once in a
travelled in as many countries in Europe as you while so that it can enter long-term storage;
have done, but this does not necessarily make otherwise, it is impossible to reinforce
us an expert on this issue. connections between the sensory neurons in
E) In order to have specialized knowledge in every the network.
issue, you should have travelled in a lot more E) Connections between the sensory neurons in
DENİZ PINAR
countries in Europe than most of us. the network can only be strengthened if the
information is frequently repeated in the long-
term storage.
14. Most of the traffic accidents occur during the

early hours in the morning, which proves that 16. A great number of people flocked to California
lack of sleep can lead to accidents. to make their fortunes in the Gold Rush, but
almost none of them were women.
A) If one drives during the early hours in the
morning, he or she runs a higher risk of having A) Everybody who ran into the Gold Rush to earn
an accident due to sleeplessness. huge amounts of money was from California.
B) It has been proved that accidents that occur B) Although many people rushed to California
during the early hours in the morning are mostly during the Gold Rush to make their fortunes,
due to not sleeping as much as necessary. hardly any of them were women.
C) It is during the early hours in the morning that C) All of the people who flocked to the Gold Rush
most of the traffic accidents happen, which in California were men and they made their
demonstrates that not having enough sleep can fortunes there.
pave the way for accidents. D) Only a few of the people who rushed to
D) Accidents that happen during the early hours in California during the Gold Rush were women,
the morning are a clear sign that lack of sleep is so they failed to make their fortunes.
the main reason for accidents. E) Despite the fact that majority of women arrived
E) Drivers are more likely to lack sleep in the in California to make their fortunes, they couldn’t
early morning, and most of the accidents that achieve it in the Gold Rush.
occur during that time could be the direct
consequence of this fact.
224
3. America is so vast that almost everything said

SET 2 about it is likely to be true, and the opposite is
probably equally true.
1. - 16. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en
A) America has so much land that virtually
yakın cümleyi bulunuz.
everything told about it is doubtlessly true, and
1. As recent research has shown, media like the also the vice versa may be equally true.
Internet and TV have a greater influence over B) Although the opponents say otherwise, America
people’s lives than politicians. is boundless and everybody else thinks so.
A) Not only media like the internet and TV but also C) According to the majority of people, America
politicians have great influence on people’s lives is known as a limitless country though the
according to recent research. opposite is also true.
B) The latest research has revealed that there is a D) America has such an immense land that nearly
close link between the Internet and politicians in all the things said about it is probably true, and
terms of media influence. the opposite might be evenly true.
C) Politicians have less influence on people’s lives E) America is so enormous as to make nearly
than the Internet and TV, as has been shown in everyone talk about itself, but possibly the
recent research. opposite is true for the rest.
D) According to recent research, politicians don’t
have as much influence as media like the
Internet and TV over people’s lives.
E) As recent research has shown, people’s lives
are influenced by both media like the Internet
DENİZ PINAR
and TV and politicians.
2. Before the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth,

Spanish colonists in Florida had feasted with
Native Americans in what some call the first
Thanksgiving.
A) Spanish colonists in Florida had to wait for the
Pilgrims to land in Plymouth so as to celebrate 4. They might just as well shut down the restaurant
the first Thanksgiving in a feast with Native for the rest of the year, since summer is over
Americans. and the tourists have all left.
B) It was the arrival of the Pilgrims in Plymouth that A) They can’t be bothered to run the restaurant
encouraged Spanish colonists in Florida to feast after the tourist-season and summer are over.
with Native Americans in what some call the first B) Once the tourists have left and the season has
Thanksgiving. passed by, they’ll probably decide to close the
C) Spanish colonists in Florida had already feasted restaurant.
with Native Americans, which is named by C) I think they might close the restaurant for the
some as the first Thanksgiving, by the time the rest of the season because there are almost no
Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth. tourists around.
D) Had the Pilgrims not landed in Plymouth, D) There’s no point in keeping the restaurant open
Spanish colonists wouldn’t have feasted with for the rest of the year, as the season is over
Native Americans in Florida. and there are no more tourists around.
E) Spanish colonists in Florida were feasting E) Since the tourists have gone and summer is
and celebrating the Thanksgiving with Native over, they find it hardly profitable to keep the
Americans after the Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth. restaurant open for the rest of the season.
225
5. The judges of the court are independent in the 7. Doctors were unwilling to operate the patient
trial of all cases and in the rendering of their as the patient was suffering from high blood
verdict. pressure.
A) In all trials of cases, the court’s judges are free A) Doctors don’t want to operate the patients who
to take a decision. are suffering from high blood pressure.
B) During trials, the judges of the court must be B) Doctors didn’t want to operate the patient owing
independent when taking their decisions. to the fact he was suffering from high blood
C) In the trials of cases and when rendering of their pressure.
verdict, the judges should be free of their own C) Though the patient was suffering from high
opinions. blood pressure, doctors were still eager to
D) In the hearing of all cases and when reaching operate him.
a verdict, the judges of the court are self- D) The patient was suffering from high blood
determining. pressure; therefore, doctors weren’t sure about
E) The judges of the court cannot reach a verdict whether they should operate him or not.
on their own in the trial of all cases. E) The patient had high blood pressure;
nevertheless, doctors insisted on carrying out
the operation on him.
DENİZ PINAR
6. Due to the fact that loan associations help

people to build homes, a lot of people have their
own houses in big cities in Turkey. 8. No sooner had the man turned the corner of the
A) A great number of people have houses of street than he was attacked by a 20-year-old
their own in big cities in Turkey since loan snatcher.
associations help them to construct their homes. A) As the man was walking around the corner of
B) Because a lot of people in Turkey do not have the street, he was attacked by a 20-year-old
their own houses, loan associations help these snatcher.
people to build homes. B) A 20-year-old snatcher beat the man long after
C) Loan associations make it easier for a lot of he turned around the corner of the street.
people in Turkey to build their homes so that C) As soon as a 20-year-old snatcher attacked the
they can have their own houses. man, he rushed into the corner of the street.
D) Loan associations not only help people in D) It wasn’t until the man turned the corner of the
Turkey to build their homes but also make sure street that a 20-year-old snatcher attacked him.
that they have houses of their own. E) When the man was attacked by a 20-year-old
E) Despite the fact that loan associations help snatcher, he was just turning the corner of the
people to build homes, a lot of people still do not street.
have their own houses in Turkey.
226
9. Those exposing their skin to the sun intentionally 11. There wouldn’t be so much contamination if
are always at some risk and this might be factories didn’t pollute the environment to this
prevented by covering their bodies. extent.
A) Covering one’s body when exposing to the A) Unless factories stop polluting the environment
sun deliberately might prevent the risk to some so much, the contamination will be much worse
extent. than today.
B) The ones who deliberately expose their bodies B) Factories pollute the environment to such extent
to the sun are always at risk to some extent, that they cause so much contamination.
which could be avoided by keeping their bodies C) Factories polluted the environment so much that
covered. the contamination got worse.
C) If those who expose their bodies to the sun D) If factories hadn’t polluted the environment to
deliberately don’t want to be at risk, they should this extent, contamination wouldn’t be at this
cover their body to avoid it. level now.
D) Exposing one’s body to the sun deliberately is E) As a result of the environmental pollution caused
always risky, so one should cover their bodies by factories, there was so much contamination.
to prevent the risk.
E) In order not to risk their skin when exposed to
the sun, people could cover their bodies.
DENİZ PINAR
12. He is gifted in that he is able to assess the risks

of granting any specific loan, which makes him
invaluable to the bank he works at.
10. The costs of health care and insurance have A) Before granting a loan to a client, the bank
risen remarkably due to advances in medical he works at always tries to assess the risks
technology. involved and it mostly trusts his ability in this
A) Technological advances in medicine have regard.
driven up the costs of health care and insurance B) The bank manager expressed her gratitude to
considerably. him, since he had precisely pointed to the risks
B) Despite the advances in medical technology, involved in that particular loan.
the health care and insurance costs have C) The bank at which he works heavily banks on
increased significantly. him because of his knack for judging accurately
C) Because the costs of insurance and health the degrees of risks entailed with any specific
care have gone up, medical technology has loan.
advanced remarkably. D) The bank has long fallen back on him in terms of
D) Fortunately, health care and insurance cost less evaluating the risks of giving any specific credit
largely due to advances in medical technology. to a client, as he has magical powers related to
this issue.
E) As long as the technological advances in
medicine are achieved, the costs of health care E) The credit he was granted by the bank shows
and insurance will go up significantly. his talent to get whatever he wants in spite of
the risks involved.
227
13. One of the most lethal diseases, pancreatic 15. Sheep and goats are major livestock species
cancer has a median survival of six months and of Pakistan, which provide the basic economic
a five-year survival of a mere 6%. source for many people dwelling in the
A) Pancreatic cancer is the most fatal disease with underdeveloped parts of the country.
an average survival of six months, and only six A) A lot of people who live in the underdeveloped
per cent of the patients can survive five years. parts of Pakistan make a living by raising sheep
B) No other disease is as lethal as pancreatic and goats, which are major livestock species of
cancer as six percent of its patients cannot live the country.
more than five years, while the average survival B) People inhabiting the underdeveloped parts
period is six months. of Pakistan are not allowed to breed any
C) Like in other deadly sicknesses, a patient with other species than sheep and goats for their
pancreas cancer has a survival period of below economic needs.
six months and only six per cent of them survive C) Sheep and goats are major livestock species of
for six or more years. Pakistan, which provides generous subsidies
D) A patient with pancreatic cancer, which is to its people engaged in husbandry in the
among the most deadly ailments, can survive underdeveloped parts of the country.
six months on average, and only six per cent of D) The basic economic source for many people
the patients can survive five years. who reside in the underdeveloped parts of
E) One of the most dangerous diseases, pancreatic Pakistan is animal farming, which is limited to
cancer takes only six months to develop in the sheep and goats.
body, and at the end of five years, only six per E) Sheep and goats are the only livestock species
cent of the patients can survive. of Pakistan, which provide the main economic
DENİZ PINAR
source for many people dwelling in the

underdeveloped parts of the country.
th
16. As the 20 century began, the major reliance
was on coal, but a gradual shift towards higher
energy content sources like oil began.
14. The ruins are open to the public, but do A) At the turn of the 20th century, the major
not attract many visitors because they are dependence was on coal, but in the meantime
accessible only by treacherous dirt roads. people were swiftly shifting towards higher
A) More visitors would visit the ruins if they were energy content sources like oil.
open to the public and if the roads there were B) Coal and oil were the two main energy sources
safer and more reliable. th
at the beginning of the 20 century, but people
B) Although people can visit the ruins, not many were starting to look for higher energy content
visitors go there as they can only access the sources.
region through dangerous earth roads. C) Like oil, coal also began to lose its prominence
C) The ruins are not visited by many people as they as the 20th century began because people
have limited access and means of transportation were increasingly shifting towards higher energy
there are not developed enough. content sources.
th
D) Even though people are admitted to the ruins, D) At the beginning of the 20 century, people mainly
the number of visitors that go there is negligible, depended on coal, but they progressively turned
because they have to walk on unsafe muddy to higher energy content sources such as oil.
roads to reach there. E) Higher energy content sources like oil were not
th
E) The ruins are open to the public, yet not many used before the beginning of the 20 century,
visitors go there since they can reach there only and people had to rely on coal only for their
if they walk on filthy roads. energy needs.
228
3. Almost half of young women delay starting a

SET 3 family presumably because they don’t want to
give up their freedom.
A) Many young people today get married at a
later age because their freedom is the most
1. Many governments in Sri Lanka during the last important thing for them.
15 years have endeavoured to put in place a B) The possible reason for about half of young
viable political solution, but regrettably none of
women postponing starting a family is that they
these efforts succeeded.
feel like continuing their freedom.
A) Most of the governments in Sri Lanka have tried
C) Almost half of young women do not want to
to replace their political solutions with more
practical ones over the last 15 years, but they get married at all in fear that they will lose their
hardly had any success in their effort. freedom.
B) Sri Lanka needs more practical solutions and D) As many young women associate starting a
for the last 15 years they have been struggling life with giving up freedom, they try to quit it as
hard to establish one, but they have had only much as possible.
moderate success in these efforts so far. E) Around half of young women are against
C) For the last 15 years, a lot of governments in Sri marriage due to the possible fact that they see
Lanka have been striving to initiate a feasible it as quitting their freedom.
political solution, but unfortunately, they have
been unable to achieve their goal so far.
D) Over the last 15 years, Sri Lanka governments,
on the whole, introduced a number of political
solutions, almost all of which turned out to be
DENİZ PINAR
fruitless.
E) The possible political solutions proposed by
some of the governments in Sri Lanka during
the last 15 years have failed to come up to 4. The government of Sudan reluctantly agreed to
expectations. attend talks to bring peace to the Darfur region
only after considerable international pressure.
A) If it hadn’t been for the pressure from the
2. Meditation is an essential part of Buddhist countries in the region, the government of
practice and needs to be practised regularly and
Sudan wouldn’t have agreed to join the peace
diligently in order to make spiritual progress.
talks in Darfur.
A) Unless you practise meditation all the time, it
B) After it was faced with mounting international
is impossible for you to make spiritual progress
as it is an important component of Buddhist pressure, the government of Sudan had no
practice. other choice but to attend the talks in Darfur to
B) Although one has to practise meditation habitually bring peace to the region.
and meticulously as a crucial part of meditation, C) The only thing that was able to convince the
not every Buddhist practice involves it. government of Sudan to join talks to bring
C) Buddhist practice is made up solely of meditation peace to the Darfur region was the persistent
and it is compulsory to practise it recurrently and international pressure.
eagerly before one can make spiritual progress. D) It was thanks to substantial international pressure
D) Buddhism places a lot of importance on that the government of Sudan unwillingly
meditation as it is necessary to achieve spiritual accepted to take part in the negotiations to bring
development, but not everybody essentially peace to Darfur.
does it.
E) It is hard to comprehend why the government
E) It’s necessary for one to frequently and
of Sudan was reluctant to appear at talks to
vigorously practise meditation, which has a
vital role in Buddhist practice so as to improve bring peace to the Darfur region despite huge
spiritually. international pressure.
229
5. The country has not been able to keep up 7. Countless studies and mountains of evidence
with the swift changes in world events in a have incontrovertibly proven that teachers are
reasonable and effective way, which is mainly the largest determinants of a child’s academic
why it is still underdeveloped. success.
A) The country remains underdeveloped largely A) In spite of a large number of studies and a
because it has been unable to react sensibly great deal of endeavour, it is still questionable
and effectively to the rapid changes in world whether teachers are the major factors in a
events. child’s academic success.
B) The country must follow the rapid changes in B) Although lots of investigations have been carried
world events in a logical and efficient manner so out on the role of teachers in a child’s academic
as to improve itself and become developed. success, no satisfactory conclusion has so far
been reached.
C) Developed countries are those which are not
indifferent to swift changes in world events in a C) Thanks to myriad studies and plenty of evidence,
rational and competent manner. it has finally been established that teachers
hardly have any role in a child’s academic
D) Mostly because it has been slow to respond to
success.
world events adequately enough, the country is
D) That a child’s academic success is dependent
still not as developed as other countries.
on teachers more than anything else has been
E) The main reason why the country still cannot unquestionably confirmed by numerous studies
develop itself is that it is not enthusiastic and a good deal of evidence.
and responsive enough to cope with global
E) Despite scores of studies and a lot of evidence,
challenges.
there is still controversy over to what extent
teachers can be held responsible for a child’s
DENİZ PINAR
academic success.
6. Many Indians are vigorously opposed to dam

and canal building projects because they will 8. Most Southern slaveholders were adamantly
cause thousands of residents to be displaced opposed to the education of their slaves because
from their homes. they feared an educated slave population would
A) Thousands of Indian residents will have to be threaten their authority.
displaced from their homes; even so, most of A) It was selfish of Southern slaveholders to resist
them are surprisingly in favour of dam and canal the education of their slaves just because they
building projects. were afraid that an educated slave population
B) The main reason why a lot of Indians disagree would jeopardize their authority.
with the idea to build dams and canals in their B) The majority of Southern slaveholders were
surroundings is because thousands of them will frightened that their authority would be at risk
have to move their houses. if their slaves were educated, so they were
obstinately against slaves’ being educated.
C) Some Indians are naturally resistant to dam
and canal building projects as thousands of C) Southern slaveholders consistently fought
residents will have to be displaced from their against the education of their slaves because
homes. they believed that the education of their slaves
would lead to unrest among them.
D) Opponents of dam and canal building projects
in India do so because they firmly believe that D) Afraid that educated slaved would endanger
these projects will force the residents in the area their authority, some Southern slaveholders
to leave their homes. voted against the education of slaves in their
territory.
E) Dam and canal building projects will lead to
E) Many Southern slaveholders were in favour of
thousands of people leaving their homes, and
the education of their slaves, because of which
therefore many Indians are vehemently against
their authority came under severe criticism.
them.
230
9. While urban areas suffered extensive damage 11. Solar energy is available in sufficient amounts
during the two days of flooding, the scene in in each part of the World and can be used in a
rural areas was worse. variety of applications.
A) Rural areas are more prone to disasters caused A) There is adequate amount of solar energy in
by flooding, especially if it lasts two or more each part of the World, but its use in applications
days. is limited.
B) Rural areas did not suffer as much damage as B) There is an abundance of solar energy in every
the urban areas during the two days of flooding. part of the World, which can be utilized in
C) Not only the urban areas but also the rural various applications.
areas were hit by the two days of flooding, yet C) Not every part of the World is endowed with
the urban areas were much more seriously solar energy that can be employed in a range of
damaged. applications.
D) The effects of the flooding which lasted two D) Certain parts of the World cannot benefit from
days could be easily seen in both the rural and adequate amounts of solar energy that can be
the urban areas, but rural areas were much less used in several applications.
damaged. E) Although all parts of the World have the potential
E) The flooding which lasted two days widely to use solar energy in a diversity of applications,
damaged both the rural and the urban areas, it is still not adequate enough.
but the extent of the damage in rural areas was
more severe.
DENİZ PINAR
12. In order to safeguard each child and manage

a good camp, some rules and guidelines are
10. What is weird about the procedures is that necessary and must be strictly enforced.
people obediently follow them, no matter how A) Without certain rules and guidelines, it is
ineffective they are. impossible to secure children, so in order to
A) What makes the procedures unusual is that the manage a good camp, we must enact new laws.
more ineffective they are, the more popular they B) If we hadn’t enacted certain rules and guidelines,
are with people. it would have been impossible for us to protect
B) No matter how fruitless procedures are, they are every child and manage a good camp.
still valued by submissive people. C) In order to support every child and improve
C) The strange thing about the procedures is that the camp conditions, it is necessary to enforce
even if they are not effective enough, they are some rules and guidelines.
still obeyed. D) As we have firmly enforced certain rules and
D) Procedures are strange in that they are guidelines, we have been able to safeguard
unproductive most of the time, but they still each child and manage the camp well.
attract attention. E) Certain rules and guidelines are a must and
E) The popularity of the procedures never decline must be rigidly implemented so that each child
however ineffective they may be in scope. can be protected and the camp is managed
well.
231
13. It’s crystal clear that if a reconciliation is to be 15. The main objective of the IMF is to encourage
reached, concessions will have to be made on stability in the global economic system and help
both sides. to ensure its smooth operation.
A) It’s obvious that compromise will have to be A) The IMF’s primary goal is to promote stability in
the global economic system and to guarantee
made on both sides if they fail to reach an
that it operates without any problem.
agreement.
B) The IMF aims to make sure that the global
B) If neither side shows positive signs of reaching economic system operates in a smooth way so
an agreement, they will not be successful at all. that it is not affected by any kind of recession.
C) Major objections to IMF as it tries to bring
C) Both sides have admitted that they are
stability to the global economic system have
reluctant to make any concessions to reach a
helped it operate smoothly.
reconciliation.
D) The IMF was heartened to improve stability in
D) Obviously, an agreement can only be achieved the global economic system and help it operate
so long as both sides are willing to give way to smoothly in an objective way.
each other over something. E) The sole purpose of the IMF is to stabilize the
global economic system by safeguarding its
E) Before coming to an agreement, both parties
effective operation.
have to make any concessions; otherwise, the
result might be frustrating for them.
16. Despite the remarkable achievements during the

last decade, millions of people worldwide are still
DENİZ PINAR
excluded from the benefits of socioeconomic

development and the scientific advances.
A) In spite of the striking attainments over the
last hundred years, millions of people around
the World are unaware of the benefits of
socioeconomic development and the scientific
14. Unlike mammals and birds, snakes cannot advances.
produce their own body heat, so they remain B) The last dozen of years have witnessed
relatively still in extremely cold weather. extraordinary improvements, but great numbers
of people worldwide still cannot benefit from the
A) Mammals and birds are not like snakes as
socioeconomic development and the scientific
they cannot produce their own body heat,
advances.
which means they have to remain motionless in
extremely cold weather. C) Globally, a great many people have widely
enjoyed the benefits of socioeconomic
B) Because they cannot generate their own body
development and the scientific advances thanks
heat as mammals and birds can, snakes remain
to the significant achievements over the last
relatively inactive when it is too cold.
twenty years.
C) In comparison to mammals and birds, snakes D) A huge number of people throughout the
prefer not to move when it is hot, which is World are still deprived of the benefits of
because they lack the ability to generate their socioeconomic development and the scientific
own body heat. advances, even though there have been
D) During very cold weather, neither snakes nor noteworthy accomplishments in the last ten
mammals and birds can produce their own body years.
heat, which is why they stay comparatively still. E) Since there have been considerable
E) Mammals and birds don’t move much when it is improvements over the last couple of years,
exceedingly cold as they don’t have the ability to scores of people around the World have been
produce their own body heat, while snakes do. endowed with the benefits of socioeconomic
development and the scientific advances.
232
3. Overuse of antibiotics in human medicine

SET 4 may partly be responsible for the increase in
antibiotic resistant bacteria.
A) Antibiotic resistant bacteria have proliferated
for the apparent reason that people use a lot of
antibiotics to heal.
1. The number of people who own guns has B) The rise in antibiotic resistant bacteria may
declined dramatically since 1975, but overall partly be blamed for overuse of antibiotics in
sales are increasing, as a shrinking number of human medicine.
owners purchase ever more guns.
C) The fact that people use too many antibiotics
A) Unfortunately, there has been a decrease in the has inadvertently resulted in an increase in
number of people who have guns since 1975, antibiotic resistant bacteria.
but sales are rising because of the increase in
D) Antibiotic resistant bacteria would not have
the number of guns bought by gun owners.
increased that much if it weren’t for the misuse
B) Although the number of gun owners is slightly of antibiotics in human medicine.
decreasing, sales are mounting as a result of
E) The upsurge in antibiotic resistant bacteria may
the increasing number of the guns purchased
in part be due to overuse of antibiotics in human
by gun owners.
medicine.
C) Since 1975, there has been a steep fall in
gun ownership, yet total sales are on the
rise because gun owners, whose number is
decreasing, are buying more guns than ever.
DENİZ PINAR
D) Sadly, the number of people who own guns

is decreasing day by day, but because these
limited numbers of people buy more than one
gun, sales are in general, still high.
E) The fall in the number of gun owners since 1975
has been unexpected because during this time
gun sales rocketed on the whole.
4. Sometimes, people don’t appreciate how

2. The question of how light can be a wave and important it is for parents to get involved in the
a particle at the same time has perplexed things that their children do.
scientists for centuries. A) The fact that parents do not care about their
A) For centuries, scientists have been debating children’s activities has occasionally been
whether light is a wave or a particle. worrisome for some people.
B) One of the mysteries that has not been solved B) Parents should always be aware of their
by scientists is whether light is a wave or a children’s deeds and take necessary precautions
particle. from time to time.
C) After centuries of quest, it has finally been C) People every so often fail to comprehend that
confirmed that light is neither a wave nor a it is essential for parents to interfere with what
particle. their children do.
D) Whether light is a wave or a particle has puzzled D) That parents sometimes do not take part in
scientists more than anything else for hundreds activities together with their children is an
of years. important issue that needs to be addressed.
E) Scientists have long been confused by the fact E) Parents and children should join certain
that light can be both a wave and a particle. activities together from time to time to improve
the relationship between them.
233
5. The monkeys that appear to have passed the 7. UK workers are overly optimistic about their
virus on to humans are seemingly not affected personal health, despite the fact that many are
at all by its presence. at high risk from health conditions.
A) The monkeys seem to have immunity to the A) Many UK workers run a high risk of health
virus, and therefore it is not possible that they conditions, yet workers there are still exceedingly
passed it to humans. optimistic about their personal health.
B) Humans have caught the virus from the B) UK workers, who are at high risk because of the
monkeys, but surprisingly enough they haven’t conditions in their workplace, still do not care
been affected by the virus. about their personal health.
C) Apparently, the monkeys that have the virus C) UK workers’ over optimism about their personal
in their body and seem to have passed it to health is ridiculous as many of them are more
humans are not infected by the virus. prone to health conditions than anyone else.
D) The monkeys that seem to have been infected D) Although all UK workers have a more than
by the virus they caught from humans are normal tendency to suffer from health conditions,
seemingly not immune to its effects. most of them feel positive about their personal
E) It seems likely that the virus which existed both health.
in the monkeys and in humans isn’t capable of E) In spite of the fact that UK workers are more
infecting neither of them. likely to suffer from health conditions, the
majority of them do not worry about their health.
DENİZ PINAR
6. Flight testing was originally intended to continue 8. Providing opportunities for people to participate
until 1995, but development was stopped in in and benefit from education is widely
1991 because of the shrinking Soviet military regarded as one of the most important duties of
budget. governments.
A) Soviets cut down on their military budget A) Governments have one vital duty, and it is to
because flight testing which was originally provide their citizens with the opportunity to
envisioned to finish in 1995 had to be stopped actively take part in and take advantage of
in 1991. education.
B) Flight testing, whose development came to a B) It is a common misconception that governments

halt in 1991 since Soviet military budget was have to give their citizens the chance to have
cut down, was originally planned to continue till access to and to make use of education.
1995. C) As many people in our world lack the opportunity
C) The four-year delay between 1991 and 1995 to be a part of education and exploit it, it is
in flight testing was due to the dwindling Soviet governments’ duty to provide them with it.
military budget. D) It is a common belief that one the most crucial
D) If Soviets had not cut down on their military duties of governments is to give their people the
budget, flight testing which came to an end in chance to be involved in and utilize education.
1991 would still be in progress after 1995. E) Education is widely seen as an opportunity
E) Flight testing was supposed to finish in 1995 for one’s future career, so governments are
if its development had not been interrupted in expected to give their citizens the best education
1991 due to the corruption in the Soviet military. they can.
234
9. Africa is urgently in need of practical solutions 11. Although the city was faced with a probable water
to the myriad problems and challenges that it is shortage, the outlook improved considerably
faced with. following the heavy snowfalls in the mountains.
A) Africa is confronted with numerous problems A) As the city was expected to experience a
and challenges, and it desperately calls for water shortage, the measures were significantly
efficient solutions for them. increased despite the heavy snowfalls in the
B) Africa requires an expert to solve the problems mountains.
and challenges the country currently encounters. B) The city was on the verge of a possible water
C) There are various problems and challenges that shortage, but after the heavy snowfalls in
Africa needs to deal with immediately in order to the mountains, such a possibility decreased
prosper. substantially.
D) Although many pragmatic solutions have been C) The city was likely to encounter a water
put forward, Africa is still reluctant to apply them shortage, so everybody was looking forward to
to solve its problems and challenges. heavy snowfalls in the mountains.
E) It is urgent for Africa to hire experts so that it D) The water shortage that struck the city was
can cope with the problems and challenges that noticeably overcome thanks to the heavy
trouble the country. snowfalls in the mountains.
E) Despite the fact that the city suffered a lot from a
serious water shortage, the conditions gradually
got better following the heavy snowfalls in the
mountains.
DENİZ PINAR
10. The questions that remain unanswered are

exciting and important and will surely lead to
astonishing, unexpected new discoveries.
A) There are some questions that still need
exhilarating and significant answers so as
to pave the way for amazing, unpredicted 12. There are many people around the world who
discoveries. believe that it is ethically wrong to carry out
B) Because those are the questions that don’t medical research using animals.
have an answer yet, they are astounding and A) The majority of the people around the globe are
crucial and it is possible that they will give rise of the opinion that it is not correct to conduct
to surprising, unforeseen discoveries. medical research using animals.
C) Unanswered questions cause a lot of excitement, B) A lot of people across the globe disagree with
and they are especially important as they have the idea that it is not ethical to perform medical
the potential to cause shocking and startling research using animals.
new discoveries. C) Across the world, there is a common belief that
D) The questions that have recently found an the use of animals in medical research must be
answer are inspiring and serious and will made illegal.
certainly result in remarkable, astonishing D) Scores of people worldwide are of the belief that
discoveries. it is against ethical principles to use animals in
E) The questions that have not found an answer medical research.
yet are thrilling and critical, and it is certain that E) What a great many people around the world
they will bring about amazing and unanticipated believe is that the use of animals in medical
new discoveries. research must be banned at all costs.
235
13. Tourism is becoming increasingly important as 15. Most of these countries have won political
a source of revenue to many countries, but its independence, but they are still cruelly exploited
disadvantages should not be overlooked. by foreigners economically.
A) A lot of countries ignore the drawbacks of A) Even though the majority of these countries are
tourism, and therefore, it is gaining more and politically independent, they are still subject to a
more importance as a source of revenue. brutal economic exploitation.
B) No one should underestimate the disadvantages B) Many of these countries could win their political
of tourism, even though the welfare of many independence, but this does not mean that they
countries increasingly depends on it. will also win their economic independence.
C) Tourism is the main source of income in a large C) As can be seen in the case of these countries,
number of countries, but this doesn’t mean that political independence and economic
they take no heed of its negative sides. independence are two unrelated things, which
D) Without tourism, lots of countries would be must not be mixed together.
facing difficulties; that’s why its significance is D) Although these countries, at least some of them,
improving day by day. have won political independence, foreigners still
E) For many countries, the importance of tourism unlawfully manipulate them.
as a source of income is constantly growing, E) Despite being politically independent, most of
yet its shortcomings should also be taken into these countries are suffering from poverty due
consideration. to the cruel interference of the foreigners.
DENİZ PINAR
16. It is saddening that, though much better today

14. No other party fought so resolutely and boldly than two centuries ago, respect for fundamental
against the enslavement of women as did the human rights is not adequate enough.
Bolshevik Party. A) It is unfortunate that respect for fundamental
A) No other party struggled against the enslavement human rights is still seriously low today, but it is
of women in a decisive and brave way as the slightly better than two hundred years ago.
Bolshevik Party did. B) It is distressing that in our world fundamental
B) Unlike other parties, the Bolshevik Party human rights enjoy inadequate respect,
defended the enslavement of women in a although it received a lot of respect two hundred
determined and daring way. years ago.
C) Among all the parties, the Bolshevik Party C) When compared to two centuries ago, respect
fought the most determinedly and courageously for fundamental human rights is better today,
against the enslavement of women. but there is still a lot more to be done.
D) The enslavement of women was strongly and D) It is dismaying that fundamental human rights
confidently supported not only by the Bolshevik don’t get the respect it deserves in the world
Party but also by other parties. today, although it is far better today than it was
two centuries ago.
E) The Bolshevik Party took a firm and dauntless
stance against the enslavement of women, and E) It is a relief that respect for fundamental human
so did other parties. rights is rather better than it was two centuries
ago even if it is still insufficient.
236
3. Premature babies are more likely to suffer

SET 5 respiratory problems because their lungs may
not be fully developed at the time of birth.
A) The respiratory problems premature babies
suffer from are mainly due to the fact that their
1. Just as the advent of print technology had lungs are not developed at all at the time of
a profound effect on religion, politics and birth.
education in Europe, so did the spread of B) If their lungs had been entirely developed when
knowledge. they were born, these premature babies would
A) More than the advance of knowledge, it was the not have faced respiratory problems.
onset of print technology that greatly affected C) When they are born, the lungs of premature
religion, politics and education in Europe. babies are unlikely to be completely developed,
B) In Europe, both the arrival of print technology so they are more prone to respiratory problems.
and the expansion of knowledge deeply affected D) The reason why premature babies suffered from
religion, politics, and education. respiratory problems was that their lungs had
C) Since the introduction of print technology had not developed enough at the time of birth.
a significant impact on religion, politics and E) Premature babies’ respiratory problems are due
education, knowledge began to expand widely. to the fact that their lungs are underdeveloped.
D) Not only religion, politics and education but also
the spread of knowledge was deeply affected by
the initiation of print technology in Europe.
E) Because the introduction of print technology
DENİZ PINAR
greatly influenced religion, politics and

education, knowledge spread broadly.
2. The fact that fossil fuels will be depleted in fifty 4. When the museum was opened, it needed only a
years obliges many countries, despite harsh slight interior reconstruction because it was in a
opposition from big oil producers, to invest perfectly good condition.
more on alternative energy resources. A) The museum had to go through a reconstruction
A) Fossil fuels will mostly be exhausted in fifty period before its opening because it had to be in
years, so big oil producers compel many a flawless state.
countries to start investing more on alternative B) The museum was in a flawlessly good state
energy resources. when it was opened, so it called for a minor
B) The fact that there is only a fifty-year oil supply reconstruction only in the inner parts.
worries many countries, and big oil producers C) When the museum opened, it required only a
have already started investing on alternative small interior reconstruction so that it would be
energy resources. in a perfectly good form.
C) In spite of bitter resentment from big oil D) A minor interior reconstruction was necessary
producers, many countries must start investing for the museum to be in a flawlessly good
more on alternative energy resources; otherwise, condition at its opening.
fossil fuels will run out in fifty years. E) The museum needed only a very small interior
D) Unless big oil producers invest more on reconstruction in order to be in a faultlessly
alternative energy resources at once, many good state at its opening.
countries will run out of fossil fuels in fifty years.
E) Although there is severe resistance from big oil
producers, many countries have to invest more
on alternative energy resources, because fossil
fuels will be used up in fifty years.
237
5. Even though there is no guarantee you will 7. Workplace conflict is a fact of life, and the only
become financially independent through way to get through it is to resolve it quickly and
investments, it is probably your best opportunity. fairly.
A) If you do not have a better opportunity, you A) It is not uncommon to experience conflicts in
would be well advised to make investments in a workplace, and it can only be coped with by
order to become financially independent. working it out swiftly and justly.
B) Although not every investment can help you B) Although it is normal to have conflicts in the
become independent, it seems that you don’t workplace, not acting quickly and in an honest
have any other opportunity. manner could worsen them.
C) Even if investments are your best opportunity C) It may not be possible to avoid conflicts in the
to become financially independent, not one of workplace, if you don’t act fast and effectively to
them will bring you wealth. resolve it.
D) Apparently, you have no other choice than D) Officials have long tried to prevent workplace
investments to become financially independent. conflicts speedily and impartially without any
E) Investments may not ensure your financial success so far.
independence, but it is likely that you do not E) Workplace conflicts are a normal part of life, and
have a better opportunity. the only way to avoid them is to be unbiased
and to deter from making hasty decisions.
DENİZ PINAR
8. For the past 40 years, the common view about

the formation of our universe has been that it
began about 14 billion years ago in a cosmic
6. Although generally assumed so, the cold fireball known as the “Big Bang.”
formation of the Solar System has never been
A) 40 years ago, it was generally believed that
proven valid by astronomical or astrophysical
what caused the beginning of the formation of
experiments.
our universe about 14 billion years ago was a
A) Although it is thought that the Solar System has a cosmic fireball, the “Big Bang”.
cold formation, no astronomical or astrophysical
B) Over the last four decades, the shared idea has
experiments have been conducted to prove it.
been that a cosmic fireball, referred to as the
B) Contrary to what is commonly presumed, no “Big Bang”, led the way for the commencement
astronomical or astrophysical experiments exist of the formation of our universe nearly 14 billion
to prove that the Solar System has a cold years ago.
formation.
C) For the last 40 years, common people generally
C) The Solar System is usually supposed to believed that the “Big Bang”, a cosmic fireball,
have been cold at first, but no astronomical or led to the start of the formation of our universe
astrophysical experiments have verified it so far. about 14 billion years ago.
D) Although there are no astronomical or D) What initiated the beginning of the formation
astrophysical experiments to prove it, it is still of our universe more than 14 billion years ago
widely accepted that the Solar System gradually was a cosmic fireball known as the “Big Bang”,
got colder. according to the shared view among scientists.
E) It needs to be proven valid by astronomical E) For the past four decades, a general view has
or astrophysical experiments that the Solar been that the formation of our universe was
System has a cold formation; otherwise, the about to begin 14 billion years ago by the “Big
assumptions will be baseless. Bang”, a cosmic fireball.
238
9. It is predicted that gene editing will be routinely 11. How the hormones’ sudden surge is triggered
available to improve health, but using it to during adolescence has not been fully
create superhuman individuals is a more distant understood yet, but it is believed to be partly
prospect. due to on-going neuronal development during
A) It is anticipated that gene editing will be teenage development.
consistently used in the future with the purpose A) During adolescence hormones are exposed to
of upgrading health, but it is impossible to create a rapid decrease, the cause of which hasn’t
human individuals using this technique. been completely understood yet, although
B) Although gene editing will never be used to on-going neuronal expansion during teenage
create human individuals, it is claimed that it will development is thought to be the cause of it.
be regularly available for the improvement of B) Although we haven’t yet been able to entirely
individuals’ health. comprehend the mechanism that leads to an
abrupt rise in the hormones during puberty, it is
C) In the distant future, we can expect that gene
thought that continuing neuronal development
editing will be used not only to advance health
during teenage development is partly
but also to create superhuman individuals.
responsible for it.
D) It can be expected that gene editing, routinely
C) Now it has been well-established that on-going
available to enhance health, will eventually
neuronal progress during teenage development
start to be used with the intent of creating
is partly the reason for the sudden increase in
superhuman individuals.
the hormones activated during puberty.
E) Gene editing is expected to be regularly used
D) The sudden reduction in the number of hormones
to make individuals healthier in the future, but it
during puberty is believed to be partly because
will take a longer period of time for it to be used
of continuing neuronal expansion during
in creating superhuman individuals.
teenage development, but it is still unclear what
causes it.
DENİZ PINAR
E) The abrupt rise in the number of hormones

during adolescence could be owing to the
10. In addition to providing the body with the continuous neuronal progress during teenage
nutrients and energy it needs to function, the development, but it still needs confirmation
digestive system also separates and disposes before it is believed to be at least partly true.
of waste products ingested with the food.
A) With a view to supplying the body with the 12. Mass migration was a major issue in 2006, so
nutrients and energy which it requires, the it’s not surprising that it should be so central to
digestive system divides and disposes waste the movie, Children of Men.
products taken with the food. A) Nobody was surprised by the fact that the film,
B) The digestive system provides the body with Children of Men, focused on mass migration,
the nutrients and energy needed for them to because it was the most prominent matter of
function properly, and it plays a crucial part 2006.
in the separation and disposal of the waste B) No other issue attracted the attention of the
products absorbed by the food. public as mass migration did in 2006, and thus,
C) Besides supplying the necessary nutrients and not surprisingly, it became the main theme of
energy to the body so that it can function well, the film, Children of Men.
the digestive system is also involved in the C) 2006 was the year when mass migration
separation and disposal of waste products from became the centre of attention, which is the
the food we consume. reason why it was chosen as the central theme
D) The digestive system does supply the body with of the movie, called Children of Men.
the nutrients and energy that is necessary for it D) Mass migration was the most important matter
to operate, but it separates and gets rid of waste in 2006, so understandably it would be a good
products that we consume with food, as well. idea to mention it in the movie, Children of Men.
E) Instead of providing the body with the nutrients E) The film, Children of Men is centred around
and energy that it requires, the digestive system the theme of mass migration, which is hardly
breaks and removes waste products taken with surprising as it was one of the main problems in
the food from the body. 2006.
239
13. Smart investments to fight malaria are saving 15. A scientist’s findings suggest there’s no evidence
more lives than ever, but more must be done to to support mandatory abortion counselling that
meet our short- and long-term goals. warns women about the negative mental-health
A) In order to save more lives than ever smart impacts of abortion.
investments are being made to fight malaria, A) A scientist has discovered that abortion has no
but they are not enough to meet our short- and negative mental-health impacts on women, so it
long-term goals. is not necessary to supply them with obligatory
B) Thanks to intelligent investments made in the abortion counselling.
fight against malaria, fewer people die of it B) According to a scientist’s conclusions, there are
today than in the past, but there is more to do no grounds to advocate compulsory abortion
to accomplish both short-term and long-term counselling, which reminds women that abortion
goals. has adverse effects on their mental health.
C) Intelligent investments in the fight against C) In spite of great endeavour, a scientist has
malaria can help save more lives, but what is failed to provide enough evidence to champion
being done is not adequate enough to meet our mandatory abortion counselling that is aimed to
short- and long-term goals. advise women against the unfavourable mental-
D) More lives can be saved through reasonable health impacts of abortion.
investments to fight malaria, although there will D) What a scientist has proposed is that it is not
still be a long way to go to meet our short- and possible to prove that compulsory abortion
long-term goals. counselling is necessary, as abortion doesn’t
E) Although the fulfilment of our short-term and seem to have any negative effect on women’s
long-term goals necessitates more to be done, mental health.
a lot of lives have so far been saved thanks to E) That it is not possible to find any evidence to
smart investments to fight malaria. support that mandatory abortion counselling
DENİZ PINAR
is really necessary to warn women about the

unfavourable effects of abortion on mental
health is what a scientist proposed.
14. A prosperous foundation, new buildings and
a new constitution were not enough to offset
the disadvantages which stemmed from the
comparatively low standards of the personnel.
A) The drawbacks due to the relatively poor quality
of the staff couldn’t be counterbalanced by an 16. As soon as the government had abolished
affluent foundation, new premises and a novel entrance charges, many more people started to
constitution. visit the museums and art galleries.
B) A more wealthy foundation, more modern A) If the government had decided to stop charging
buildings and an innovative constitution were entrance fees for museums and art galleries,
necessary to compensate the weaknesses many more people would have started to visit
which were because of the comparatively them.
inferior standards of the workers.
B) Following the government’s ruling for no
C) Inadequate quality of the staff was to cause entrance charges for museums and art galleries,
shortcomings which were impossible to correct more and more people can start to visit them.
by a rich foundation, modern buildings and a
C) An increasing number of people had begun to
fresh constitution.
visit the museums and art galleries even long
D) What was needed to counterbalance the before they eliminated entrance fees.
weaknesses that were on account of the
D) Many more people started to visit the museums
relatively low standards of the personnel was
and art galleries, although the government had
not more than an affluent foundation, new
decided to put the entrance fees into force.
premises and a modern constitution.
E) Just after a government ruling for no admission
E) The problems owing to the relatively second-rate
charges for museums and art galleries, an
quality of the staff could be adequately offset by
increasing number of people began visiting
a prosperous foundation, new buildings and a
them.
novel constitution.
240
.
DPELS SITUATIONAL RESPONSE STRATEGIES
SITUATIONAL RESPONSE STRATEGIES ÇÖZÜM:

Soru kökünde verilen “warn everybody” ifadesinden
YDT’de, verilen durumda söylenmiş olabilecek sözü seçeneklerde öncelikle uyarı niteliği taşıyacak
bulma bölümünde, beş soru sorulmaktadır. Bu bö- yapılar üzerinde durmamız gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır.
lümde, adaylar soru kökünde verilen bir durum için Bu minvalde C seçeneğinde verilen “we must be
söylenebilecek uygun sözü içeren seçeneği işaret- prepared for the worst” (en kötüsüne hazırlıklı
lerler. Soruları yanıtlarken verilen durum içerisinde olmalıyız) ifadesi dikkatimizi çekmektedir. “Must”
geçen ifadelerin anlamına çok dikkat etmek gerekir. kipliği cümlelerde “strong advice” (güçlü tavsiye) ya
Soru kökünde sizden ne beklendiği tam anlaşılmadan da “warnings” (uyarılar) şeklinde kullanılabilir. Ayrıca
seçenekleri incelemek doğru bir yaklaşım olmaya- soru kökünde verilen bir çok ifadenin C seçeneğinde
caktır. benzer şekillerde tekrar ifade edildiğini görmekteyiz:
The economic situation in the country does not look
STRATEJİ 1 promising = The economic outlook is rather grim
REPETITION / TEKRAR And your firm has been experiencing problems for
some time = And as a company, we’re going through
Verilen durum içinde geçen bir sözcük ya da ifade,
hard times. Doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
doğru yanıt (söylenmiş olabilecek söz) içerisinde
kendini tekrar edebilir. Seçenekte tekrar yapılırken ÖRNEK SORU:
sözcükler başka bir yapıda (verb, noun, adjective… 2. A friend whom you haven’t seen for a long
etc.) karşımıza çıkabileceği gibi eşanlamlı ifadeler de time phones to ask you to join her at a
kullanılabilir.
birthday party. You would really like to go
DENİZ PINAR
there, but you are very busy due to business

ÖRNEK SORU: and have no free time to yourself. You
1. The economic situation in the country does explain the situation to her and turn her
not look promising, and your firm has been invitation down politely: ----
experiencing problems for some time. So at the A) I know birthday parties are not your cup of
board meeting, you want to warn everybody
tea, but I would really like you to join me
that the situation is serious. You say: ----
there as it’s been so long since we last met.
A) Despite the latest figures, which look a
B) These days I am overloaded with too many
bit gloomy, there are sure signs that the
things, but I will consider your invitation for
recession will be over sooner or later.
the birthday party once again to see if I can
B) None of us could deny the fact that the
economy of the country looks somewhat arrange it somehow.
shaky, but it is certain that the measures C) It’s been ages since you last got in touch with
taken will help it recover soon. me, so I wonder how dare you invite me to
C) The economic outlook is rather grim, and one of your friend’s birthday party.
as a company, we’re going through hard D) I hardly have time to breathe owing to
times, and I frankly believe that we must be business these days, so unfortunately, I’ll
prepared for the worst. have to decline your invitation even if I would
D) If only you had taken heed of my warnings love to.
regarding the economic situation in the
E) If you had let me know earlier that you
country, we wouldn’t have had those serious
wouldn’t be able to attend the birthday party
economic problems.
due to your busy schedule, I certainly would
E) I myself feel rather relieved that the
performance of our firm has so far been most have made other arrangements.
promising and will continue to be so.
243
SITUATIONAL RESPONSE STRATEGIES DPELS
ÇÖZÜM: Giving or asking for advice (Tavsiye verme/alma)
Soru kökünde verilen durumdan “uzun zamandır My recommendation/advice for you would be to buy
görmediğiniz bir arkadaşınızın doğum günü davetini the house.
işlerinizin yoğunluğu nedeniyle geri çevirmeniz If I were in your position, I would definitely talk to her.
gerektiği” anlaşılmaktadır. Kökte yer alan “turn You had better/should/ought to redecorate your
her invitation down” (reject, decline=reddetmek, home.
geri çevirmek) ifadesinin tekrarı "decline" fiiliyle D
I think/in my opinion/for me, you should go abroad.
seçeneğinde karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu seçenek
I’d advise/recommend you to change your point of
incelendiğinde durumda verilen diğer tüm ögeleri de
view.
kapsadığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt D
seçeneğidir. What do you reckon/consider/believe/think/advise/
recommend I should do?
STRATEJİ 2 What would you do if you were in my shoes?

PURPOSE / AMAÇ I’d appreciate your advice on this particular matter.
Verilen durum için söylenebilecek sözü ararken

seçeceğimiz ifadenin hangi anlamı iletmek için Expressing optimism/pessimism (iyimserlik/
kullanıldığına dikkat etmemiz gerekir. Söyleyeceğimiz kötümserlik ifade etme)
söz resmi bir ortamda mı geçiyor, yoksa arkadaş I think it’ll all turn out fine.
arasında mı ya da bir tavsiyede mi bulunacağız yoksa I’m confident that everything is going to be okay.
DENİZ PINAR
uyarı mı? Kullanmamız gereken ifadenin ne şekilde

I hope/anticipate/expect great success soon.
kullanılacağı (kibarca/politely, kaba bir biçimde/
I’m rather doubtful about his future.
rudely, kararlı bir biçimde/determinedly vb.) da bu
bölüm için önemlidir. Frankly/honestly/sincerely, I don’t think/hope things
will get better.
Verilen durumda söylenmiş olabilecek sözü bulma
bölümünde amaca uygun kullanılabilecek bazı ifade
örnekleri: Declining an invitation (bir daveti reddetmek)
Thank you so much for inviting me, but I’ve got too
Apologizing and expressing regret (Özür dileme much on at the moment.
ve pişmanlığını belirtme) I really appreciate it and it means a great deal for me,
I’m terribly sorry about what I told you yesterday. however, I’m not in town on that day.
Please accept my apologies for breaking your I’m afraid I can’t make it on Friday much as I’d like
precious vase. to see you.
I can’t tell you how sad I’m feeling about what I did. Much to my regret, it seems impossible for me to
attend your meeting.
I’m extremely sorry for the misunderstanding.
Due to a prior arrangement, I ‘ll be out of town, but
I wish I had told the truth.
thank you very much for your polite offer.
If I had known that she was such a liar, I’d never have
talked to her.
244
Calming somebody down/Encouraging (Birini 6. We were expecting a reward, but we couldn’t get
sakinleştirme/teşvik etme) anything.
I can’t imagine how you feel now, but don’t worry it’ll 7. We had high hopes for success.
be all right in the end. 8. Everything happened below our expectations.
Don’t worry, I’m sure you’ll do better next time. Expressing Relief (Rahatlama)
I can see you did a great deal of research on that 1. Thanks God! I’ve recovered from the illness.
topic. That’s fantastic.
2. What a relief to see you here!
There’s nothing to feel upset about; you did a great
3. Thank goodness for that.
job.
4. It is very relaxing to see you again.
5. I feel extremely glad to hear that.
Making suggestions (Teklifler/öneriler)
1. I suggest taking a taxi.
Expressing joy and pleasure (Neşe ve memnu-
2. Let’s talk about the issue.
niyet)
3. Why don’t we/you spend the day outdoors?
1. It is terrific to be together now.
4. What/How about watching a movie?
2. I’m delighted/overjoyed to hear this.
5. Why not treat yourself to a Caribbean holiday?
3. I’m very happy/pleased to pass the exam finally.
6. Shall we go out?
DENİZ PINAR
Making complaints (Şikayet etmek)

Expressing worry (Endişe/kaygı ifade etmek)
1. I’m sorry to say this but you are not doing well.
1. I’m really worried/apprehensive/concerned/
anxious about being late. 2. I’m not at all satisfied/pleased with our progress.
3. I can’t help /stop thinking about my upcoming 3. Sorry to bother you but you must change the
interview. route.
4. I’m scared to death that I‘ll forget everything 4. I want to complain about/I’m afraid I have a
during the exam. complaint about this situation.
5. He is two hours late. What if he got in a car 5. There appears to be something wrong with the
accident? vehicle.
6. I’m scared/I fear that something will go wrong. 6. Excuse me, but there is a problem with the
phone.
7. It’s been keeping me up/awake at night.
Expressing disappointments (Hayal kırıklığı ifade Expressing determination (Kararlılık ifade etmek)
etmek) 1. I will not rest until I’ve achieved my goals.
1. I wish/ If only I had a better job. 2. I’m determined/ambitious to pursue my career at
2. I am rather upset/disappointed about your being all costs.
late. 3. He seems fully committed to achieving his aim.
3. Why didn’t you tell me that? 4. I’ll definitely get through this.
4. How am I supposed to finish the project now? 5. They look decisive/resolute to manage the
5. What a shame! / What a disappointment! /That’s business.
too bad.
245
SITUATIONAL RESPONSE STRATEGIES DPELS
Warnings and threats (Uyarı ve tehdit) ÖRNEK SORU:

1. If you don’t come to work earlier, I’ll have to You were supposed to hand in your assignment
report you to the principal. on time. When asked the reason for it, you lied
2. Unless you study hard, I’m afraid you’ll fail. to your teacher about your father being sick in
3. Mind how you go; the traffic is terrible on the hospital. The next day, your teacher phoned your
motorway. mother and found out the truth. You are really
ashamed of what you did, and you apologise to
4. Finish your homework; otherwise, I’ll tell this to
your teacher: ----
the teacher.
A) If only you hadn’t phoned my mother about my
5. Do that again and I’ll inform the police.
father’s condition, you wouldn’t have learnt that I
lied to you.
Asking about preference (Tercih sorma)
B) I’m sorry that I didn’t tell you the truth about my
1. Which one do you prefer?
father’s illness, but you shouldn’t have phoned
2. Would you rather go out? my mother to learn about his condition.
3. Would you prefer to have diet coke or a regular C) If I had known that she was such a liar, I’d never
one? have talked to her. What could have made her lie
about such a crucial matter?
Expressing anger (Öfke/rahatsızlık ifade etmek) D) I regret lying to you, but I must admit that it is
1. Why does this always happen! my habit and the next time I fail to hand in my
DENİZ PINAR
2. I can’t believe it! assignment on time, I’m sure I will do the same.
3. I’m very annoyed about your manners. E) I can’t tell you how sad I’m feeling about what I
did, but as I couldn’t get my assignment ready on
4. His negligent actions/ conduct/behaviour really
time, I felt nervous and tempted to lie.
irritates me.
5. I ‘m fed up with her irresponsible behaviours.
ÇÖZÜM:
6. I’m extremely angry/unhappy about this.
Durumda verilen “You were supposed to hand in your
7. I can’t bear /stand it any more.
assignment on time” ifadesinden “ödevinizi vaktinde
teslim etmediğiniz” ve devamından da “bununla ilgili
Expressing it is possible/improbable/impossible
öğretmeninize yalan söylediğiniz” anlaşılmaktadır.
(İhtimalleri ya da imkansızlığı ifade etmek)
Yalanınız öğretmeniniz tarafından tespit edilince “you
1. I’m not at all convinced/sure/certain that this will apologise to your teacher” ifadesinden de anlaşıldığı
happen. gibi öğretmeninizden özür diliyorsunuz. B ve E
2. He is likely/unlikely to get the promotion. seçeneklerinde sırasıyla “I’m sorry that I didn’t tell you
3. It is possible/probable to arrive there on time. the truth about my father’s illness” ve “I can’t tell you
how sad I’m feeling about what I did” şeklinde özür
4. It’s extremely unlikely/improbable to finish the
içeren ifadeler kullanılmıştır. Ancak B seçeneğinde
job.
“You shouldn’t have phoned my mother to learn
5. I doubt it will rain.
about his condition.” (Hastalığını öğrenmek için
6. We may/might/could prepare for Ielts. annemi aramamanız gerekirdi.) şeklinde öğretmeni
7. It seems impossible to move now. eleştiren bir yapı verilmiştir ve böyle bir ifadeyi
8. One can’t say with any certainty that she’ll arrive birinden özür dilerken kullanmak hoş bir şey değildir.
on time. E seçeneğinde anlam genel olarak “Yaptığım şeye
246
dair ne kadar üzgün hissettiğimi size anlatamam ama ÇÖZÜM:

ödevimi vaktinde yetiştiremediğim için kendimi gergin
Soru kökünde verilen “you advise caution” (tedbirli
ve yalan söylemeye mecbur hissettim.” şeklindedir.
olmayı öneriyorsunuz) ifadesinden seçeneklerde
Doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
tavsiye yapıları üzerinde durmamız gerektiği
sonucunu çıkarabiliriz. Ayrıca tavsiyenizi verirken
“he is behaving rather foolishly” (oldukça saçma
davranıyor) ifadesinden de anlaşılacağı gibi
arkadaşınızın yaptığı şeyi onaylamayan bir yorumda
bulunmanız gerekiyor. A ve E seçenekleri hem
ÖRNEK SORU:
bu kriterlere uygundur (onaylamamaktadır) hem de
A friend complains that he’s not satisfied with bu seçeneklerde sırasıyla “should” ve “my advice”
his job at all, and he gets a very low salary; so yapılarıyla direkt tavsiye verirken kullanılabilecek klişe
he’s thinking of submitting his resignation soon. yapılar verilmiştir. Bu nedenle önce bu iki seçeneği
You feel he’s making a snap decision and he is inceleyeceğiz. Ancak E seçeneğinde “arkadaşınızın
behaving rather foolishly. You advise caution and müdürlerinin onun istifasını isteyeceği” yönünde,
say: ---- verilen durumla ilgisiz bir ifade kullanılmıştır. A
A) If you ask me, you should give it a second seçeneğinde anlam genel olarak “Eğer bana sorarsan
thought before you make up your mind. What kararını vermeden önce bir kez daha düşünmelisin.
if you can’t find a better one after you resign? İstifa ettikten sonra ya daha iyi bir iş bulamazsan?”
şeklindedir. A seçeneği soru kökündeki durumla
DENİZ PINAR
B) Not everybody receives a high salary these

days, but anyhow, I would also do the same anlamca örtüşmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt A
if I were in your position. seçeneğidir.
C) I feel much or less the same way as you feel.

If only we could find the capital we need to
set up our own business. It would be a lot
easier to resign, then.
D) You must accept the fact that the country
is going through a severe crisis and not
everybody gets an adequate salary, so you
must decline his resignation.
E) My advice for you would be to work as hard
as you can before asking for a pay rise;
otherwise, your managers can ask you to
hand in your resignation soon.
247
SITUATIONAL RESPONSE TESTS DPELS
3. You have been invited to attend a conference

SITUATIONAL RESPONSE TESTS
on climate change and global warming.
SET 1 However, as you have been in poor health
for some time, you feel you must decline the
1. - 16. sorularda, verilen durumda söylenmiş invitation, so you say politely: ----
olabilecek sözü bulunuz.
A) I’m sure the effects of climate change and
global warming on public health will certainly
1. Everyone in the office seems to be greatly arouse great interest.
impressed by the new clerk that has been B) This is a conference I should never miss, but
recruited lately, but he is an old acquaintance due to the operation my wife will undergo
of yours, so you know him better than they next week, sadly, I will have to turn you
do. So, in an attempt to contradict this down.
impression, you say: ---- C) I am really sorry, but I must reject your
A) I can guarantee that you will never be let invitation, as I have to take part in another
down by the new employee. conference on poor health then.
B) There is no doubt that he will become the D) I’d be delighted to attend, as it is a topic of
most successful staff in this office soon. great interest for me, but on health grounds,
C) If you ask me, all he needs is just a bit of I would like to be excused.
support and encouragement from you. E) I have to apologize to you for not having
DENİZ PINAR
attended your conference on climate change

D) It is too soon to form an opinion about him as
and global warming, as I didn’t feel well.
he is not what he seems to be.
E) To be honest, I cannot say that I agree with
him, either. 4. In a board meeting, a colleague of yours
has put forward a new policy suggestion
which conflicts the general policy of the firm.
2. Mr. and Mrs. Black are at a formal dinner. Thinking that it is reasonable and your firm
Mr. Black accidentally spills wine on the will benefit from it, you fervently support it
table cloth. It is clear that he feels extremely and say: ----
embarrassed. Therefore, Mrs. Black wants to
A) I strongly believe that the suggestion
console him, and she sympathetically says:
just made really deserves our serious
----
consideration.
A) How could you be so careless? You really
B) Because it is incompatible with our firm’s
made me feel uncomfortable and ashamed.
general policy, we should just ignore this
B) It’s okay - don’t worry. It happens sometimes. suggestion.
Besides, I’m sure not many people actually C) No one can deny its benefits for our firm, but
noticed it. we should think twice before accepting this
C) I don’t see the reason why they serve wine in suggestion.
such a formal party – anyone can spill it. D) How come no one can see such a suggestion
D) I wouldn’t have felt so miserable if only you weakens our firm’s established traditions?
had been a bit more careful at the dinner. E) Despite all of its potential benefit, I definitely
E) Don’t you think it was rather careless of the suggest that the general policy of our firm be
waiter to spill wine on the table cloth? upheld.
248
DPELS SITUATIONAL RESPONSE TESTS
5. Last night, you went to the premiere of a film 7. You have arranged a meeting with the board
by a well-known director. You went there with members at 1 p.m., but at the last moment
high hopes, but you were very disappointed you have had to cancel it. Therefore, you ask
by the film. Today in the office, when asked your secretary to inform the members about
whether you had enjoyed the film or not, you the cancellation: ----
furiously say: ---- A) Could you please tell the members that
A) The noise in the theatre was horrible, so I the meeting has been put off till tomorrow
couldn’t pay much attention to some of the morning?
scenes. B) I would like you to inform the board members
B) I am pretty sure that in spite of the violence about the agenda of the meeting.
it contains, the film will become a huge C) Can you ascertain whether all the board
success. members will be able to attend the meeting
C) I wish I hadn’t wasted my time on it. It today?
certainly did not come up to my expectations. D) Have you been able to get in touch with the
D) Except for me, everyone seemed to enjoy it. board members about the meeting at 1 p.m.?
I suppose I couldn’t concentrate on the plot. E) Please notify all the members that today’s
E) If you don’t put high hopes on it, the film will meeting has had to be called off.
probably fulfill your expectations.
DENİZ PINAR
6. You and your colleagues are having a coffee-

break, and you think that everyone should
8. You visit one of your friends who hasn’t been
get back to work because they have plenty
coming to work for a couple of days. He
to do, but limited time to do it all. You say to
complains about some ailment, and you can
the group in general: ----
clearly see that he does not look well. You
A) We could have some more tea and go on feel concerned and say: ----
chatting; nothing urgent is waiting to be
A) I don’t understand why you must keep on
done.
with the medicine prescribed by the doctor.
B) Well, a load of work is waiting for us to be
B) Well, I know so many people with such
done; it is high time we made a start.
complaints. I don’t think it’s something to
C) I have a terrible workload that I have to worry about.
finish; I had better get into the office and
C) I didn’t know it was that serious, but I don’t
concentrate on it.
think there is anything I can do to console
D) As I will be occupied with getting all the you.
things done in a limited time, I don’t want to
D) I don’t think you should ignore the symptoms;
be disturbed.
you must see a specialist right away.
E) If you’ve nothing better to do, I would like you
E) Come on, you look so well; you’re just
to list all the work to be done.
exaggerating your ailments.
249
9. One of your friends lost her husband a 11. A friend of yours, Ted, promises to meet you
few months ago and feels so lonely. You at your favourite coffee shop to have lunch,
think that doing volunteer work at a local but he is 30 minutes late, which you think
orphanage will help her to overcome her has recently become his habit indeed. You
problem. You try to empathise with her express your frustration in a sarcastic way
situation and encourage her by saying: ---- when he arrives, so you say: ----
A) The orphanage in our street is looking for A) You should have come on time; this is really
helpers and it pays well; you could apply for rude of you!
a position. B) This is the last time I’m warning you about
B) You’re absolutely right. After your husband’s being punctual to your meetings!
loss it can be depressing to work in an
C) I’m surprised to see you here, Ted. How have
orphanage.
you been doing?
C) The children at the orphanage will be like
D) You do not have to have lunch here if you
a family for you, and dealing with them will
don’t want to.
help you recover more easily.
E) Why are you always being late to your
D) I know you want to get over your husband’s
appointments, for God’s sake?
loss, but working with children is a very tiring
job, and you’re too old to do it.
E) If I were you, I would accept their offer and
start working there at once as working with
DENİZ PINAR
the elderly there will help you get over your

loss.
10. A colleague of yours at university is rather

reluctant to apply for a scholarship. You
think the main reason for that is he lacks 12. You’re a professor lecturing on a very
confidence. You want to encourage him by important topic in a large hall full of students.
saying: ---- While you are drawing a chart on the board,
A) Are you sure you really meet the standards you hear a yawning, which really annoys
for this scholarship? If you ask me, it would you, as you consider it rather impolite. You
just be a waste of time. want to reveal your annoyance, so you say
B) I know many people have already applied for firmly: ----
this scholarship. If I were you, I would wait A) I want those who yawned while I was
for the next term to apply. teaching to go out of this hall right away!
C) Lots of my colleagues at the office lack the B) Well, such things aren’t supposed to happen
confidence to apply for such a scholarship, to professors.
and, you are among them. C) Why are you guys yawning? Did you not get
D) How come a man with your qualifications a good night’s sleep last night?
has not been found eligible for such a
D) Whoever did this was disrespectful not only
scholarship. It is rather unfair, isn’t it?
to me but also to all of my students here!
E) I believe that you’ve got all the right
E) Don’t let me interrupt you; please go on
qualifications for this scholarship and you
sleeping, will you?
shouldn’t hesitate to apply for it.
250
13. Having recently graduated from university, 15. You put your car on sale and believe that it
your cousin applies for a position at a firm will be sold soon, as it’s in a good condition
whose owner is a good friend of yours. and the market is also good. You receive a call
During his visit to you, he implies that he from a potential buyer. He asks you too many
expects you to have a talk with the owner as questions irrelevant to the car at all. You feel
to his application. Believing this would be a that he is doing nothing but badgering you, so
kind of nepotism, you explicitly demonstrate you say bluntly: ----
your stance, saying: ---- A) If you want to test drive my car today, I will be
A) How dare you ask me to help you with your at home after 4.
capstone project! B) Since you are asking such questions, I assume
B) He is a good friend of mine, but it would be that you’re an expert on cars, aren’t you?
unethical and unfair to ask him to hire you. C) I’m fed up with your stupid questions about the
C) I’m of the opinion that new graduates should market conditions in Europe.
seek other options rather than working at a D) My car was the car of year in 2015, so these
public sector. evaluations are unfair.
D) Working with my friend at that firm will E) Well, this conversation is going nowhere and I
broaden your horizon, so I promise that I will understand that you’re not planning to buy my
help you with that. car, so bye!
E) It would be acceptable to make a few phone

16. You are a frequent visitor to your best friend’s
DENİZ PINAR
calls so that you can start working at an

international company. house and at the weekend, you want to drop
by his place again. However, he has just
owned a dog and you are afraid of dogs. You
want to continue to visit him. On the other
14. By chance, you have learned that a reputed hand, you are rather scared. Thus, without
think tank is holding an important conference hurting your relationship with your friend, you
in your town. You go to the hall where the say to him: ----
conference is being held, but they don’t A) I know your dog is an important part of your
let you in and note that your name is not life, but I am sorry to tell you that I’m afraid
among the names of the invitees. They kindly of it. Could you please put it in another room
explain the situation, saying: ---- while I’m visiting you?
A) Don’t worry; you have not missed much at B) I need to come up with some strategies for
all, as the topic is irrelevant to your field of managing my fear and until that time you had
specialty. better keep that animal away from me.
B) Sorry, sir but you cannot attend the C) If you can’t or won’t compromise with me
conference if you have not registered to about the dog now, I’ll have to cut my bonds
listen to it. with you.
C) With all due respect, I think you must have D) Please give your dog to somebody else
come to the wrong conference. because it’s going to affect how much time I
D) Those who are not wearing a suit are not will spend with you.
allowed to attend the conference. E) We can always get together at my place
E) I apologize to you for not letting you in, but instead, but you know you should never bring
you’re not qualified. the dog to my house.
251
3. One of your friends is a huge fan of online

SET 2
dating. The other isn’t. Over dinner, they
begin a 30-minute-long impassioned debate
1. - 16. sorularda, verilen durumda söylenmiş
olabilecek sözü bulunuz. about the pros and cons, ending with a
question for you: “What do you think?” You
1. A friend of yours went to a job interview want to express your ideas as to the matter;
yesterday and she told you that the interview on the other hand, you don’t want to seem as
went extremely well. Now she is certain that if you were taking sides, so you say: ----
she will be hired and is very enthusiastic A) Well, some people especially the ones
about this. You think she is too optimistic who lack self-confidence like me don’t feel
and you don’t want her to have a false hope, comfortable talking to strangers. Then online
so you give an advice: ---- dating becomes more appealing to them.
A) You should keep in your mind that there B) What I really want now is more to drink
could be other qualified candidates as well. because it is so annoying that you are
B) That’s great news. We should celebrate this. arguing!
C) They cannot find a better candidate than C) In my opinion, meeting someone accidentally
you. Of course, they will employ you. would be the best because in this version
D) You may not be the best one for the job but you feel some kind of romance and magic,
I’m sure they also consider other factors which creates excitement.
rather than only experience. D) Now I need a trip to the bathroom. Your
E) It turned out to be far better than I expected. argument made me feel dizzy, and besides, I
DENİZ PINAR
Well done, dear. don’t feel comfortable talking to strangers.

E) I think online dating works for people who
2. Your sister wants to learn Spanish. You know know what they want in a partner. For other
people who prefer serendipity and random
that she has attended a few courses so far
chatting, going out to parties would be better.
but hasn’t been able to progress much. You
think that she has wasted so much money on
courses, so you recommend something more 4. You are stuck in traffic on a public bus with a
friend on your way to work. The congestion
efficiently to improve her foreign language:
is due to the fact that a government official is
----
coming to your town and so the police have
A) I can’t believe you are still at the beginner
blocked a few main streets, thus forcing
level despite all the courses you have
drivers to use the same highway. You are
attended.
being late for work and exasperated by this
B) Why don’t you start learning another
situation and you say to your friend: ----
language? Spanish is not worth it.
A) I suppose I’ll be late for work. I’d better let my
C) After tons of dollars you’ve spent on courses,
superior know.
I think it’s high time you thought of learning it
B) This is ridiculous. They make people fall
in its origin country.
behind their schedule. I detest this place.
D) You have made a great decision. Learning a
C) Maybe we should take a taxi. It would be
second language is an asset when applying
faster, don’t you think?
to international companies.
D) This happens to me whenever I try to get to
E) You should look for a reputable course if
work in time.
you are really into improving your foreign
E) I love my country. They make everything
language.
easier for the people.
252
5. Your sister has recently taken an exam. At 7. You will have an interview today. However,
the night before the exam, she was having a in the morning, your clock hasn’t gone off.
party with her friends. She just learned that Still, you get dressed and rush to a bus but
she failed the exam. When she tells you the you miss it by a few seconds. Not losing
bad news, you respond uncaringly: ---- your temper, you take a taxi and get to the
A) It serves you right. You should have been place. In the building, you are taken aback
studying instead of having fun at the party. seeing the long lift queue. Considering all
the misfortunes you’ve experienced in the
B) It’s a pity. She is so smart, but how come she
morning, now you think this could be a sign
failed the exam.
for something bad and you say to yourself:
C) I feel very sorry for you. I know you studied
----
very hard for that exam.
A) I could try calling the agency and postpone
D) Don’t feel so bad about it. Exams aren’t the
my appointment for another day.
most important things in the world after all.
B) I had better take the stairs not to miss my
E) I think you can persuade your teacher to give
interview.
you a make-up exam next week.
C) Excuse me, may I cut in line because I have
a very important meeting upstairs.
D) This might not be the perfect job for me.
E) Do you think I should call the HR department
DENİZ PINAR
and let them know that I will be late?
8. You and your roommate have just arrived

from work and when you get into the house
6. Your colleague is supposed to prepare a you see some little bugs crawling on the
report in fifteen minutes to be presented to floor. Disgusted by the bugs, your roommate
your boss. While he is right in the middle of says you should call the pest control service
printing his report, his printer has broken immediately. You know that the building is
down. Now he is worried that he will not be sprayed with pesticides regularly, so you say
able to finish the report on time, which will to her: ----
make your boss angry. Feeling sympathy for A) There is nothing we can do about it. We have
him, you say: ---- to kill them all by ourselves.
A) Why don’t you call him and ask him for extra B) You’re right. We should call the service and
time? wait outside until they come and clean this
B) You should have checked the printer before mess.
you started your report. C) Chill out! They’re just bugs. They are not
C) Don’t freak out. You can use mine to finish it. going to eat you!
D) I know a very handy repairman. I’ll give you D) Relax, the building management is dealing
his number. with these kinds of things. I’ll call the manager
right away.
E) Next time please handle your work in
advance. E) I cannot go into this place with these
disgusting creatures crawling around.
253
9. You have a friend visiting you for the 11. Your sister is having her graduate ceremony
weekend. You take her to a restaurant that this weekend. You are in a clothing store
you visit regularly. Your friend orders a helping her to choose her dress for the
pizza and asks the waitress not to put any occasion. She asks your opinion of a dress.
mushrooms in it since she is allergic to You think it looks horrible on her. But you
them. When the waitress brings the pizza, don’t want to offend her, so you recommend:
you see that there are mushrooms all over ----
it. Frustrated, but not wanting to lose your A) You don’t need to look like a princess in the
manner, you give the waitress a heads-up: ceremony, so why do you want to buy this?
---- B) You are not seriously thinking of buying this
A) What on earth were you thinking? Are you awful dress, are you?
trying to kill her? C) I think you should try something in another
B) I can take the mushrooms out of it for you so colour that will suit your hair.
that you can eat it safely. D) You should definitely start on a diet. You look
C) You should be more careful about your chubby in this dress!
customers next time. You may cause E) I’m sure you will be the most beautiful girl of
something serious. the ceremony; of course if you have a good
D) I demand to talk to your manager. I’ll get you looking make up first.
fired.
DENİZ PINAR
E) I am terribly sorry. I will get you another one 12. During a reception, a waiter, while serving
immediately. food and drinks, accidentally poured soup
on your friend’s dress. She begins to yell
at the waiter for what he has done in front
of others, embarrassing him. You can’t help
intervening in the situation, as you believe it
is unfair to act like that, saying: ----
A) You know waiters, my friend. They are
always clumsy, so don’t mind him; just enjoy
the reception and the good talk we are
having.
10. You sit down in a chair. Suddenly you realize
that you are sitting on a friend’s hat. The hat B) It is very rude of you to tell off the waiter! He
is ruined and you apologize to your friend, did not deserve to be reprimanded at all, as
offering to buy him a new one: ---- he did it unintentionally; just calm down, will
you?
A) This one is awful anyway, you should buy a
new one. C) You are the most impolite woman I have ever
seen! How come you could try to insult me?
B) What a pity! To ruin such a hat is a shame!
D) Receptions are full of rich people who are
C) I’m terribly upset, but you should have been
vain and pretentious and you are one of
more tolerant.
them!
D) I’m terribly sorry, just let me make it up to you
E) You have every right to rebuke that waiter,
by purchasing a new one for you.
my friend. I find his attitudes toward you very
E) It’s too late to apologize, but I will anyway. irritating as a matter of fact.
254
13. It is winter and very cold outside, but your 15. A friend of yours, although having promised
daughter insists on going out and have some that she would pay back the money she
fun playing snowball with you; however, had borrowed, hasn’t done it yet. You need
your wife, who is worried that she might that money now, as you have to do some
catch a cold, does not want her to do that. shopping. Trying to be as polite as possible,
You believe otherwise, so you say to your you say to her: ----
wife: ---- A) How irresponsible a person you are! You
A) You are right, darling; she could come down gave your word to me that you would pay me
with an illness in this cold, so we are not back, but I’m still waiting!
going out, don’t worry. B) If one keeps her promises all the time, it
B) Being insistent will not work out on your means that she is honorable and trustworthy.
mother, sweetheart; let’s try something else C) Bring my money back; otherwise, I will have
that could persuade her to let you do. to talk to your supervisor about it!
C) Come on honey; we were both kids once.
D) I’m sorry to remind you of your debt, but I
I remember being disappointed when my
need the money I lent to you.
parents did not allow me to play outside in
E) Material things are worthless for me, so I
winter; don’t you?
don’t care whether you bring the money back
D) I hate snow, anyway, so I totally agree with
or not.
you.
DENİZ PINAR
E) Let’s play videogames all together that can

16. Your son spends too much time on the
be more interesting and safer than playing
Internet and this, you believe, affects him
snowball in the cold.
in a negative way. Although you have had
a conversation with him a few times before,
14. Your roommate has an important class at
it has never worked, so you talk to your
university that you think she should not
husband about this problem and you want
miss, but although it is almost 9, she is still
him to do the talking. He agrees, warning
sleeping. Worried that she won’t be able to
your son: ----
catch the bus to school, you go to her room
A) Unless you prepare yourself for the future
to wake her up, saying: ----
by focusing on your school, you might face
A) If you don’t wake up now, I will tell your father
financial difficulties, son.
about your irresponsible behavior.
B) I love the Internet, too; if you use it in a
B) I don’t care whether you did not sleep well
correct way, there is lots of information you
last night; you have to wake up and set the
can benefit from.
table for breakfast.
C) Please son, don’t make your mother sad as
C) I wish I could be as carefree as you are, but
she is worried about your health.
I have responsibilities.
D) When you become a parent, you will
D) I think you are right; sleeping is more
understand why we insist.
satisfactory than having to listen to a boring
lecture. E) If you continue to waste hours on the Internet
as you have done thus far, we will have to
E) Wake up right away; otherwise, it is
take your computer and smart phone away
impossible to attend this lecture of great
from you!
significance; come on!
255
3. Your daughter, who is allergic to certain

SET 3
medications and food, is under the weather
and threw up a few hours ago, so you decide
olabilecek sözü bulunuz. to take her to a doctor, who seems to be not
experienced enough in allergies in children
1. You are a father of two who promises to at all, as even though you showed the list of
hang out with your kids but does not keep medications which your daughter must not
your promise most of the time. You, despite be given, the doctor prescribed one of those
promising again to take them to the amusement medications. Realizing this, you got angry at
park, called your wife to let your children know the doctor, pointing to the importance of his
that you will not be able to make it. Your wife, fault, saying: ----
really angry, says to you: ---- A) I told you to treat my kid well, but you are
A) Well, I’ll let them know about your excuse, such a rude doctor that I’m speechless!
don’t worry, honey.
B) Did you not even look at the list I gave you?
B) Look, I’ve had enough! You have to be a How come you could do such a mistake?
responsible father to our children, for God’s This is my child’s life at issue!
sake! C) Where did you get your degree from, doc? A
C) Why are you always late to your meetings? barn or something like that?
You’ll be fired eventually. D) In a Western country, you would not be able
D) I have another appointment having already to practice medicine at all!
DENİZ PINAR
been planned, so you have to spend some E) I’m going to sue you and this hospital for
time with them. jeopardizing my daughter’s life if you make
E) Let’s take them to their grandparents’ so we the same mistake again!
can hang out together as spouses.
4. You are a professor of international relations

2. You and a friend of yours are having dinner
at a reputed university. One of your students,
at a fancy restaurant. When the waiter poured
while you were giving a lecture on Turkish-
water over her, she, unexpectedly, yelled at
U.S. bilateral relations during the Cold War
the waiter and asked him not to do it over
era, continuously interrupted you and asked
her. You got surprised, as she has always
irrelevant questions. Trying to keep your
been a kind person to others, so you wonder
patience, you say to him: ----
why she acted like that, saying: ----
A) I’m sick of your stupid questions! Keep your
A) How rude you are! I have misjudged you, so
mouth shut, will you?
I have to do nothing but stop seeing you as
B) You either learn to listen or leave my class
of now!
right away!
B) You should go apologize to that poor man, as
C) You can make a complaint about my class to
he was simply trying to do his job.
the board if you want, but such a move will
C) Get out of here you inconsiderate and have consequences.
ungrateful thing!
D) Be an obedient student and study your
D) We can go to some other place if you do not lessons well from now on.
feel comfortable here, honey. E) Well, these questions are totally unrelated to
E) Dear, what’s the matter? Never have I seen what I’m talking about, so let’s discuss them
you treat a person like you did just now. after class.
256
5. You have an appointment you should attend, 7. You think a friend of yours would be a
but it is heavily snowing at the time and your great fellow if he were more sensitive as to
car’s tires are not suitable for such weather bringing back things she borrows from you.
conditions. It seems that you will be late to She borrowed from you one of your most
your appointment. When you call the office, favorite books a long time ago and as usual,
you are told that your guests are on their she has not brought it back yet, so when you
way. You decide to call your guests, saying: see her, you tell her sarcastically: ----
---- A) I have no choice but sue you for not bringing
A) Please accept my apologies, but I’m not back to me my book!
going to be able to make it to our meeting on B) Look, I love you very much, but you should be
time. more careful about keeping your promises.
B) I’m sorry, but I have no choice but put off our C) I believe you should consult a psychologist
gathering. regarding this bad habit of yours, as it is
C) Let’s meet some other time this week, shall really harming our relationship.
we? D) I’m of the opinion that you should not feel
D) I’m thrilled to have a meeting with you and obliged to give me back that book at all, as
will be there in 10 minutes. you have every right to keep it for good.
E) I apologize to you for having to call off our E) I want my book back not later than tomorrow;
appointment due to the adverse weather do I make myself clear?
DENİZ PINAR
conditions.
6. Your husband asked you whether his little

brother could stay with you for a week and
you said it was no problem; however, even 8. Your son, although he has to take his
though it is almost 3 months since then, it medications regularly, does not follow the
seems that he has no plan to leave, and this advice of the doctor in this regard, which
situation is bothering you, so you, not trying is why he is not getting well. Wishing to
to hurt your husband, share your feelings emphasize the importance of taking them,
about it with your husband: ---- you say to him: ----
A) I’m sorry, but I do not want him to stay with A) I think you are getting better even though
us any longer! you’re not taking the doctor’s advice
B) Honey, he’s always welcome to our house, seriously.
but don’t you think it’s time for him to rent a B) I will make you some herbal tea that will
flat? make you feel better; don’t worry.
C) Why don’t you talk to him about getting a job C) Son, if you go on neglecting what you are
in another city? supposed to do, I will not take you to the zoo.
D) I cannot tolerate your brother’s attitudes D) Take your medications regularly, or I will
anymore and I can’t see how you can. throw them into the garbage bin.
E) We should talk to him into staying us for a E) If you don’t take your pills as the doctor
few months more, I believe. suggested, your health will deteriorate.
257
9. As you planned to go together with a friend 11. A friend of yours, buying a new cell phone,
to the store to buy some stuff, you call him wastes too much time on social media,
to pick you up from your flat, but he said his which you believe is not what he’s supposed
father-in-law died last night in a car accident, to do. You have warned him against doing
which made you very sad, as you knew his that many times before, but he wouldn’t
listen to your advice. When he receives the
father-in-law well. You say to your friend: ----
bill, he seems to be shocked, for the amount
A) Don’t you worry, my friend, as he was
is enormous. You want to underscore his
already too old, and he led a good life, you
mistake about it, so you say: ----
know.
A) I believe you will get a certificate of the best
B) I do not know what to say, as I’m deeply
customer of the month given the time you
saddened by this news, my friend. Please have spent on the Internet.
accept my condolences.
B) If you want my humble suggestion, you
C) Well, it is really sad news, but we’re supposed should take the bill back to the service
to do the shopping anyway, so what time will provider company and make a complaint
you be here? about it.
D) Every living thing dies in one way or another, C) I’m not surprised at all, as you haven’t taken
so stop crying and go on with your life. heed to my words about getting engaged in
E) My condolences, my dear friend, but this is social media this much.
life and as it is short, we should seize the day D) You are always getting too late to listen to
doing the shopping. your father’s advice, but you deserve to be
DENİZ PINAR
punished.
E) Don’t worry; I will help you to pay the bill so
10. An old friend from your alma mater is getting that your parents won’t be aware of your
married on Sunday in Athens; however, negligence.
you won’t be able to attend the wedding

ceremony, as you will be attending an 12. You came back from a badly-planned
international conference then, so you phone touristic visit to the Balkans two days ago.
You are sure that it is the travel agency to
to your friend and explain the situation: ----
blame, as it was responsible for arranging
A) I have to be abroad, following an important
everything during your visit. You go to the
meeting; otherwise, I wouldn’t have missed
agency to protest the officials there, but they
your most important day. Congrats in
do not seem to take the blame at all, so you
advance! say firmly: ----
B) I’m sorry that I won’t be able to join you at A) Well, please accept my apologies for having
your party, but the conference I’m supposed blamed you for what we went through during
to attend is more important for me. our visit to the Balkans.
C) I feel stuck in wedding ceremonies, so sorry, B) I can assure you that you will be in deep
but I cannot participate in your party. trouble seeing that you still do not admit your
D) I will not attend your party, as you did fault and irresponsible attitude.
not want me to be your best man, so you C) We enjoyed a lot the beauties of the Balkans,
celebrate it without me. where we made good friends with the locals.
E) Shame on you! Even though you did not D) Either you close your agency down or I will
invite me to your wedding, how come you leave the country for the Balkans!
still resent that I’m not going to attend the E) I wonder if your agency could help us to
party? explore the other parts of Europe next year.
258
13. You believe that you’re a good driver but 15. You’re on a plane to New York, looking for
that, as for female drivers, they should not a suitable place to put your hand baggage
be allowed to drive at all. One day, when just to realize that there is none apparently.
driving home from work, a car in front of you Aiming to lend a helping hand to you, a lady
unexpectedly stops, so you drive into its rear sitting behind you says: ----
bumper. Its driver gets out of the car and you A) Why didn’t you give it to the officer waiting
see that it is a female driver. You get out of
outside?
your car and say furiously: ----
B) You can put it under your seat, as there is a
A) How dare you behave like that?! Don’t you
small place for such things.
know who I am?
C) If you don’t sit down right away, I’ll scream!
B) I’m really sorry that I drove into your car,
madam. Please let me pay the damages. D) We should have preferred the British Airways;
C) We male drivers are totally arrogant and its crew is much more helpful.
wrongly believe we are better than female E) Talk to the pilot; she could tell you where to
drivers. put it on the plane.
D) Next time when you drive in heavy traffic,
make sure that there is no car following you.
E) As I always say, female drivers should not
drive and their licenses should be cancelled
for good! 16. Professor Ramirez, a colleague of yours,
DENİZ PINAR
is retiring in a week from university he has

been teaching international politics for 2
14. A good friend of yours takes you to a decades. You along with your colleagues
fancy restaurant to celebrate your recent organize a dinner party during which you
promotion at your firm. Before leaving the give him a farewell present. You make a
restaurant after dinner, your friend asks the toast and speak on behalf of your colleagues
waiter to bring the check, but it turns out that before dinner, saying: ----
the credit card of your friend is not valid and A) Professor Ramirez, you have been a perfect
he is really embarrassed because of that. colleague and academic; you’ll be missed
Trying to comfort him, you say: ---- and we all wish you nothing but the best for
A) What an embarrassing situation this is! You the rest of your life!
should have checked if your credit card was B) How I wish I could be in your shoes, as you’re
valid prior to inviting me to dinner. a lucky man with great accomplishments and
B) Why worry? Such things happen, you know. so much money!
I’ll pay for it this time and it will be your treat
C) Professor Ramirez is a great academician
next time, OK?
and I’m sure he will be teaching at our
C) I wouldn’t be worried were I in such a
university next year as well.
situation at all; let’s leave without paying
D) Professor Ramirez, all I want to say is that
anything, shall we?
my colleagues and I are very happy to see
D) Why don’t you loan some money from the
you go eventually!
bank in the neighborhood so that we can go
home unashamed? E) Let’s be honest, guys! We have all hated
E) You should have let me know that you are Professor Ramirez and his teaching style
broke; it’s all your fault! since he started to work here!
259
3. You are the organizer of a party and realize

SET 4
that some of the guests do not comply with
the dress code at the party although it is
olabilecek sözü bulunuz. clearly underscored in the invitation, so you
warn them in a polite manner, saying: ----
A) Go back home and wear your ties, or I will
1. You visit your uncle at the hospital where he
cancel the party!
has recently gone through a cardiac surgery.
For all the doctors’ assurances that he is B) I hate such people who are ignorant and
doing well, he is worried about his health. To negligent about what they’re supposed to do.
relax him, you say: ---- C) Please let me inform you that your outfit is
A) How on earth are they trying to deceive you not suitable for this occasion.
about your ailing health? D) Who do they think they are? How dare they
B) You look really depressed, uncle, but you treat me like that?
have every right to be worried as a matter of E) I will make a lawsuit against those who break
fact. the dress code!
C) Come on, let’s leave this hospital; the longer
you stay here, the worse you’re going to feel.
D) I see no reason to be worried about, uncle;
I’m sure you’re in good hands here.
DENİZ PINAR
E) I wish I were lying on a beach along the

Atlantic, now!
2. A friend of yours, Martin, from the gym

4. The last film you went to see was nothing
arrived at your office out of the blue to
but a disappointment, as, in contrast to what
invite you to have dinner out. Although in
almost all critics said about it, you believe
hesitation, you call your wife to inform about
it was really boring; therefore, when your
the situation, saying: ----
opinion was asked about the movie, you say:
A) How dare you unexpectedly come here and
----
ask me to do such a thing!
A) Were I the producer, I would have left the
B) Darling, I’m coming home with Martin from
country for good.
the gym to have dinner; would that be OK
B) I found nothing interesting in it and it was so
with you?
boring that I couldn’t stay till the end of it.
C) I cannot join you, as I’ll have to work overtime
C) I would rather sit on my sofa and watch a
so that I can finish my work tonight.
DVD than go to the movies with you!
D) Why don’t you come over so we can have
D) I enjoyed it so much that I’m planning to see
dinner all together?
it once again.
E) Honey, don’t wait for me to dinner, as Martin
E) The plot was almost perfect, but the costumes
and I will eat out together.
of the actors were out of fashion.
260
5. Due to the fact that your cousin gets late to 7. There is a movie rated parental guidance
pick you up, you are late to the play which (PT) that your son really wishes to see, but
you have long wanted to see. You arrive at as you are too busy to watch it with him, you
the theater hall right after the play starts, but say trying not to make him disappointed: ----
they do not allow you to enter. You insist, but A) Come on son, don’t be sad; it’s not the end
they kindly say: ---- of the world, is it?
A) It is all your cousin’s fault; if he had arrived B) You should know that I can’t tolerate such
on time, you would be enjoying the play now. movies, so I will not allow you to see it.
B) We’re really sorry, but as the play has C) Let’s go to see that movie tonight, shall we?
already started, we cannot let you in; this is
D) Sorry son, I don’t have time these days, but
the policy.
I promise I’ll make it up to you.
C) Get out of my face you irresponsible E) I’m not going to let you go to see that movie;
so-called art lover! furthermore, you’re grounded!
D) Why are you insisting that you be allowed?
I’m saying I just cannot do it.
E) Don’t worry; I’ll arrange something so that 8. You want to apply to an Ivy League school for
you can see the play. master’s degree that requires, among other
things, three letters of recommendation from
academicians from your previous academic
DENİZ PINAR
life. Therefore, you pay a visit to one of

the professors at your alma mater to ask
him whether he can provide you with one,
explaining the situation: ----
6. A good friend of yours is very sensitive A) Either you give me a letter of recommendation
about immigrants who flee to other countries in which you praise my successes when I
due to the fact that there is an ongoing war was your student, or I will make a complaint
in their country. On television, she and you to the board of trustee about you.
are watching sad news about them and she B) The Ivy League schools are the hardest
starts to weep, saying: ---- universities to get into all over the world, so
A) I can’t tolerate such bad behavior! Who does there is no point in pushing my chance.
she think she is? C) Getting accepted by an Ivy League school is
B) I believe it’s high time these immigrants my biggest dream, sir. If you would please
went back to their country because they are emphasize affirmative things about my
nothing but a burden on our economy. academic abilities in your letter, I would really
C) Let’s raise money so that we could help appreciate it.
these veterans out. D) Letters of recommendation are nonsense
D) How come you are not crying over such a and nothing but a waste of time, as what
great movie on war-torn countries? matters more in evaluating a candidate’s
application is her statement of purpose.
E) I’m deeply saddened by these people’s
predicament; how I wish I could help all of E) Well, if you help me to be accepted by an Ivy
them! League university, I will never ever forget this
and I will help you back when you need me.
261
9. A friend of yours at university is reckless 11. Having waited for a friend in your project
about paying the tuition on time and this team of seven members for almost two
has become a bad habit recently. The bursar hours, you got infuriated. When she arrived
office often reminds him of the deadline to at last, instead of being ashamed of keeping
pay it, but he ignores it all the time. The last the others waiting for too long, she seemed
time he did it, he received a phone call from as if she had done nothing wrong, saying: ----
an official at the bursar office who warned A) I’m so very sorry to have made you wait. I
him threateningly: ---- don’t have any excuses, nor will I object to
A) If you do not pay the tuition in two weeks, you if you punish me for this.
your position will be frozen first, then your
B) Why are you so worried about me, guys? I’m
registration will be cancelled altogether.
fine trying to finish my project in my office
B) You don’t have to pay your tuition any more,
right now.
as you have been granted full scholarship.
C) I got so embarrassed when I bumped into a
C) Keep on doing what you think you should do
woman’s car.
and then you will see what I’m capable of!
D) Well, your position at university has been D) Well, you have no right to blame me, as you
frozen, so don’t bother to pay it at all. didn’t even call me to ask why I got late.
E) If you insist on submitting your assignments E) I promise you all that this will never ever
late, the board members will kick you out of happen again, so please don’t kick me out of
university. the project.
DENİZ PINAR
10. Your brother has been working on a paper

for weeks that will be presented at an 12. Excited to have important guests from abroad
international conference next week, but all in an hour or so, your spouse prepares lunch
of a sudden, his computer breaks down. In which she wants to be perfect. She is a bit
desperation, he came to you for help, saying: angry because you look very relaxed and
---- haven’t offered a helping hand to her. When
A) Please give me some money to finalize my you at last ask her whether she needs any
term paper and I promise to pay you back in help with the preparation, she says in a
two weeks. sarcastic way: ----
B) I hate computers! Why don’t you write my A) Oh, your majesty, these chores do not befit
presentation down so that I can take it to the a nobleman; you just sit on your throne and
conference? order me to do this and that.
C) Will you please lend me your computer, as B) Many thanks, yes darling, I would really
I have to finish my paper without further appreciate it if you helped me with that.
delay? C) Whatever you try to make me relaxed will not
D) I wish I had memorized my presentation work, as I’m who I am.
in case such unexpected situations should D) Don’t mind the guests; let’s leave and have
happen. dinner out tonight, shall we?
E) Please fix this computer in two weeks, as E) How inconsiderate you are! You watched me
I’m planning to present my paper at an make great efforts to prepare all these and
international conference. you said nothing!
262
13. You realize that a friend of yours is 15. Your grandfather went through a serious
plagiarizing someone else’s article on operation 2 weeks ago and just got out of the
nutritional sciences. When you approach intensive care unit, which is why his doctor
him to warn him politely against getting allows visitors to visit him now. When his
involved in such a crime, he just ignores doctor informs your father, who was really
what you suggest, so you feel you have to worried about your grandfather’s health prior
talk to him firmly: ---- to his operation, that he has managed the
A) I, as of now, stop seeing you since you do most critical period, he says in relief: ----
not keep your promises at all. A) I knew that my grandfather wouldn’t receive
B) You may be in deep trouble if you continue to satisfactory service in this hospital!
work with such criminals.
B) Oh, thank God! I cannot tell you how happy
C) Using one’s work against their consent or
and relieved I am to hear you say this doctor!
without referring to their names is a felony
C) I thought he would be able to regain his
and if you keep doing this, I will have no
health right after the operation, why do you
choice but complain about you to those
think he hasn’t?
concerned.
D) You should see a psychiatrist without further D) Let me carry out the operation, as I’m a good
delay because it seems that you are addicted surgeon, will you?
to gambling. E) How dare you break such bad news all of a
E) Well, I will not warn you any more, as you sudden, for God’s sake?!
DENİZ PINAR
are adamant and won’t listen to my advice

against marrying such a tramp!
16. There is a conference at which you are the

14. It is winter time and most of the people keynote speaker, but on the way to the hall
around you are infected with a virus and it will be held in, a heavy snow fall begins
among them is the son of your neighbor. although the weather report said it wouldn’t
When your neighbor calls you to tell you that snow. You’re stuck in a traffic jam and it
she and her son want to visit you, you are seems that you won’t be able to get there on
reluctant to let them in your flat, as you do time, so you call one of the organizers of the
not want him to transmit the disease to your conference to let her know your situation.
daughter, so you make up an excuse, saying: You say: ----
----
A) Unfortunately, I have moved an inch
A) Oh, definitely! We have not seen you for so for minutes in this bad traffic due to the
long; there is so much to talk about. unexpected and sudden snowfall.
B) Why don’t you come over for dinner so we
B) I’m sorry, but I cannot accept your invitation
can catch up?
to the conference.
C) I’m sorry, but I cannot see you guys, as I
C) It is impossible for me to make it there on
know that your son is very sick.
time, so you have to cancel the conference.
D) I would love to have you in my house, dear.
D) There has been an accident right in front of
What time are you planning to visit me?
me because of the heavy rain.
E) Oh, dear, we were about to go out to have
E) Do you think you can delay the conference
lunch with my husband; maybe some other
for an hour or so?
time.
263
3. An unexpected guest rings your door bell

SET 5
at midnight right after you have gone to
bed. Reluctantly letting her in, you wonder
olabilecek sözü bulunuz. why she has come at this late hour, but she
says nothing and you go back to bed. In the
1. On the way home from the U.S., you have to
morning, once again you ask her what the
change planes in Brussels, but you are told
matter is, but she remains silent. You say to
after landing that your flight is delayed for 3
her in anger: ----
hours. Although waiting for it for 3.5 hours,
A) You’re always welcome to my place and I
you are still at the airport, so you go to the
can share whatever I own with you.
counter and you say to him sarcastically: ----
B) I’m really sad to hear what you have been
A) How come we are still waiting for the plane
going through since we saw each other.
when there is no apparent reason to do so?
C) You can stay here as long as you share the
B) I don’t know how to extend my gratitude and
rent.
thanks to your airline company, as I have
D) Get out of my property! I will never let you
always loved to spend hours waiting for my
use my car!
flights at the airport.
E) You come to my house in the middle of the
C) You’re the worst airline company I have ever
night and give me no satisfactory answer.
flown with!
This is unacceptable!
D) Your ticket prices are so high that not many
people can afford to buy one.
DENİZ PINAR
4. You are the director of a division at a public

E) Would you confirm my return ticket, as I
agency. Lately, you have realized that
would like to do some shopping at the duty
discipline at the division is getting rather
free shops?
slack and that an employee has arrived late
a few times but not presented any excuses
2. You heard that your cousin, despite being a
at all, so you decide to talk to her in a bossy
very careful and good driver, had an accident tone. You say: ----
and that it was so serious a crash that his
A) I never mean to hurt your feelings, but I must
car was smashed. You go to visit him at the
tell you that you were being very rude to your
hospital immediately. Realizing that he is colleagues when you yelled at them with no
very sad about his car being write-off, you try reason.
to comfort him, saying: ----
B) As long as you treat others badly all the
A) I didn’t think you would be such a careless time, how can you expect respect and
driver in contrast to what you have always understanding from them when you need
claimed. someone to help you with your problem?
B) I’m really sorry that your car is write-off; it C) I can’t tolerate such mean people anymore,
was such a beautiful car indeed! so I have decided to leave the town for a
C) You have every right to be mad at yourself. I serene and peaceful place.
have nothing further to say about it. D) Look, I’ve had enough with your being lazy.
D) Come on, dear, what is important is that you I assure you that unless you gather yourself,
have survived for which we all should be I’ll let you go to look for another job!
thankful to God! E) Tell me what is it that you really want please

and I will do it so that things can be put back
E) I hope next time you obey the traffic rules so
on track here at this department.
that you don’t have an accident.
264
5. Much as a good student of yours were 7. You’re sorry that since an old friend of yours,
supposed to submit her term project Sarah, was transferred to another branch,
yesterday, she did not and instead, she visited you haven’t been able to see each other
you at your office and said her grandmother as often as you used to. A mutual friend of
passed away, which was why, she continued, yours, Sam, also says Sarah’s visits to him
she couldn’t hand in her project. However, are few and far between. Empathizing with
when you called her mother to offer her your Sarah, you say to Sam: ----
condolences, you realized that your student
A) I do not care about what she does at her new
had lied to you. You send for her and trying
branch! If she really wanted to see us, she
not to embarrass her, you say: ----
would seize any opportunity to do so.
A) What you did was immoral and unethical and
so I’ll have to urge the board of trustees to B) A little patience, Sam. She will, in one way or
kick you out of school. another, succumb to our demands.
B) Please accept my condolences, honey. I’m C) She is expecting a baby boy, so she must
really sorry you have lost your grandmother, have arranged everything for him by now.
who will be missed by us all. D) Let’s stop thinking about her and focus on
C) You know I love you, but what you did was more beneficial things, shall we?
totally wrong. You could have told me the E) Well, I’m sure she works really hard not to
truth and I could have extended the deadline
lose her new position, as her position is very
for you.
demanding, so she must not have time.
DENİZ PINAR
D) Go get your term project right away;

otherwise, I will have to punish you severely!
E) Well, such things can happen all the time, so
don’t worry; you’re not the only one who lied
to me about that. 8. Tired due to doing overtime, you see, on
the way to the parking lot, a man waiting at
6. Your husband is a workaholic man and all the bus station. As it’s almost midnight, you
he does about positive marital activities is to know that there is no bus running, so you
take you out to dinner once a month, which approach the man and offer him a lift. The
is why when he asks whether you want to man looks irritated to be approached and
go to the Bahamas for a week, you say in replies firmly: ----
jubilance: ---- A) Look fellow, I don’t know you and I want you
A) Oh, darling, I cannot believe what I hear! Are to leave me alone, will you?
you serious? I’ll start to pack immediately! B) It is kind of you to offer me a lift up to the club
B) I’m sorry to say this, but I don’t trust you where my friends will be waiting for me.
anymore, as I’m sure something will come up
C) One must be nuts to go with you at this late
again.
hour of the night, as you’re known as an evil
C) You don’t have to try to cheer me up, honey;
man!
just leave me alone, would you?
D) Will you please help me with these bags
D) But honey, you were too busy to take us to a
because I cannot carry them to the dorm on
vacation abroad last year.
my own.
E) Well, I wouldn’t go to the Bahamas; we might
as well fly to Europe instead. What do you E) Busses do not run on national holidays, do
say? they?
265
9. The only daughter of a good friend of yours 10. Whereas your little brother is a tech-savvy,
is accepted by Harvard University, but your you do not know almost anything about
friend is hesitant about letting her study computers and hate them. He wants you to
abroad because she is the only child your lend him some money from your savings to
friend has and she is worried about how purchase a newly-released expensive laptop,
she can manage on her own in a foreign but you are strongly opposed to the idea,
country. As she knows you are a Harvard saying: ----
alumnus, she asks for your suggestion about A) Oh, poor guy; don’t you have any money
it. You urge her to let her daughter take this to buy a smart phone. OK, I’ll help you with
opportunity, saying: ---- that.
A) I wouldn’t give it a second thought, as she B) Technology is supposed to facilitate things,
will benefit from Harvard University, which is, but it is making them even harder than they
by all international criteria, is one of the best are.
in the world, in a million ways both during her
C) Laptops are too expensive. Why don’t we
study and after graduation.
buy a car, instead?
B) Are you crazy? How come you would even
D) What? Absolutely not! I’m not going to waste
consider letting your only daughter go away
my savings on such trivial things at all!
to study? Just persuade her to stay in
E) Let’s go buy one from the recently opened
the country where there are many good
store where they sell such products at
universities as well.
DENİZ PINAR
reasonable prices.
C) Harvard University is in Boston, where the
winter is really harsh. When I was there for
master’s degree in 2015, the temperature hit 11. You have moved to a good neighborhood
a record-breaking low of minus 35 degrees. where there are also good schools for
your children. At first, everything seems to
D) I doubt that she can cope with the many
be going smoothly, but after a while, the
problems that she might face during her
watchman in the neighborhood begins to
stay at Harvard, where it is common to see
bother you with his often and unnecessary
students spend nights at libraries to study.
visits, so you believe it’s time to talk to him
E) If you had asked me for my advice
bluntly. You say: ----
beforehand, I would have certainly told you
A) We’re really irritated by you and want you
that you must definitely allow your daughter
to stay away from our life. Do I make myself
to study abroad.
clear?
B) We always hold you in high esteem, officer
and you’re always welcome to our house.
C) Many thanks for your concern, but they’re
OK, so just leave them alone!
D) Either you stop badgering us, or we will
leave this neighborhood!
E) I understand you’ve had a bad day today, but
please try to be a little understanding to us,
will you?
266
12. As a graduate student, you have decided 13. Your husband always watches sports
to build a career in academic life, so you programs and never lets you enjoy the TV
want to explore good universities in the shows that you love to watch. You have long
U.S. and their academic requirements. Since tried your best to tolerate this, but it is really
you don’t know where to start, you ask an bothering you and you believe that your
academician you know for her opinion. She relationship is also negatively being affected
says she believes it’s a great idea to study at by his habit. You want to make an end to
a prestigious university abroad, but as she is it, as you believe it will totally destroy your
not a person in the know, she says: ---- marital bond in the end, so you say to him
A) I would rather you stayed in the country explicitly: ----
where you can find good universities with A) Although I’m fed up with this habit of yours,
great programs. I believe we can work it out through our
B) I strongly support you about your decision, mutual understanding, as I don’t want you to
but I don’t know much regarding U.S. abandon me.
universities. B) Stop acting so selfishly and let me watch
C) What do you think your parents will react to whatever you watch as well; otherwise, I’ll
such a decision? Did you talk it over with have to end this marriage!
them about it? C) Look honey, I love you; I really do, but your
D) The U.S. universities especially on the east selfish attitude in this regard might result in
our divorce, so you had better start to what
DENİZ PINAR
coast are excellent for graduate and post

graduate studies. you must do about it.
E) First, you should look for those which are on D) Why don’t you involve me in your sports
the top 100 list. activities, as I believe I can do them as well
as you do.
E) All men are selfish like children, so I do not
care about what they want in life at all!
267
14. You have always been an industrious student 16. You have been preparing all week for your
who has kept notes of what your professors friend’s birthday party that you want it to be a
have taught during lectures at university. big surprise for him, but the night before the
Tomorrow, there will be an exam of utmost party, you learn that his birthday is in a week
importance and one of your classmates asks from now, not tomorrow. Disappointed, you
you to lend her your notes, but you know call the hall the party is supposed to be held in,
that she is rather lazy and consider this to be saying: ----
nothing but taking advantage of you, so you
A) Tomorrow is not his birthday, but no problem,
say sarcastically: ----
we can celebrate his birthday one week earlier;
A) Do you know the famous fable “The ant and
after all, I have paid the money, haven’t I?
the grasshopper”? I’ll give you the answer of
B) Will you call off the birthday party, as my friend
the ant to the latter: If you spent the summer
will have to deal with an important matter
singing, you can’t do better than spend the
tomorrow?
winter dancing.
C) I’m sorry that I’m calling you on such short
B) Of course, I would gladly do that; let’s go to the
notice, but is there any possibility that we can
library and study my notes together, shall we?
delay the birthday party for the next week?
C) I cannot do that, as the last time I gave you my
notes, you did not even thank me, nor did you D) Such things happen all the time, right? Let’s
show any gratitude for what I did for you. forgive each other and make a fresh start, shall
D) Laziness is not a genetic issue, but it is rather we?
something one chooses, so you have made
DENİZ PINAR
E) I hate birthday parties anyway, so I’m not

your choice and I have made mine. sad; on the contrary, I’m glad that we have
E) I’m sorry I can’t because I gave them to cancelled his birthday party.
Samantha, but you can ask her to give them to
you as well if you ask her nicely.
15. You are the boss of a conglomerate and

although you want much to attend an important
meeting abroad, you suddenly come down with
a disease, so you tell an employee who you
count on to go in your stead. You say to her:
----
A) How I wish I could go with you that meeting
abroad, but I cannot do that.
B) Please accept my humble gratitude to you for
getting me rid of this burden by attending the
meeting.
C) It is of great importance that you be at the
gathering to be held abroad, so please do that.
D) As I unexpectedly got sick, I cannot go to the
overseas conference, so you will attend it on
my behalf.
E) Such things should not dishearten us from
pursuing our dreams. I trust in your abilities to
succeed.
268
.
DPELS PARAGRAPH COMPLETION STRATEGIES
boşluğun konumuna göre, kendinden önceki ya da

PARAGRAPH COMPLETION STRATEGIES
sonraki cümleyle de ilişki içinde olacaktır.
Paragraf tamamlama bölümü, parçada boş bıra- Sınav metinlerinde paragrafın konusunun ilk cümlede
kılan yeri seçenekler arasında anlamca en uygun verilmesi yaygındır. Bu nedenle ilk cümleyi konunun
tamamlayan ifadenin bulunmasının istendiği bölüm- belirtildiği cümle olarak saptayabilirsiniz. Bunu yap-
dür. YDT’de 5 adet paragraf tamamlama sorusu tıktan sonra tüm parçayı okuyarak önceki ve sonraki
bulunmaktadır. Bu bölümdeki soru köklerinin tamamı cümlelerin konuyla ilişkili olup olmadığını belirleyin.
paragraf şeklindedir. Ancak, her soru kökünde, pa- Konuyla ilgili olmayan seçenekleri hemen eleyerek
ragrafta yer alan bir cümle çıkarılarak bir boşluk oluş- doğru seçeneğe ulaşabilirsiniz. Ancak paragraf stra-
turulmuştur. Soru kökünde meydana gelen boşluk tejileri bölümünde de incelendiği gibi bazı paragraflar
paragrafın başında ilk cümle olarak, ortasında ya da serbest metinler olabilir ya da ilk cümlede başlatılan
sonunda bir sonuç cümlesi şeklinde olabilir. düşünce paragrafın ortalarında geçiş sözcükleri vası-
tasıyla çürütülebilir.
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF:
TEMEL STRATEJİ
I’m of the opinion that life in the rural area is
ANA FİKRİN TESPİT EDİLMESİ
preferable to life in the city. Above all, the rural
Paragrafların “Unity” (metinsel bütünlük) özelliğini area is calm and quiet with no problems of noise
bilmek bu bölüm için büyük önem taşımaktadır. or air pollution. Besides, you can walk from house
İngilizcede paragraflar, belli bir konu bütünlüğüne to house and talk to friends since the distances
DENİZ PINAR
sahiptirler. Pek çok paragraf, özellikle bilimsel / aka- are close to each other in the countryside. Unlike
demik paragraflar, o paragrafta ele alınan konunun the crowded streets and the noise of the traffic
belirtildiği ve sınırlandığı bir “topic sentence” (konu in cities, life in the rural area is refreshed and
cümlesi) ile başlar. Yazar, konuyu bize sunarken ge- peaceful. You can relax yourself for most of the
nelde bir “claim” (iddia) ortaya atar ve paragrafın geri day in a quiet atmosphere of such a place. Life
kalanında bu iddia “supporting sentences” (destek- in the city, on the other hand, is fast-paced and
leyici cümleler) yardımıyla desteklenir. Genel olarak regulated by others. Compared to rural life, it is
YDT paragraflarının yapısı bu şekildedir. İlk cümleye isolated and full of dangers by strangers. For
sorulacak “konu ne ve konunun nesi?” soruları ile pa- these reasons, I prefer to live in a rural region.
ragrafın anafikrini tespit etmek, özellikle "paragraph
completion" ve “finding the irrelevant sentence” yani Bu örnekte görüldüğü gibi, paragrafta ilk cümleden
akışı bozan cümleyi bulma bölümlerinde çok önem- başlayarak son cümleye kadar bir bütünlük söz
konusudur ve bütün cümleler sırayla hem birbirini
lidir. Bu bölümler okuma parçalarına göre daha kısa
desteklemekte hem de bu cümlelerin tamamı, par-
metinlerden oluştukları için büyük çoğunluğu tek bir
çanın ana fikri olan “kırsal bölgedeki hayatın şehir
konuyu ve o konunun tek bir yönünü ele alır.
hayatına göre daha tercih edilir olduğu” iddiasıyla
Boşluk parçanın neresinde olursa olsun, parçanın ana
uyum içerisindedir.İkinci cümle, "kırsal hayatın gürültü
fikri doğru tespit edilirse, verilen cümlelerin boşluktaki ve hava kirliliği problemleri olmadan sakin ve sessiz
cümleyle birlikte bu ana fikir ile uyum göstermesi bir hayat olmasından"; üçüncü cümle "kırsal bölgede
gerektiğinden yola çıkarak doğru sonuca ulaşılabilir. mesafeler kısa olduğu için arkadaşlarınızın evlerine
Yani bu bölümde öncelikle dikkat edilmesi gereken kolayca gidip konuşabileceğinizden"; dördüncü cümle
nokta, boşluğa yerleştirilecek cümlenin ilk cümlede "şehirlerdeki kalabalık caddeler ve trafik gürültüsünün
verilen ana fikirle ve paragrafın kalanıyla örtüşmesi aksine, kırsal hayatın temiz ve huzurlu olduğundan";
zorunluluğudur. Bu durumda boşluğa gelecek cümle, beşinci cümle "kırsal hayatın sessiz atmosferinde
günün büyük kısmında rahatlayabileceğinizden"; al-
271
PARAGRAPH COMPLETION STRATEGIES DPELS
tıncı cümle "şehir hayatının koşuşturmayla geçtiğin- A) BOfiLUK iLK CÜMLEDE iSE:
den ve başka insanlarca düzenlendiğinden"; yedinci
cümle "kırsal hayatla kıyaslandığında, şehir hayatının STRATEJİ 1
izole olmasından ve şehrin yabancı insanlardan kay- TÜM PARÇANIN TEMEL NOKTASI
naklı tehlikelerle dolu olduğundan" ve son cümle ise OLARAK İLK CÜMLE
"bütün bu sebeplerden ötürü, yazarın kırsal hayatı
tercih ettiğinden" söz etmektedir. Tüm bu cümleler Boşluk ilk cümlede ise, unutulmaması gereken en
incelendiğinde, cümlelerin hepsinin birbiriyle ve pa- önemli nokta, ilk cümlenin genellikle parçanın ana fik-
ragrafın ana fikriyle uyumlu olduğu ve dolayısıyla rinin verildiği kısım olduğudur. Yazar, parçada anlattı-
parçada bir “unity” (bütünlük) olduğu görülmektedir. ğı konuyu bu ilk cümle üzerine inşa eder. Dolayısıyla,
diğer cümlelerin - özellikle ikinci cümlenin - okunarak
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF: paragrafta anlatılan fikirlerin çıkış noktasını düşün-
mek gerekir. Boşluğun ilk cümlede olduğu soru tip-
Drones’ advantages over other weapons and
lerinde test edilen şey, aslında parçanın ana fikrini
intelligence systems are well known. They can
verecek bir “topic sentence” yani parçanın temel
silently observe an individual, group, or location
konu cümlesidir. Boşluktan sonra verilen bütün cüm-
for hours on end, but take immediate action lelerin desteklediği bu konu cümlesi, çoğunlukla bir
should a strike opportunity become available–all genelleme şeklinde olur. Bu yüzden, birbirini izleyen
without putting a pilot at risk. This combination cümlelerde konu ilişkisini saptayarak seçeneklerde,
of capabilities is unique and has allowed, for genelleme yapan bir cümle üzerinde durmak faydalı
example, the United States to decimate the olacaktır.
leadership of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and disrupt
DENİZ PINAR
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF:
the activities of many other militant groups.
---- Not regularly washing your hands and not
laying other habits that can help stop the viral or
Bu örnekte de, ilk cümlenin parçanın ana fikri olduğu
bacterial infections down may also put one at risk
ve diğer cümlelerin hem bu cümleyle bağlantılı hem
of heart infections. A messy and unhygienic and
de sırayla okunduğunda bir sonraki cümleyle uyum
polluted environment can lead to the spread of
içinde olduğu görülmektedir. Parça, "droneların başka
different viruses, bacteria and harmful germs that
silahlar ve istihbarat sistemlerine kıyasla avantajları affect the health of the heart. Therefore, one must
olduğunun iyi bilindiğini" anlatan bir iddia ile başla- bear in mind the fact that living in an unhygienic
mıştır. Okuyucu olarak beklentimiz parçanın kalanının environment might augment the possibility to go
da bu iddia doğrultusunda ilerlemesidir. Nitekim; ikinci through heart disease in the middle or long run.
cümle, "droneların kişileri, grup ya da lokasyonları
A) Stress and uncontrolled high blood pressure can
sürekli olarak sessizce gözlemlediklerinden ama bir
trigger diabetes.
vuruş fırsatı ortaya çıkarsa anında harekete geçebi-
B) Some diseases can be prevented if you avoid fat,
leceklerinden ve bunu yaparken de kesinlikle pilotun
salt, sugar and cholesterol in your diet.
hayatını riske atmayacaklarından" söz etmektedir.
C) Recent research has found that poor hygiene
Son cümlede ise "tüm bu yeteneklerin dronelara özel
and experience of surrounding pollution can lead
olduğu ve mesela ABD’ye Afganistan’da El Kaide’nin
to an elevated risk of heart failures.
liderlik kabiliyetinin büyük bir kısmını yok etmesine
D) In clinical trials, particularly in elderly patients,
ve başka çok sayıda militan grubun aktivitelerine
a reduction in the incidence of congestive heart
engel olabilmesine imkan verdiği" anlatılmaktadır.
failure has been observed.
Dolayısıyla, tüm bu cümleler incelendiğinde, hepsinin
E) In order to protect public health, governments
bir bütünlük içinde olduğu ve parçanın ana fikriyle
should give higher priority to environmental
uyum içinde olduğu görülmektedir.
pollution problem.
272
ÇÖZÜM: ÇÖZÜM:
Parça, kalp rahatsızlığı ve hijyenik olmayan ortam- Parça, erken ergenlik dönemine girmek ve bunun
ların ilişkisi üzerine odaklanmıştır. Bu durumda, giriş psikolojik ve fiziksel sonuçları ile ilgilidir. İlk cümlenin,
cümlesinin bu konuyu kapsayan bir cümle olması tüm parçanın ana fikrini verdiği ve parçanın geneline
gerekir. Seçenekler incelendiğinde, A seçeneğinde bir giriş olduğu göz önünde tutulduğunda, A seçene-
"diyabete yol açan etmenlerden"; B seçeneğinde
ği "erken ergenlik dönemine girmiş kızlar özelinde
"bazı hastalıkların yağlı, tuzlu, şekerli ve kolesterollü
olduğu" ve B seçeneği "Amerikalı çocuklar özelinde
yiyecekler yenmediğinde önlenebileceğinden"; D se-
olduğu için" elenmelidir. A ve B seçeneklerinde veri-
çeneğinde "konjestif kalp yetmezliğinin özellikle yaş-
len iddialar parçada anlatılanlar için “specific” (özel)
lılar arasında azalmış olduğunun gözlemlendiğinden"
ve E seçeneğinde ise "hükümetlerin, kamu sağlığını kalmıştır. Bu seçenekler tabiri caizse parçaya tam
korumak için çevre kirliliği konusuna öncelik vermesi olarak hükmetmemektedirler çünkü parçaların çoğun-
gerektiğinden" söz edildiği görülmektedir. Bu seçe- da ilk cümle ders anlatımlarımızda da kullandığımız
neklerin hiç birisi, parçada ele alınan kalp hastalığı bir ifade olan ‘şemsiye’ mantığında tüm paragrafı
ve temizlik/hijyen konusuyla ilgili değildir. C seçeneği kapsar. D seçeneği, "ergenlik dönemindeki değişime
ise, "son dönemde yapılan araştırmaların, hijyenik nelerin sebep olduğunu anlamak için daha fazla araş-
olmayan ve kirliliğe maruz kalınan ortamların kalp tırma yapılmasından" söz etmektedir. Oysa, parçanın
rahatsızlıklarını ciddi oranda artırabileceğinden" söz geri kalanında araştırma yapılmasının gerekliliğinden
etmektedir. Bu durumda, doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir. hiç söz edilmemiştir. Dolayısıyla D seçeneği de elen-
melidir. E seçeneğinde ise, konuyla ilgisiz bir biçimde
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF: "hormonal düzensizliklerin tedavisi için yapılması ge-
DENİZ PINAR
---- Scientists are concerned that precocious rekenler" anlatılmıştır. C seçeneği ise, "erken ergenlik
puberty is becoming more and more prevalent döneminin (early puberty-precocious puberty) kızlar-
across the world, though the exact cause has da 8 yaşından erkeklerde 9 yaşından önce başladı-
not been identified yet. According to research,
ğını" anlatmaktadır ve bu cümle parçanın ana fikrini
children who hit puberty early could be at risk
oluşturacak nitelikte bir giriş cümlesidir. Bu durumda,
of experiencing physical and psychological
doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
complications. For example, a girl who
matures earlier than her peers may face social
isolation or targeted harassment as a result. STRATEJİ 2
This can lead to emotional problems during a
KRONOLOJİK SIRA
very vulnerable age.
A) Most girls who experience early puberty do not Elbette, ilk cümlenin bazı durumlarda bir genelleme
face any serious complications as far as the yapmayıp, spesifik bir durum ya da tarihi bir olaydan
evidence suggests. da söz ettiği durumlar vardır. Böyle olsa da, diğer
B) Today, American children are experiencing cümlelerde özellikle ikinci cümlede bunu doğrulaya-
puberty at earlier ages than ever before. cak bir bağlantı aranmalıdır. Bu tür durumlarda, sözü
C) Early puberty is referred to as “precocious edilen spesifik durum / tarihi olayın izlediği zamansal
puberty” that generally starts before the age of 8 akış, kronolojik sıraya uygun şekilde olmalıdır. Diğer
in girls and before the age of 9 in boys. bir deyişle, bu zamansal akış günümüze doğru ol-
D) More research is required as we still do not know malıdır ve bir zıtlık ifadesi kullanılmadan, verilen bir
if the chemicals themselves are causing the age
tarihten daha geçmiş bir tarihe geçiş yapılmamalıdır.
of puberty to shift.
Bu durumda, ilk cümle bu spesifik olayın kronolojik
E) In order to fix hormonal disorders, you may
sırasına göre başlangıç noktasını oluşturacak bir
try switching over to more organic or natural
cümle olacaktır.
equivalents to genetically modified products.
273
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF: konusundaki yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmeye zor-

layacağının umulduğundan" söz etmektedir. Bu du-
---- A study put together in 2008 by experts from
rumda D ve E seçenekleri elenebilir. A seçeneğinde,
thirteen international NGOs and agencies laid
"Kaliforniya tarihindeki en ölümcül yangını olan Camp
out the extent to which warming was already
Fire" anlatıldığı için ve C seçeneği "kömür-odaklı iklim
wreaking havoc in many industrial countries via
zirvesinden söz etmek suretiyle, parçanın genelinde
drought, intensifying storms, and an increasing
anlatılan konuyla ilgisiz olduğundan" elenebilir. B
number of wildfires. The study predicted that, as
seçeneği ise, "yüzyılın başında yani 1999-2000’de
temperatures continued to rise, these countries
dünyanın tehlikeli biçimde sıcaklık artışı yaşamakta
would experience “losses to infrastructure and
olduğunu ve kritik eşiğin bir kaç yıl içinde aşılacağına
property” that could run to hundreds of billions
dair uyarılarda bulunan çok sayıda rapor yayımlan-
of dollars annually.
dığını" vurgulamaktadır. B seçeneği hem kronolojik
A) The deadliest wildfire in California’s history, the sıraya uymaktadır hem de anlamca parçanın temel
Camp Fire, claimed the lives of at least eighty- konusunu oluşturacak niteliktedir. Bu nedenle, doğru
five people. yanıt B seçeneğidir.
B) At the turn of the century, numerous reports
warned that the planet was close to dangerous ÖRNEK PARAGRAF:
warming and that a critical threshold could be ---- With the decision to support Britain and
crossed within a matter of years. France in the struggle against Germany and the
C) Depending on how you look at things, a coal- other Axis Powers, including Japan, defense
DENİZ PINAR
focused climate summit is either completely manufacturing geared up, producing more
absurd and “beyond parody”, as one commentator and more private sector jobs. This expanding
put it, or merely appropriate. industrial production reduced the unemployment
D) In May 2018, representatives from around the rate to below its pre-Depression level. The Great
world gathered to begin another round of climate Depression had ended at last, and the United
negotiation in Katowice, a city in the heart of States turned its attention to the global conflict
until the end of World War II.
Poland’s coal-mining country.
E) It was hoped until 2014 that nations would, A) Depression-era hardships had fueled the rise
over time, push one another to increase their of extremist political movements in various
commitments for the environment. European countries.
B) The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in
ÇÖZÜM: December 1941 led to America’s entry into World
Parça, "hava sıcaklığı artışının, kuraklığın, şiddetli War II on France and Britain’s side and the
yangınların ve fırtınaların sanayileşmiş ülkelerde nation’s factories went in full production mode.
büyük kayıplara ve zararlara yol açtığından" söz C) A sharp recession hit in 1938, caused in part by
etmektedir. İkinci cümlede bir tarih verildiğinden, the U.S. Federal Reserve’s decision to increase
kronolojik sıranın izlenip izlenmediğine bakılabilir. its requirements for money in reserve.
İkinci cümlede verilen tarih 2008’dir. Dolayısıyla giriş D) After showing early signs of recovery beginning in
cümlesinde bir tarih verilecekse, bu tarihin 2008’den the spring of 1933, the U.S. economy continued
daha önce bir tarih olması beklenir. Bu durumda, to improve throughout the next three years.
içinde tarih verilen seçenekler incelendiğinde, D se- E) In the face of this dire situation, U.S. President
çeneği "2018’de bir kömür ülkesi Polonya’da düzen- Hoover’s administration tried supporting failing
lenmiş iklim konulu müzakerelerden" söz etmektedir. banks and other institutions with government
E seçeneği, "ülkelerin 2014’e kadar birbirlerini çevre loans.
274
ÇÖZÜM: maksadıyla kullanılabilirler. Gönderme ifadeleri hem

boşluğun sağ tarafında hem de seçeneklerde yer
Parça, ABD’nin Fransa ve İngiltere’nin yanında ve
alabilir. Seçenekte verilen gönderme ifadesi için se-
Almanya, Japonya ve diğer mihver ülkelere karşı
çenekte gönderme stratejisi uygulanır.
İkinci Dünya Savaşı’na girmesi ve bunun ABD’ye üre-
tim açısından nasıl yaradığı hakkındadır. Dolayısıyla,
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF:
ilk cümlenin bu anlamı kapsayacak şekilde verilmesi
gerekir. A seçeneği "ABD’den ve savaştan söz et- ---- It belongs to the people who are in it, but it
mediği için"; E seçeneği "ekonomi ve bankacılığa also belongs to the people who are supporting
odaklandığı" ve cümlede geçen “this dire situation” it and living around it: family, friends, and
(bu dehşetli durum) ifadesinden önce, bu durumdan community. When you pick a partner, you pick
söz edilmesi gerektiği için elenmelidir. Kalan seçe- a story, and then you find yourself in a play you
nekler incelendiğinde ise, hepsinde geçmişe ait yıllar never auditioned for. The first thing you can ask
olduğu görülmektedir. Parçanın son cümlesinde, yourself, from a cross-cultural point of view, is,
İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın sonuna kadar ifadesi vardır. “Is marriage between two people, in your mind?
Bu durumda, kronolojik sıra gözetilmesi yerinde ola- Or do you come from, or still live in a culture
caktır. C ve D seçenekleri hem parçanın konusuyla in which marriage is between two families?”
ilgisi olmadığı hem de bir zıtlık ifadesi olmadan İkinci That will inform everything about the boundaries
Dünya Savaşı öncesi yıllardan söz ettiği için elenebi- around a relationship.
lir. Geriye kalan B seçeneği ise "Pearl Harbor’a ya- A) Marriage used to be a pragmatic institution.
pılan Japon saldırısının ABD’nin Fransa ve İngiltere
DENİZ PINAR
B) Some people aren’t aware of the importance of

tarafında savaşa girmesine ve ülkenin fabrikalarının stability in life.
tam kapasiteyle çalışmaya başlamasına sebep ol- C) In large parts of the world, relationships have
duğu" anlamını taşımaktadır. Ayrıca bu seçenek, changed significantly.
kronolojik sıraya uygunluk bakımından da parçanın D) Technology has become a huge factor in how we
geri kalanıyla bütünlük göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, look for partners.
doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir. E) Marriage is an aggregate of multiple elements.
ÇÖZÜM:
STRATEJİ 3
ATIF SÖZCÜKLERİ Parça incelendiğinde, ikinci cümledeki “it” zamiri
hemen göze çarpmaktadır. Bu durumda, ilk cümlede
Paragrafın bir cümlesinde kullanılan herhangi bir bu zamirin içini dolduracak tekil bir isim olmalıdır ve
sözcüğün paragraf içinde tekrarı gerekiyorsa o söz- bu isim ikinci cümlede verilen anlamla uyumlu ol-
cük yerine sözcüğe uygun zamir (he, she, it, they, malıdır. A seçeneğindeki “marriage”; B seçeneğinde
the former, the latter etc.) kullanılır ki sürekli tekra- “the importance of stability”; D seçeneğindeki “the
ra düşülerek paragraftaki anlam akışı bozulmasın. technology” ve E seçeneğindeki “marriage” isimleri
O halde zamirler, yerine kullanıldıkları sözcüklere “it” zamirinin karşılığı olabilirler. C seçeneğinde ise
gönderme(reference) yaparlar. Soru kökünde ve se- bu durum söz konusu değildir. İkinci cümleyi oku-
çeneklerde zamir gördüğümüz zaman daha önce duğumuzda “O, onun içinde yaşayan insanlara aittir
geçen sözcüklere bakıp zamirin hangi sözcüğe gön- ama aynı zamanda onun etrafında yaşayan aile, ar-
derme yaptığını belirleyebiliriz. Paragrafta, boşluktan kadaşlar ve topluma da aittir” anlamını görmekteyiz.
sonra gelen cümle zamir içeriyorsa gönderme yaptığı Diğer cümlelerde de partner seçildiğinde aile, kültür
sözcük boşluğa gelecek olan doğru seçenekte mev- gibi unsurların da devreye girdiği anlamı verilmiştir.
cuttur. Zamirler dışında başka yapılar da gönderme Dolayısıyla, ilk cümlenin evlenmekle ilgili olduğu
275
açıktır. Teknoloji ve istikrardan, sonraki cümlelerde ÇÖZÜM:

hiç söz edilmediğinden ve dolayısıyla konuyla ilgisiz
İkinci cümle incelendiğinde, “such songs” (bu tür
olduğundan B ve D seçenekleri de elenebilir. Ayrıca
şarkılar) ifadesi görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla, ilk olarak,
parçada evlilik ve pragmatism (faydacılık) ilişkisi
yazarın “bu tür şarkılar” ifadesinden önceki cümlede
verilmediğinden, A seçeneği de ilk cümle olamaz.
“şarkılardan” söz etmesi gerekmektedir. İlk cümle
Geriye, evliliğin çoklu unsurlar toplamı olduğundan
için bu atıf sözcüğünün karşılığı olacak bir çoğul isim
söz eden E seçeneği kalır. Bu durumda, doğru yanıt
aranmalıdır. Böyle bir cümle, sadece D seçeneğinde
E seçeneğidir.
verilmiştir. D seçeneğinde, “Araştırmacılar, bazı şar-
kıların melodilerinin içeriklerine bağlı olarak (aklımız-
da) uzun süre kalmasının daha olası olduğunu ileri
sürmektedir” anlamını veren cümle, ikinci cümledeki
“Bu tür şarkılar yapısal olarak basittir ancak ritmik bir
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF:
tarza sahiptir” anlamını veren cümleyle anlamsal bir
---- Such songs are simple in structure but akıcılık ve bütünlük de sağlamaktadır. Bu nedenle,
possess a rhythmic pattern. For example, the doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
nursery rhyme “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star”
rises in pitch, but it goes back down low and then
rises again as a partner. This easy-to-remember
melody makes a song an inevitable earworm. A
more recent example is Maroon 5’s opening riff
DENİZ PINAR
of “Moves Like Jagger,” one of the top-named

earworm tunes in the study. It follows a common STRATEJİ 4
contour pattern of rising then falling in pitch. BAĞLAÇLAR / GEÇİŞ SÖZCÜKLERİ
Lastly, an earworm song possesses unusual
İkinci cümlede yer alan conjunctions (bağlaçlar) ve
interval structure, such as some unexpected
transitions (geçiş sözcükleri) ilk cümlede anlatılan
leaps or more repeated notes than we would
konunun ne olduğuna dair son derece önemli ipuç-
hear in the “average pop song.” The instrumental
larıdır. İkinci cümledeki bağlaç / geçiş sözcüğü ilk
riff of The Knack’s “My Sharona” contains an
cümlede anlatılan konuyla bir zıtlık ilişkisi içinde mi
unusual interval structure.
(olumlu-olumsuz anlam ilişkisi), ilk cümleye bağlı ola-
A) About 90 percent of us experience an earworm at rak sonuç mu belirtiyor (sebep-sonuç ilişkisi); yoksa
least once a week, with some of us having them kendisinden önceki cümlenin anlamını güçlendiren
more than others. bir anlam mı katıyor (anlam-destek ilişkisi)… Bütün
B) When the brain is not doing much, such as being bunların tespit edilmesi, çözüm için son derece yararlı
in the shower, walking, or doing chores, you feel olacaktır.
relaxed.
C) What makes a song catchier than others?
D) Researchers suggest some songs are more
likely to stay long based on their melodic content.
E) A song’s melodic contour or musical shape
determines whether it’s an earworm.
276
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF: Festivali’nde Meksikalı ailelerin ölmüş yakınlarını

karşıladığını" anlatmaktadır; D seçeneği ilk cümleye
---- But starting in the 1980s, it began spreading
başlanamayacak bir geçiş sözcüğü olan "even so"
into the cities. UNESCO reflected growing
(Buna rağmen) ile başlamıştır. E seçeneği, "kişinin
awareness of the holiday in 2008, when it added
ölünce Chicunamictlán denen ölüler diyarına gittiğine
Mexico’s “indigenous festivity dedicated to the
inanıldığından" söz etmektedir. Bu seçeneklerin
dead” to its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage
hiç birisi ikinci cümleyle anlamsal açıdan bir zıtlık
of Humanity. In recent years, the tradition has
oluşturmamaktadır. A seçeneğinde ise, "Ölüler
developed even more due to its visibility in
Günü’nün geleneksel olarak Meksika’nın daha çok
pop culture and its growing popularity in the
kırsal ve yerel bölgelerinde kutlandığı" anlatılmaktadır.
United States, where more than 36 million people
Bu cümle, ikinci cümle ile anlamsal “kırsal-şehir”
identified as being of partial or full Mexican
şeklinde bir zıtlık oluşturmaktadır ve bu cümlede "it"
ancestry as of 2016, according to the U.S. Census
zamirinin karşılığı olarak da “the Day of the Dead”
Bureau.
ifadesi vardır. Bu nedenle, doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
A) Traditionally, the Day of the Dead was celebrated
largely in the more rural, indigenous areas of
Mexico.
B) Inspired by the 2015 James Bond movie Spectre, ÖRNEK PARAGRAF:
Mexico City held its first-ever parade for the
---- Therefore, the language must be used for
holiday in 2016.
interaction with them. Children acquire language
DENİZ PINAR
C) On the Mexican holiday known as the Day of the

through interaction - not only with their parents
Dead, families welcome back the souls of their
and other adults but also with other children.
deceased relatives for a brief reunion.
All normal children who grow up in normal
D) Even so, a blend of Mesoamerican ritual,
households, surrounded by conversation with
European religion and Spanish culture, the
them, will acquire the language that is being used
holiday is celebrated each year on November
around them.
1-2.
E) Upon dying, a person was believed to travel to A) The ‘baby talk’ that adults naturally use with
Chicunamictlán, the Land of the Dead. infants and toddlers tends to always be just a bit
ahead of the level of the child’s own language
ÇÖZÜM: development.
B) Children acquire language in stages, and different
Boşluktan sonraki cümlede, “but” zıtlık bağlacı
children reach the various stages at different
ve “it” zamiri görülmektedir. Bu cümlede, “Ancak,
times.
1980’lerden itibaren şehirlerin içlerine yayılmıştır”
C) The first sounds a baby makes are the sounds
anlamı vardır. Dolayısıyla, ilk cümlede ikinci
of crying and then around six weeks of age, the
cümleye zıtlık oluşturacak bir cümle ve it zamirinin
baby will begin making vowel sounds, starting
karşılığı olacak bir isim olmalıdır. Diğer cümleler
with aah, ee, and ooh.
incelendiğinde ise, Meksika’da gerçekleşen bir tür
D) It is far easier for a child to acquire French as an
ölüler festivalinden söz edildiği ve UNESCO’nun bu
infant and toddler than it will be for the same child
festivali, İnsanlığın Manevi Kültürel Mirası listesine
to learn it in a college classroom 18 years later.
aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. B seçeneği "2015 yılındaki
E) Studies carried out by scholars have shown that
James Bond serisinin Spectre filminden ilhamla,
children who are never spoken to will not acquire
Mexico City’nin 2016’da festival için ilk geçit törenini
language.
düzenlediğinden" söz etmektedir. C seçeneği, "Ölüler
277
ÇÖZÜM: STRATEJİ 5
Parçada ilk cümle boş bırakıldığına göre, istenen ANA FİKRE AİT BİRDEN FAZLA KONUNUN
“topic sentence’ın bulunmasıdır. Boşluktan sonra OLDUĞU DURUMLAR
gelen cümleler, özellikle ikinci cümle çok önemlidir.
İkinci cümlede, “the language” ve “them” atıf sözcük- İlk cümlede, ana fikir genellikle tek bir konu üzerinden
leri hemen göze çarpmaktadır. Bu ifadeler, ilk cümlede verilse de, bazı durumlarda ana fikre ait birden fazla
karşılığını bulmalıdır. Ayrıca, ikinci cümle “Therefore konu ve bu konulara ait ögelerin (alt başlıkların) bu-
-bu yüzden-” (sonuç bildiren geçiş sözcüğü) ile başla- lunduğu durumlar da söz konusudur. Böyle bir durum-
dığına göre, bu cümlenin sebebi ilk cümlede verilmiş da, yazarın bu ilk cümledeki iddiasını oluşturacak ana
olmalıdır. İkinci cümlede “the language-dilin” “them- fikre ait alt konuların/ögelerin tamamından parçanın
onlarla” etkileşim için kullanılması gerektiği ifade edil- geri kalanında da söz etmesi gerekir. Aksi bir durum,
mektedir. Bu durumda, ilk cümlenin “them” zamirinin parçanın bütünlüğünü bozacaktır.
karşılığı olan çoğul bir isim ve “dil” ilişkisini gösteren
bir cümle olması gerekir. İkinci olarak, ilk cümlenin
diğer cümlelerle bağlantısının bir bütünlük gösterecek
şekilde genel bir ifade olması gerektiği göz önünde
bulundurulmalıdır. Boşluktan sonraki cümlelerde de
"bir etkileşimden ve çocuğun çevresinde konuşulan
dilden" söz edilmektedir. A seçeneğinde, yetişkinle-
rin bebeklerle konuşurken kullandıkları “bebek gibi ÖRNEK PARAGRAF:
DENİZ PINAR
konuşma şeklinden” ve "bu dilin çocukların normal ---- This means sharing their discoveries in order
dil gelişim seviyesinden ilerde olduğundan söz edil- that other scholars can access to the results
mektedir" ancak parçanın geri kalanı bu konuyla of their work. What’s more, their work can also
ilgili değildir. B seçeneğinde "çocukların dili aşamalar be appreciated or criticized by the wider public
şeklinde öğrendikleri ve farklı zamanlarda farklı aşa- which, after all, might be affected, in this way or
malara ulaştıkları" anlatılmaktadır ve bu cümle de another, in the end. Either way, they continue to
diğer cümlelere bakıldığında havada kalmaktadır. C do what they are supposed to do for the sake of
seçeneği, "bebeğin ilk 6 haftada çıkardığı seslerden" social or physical sciences, which, at the end of
söz etmektedir. Bu cümle de etkileşim ve dil konusu- the day, serves humanity.
na uzaktır. D seçeneğinde "Fransızca’nın 18 yaşında
A) Researchers often prefer to look into new issues
kolejdeyken öğrenilmesindense bebeklikte öğrenil-
that are interesting and have potential to draw
mesinin çok daha kolay olduğunu" anlatan bir cümle
attention of others.
verilmiştir. Parçada genel olarak dil kazanımından
B) Unfortunately, some historians confuse the past
söz edilirken D seçeneğinde, konu “specific” (özel) bir
with modern times and misinform their sponsors.
biçimde Fransızca’ya getirilmiştir. E seçeneğinde ise,
C) Researchers have a duty both to colleagues and
"bilim insanlarınca yapılan araştırmaların, kendisiyle
to masses in order to show what they are working
hiç konuşulmayan çocukların dil öğrenemeyeceklerini
on and the possible outcomes of their projects.
gösterdiğinden" söz edilmektedir. Bu seçenekte, ikin-
D) More than half of modern projects have had
ci cümledeki "dil" ve “them” atıf sözcüklerinin karşılığı
to be aborted due to the economic recession
vardır. Bu cümle ayrıca ikinci cümlede anlatılan sonuç
apparently.
cümlesinin sebebidir, ve de genel bir cümledir. Bu
E) Amateur divers pose a grave danger to
nedenle, doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
professional ones as a matter of fact.
278
ÇÖZÜM: ÖRNEK PARAGRAF:

İkinci cümlede yer alan ve “their” “iyelik zamirinin kar- ---- In the most basic terms, if a play makes
şılığı olan bir çoğul isim, ilk cümlede verilmiş olmalıdır. you laugh, it is a comedy. Comedies are mainly
Yine bu cümlede, diğer bilim insanları anlamına gelen satirical and mock men in power for their vanity
“other scholars” ifadesi, ilk cümlede “scholar” ile ilişkili and foolishness. They have humorous characters
and happy endings. A good example of a comedy
ya da o anlama gelecek bir kelime kullanımını akla
is Shakespeare’s classic, Much Ado About
getirir. Diğer cümlelere gelince, bu cümlelerde de bu
Nothing. Tragedies, on the other hand, usually
bilim insanlarının eserleri, projeleri ve bu projelerin /
tell how a hero ruins his life, falling from good
çalışmaların sonuçlarından şu ya da bu şekilde etkile-
fortune to bad fortune because of a tragic flaw in
nen genel halkla ilişkiden söz edilmektedir. Ayrıca ilk his character. One good example of it is the play
cümle topic sentence olduğu için, bu cümlenin parça- Ghosts by Henrik Ibsen.
nın geri kalanıyla bir uyum gösterecek şekilde genel
A) In ancient Greece, drama was very important such
bir cümle olması beklenir. Bunun yanısıra, yazarın
that it was part of every Athenian’s education.
ilk cümlede söz ettiği ögelerden de parçanın sonuna
B) The first comedies were loud and boisterous
kadar söz edilmelidir. Bu durumda, ikinci cümlede
drunken affairs, as the word’s etymology
geçen “other scholars” ve üçüncü cümledeki “wider
suggests.
public” ifadelerinin ikisinden de giriş cümlesinde söz
C) Some of Shakespeare’s most famous plays
edilmiş olması beklenir. A seçeneği, "araştırmacıların
are medieval because he understood how the
başkalarının dikkatini çekecek konularla ilgilendiğin-
past shapes the present.
den"; B seçeneği, "bazı tarihçilerin geçmişle modern
DENİZ PINAR
D) Comedies and tragedies are two different genres

zamanları karıştırarak sponsorlarını yanlış bilgilendir-
in literature that transcend beyond cultures and
diğinden" söz etmektedir. D seçeneğinde "projelerin
time.
ekonomik durgunluk sebebiyle iptal edilmek zorunda
E) A tragedy is a play which shows the sad side of
kaldığı" anlatılmaktadır ve bu cümle zaten genel bir
life and which has a mournful ending.
giriş sözcüğü değildir. Aynı durum, E seçeneğinde de
görülmektedir. Bu seçenekte de, parçayla ilgisiz ola-
ÇÖZÜM:
rak "amatör dalgıçların profesyonel olanlara tehlike
arz ettiğinden" söz edilmektedir. C seçeneğinde ise, Boşluktan sonraki cümleler hızlıca okunduğunda,
"araştırmacıların hem meslektaşlarına hem de kitle- parçanın temel konusunun “comedies ve tragedies”
olduğu görülmektedir. Belli bir bütünlük ve sıra izle-
lere (halka) üzerinde çalışmakta oldukları projeleri ve
yen paragraf, giriş cümlesinde bu iki ögeyi (konunun
bu projelerin muhtemel sonuçlarını göstermek gibi bir
ele alınan yönlerini) bünyesinde barındırmalıdır.
sorumluluğunun olduğu" vurgulanmaktadır. Bu cümle
İkinci, üçüncü ve dördüncü cümlelerde komedi türü
hem genel bir cümle hem de parçanın geri kalanında
tanımlanmış ve detaylandırılmış ve beşinci cümlede
tamamlanmış ögeleri de barındırmaktadır. C seçene- komedi türüne bir örnek verilmiştir. Diğer cümleler-
ğinde verilen cümle "Researchers-other scholars" ve de de, trajedi türü komedi türündeki şablon izlene-
"masses-wider public" ilişkisini tamamlamaktadır. Bu rek tanımlanmış ve örneklenmiştir. Dolayısıyla, ilk
durumda, doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir. cümlede bu iki ögeyle ilgili genel bir giriş cümlesi
olmasını bekleyebiliriz. A seçeneği, "antik Yunan’da
dramaya"; B seçeneği "ilk komedilere", C seçeneği
"Shakespeare’in bazı oyunlarına" ve E seçeneği "tra-
jedi türüne" odaklanmıştır. D seçeneği ise, "hem traje-
di hem de komedi türünü ele alarak ikisinin de zaman
ve kültürleri aşan farklı türler olduğunu" vurgulamıştır.
Bu nedenle, doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
279
B) BOŞLUK ORTADA İSE: geçmişteki bir bakış açısı (past form) verilebilir. Bu
Paragraf tamamlama sorularında, boşluğun ortada tür zaman geçişleri daha önce de değindiğimiz gibi
olduğu soru tipleriyle de karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu so- parçalarda genellikle “but now, however today, etc.”
rularda, boşluktan önceki ve sonraki cümlelere son şeklinde zıtlık grubu bağlaçları ve geçiş sözcükleriyle
derece dikkat etmek gerekmektedir. Bu cümle, par- sağlanır.
çanın ana fikriyle de bağlantılı olarak, kendisinden
Ancak “present” başlayan bir parçada “past” anlatıma
önceki ve sonraki cümlelerle bir bütünlük ve uyum geçip daha sonra tekrar “present” anlatıma geçmek
göstermeli ve kendisinden sonraki cümleye mantıklı özellikle paragraf tamamlama ve anlam akışını bozan
bir geçiş sağlamalıdır. Bu tür soruların çözümünde cümleyi bulma bölümlerinde parçalar zaten kısa ol-
uygulanabilecek belli stratejiler vardır. duğu için paragrafın anlam bütünlüğünü bozabilir. Bu
durumda adaylar paragraf tamamlama ve anlam akı-
şını bozan cümleyi bulma bölümlerinde “skimming”
STRATEJİ 1 (hızlı / dikey okuma) yöntemiyle öncelikle “parçadaki
ZAMAN UYUMU zaman uyumu” ve “gönderme” ifadelerini kontrol edip
daha sonra ilk cümleye “konu ne ve konunun nesi?”
“Tense agreement” (zaman uyumu) kuralı, paragraf
sorularını sorarak çözüm yolunda hız kazanabilirler.
tamamlama sorularında dikkat edilmesi gereken
önemli bir noktadır. Present time ile anlatılan bir
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF:
konunun boşluktaki cümleden sonra da present
Iran has a water problem with its reserves in
time ile; past time ile anlatılan bir konunun ise past
many groundwater basins having been severely
time ile devam etmesi beklenir. Ancak, boşluktan
depleted. For the last forty years, the country has
DENİZ PINAR
önceki cümle ile sonraki cümle arasında zamansal bir

invested a lot in the agricultural sector and has
farklılık varsa, diğer bir deyişle, present time/past time been striving to be independent in its food supply.
ya da past time/present time geçişi söz konusuysa, In order to cover the increased water demand,
bu durumda boşluktaki cümlenin, bu zamansal geçişi groundwater basins have been exploited to a
sağlayacak bir zıtlık yapısıyla kurulmuş bir cümle considerable extent in a hardly state-regulated
olma olasılığı yüksektir. Boşluktaki cümle, çoğunlukla way. In addition, the government built a lot of
kendisinden sonraki cümlenin zamanıyla uyumlu bir dams to store water for specific purposes a
cümledir. decade ago. ---- This in turn has contributed to
desertification and serious environmental issues
Paragraftaki ve seçeneklerdeki “Past”, “Present” ve like shrinkage of Lake Urmia.
“Future” yapılarına dikkat etmemiz, bizi kısa sürede
doğru yanıta götürebilir. Örneğin, paragrafın konusu A) Besides, there was a lack of rainfall in periods of
genel olarak geçmiş zamanda açıklanmışsa, konu drought, which have occurred more frequently in
akışına uygun olarak büyük olasılıkla takip edecek recent years.
olan cümleler de geçmiş zaman yapısında verilmiş B) The number of wells there rose from just under
olan ifadeler olacaktır. Ya da bilimsel bir genelleme 4000 in 1968 to more than 32,000 in 2012.
yapılıyorsa zaman akışının “present” özellikle “simp- C) Researchers have used data from radar satellites
le present” akışında ilerlemesi yaygındır. Örneğin, to measure the subsidence of the soil’s surface in
parçanın tamamı “present” akışta olup tek bir cümle the Tehran region in Iran.
"past form” ile verilmişse dikkatimizi çekmelidir. D) However, this has restricted the natural inflow
into the country’s groundwater basins in the
Parçalarda bir konunun tarihçesiyle (V2) başlayıp de- downstream.
vamında günümüz (present form) ile devam edilebilir E) For the first time, this study traces in detail the
ya da bir konu hakkında günümüze ait (present form) subsidence in this region over a longer period of
bir yaklaşım sergilendikten sonra aynı konuya ilişkin time.
280
ÇÖZÜM: ÖRNEK PARAGRAF:

Parça hızlıca okunduğunda, "İran’ın yeraltı su havza- On the night of Oct. 8, 2017, the eve of National
larında ciddi oranda bir azalma olduğundan ve buna Fire Prevention Day, a swarm of fires broke out
yönelik İran’ın ne gibi tedbirler aldığından" söz edildi- in northern California. The resulting “fire siege”
ği görülmektedir. Boşluk parçanın ortasında olduğun- burned 245,000 acres, destroyed 8,920 structures
dan, kendisinden önceki ve sonraki cümleler özellikle and killed 44 people. ---- The northern siege
önemlidir. Boşluktan önceki cümle, "İran hükümetinin, was California’s most damaging on record; the
10 yıl önce özel amaçlarda kullanılmak üzere, su tut- southern had its largest fire, the Thomas. A year
mak için çok sayıda baraj inşa ettiğinden" söz etmek- later, November 8, another outbreak occurred in
tedir. Boşluktan sonraki cümlede ise, "bunun çölleş- both north and south. The Woolsey fire burned
meyi artırdığı ve Urmiye Gölü’nün sularının çekilmesi into Malibu. The Camp Fire burned through the
gibi ciddi çevresel sorunlara yol açtığı" anlatılmakta- town of Paradise, more lethally than any fire in
dır. Parçada konunun genel olarak present time da American history since 1918.
anlatıldığı ancak boşluktan önceki cümlenin past time
A) The origin of the Thomas fire is still under
ile verildiği görülmektedir. Boşluktan sonraki zaman
investigation, but lawsuits have named Southern
ise yine present time’a dönmüştür. Bu durumda, boş-
California Edison’s power lines.
luktaki cümlenin kendisinden önceki past time’dan,
B) On December 4 the siege moved to Southern
sonraki present time’a zıtlık bağlacıyla kurulmuş ve
California, where the six largest fires burned
present time’la verilen bir geçiş cümlesi olmasını
308,380 acres, 1,375 structures and took two
bekleyebiliriz. D seçeneğinde “however” zıtlık geçiş
DENİZ PINAR
lives.
sözcüğünün kullanıldığı görülmektedir., Bu cümle,
C) Of California’s 20 largest fires, lightning accounts
present time ile kurulmuştur ve “ancak (hükümetin
for eight; of its 20 most destructive fires, power
yaptıkları) ülkenin yeraltı havzasına doğal su akışını
line failure is known to have caused four, with
sınırlamıştır” anlamını vererek kendisinden önceki ve
another four likely.
sonraki cümleyle anlamca da bir bütünlük göstermek-
D) The 2016 fires that burned through Gatlinburg,
tedir. Bu nedenle, doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
Tennessee, began from multiple ignitions kindled
from power lines.
E) Nationally, as in California, lightning accounts for
the greatest acreage burned because those fires
are typically in the backcountry.
ÇÖZÜM:
Parçaya spesifik bir zaman ve konuyla giriş yapılmış-
tır. Parçanın giriş cümlesi ve yazarın paragrafı üzerine
inşa edeceği konu, “Ulusal Yangın Önleme Günü’nün
arefesinde yani 8 Ekim 2017’de Kaliforniya’nın kuze-
yinde ortaya çıkan bir yangın dalgası”dır. Boşluktan
önceki cümle, "bu 'yangın kuşatması'nın 245.000
hektarlık bir alanı ve 8920 binayı yok ettiğinden ve 44
kişinin ölümüne sebep olduğundan" söz etmektedir.
Boşluktan sonraki cümle ise "kuzey bölgesinde-
ki kuşatmanın Kaliforniya tarihinde kaydedilmiş en
büyük hasara yol açan yangın olduğu ve güneyde
281
ise Thomas adı verilen en büyük yangın olduğu" an- ÖRNEK PARAGRAF:
latılmaktadır. Her iki cümle de past time ile verilmiştir.
Much can be said about how the life of the black
Bu durumda, boşluktaki cümlenin present olmasını
people in the U.S. was during the colonial era,
bekleyemeyiz. Bu yüzden, A, C ve E seçenekleri
but, although there will be those who will harshly
elenir. D seçeneği past time ile verilmiştir ancak,
object, there is no doubt that it must have been
bu seçenekte parçadaki 2017’de Kaliforniya’daki
difficult. ---- It spread two very different ideas
yangının anlatıldığı esas konunun dışına çıkılarak,
"2016’da Tennessee’de ortaya çıkan yangınlardan" about the colored people. On the one hand, these
söz edilmektedir. B seçeneğinde ise, "4 Aralık’ta, people of African descent should be regarded
bu kuşatmanın Kaliforniya’nın güneyine sıçradığı ve by all as human beings, while, on the other, they
burada çıkan en büyük 6 yangının 308.380 hektarlık were not trustworthy and posed grave dangers to
bir alanı ve 1.375 binayı yok ettiği ve 2 kişinin canına the wellbeing of the white people. Such religious
mâl olduğu" anlatılmaktadır. Ayrıca bu seçenekteki teaching led almost the whole country to look
cümle, past time ile verilmiştir. Bu nedenle, doğru down on the black people in all spheres of life.
A) Interracial marriages were declared illegal in all
U.S. states during the colonial era.
B) Loyalty to her spouse was the most important
feature that a woman was supposed to have.
C) The accommodation that a master provided for
his slaves was not satisfactory at all.
DENİZ PINAR
D) The Church taught that the black people were

always to conform with their masters’ wishes.
E) Once bought by a master, a slave had to accept
their master’s every demand.
ÇÖZÜM:
Parçada boşluktan sonraki “It spread” ifadesi hemen
STRATEJİ 2 göze çarpmaktadır. Burada, “It” zamiri özne olduğun-
ÖZNE-FİİL UYUMU (ÖZNE TAKİBİ) ve dan boşluktaki cümlede de özne konumunda bir isim
ATIF SÖZCÜKLERİ aranmalıdır. Ayrıca, “spread” (yaydı) fiiliyle uyumuna
bakıldığında, bu zamirin içini dolduracak ismin etken
Boşluktan sonra verilen cümledeki eylemi yapan ile konumda olduğu dikkate alınacak olursa, boşluktaki
eylem arasında bir uyum olması gerekir. Bu kural, bu ismin bir eylemde bulunması beklenir. Bu durum-
daha önce söz ettiğimiz atıf sözcüklerinin içlerini da, A seçeneğindeki “interracial marriages” çoğul
dolduracak tekil ya da çoğul isimlerin boşluktaki cüm- olduğundan elenir. E seçeneğinde ise özne konu-
lede karşılıklarının olması gerekliliğine ek olarak, bu mundaki “a slave” (bir köle) ismi “it” zamiriyle uyumlu
atıf sözcüklerinin özne konumunda bulunması ve bu değildir. Bu durumda, B seçeneğindeki “loyalty to
öznenin eylemle ilişkisinin iyi anlaşılması kuralıdır. her spouse” (eşine sadakati); C seçeneğindeki “the
Bir başka deyişle, bu kural, öznenin eylemi yapan mı accommodation” (kalacak yer) ve D seçeneğindeki
“The Church” (kilise) isimleri bu özne konumundaki
(etken konum) yoksa bu eylemden etkilenenen mi
zamir ve yine özne konumundaki isim kuralına uy-
(edilgen konum) olduğu sorusuyla ilgilidir.
maktadır. Ne var ki, "parça siyahların koloniyel döne-
mi Amerikası’nda hayatlarının zorluğuna" dairdir. Bu
durumda, "evlilikten ve kadının eşine olan sadaka-
tinden" söz eden B seçeneği elenir. Özne ve eylem
282
uyumu düşünüldüğünde ise, boşluktan sonra verilen ÇÖZÜM:

“O, siyahlar hakkında iki farklı fikir yaymıştır” cümle-
Parçanın çıkış noktası, ağır cisimlerin daha hafif ci-
sinden anlaşılan, bu zamirin içini dolduracak öznenin
simlere göre hızlı düştüğü yargısının Aristo’dan beri
bir eylemde bulunması gerektiğidir. C seçeneğindeki
“Bir efendinin köleleri için sağladığı kalacak yer hiç de genel olarak kabul edilen bir görüş olduğu ve bu gö-
tatmin edici değildi” cümlesinde bir hareket fiili değil rüşe, Orta Çağa kadar itiraz edilmediğidir. Boşluktan
durum fiili vardır (the accommodation was) ve bu sonraki “He reasoned” (O mantık yürüttü) ifadesi
cümlede verilen özne konumundaki “the accommo- nedeniyle, boşlukta “he” zamirinin karşılığı olacak,
dation” bir fikir yayamaz. Yani, özne-eylem uyumu C özne konumunda bir isim aranmalıdır ve “reasoned”
seçeneğinde olmadığından elenir. Dolayısıyla, “Kilise fiilinden dolayı da bu isim etken fiile sahip bir isim
siyahlar hakkında iki farklı fikir yaymıştır” cümlesinin olmalıdır. Dolayısıyla, bu noktalara uymayan A, B ve
verildiği D seçeneği hem özne-zamir hem de özne- C seçenekleri elenir. D seçeneğindeki Galileo ve E
eylem uyumu göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, doğru seçeneğindeki Isaac Newton isimleri “he” zamirinin
karşılığıdır, her ikisi de özne konumundadır ve yine
her ikisi de etken bir fiile sahiptir. Ne var ki, D seçe-
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF: neğinde verilen “after their experiments” (onların de-
From the times of Aristotle, the idea that heavy neylerinin ardından) ifadesindeki “their experiments”
objects fall faster than their lighter equivalents (deneylerinin ardından) ifadesinin karşılığı olabilecek
was accepted. Aristotle came to this conclusion bir isim boşluktan önce bulunmamaktadır. Bu “their”
by claiming that if heavy objects are attracted ifadesiyle Aristotle dahil edilecekse bile, D seçene-
by earth more than lighter ones, then they must ğinde cisimlerin ağırlığı ve düşme ile ilgili parçada
DENİZ PINAR
fall more rapidly. This argument was approved anlatılana tezat bir ifade verilmiştir. E seçeneğindeki
as true without any controversy until the end Isaac Newton, hem “he reasoned” cümlesindeki
of Medieval Times. ---- He reasoned that objects zamirin karşılığıdır hem de “considered” (düşündü)
-especially heavy ones more quickly- must be fiili de etken bir fiildir. Ayrıca E seçeneğinde verilen
attracted towards the Earth because Earth is not "the claim" ile boşlukta önceki cümlede yer alan
located in a special place in the universe. And "this argument" ifadesine gönderme yapılmıştır. Bu
since it’s just another planet, objects also must nedenle, doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
be pulled towards other planets as well. As a
matter of fact, all objects make an effort creating
a force of attraction on all other objects in the
universe.
A) Surely, the Earth attracts every object and this STRATEJİ 3

attraction is known as the universal gravity law. BAĞLAÇLAR VE GEÇİŞ SÖZCÜKLERİ
B) Though man was interested in the pull of gravity
throughout the history, they were unable to Boşluktan önceki ve sonraki cümleler arasında an-
formulate it until the 17th century. lamlı ve bütünlüğü koruyacak şekilde geçiş sağla-
C) However, the force of attraction between objects yacak bağlaçlar ve geçiş sözcükleri, boşluk ortada
depends on the existing distance. olduğunda da son derece önemlidir. Bağlaç ya da
D) After their experiments, Galileo also concluded geçiş sözcüğünün ister boşluktan sonraki, isterse
that the mass of the body has nothing to do with boşluktaki cümlede olsun, bu geçişin zıtlık, benzerlik,
its speed of fall. destek, sebep/sonuç ve örnekleme gösterip göster-
E) Isaac Newton also seriously considered the claim mediği doğru tespit edilerek buna uygun şekilde bir
after Aristotle. mantık yürütmek gerekir.
283
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF: olmaması beklenebilir. Bu ipuçları ışığında, “Yunanlar

bize modern hayatta kullandığımız bir çok diplomasi
We owe ancient Greece and its great thinkers a
sözcüğünün büyük kısmını vermiştir” anlamındaki
lot in terms of many words we take for granted
B seçeneği geçişi sağlayan cümleyi içermektedir.
today. ---- Take the word “politics”, for example,
Doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
that comes to us from the unique city-state or
polis in ancient Greece. The habit of thinking and
writing systematically about how best to organize
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF:
people in a communal setting made its first
appearance with Plato, a native of Athens during Much as many critics have thought Lenin greedy
the fourth century BCE. The notion of public for power and honors and he has often been
service and civic engagement as good concepts painted as a blind dogmatist, he never was such
of citizenship and equality, and the linkage of by nature. ---- This is how he often became an
justice and the decent society with reason and experimenter and a gambler; this is why he was
human law all received their initial impress on the an opportunist, which is something diametrically
Greek mainland. opposed to a dogmatist.
A) We know a little about these earlier efforts to A) On the contrary, he merely set his mind on
coordinate human relations in larger groups. succeeding in his political and revolutionary
B) Greeks gave us much of the vocabulary of gamble, where to catch the proper moment
democracy we use in modern life. meant everything.
B) Therefore, this heartlessness of his was purely
DENİZ PINAR
C) Humans living in community, as opposed to

humans in isolation, appear to have been the intellectual and directed against his enemies.
essential model of social organization. C) After all, it has been observed that physically
D) The communitarian way of life does not mean strong people are usually good-natured.
that Paleolithic peoples were especially humane D) Hence, mere passive opposition to his party at a
or selfless. critical moment was a sufficient reason for him to
E) It was Aristotle who wielded the greatest influence have scores and hundreds of persons shot.
in later centuries, his vision of the state as a E) Nevertheless, socialism means the
natural response to human needs will play a enfranchisement of labor; and the proletariat is
central role. the warp and woof of the working mass.
ÇÖZÜM: ÇÖZÜM:
Parçanın giriş cümlesinden “Bugün doğal olarak Parça, “Lenin hakkında pek çok eleştirmenin iktidar
kanıksadığımız çok sayıda kelimeden ötürü antik ve şeref payesi açısından son derece aç gözlü ve kör
Yunanistan’a ve o dönemin büyük düşünürlerine çok bir dogmacı olduğunu düşünmesine karşın, aslında
şey borçlu olduğumuz” anlaşılmaktadır. Boşluktan karakter olarak hiç de düşünüldüğü gibi olmadığı”
sonraki cümlede ise, bir örnekleme yapılarak, po- üzerine kurulmuştur. Boşluktan sonraki cümle ise,
litika kelimesinin de etimolojisi verilerek bu sözcü- "Lenin’in bu şekilde bir şeyleri sürekli deneyen, risk
ğün antik Yunanistan’dan geldiği vurgulanmaktadır. alan bir “opportunist” (fırsatçı) olduğundan" söz et-
Boşluktan önceki ve sonraki cümlelerin her ikisi de mektedir. Dolayısıyla, boşluktaki cümle, önceki ve
antik Yunanistan ve modern insana miras bıraktığı sonraki cümlelerle bir bütünlük gösterecek şekilde
kelimeleri içerdiğine göre, ayrıca boşluğun sağ tara- kurulmuş olmalıdır. B seçeneğinde, "Lenin’in kalp-
fında verilen cümle politika kelimesini vurguladığı için, sizliğinden" söz edilmektedir ve bu seçenek konuyla
boşluktaki cümlenin de bu iki cümleden ayrı bir cümle ilgisiz olduğundan elenir. C seçeneği, Lenin konusun-
284
dan çıkarak bir genelleme yapmış ve "fiziksel olarak ÖRNEK PARAGRAF:

güçlü insanların iyi insanlar olduğunu" vurgulamıştır.
Narcolepsy is a chronic brain disorder in which
Dolayısıyla bu seçenek de elenir. D seçeneği ise,
the brain is unable to regulate normal sleeping
"Lenin’in iyi bir özelliğinden değil, partisine muhalif
cycles. In other words, it is a neurological
yüzlerce insanı öldürtmesinden" söz etmektedir. Bu
disorder that affects the control of sleep and
da paragrafın akışını bozmaktadır. E seçeneği de yine
wakefulness. People who suffer from the disease
Lenin özelinden devam etmemiş ve bambaşka bir
can be extremely tired during the day, fall asleep
konuya, sosyalizmin tanımına geçmiştir. Dolayısıyla
uncontrollably, or wake up often during the
E seçeneği de elenir. Geriye kalan, A seçeneğinde
night. All of these effects can have extremely
ise, “Bilakis, Lenin zihnini kendi siyasi ve devrimsel
negative effects on all aspects of a person’s life.
kumarına odaklamıştı ve bu kumarda doğru anı
----
yakalamak kendisi için herşey demekti” anlamı var-
dır. Bu seçenekteki, “On the contrary” (Bilakis, Tam A) The study was developed by representatives
aksine) geçiş sözcüğü, kendisinden önceki yargının from the Narcolepsy Network, the National Sleep
doğru olmadığını, bunun tam tersinin doğru olduğunu Foundation, and Wake up Narcolepsy.
anlatan bir sözcüktür. Dolayısıyla, burada, boşluktan B) A majority of people realize just how important it
önceki cümlede sözü edilen, Lenin’in karakter olarak is to get enough sleep.
bir dogmatist ve aç gözlü biri olduğu iddiasının doğru C) Also, narcolepsy can disrupt education, ruin job
olmadığının altı çizilerek, bu yargının tam aksinin opportunities, and get in the way of personal
doğru olduğunu vurgulayan bir cümleyle bütünlük responsibilities for people who suffer from the
DENİZ PINAR
sağlanmıştır. Bu nedenle, doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir. disease.

D) It is important to become knowledgeable about
epilepsy, including the warning signs and effects
of the disease.
C) BOfiLUK SONDA iSE: E) Less than half of the 200,000 people with
narcolepsy have been properly diagnosed this
STRATEJİ year.
SONUÇ CÜMLESİ & ATIF SÖZCÜKLERİ
ÇÖZÜM:
Parçanın son cümlesi, parçanın akışına uygun olacak
ve okuyucunun aklında bir soru işareti bırakmayacak Parçanın ana fikri narkolepsi (uyuma hastalığı) üze-
şekilde olmalıdır. Yazar, son cümlede, o ana kadar rinedir. Son cümleden önceki cümlede, "narkolepsi
anlattığı yargısının/iddiasının aksine ya da o yargıyı/ hastalığının kişinin hayatı üzerinde son derece olum-
iddiayı çürütecek bir başka iddia ortaya atamaz. Son suz etkileri olduğundan" söz edilmektedir. Parçayı
cümle, genellikle ya kendisinden önceki cümleyi tamamlayacak sonuç cümlesinin, bir bütünlük içinde,
destekleyen bir cümle olur ya da parçanın üzerine kendisinden önceki bu olumsuz etkileri anlatan bir
inşa edilen ana fikrin verildiği cümlenin yeniden ama cümle olması beklenebilir. A seçeneğinde, “the study”
çoğunlukla eş anlamlı sözcüklerle ifade edilmesi (res- (araştırma) ifadesi, daha öncesinde “a study / rese-
tatement) şeklinde olur. Sonuç cümlesi tüm parçayı arch” şeklinde, bir ifadenin kullanılmasını gerektirir
toparlayıcı, neticeye bağlayıcı (parçanın geneline ancak öncesinde bir araştırmadan söz edilmemiştir.
hakim) bir ifade de olabilir. Bu bağlamda, doğru yanıt Bu yüzden A seçeneği elenir. B seçeneğinde, "bir çok
için seçeneklerde, parçayı bir bütünlük içinde sonlan- kişinin yeterli uyku uyumanın önemini anladığından";
dıracak sonuç için bağlaçlı / geçiş sözcüklü bir cümle D seçeneğinde "konunun tamamen dışına çıkarak
aranabilir. epilepsiden (sara hastalığı)"; E seçeneğinde ise "bu
yıl 200.000 narkolepsi hastasının yarısından daha
285
azına düzgün bir şekilde teşhis konduğundan" söz ÇÖZÜM:

edilmektedir. Bu seçeneklerin hiç birisi, kendisinden
Parçada, "spinal yapının tüm canlılar arasında neden
önceki cümleyi destekleyen ve onu açarak uygun
sadece insanda cinsiyetler arasında farklı olduğu"
bir bütünlük sağlayan cümleler içermemektedirler.
anlatılmaktadır. Ana fikrin ardından, bu yapının kadın-
Dolayısıyla, B, D ve E seçenekleri de elenir. C se-
larda farklı olmasının üzerine odaklanılmış ve bunun
çeneğinde ise, "narkolepsinin eğitim hayatını altüst
kadınların hamileliğe adapte olmasıyla ilgisi olduğu
ettiğinden, iş fırsatlarını yok ettiğinden ve narkolep-
vurgulanmıştır. Sonuç cümlesinin, kendisinden ön-
si hastalarının kişisel sorumluluklarının önünde bir
ceki cümleyi destekleyen ya da ana fikri eş anlamlı
engel teşkil ettiğinden" söz edilmektedir ve bu cümle,
sözcüklerle yeniden ifade eden bir cümle olması
kendisinden önceki cümlede vurgulanan "kişi üzerin-
beklenebilir. A seçeneğindeki “this decreased bone
deki olumsuz etkileri tamamlayan" bir cümledir. Bu
density” (bu düşük kemik yoğunluğu) ifadesi önceki
nedenle, doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
cümlede bu kemik yoğunluğu azalmasından söz edil-
meden kullanılamayacağından A seçeneği elenir. B
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF: seçeneği "yeni doğan bebeğe"; C seçeneği ise "skol-
A recent study has shed light on why humans yoz hastalığına" odaklanmıştır. D seçeneğinde de
are the only species that exhibit spinal structure “Ebeveynlerin çocuklarının skolyoz olma ihtimaline
differences between the sexes. The shape and karşı sürekli kontrol tavsiyesi” vardır. Bu seçeneklerin
density of women’s spines put them at greater risk üçü de parçayı tamamlayıcı cümleler olamaz. E se-
for developing scoliosis and osteoporosis. This
çeneğinde ise genel olarak “Sonuç olarak, bir kadının
physical difference in spinal structure between
spinal yapısı özellikle hamilelik döneminde bir erkeğin
DENİZ PINAR
the sexes is unique to humans, but its purpose

spinal yapısından farklılık gösterir” şeklinde bir ifade
has long puzzled scientists. A recent study,
verilmiştir. Bu cümlenin, parçanın geri kalanıyla doğ-
however, has provided evidence to suggest that
these differences are present at birth, and that rudan bir ilişkisi olduğu görülmektedir. Doğru yanıt E
they occur because a woman’s spine tries to seçeneğidir.
adapt to the physical challenges of pregnancy.
This is an indispensable adaptation, as it allows
them to carry a baby for nine months without
causing grave bodily harm. ----
A) This decreased bone density weakens the spine

and makes women two to four times more likely
to sustain a spinal fracture in their lifetime.
B) According to the press release, newborns’ body
lengths, heads, waist circumferences, and
weight do not differ greatly between the sexes.
C) Scoliosis is a disorder that causes an abnormal
curve of the spine, or backbone.
D) It’s important for parents to make sure their
children are receiving regular checkups so that
conditions like scoliosis can be diagnosed and
managed early.
E) As a result, the spinal structure of a woman
differs from that of a male especially during
pregnancy.
286
DPELS PARAGRAPH COMPLETION TESTS
3. Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease caused

PARAGRAPH COMPLETION TESTS by the Varicella zoster virus. The disease can last
for up to 14 days and can occur in both children
SET 1
and adults, though the young are particularly
vulnerable. Individuals infected with chickenpox
1. - 16. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada anlam bü-
can expect to experience a high but tolerable level
tünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek cümleyi bulunuz.
of discomfort and a fever as the disease works
1. Having to go through classes in overcrowded
its way through the system. ---- It was thought
rooms because of damaged classrooms caused
to provide children with greater and improved
by Tropical Cyclone Winston in 2016, is now a
immunity to other forms of sickness later in life.
worry of the past for students of Toko Sanatan
This view, however, was altered after additional
Primary School in Toko, Fiji. ---- But those days
research by scientists demonstrated unexpected
are now over thanks to the Japanese Government
support. The school which caters for more than dangers associated with the virus.
400 students who hail from nearby villages of A) A vaccine against chickenpox was originally
Toko celebrated the official opening of their new invented in the mid-1960s.
classroom block yesterday. The furniture of the B) The ailment was once considered to be a “rite of
new block was also provided by Japan. The passage” by parents in the U.S.
Counsellor and Deputy Head of Mission at the C) Parents typically cited the notion that chickenpox
Embassy of Japan, Tsuguyoshi Hada, who officially
was an extremely serious disease.
opened the school block said the assistance was
D) Allowing young children to develop chickenpox
part of the Government of Japan’s support for the
was believed to be irrational.
Government’s ‘Adopt a School’ Programme.
A) It has been granted with a new classroom block E) Today, use of the chickenpox vaccine is common
which will benefit close to 60 students. throughout the world.
DENİZ PINAR
B) This was the challenge many of them had to

endure. 4. The eastern grey kangaroo lives, as its name
C) It was the most intense tropical cyclone in the implies, on the east coast of Australia. Not only
Southern Hemisphere on record. is the eastern grey the most common kangaroo,
D) It caused widespread damage in Fiji, causing 44 but it is also the quickest, as the fastest recorded
deaths.
kangaroo was a large female traveling at 40 miles
E) Classrooms were constructed, and the school
per hour. It is by far the most populous kangaroo
buildings were reinforced.
species; around ten million eastern greys inhabit
the continent. ---- Nevertheless, eastern greys
2. Fossil fuels are formed from plants and animals
have been seen in various environments, including
that lived hundreds of millions of years ago and
became buried way underneath the Earth’s surface. coastal areas, woodlands, subtropical forests, and
There, their remains collectively transformed into mountainous regions.
the combustible materials we use for fuel. Coal, A) This species can behave very differently in terms
oil and natural gas are the three kinds of fossil of their native habitats, activities, and migration
fuels that we mostly depend on for our energy patterns.
needs. ---- They are indeed limited in supply and B) Though less adaptable than the western grey,
will one day be depleted. the eastern grey can still be found in a variety of
A) Among others, a problem with them is that they habitats.
are non-renewable and not inexhaustible.
C) The population of eastern grey kangaroos
B) Solar energy, wind power and moving water are all
increased dramatically as Europeans settled in
traditional sources of alternative energy.
Australia.
C) The earliest known fossil fuel deposits are from the
Cambrian Period about 500 million years ago. D) It prefers to inhabit large open areas of grassland,
D) Despite the promise of alternative energy sources, with shrubbery for daytime shelter, as it forages for
they provide only about 7 percent of the world’s food at night.
energy needs. E) It has the ability to store water for periods of time,
E) The later fossil fuels began forming as late as five and so does not need to inhabit the same fertile
million years ago in the Pliocene Period. areas all the time.
287
PARAGRAPH COMPLETION TESTS DPELS
5. Deserts, which already occupy approximately a 7. Global warming is known to result from an overall,
fourth of the Earth’s land surface, have in recent long-term increase in the retention of the sun’s
decades been increasing at an alarming pace. heat around Earth due to blanketing by greenhouse
gases, especially CO and methane. Emissions of
The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas 2
CO have been rising at a speed unprecedented
where they did not previously exist is called 2
in human history, due to accelerating fossil fuel
desertification. It has been estimated that an
burning that began in the Industrial Revolution.
additional one-fourth of the Earth’s land surface The effects of the resulting ‘climate change’ are
is threatened by this process. Desertification uneven and can even produce localized cooling (if
is accomplished primarily through the loss of warm currents change direction). ---- For example,
stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent if melting ice reduces the reflective properties
accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. of white surfaces, it can lead to further warming.
In some cases, ---- In other cases, the finer Debate continues about which manifestations are
due to long-term climate change and which to
particles may be removed, while the sand-sized
normal climate variability.
particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or
A) There are many unknowns regarding global
ridges of sand.
warming, particularly those dependent on human
A) it is caused by the loss of the soil’s ability to absorb choices.
substantial quantities of water. B) It was natural scientists who first discovered and
B) the increase in desert areas is occurring largely put forward global warming as a political problem.
due to drier climatic conditions. C) Global warming has the potential to seriously
disrupt our food supply and affect everything from
C) the process may be accelerated in subsequent
coffee to cattle.
decades.
D) Efforts to combat climate change tend to focus on
DENİZ PINAR
D) the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a supply-side changes, such as shifting to renewable
stony surface. or cleaner energy.
E) it results primarily from human activities rather E) Climate change may also initiate a reaction in
than natural processes. which the initial impact is further enhanced by its
own effects.
8. If we want our pupils to learn anything, that is,

if we want them to encode information in their
long-term memories, then we need to engage their
6. If a play makes you laugh, it is a comedy. Comedies active attention and get them thinking hard. We
have humorous characters and happy endings. A need to give them work to do that’s challenging
but achievable, because if the work’s too easy
good example of a comedy is Shakespeare’s
pupils will complete it through habit, but if the
classis Much Ado About Nothing. ---- Tragedies
work’s too hard pupils will be unable to complete
usually tell how a hero ruins his life, falling from
it. In both cases, learning will fail. But to help
good fortune to bad fortune because of a tragic pupils think hard, we need to teach them how to
flaw in character. One good example is the play cheat the limited space in their working memory in
Ghosts by Henrik Ibsen. order to avoid cognitive overload. ----
A) Tragicomedy is a third style that is produced in A) Whereas long-term memory is practically limitless,
modern years. working memory is very limited.
B) In other words, we need them to think hard but
B) They generally have a humorous or unclear
efficiently.
ending.
C) Our working memory is used to perform mental
C) It is generally considered one of Shakespeare’s tasks.
best comedies. D) Cognitive load is the amount of mental effort it
D) Another popular type is called tragedy. takes to do a task.
E) The most obvious subject in it is love. E) There are three types of cognitive load needed for
every task.
288
9. Coral reefs have many important roles. The 11. You must have heard the old advice that skipping
structure they provide in the ocean creates a meals is a sure-fire way to ruin a weight loss
habitat that many other animals call home, and plan, but a new study suggests that perhaps
most of the ocean’s diversity can be found in coral we’ve overlooked the benefits of selective fasting.
According to the research, eating during a smaller
reefs. Reefs are important to people, as well. They
window of time each day and skipping your
provide human beings with food, and they protect
evening meal could have a positive health effect.
shorelines from storm damage. ---- Right now,
The study concluded that overweight individuals
more than half of the world’s reefs are endangered. who ate during the day and fasted during the
Most corals require clear water so they can get evening reported fewer hunger swings and burned
sunlight, so runoff from land that makes the water more fat at night. ---- Due to this, at this moment,
muddy puts them at risk. They also are in danger it’s still unclear as to how this eating schedule can
due to ocean warming and acidification. If the affect general weight loss.
water gets too warm, it causes coral bleaching, A) However, although this diet plan results in more fat
and if the ocean becomes more acidic, it will burned in the evenings, it did not seem to increase
dissolve their calcium carbonate skeletons. fat burning overall.
B) Skipping dinner, or eating it earlier in the day, may
A) However, coral reefs are also fragile and face
help increase the amount of fat you burn in the
many threats.
evening.
B) Although corals may look like plants, they are C) We will need to do a larger study to find out
actually animals. for certain whether or not (time-restricted
C) As the tide rises and falls, they are exposed to feeding) improves fat burning.
constant erosion. D) It is far too early to say, with factual evidence
as backing, that time-restricted feeding will
D) If placed in the wrong location, it can cause
improve weight loss in humans.
damage to the shorelines.
DENİZ PINAR
E) Eating earlier and skipping dinner could boost fat

E) Some countries have made great strides in saving burning and may aid in weight management.
their endangered reefs.
12. Despite a worsening Ebola epidemic in the

Democratic Republic of Congo, the World Health
10. Cats are widely popular household pets. More Organization (WHO) on Friday again decided not
than 50% household in the United States either to declare the outbreak a global health emergency.
own a cat or a dog. Despite being loved so much, While expressing “deep concern”, the WHO said
there are bunch of people who are allergic to the epidemic did not meet the criteria for declaring
cats. There are many misconceptions revolving an international public health emergency. ---- The
first was in October. Some researchers have urged
around the world when it comes to cat allergies.
the organization to do so for months. A global
---- However, this is not true. The real culprit
health emergency, they argue, would bring more
responsible for cat allergies is the saliva of the cat.
money and international help to stamp out the
You will often notice your cat licking and cleaning disease.
its body. An allergic individual interacting with a A) There seems to be a potential risk of the disease
cat will inevitably come in contact with this saliva, spreading to neighbouring countries if nothing is
thus giving rise to any of the above mentioned done urgently.
symptoms. B) This is the second time since the outbreak began
A) Cat allergy symptoms are visible, so an individual last year that the WHO has declined to issue such
knows that he or she can do something about it. a declaration.
C) Such pronouncements are reserved for epidemics
B) Most people are under the wrong impression that
that pose a serious threat to public health and
the prime suspect for cat allergies is its hair. could spread internationally.
C) Cats are mistakenly conceived as animals that D) The epidemic does not meet the global emergency
don’t need human attention. criteria because it has remained limited to two
D) This is what causes allergy symptoms such as north-eastern provinces.
itching, runny nose, skin rashes, and asthma. E) Now in its eighth month, the outbreak has sickened
1,206 people and killed 764 as of Wednesday, the
E) People with cat allergies are really allergic to
WHO reports.
proteins in the cat’s saliva.
289
13. In addition to helping crops, healthy soils can 15. Fake news refers to stories based on false or
directly benefit people. Soils with lots of air and misinterpreted information. These stories try to
water pockets are better at absorbing rainfall. dupe readers into believing something that isn’t
This permits more water to soak into the ground true. Some might try to make public figures look
during storms. That means there’s less runoff, bad or claim people did something they didn’t.
and that can prevent damaging floods. ---- These Others might try to discredit scientific findings.
surfaces don’t allow water to move through them. Such stories are often shared on social media
Roofs, roads, sidewalks and most parking lots platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. However,
are impermeable. The rain that falls on these scientists lacked data on how widely they were
structures can’t soak into the ground. Instead, that shared, or by whom, so a team of researchers
water flows downhill and across the land, usually decided to investigate. ---- All had been posted
into a storm sewer. between 2006 and 2017. And their disturbing
A) The best way to prevent such overflow problems is finding: fake news spreads faster and further on
to have plenty of places that soak up rain. Twitter than true stories do.
B) Some core samples contain soils that don’t absorb A) The truth about online fake news is becoming
water very well. clearer.
C) Reducing runoff might have the added benefit of B) These are groups of messages composed of one
combating climate change. original tweet.
D) Certain surfaces are better at emitting thermal C) They recently analysed more than 4.5 million
radiation than others. tweets and retweets.
E) One reason cities flood easily is because they D) This resulted in an increase in the number of
have many impermeable surfaces. emails sent in the past decade.
E) Most investigations used only a few people’s
DENİZ PINAR
observations.
14. ---- Since 1966, when satellites began daily 16. These days are very difficult for Europe’s largest
monitoring of the North Atlantic Ocean, there have minority group, the Roma. Attacks against them
been an average of six hurricanes per year. But are on the rise in many European countries. In
more and more studies are revealing that human- the past year, attacks on Roma communities have
caused climate change is influencing the size escalated across Europe, but observers say the
and fury of these storms. And heavier rains and situation is most tense in Central and Eastern
stronger storms are not the only ways in which Europe. Even so, thoughts about these people are
a warming world is making our weather weirder. varied. ---- Others point out that the Roma are often
Higher temperatures can trigger droughts. Heat made into scapegoats during tough economic
waves become more likely, and droughts can times. But the majority in these countries want
make them even worse. There can be changes to to boot the Roma and all foreigners out of their
both global and local weather patterns. And the countries.
effects won’t always be what’s expected. A) The idea is that if they’re spread around, they’re
A) Hurricanes are a normal part of summertime more apt to join mainstream society and less likely
weather. to become targets for extremists.
B) The North Atlantic Ocean is of crucial importance B) There’s just one road in and one road out making
for the climate in Europe. it hard for extremists to harass them.
C) Satellites are increasingly being used to benefit life C) Some Europeans dismiss the Roma as lazy and
on Earth. involved in petty crime.
D) Hurricane Alma was an unusual June hurricane in D) For their part, the Roma say the Czech society
1966. doesn’t give them a chance.
E) Hurricanes can cause catastrophic damage to E) Outside, their parents say they don’t want to
coastlines. integrate.
290
3. Humans have been captivated by Mars almost as

SET 2 long as we’ve been watching the night sky. The
ancient Greeks and Romans watched nightly as
a reddish dot moved among the stars, growing
dimmer and brighter in a two-year cycle. ----
Renaissance astronomers became fascinated with
1. ---- In other words, it relies on observing how the planet’s apparent backward movement, the
things work and inferring the facts and principles so-called retrograde motion that could only be
of the World by extracting meaningful patterns explained with the Sun, not the Earth, at the center
from what is observed. Philosophy, on the other of the solar system. Modern scientists have looked
hand, is not defined in relation to empiricalness at to Mars as a potential home for extra-terrestrial
all. Broadly speaking, philosophy can be thought life, a search that has reshaped how we explore
of as ‘the study of how to think’. That is to say, not and think about other planets.
just methods of thinking, but also what kinds of A) What is it about our celestial neighbor that
things reality and its contents are best mentally frustrates us?
conceived of as being. B) Astronomers have been studying why life exists
A) Science itself can be considered a reflection of here.
philosophy. C) Each named it for the god of war, but the Roman
B) Philosophy does have practical applications as version, “Mars,” stuck.
science does. D) Water became a focus for astronomers towards
C) Science is both a body of knowledge and a the end of the 19th century.
process. E) The idea of Mars being another Earth was starting
to fall apart.
DENİZ PINAR
D) Science has many safeguards in place to prevent

fraud.
4. Depression is different from the fluctuations in
E) The defining characteristic of science is that it is
mood that people experience as part of normal
empirical.
life. ---- Likewise, even the feeling of grief resulting
from the death of someone close is not itself
depression if it does not persist. Depression
can, however, be related to bereavement – when
2. ---- It’s the name that has caught on for a species
depression follows a loss, psychologists call
that lives in human-constructed, underground
it a “complicated bereavement.” The causes of
spaces all over the world—including the
depression are not fully understood and may
Amsterdam Metro—and cellars and basements all
not be down to a single source. Depression is
over the world. It is called the London Underground
likely to be due to a complex combination of
mosquito because it affected people who hid there
factors that include: genetics, biological changes,
during the Blitz in 1940. What’s special about it
environmental problems or psychological and
is that it seems to be a species that has evolved
social factors.
very recently. Its ancestor was culex pipiens, a
common mosquito that lives above ground, feeds A) Some people are at higher risk of depression than
only on birds, and forms large mating swarms. others because of the conditions around them.
A) Most naturalists regard cities as sterile wastelands. B) Temporary emotional responses to the challenges
B) The London Underground’s Piccadilly Line of everyday life do not constitute depression.
provides the most cost-effective rail route. C) Aerobic exercises may help against mild
C) The London Underground is one of the best and depression since it raises endorphin levels and
most comprehensive transport networks in the stimulates the mood.
world. D) Women often experience “baby blues” with a new-
D) Mosquitoes are an increasing problem in urban born, but postnatal depression is more severe.
areas like London. E) People can experience depression differently,
E) Despite its name, the London Underground while there are some common symptoms
mosquito is not restricted to London. associated with depression.
291
5. The Aboriginal peoples, who are ethnically and 7. Hara-kiri is a ritualized form of suicide with roots
culturally distinct, are the original inhabitants of in 12th century Japanese samurai warrior culture.
Australia. Aboriginals’ land was invaded from the Rather than be captured, a defeated swordsman
end of the 18th century onwards, with catastrophic would stab himself in the left belly, draw the
consequences for them. Ever since the British first blade to the right, then pull upwards. For many
invaded their land, Aboriginal peoples have had centuries, there were an estimated 1,500 instances
their land stolen from them or destroyed. Until of voluntary and obligatory hara-kiri per year. ----
1992, when it was finally overturned, the legal Still, during World War II many Japanese soldiers
principle in Australian law was that the land was committed hara-kiri rather than tolerate capture.
empty before the British arrived, belonged to no
Finally, hara-kiri (meaning “belly cutting”) is not
one, and could legitimately be taken over. The
a word that most Japanese use. The common
loss of their land has had a devastating impact on
term for the practice in Japan is “seppuku” which
Aboriginal peoples. ---- In over one hundred years
roughly translates to “self-disembowelment.”
from the first invasion of their land, their numbers
were reduced from through this slaughter one A) But in 1868 or 1873, the emperor abolished
million to only 60,000. obligatory hara-kiri, and voluntary procedures
became less frequent as well.
A) Aboriginals themselves, however, trace their
creation back to the Dreamtime, an era long past B) To die one day is a natural phenomenon, but dying
when the earth was first formed. with dignity was very important and death was an
B) It is true that people who belong to a particular important occasion to make self-honour.
area are really part of that area and if that area is C) In 1970, hara-kiri was committed by Yukio Mishima,
destroyed they are also destroyed. one of most famous writers in Japan, with perfect
C) The initial invasions sparked huge waves of techniques and blow which surprised the world.
disease that killed thousands – many others were
DENİZ PINAR
D) Therefore, it was popular in the history of Japan;

massacred. samurai committed hara-kiri at the death of his
D) Evidence suggests that these communities master, husband or due to defeat in the war.
managed their environment carefully to ensure a E) In later years, Japanese officials would sometimes
steady supply of food. commit hara-kiri to protest a superior’s decision.
E) Today more than half of all Aboriginals live in
towns, often on the outskirts in terrible conditions.
8. Rabies is a very frightening disease because once
symptoms develop, it is always fatal. The disease
6. Napoleon, considered by some as the greatest is caused by a virus and it affects many species
of all generals, dismissed and disgraced Admiral of animals, particularly dogs, coyotes, foxes and
Brulx for questioning an order to sail his fleet. bats. It is widespread among animals in most
He, afterwards, promoted the Admiral's deputy, parts of the World. ---- And it has now reached
whom he thought would abide by his order. ---- As Northern France. For this reason, strict animal
a result, twenty ships were wrecked, and, 2.000 quarantine laws are in force in Britain and it is
men were drowned. From this incident, we can rightly regarded as a serious offence to attempt to
understand that the absolute obedience that a
evade them.
general can command is not appropriate at sea.
A) Quarantine regulations concerning the disease are
A) Nevertheless, Brulx continued to admire and obey
disregarded by most physicians.
Napoleon.
B) As soon as it manifests itself in the patient, it is
B) His deputy obeyed the command although the
already too late for any treatment.
wind was wrong.
C) Very few people can recognise the symptoms of
C) All crew were aware that the admiral hardly ever
rabies.
took risks.
D) Napoleon seemed to know instinctively what the D) Unfortunately, in the last 30 years the disease has
right course of action would be. been spreading across Europe from the East.
E) Accordingly, the adverse weather conditions were E) It was first seen in foxes in Northern France in the
over. 18th century.
292
9. The Japanese have a special way of making 11. Until recently, many archaeologists took the
decisions. They call it the consensus system. view that civilized communities first arose in
This is how it works. When a firm is thinking of Egypt only a very short time before a similar
taking a certain action, it encourages workers at development in Mesopotamia. ---- Whichever view
all levels to discuss the proposal and give their is followed, it is necessary to bear in mind that
opinions. The purpose is to reach consensus geographical conditions in both regions were
(general agreement). As soon as everyone agrees not identical, and it can in fact be stated that in
on the right course of action, the decision is taken. Mesopotamia environmental factors were not as
Because of this method, a group of workers, wholly favourable as in the valley of the Nile.
rather than a person, is responsible for company A) Both civilisations were apparently not affected by
policies. ---- On the other hand, a disadvantage, geographical conditions.
perhaps, is that decision-making can be slow.
B) The development of civilisation was wrongly
A) The consensus system has a number of drawbacks assumed to be in Mesopotamia.
that cannot be overcome.
C) But it has only recently been a major preoccupation
C) The method is rapidly falling out of favour as a among archaeologists.
result of the economic recession.
D) A more recent opinion is now that the earliest
C) That’s why Japanese people give undue advances may have taken place in Mesopotamia.
importance to the views of the junior staff.
E) In Egypt, the terrain was greatly hampered by
D) As a result, it has already led to the laying off unfavourable environmental factors.
numerous workers.
E) The benefit of this is that decisions come from a
mixture of experience from the top, the middle and
DENİZ PINAR
the bottom of an enterprise.
10. ---- By 1600 Western Europe boasted 108

institutions of higher learning, many of which had
obtained special privileges from existing regimes
because of their close association with the
Church. In most European countries, universities
were designed primarily for the sons of nobility 12. Population increase is becoming a major
and gentry. Scholarly standards were low, and problem of our world. Statistics indicate that
scholarship was irrelevant for most professions. rapid population growth causes problems for
Education for earning a livelihood in, say, medicine developing countries. ---- Statistics from the
or law could be acquired after college by serving developed countries suggest that this happens
as an apprentice. only when people’s living standards begin to fall.
A) Most students wanted to train for a profession in A) More people expect their children to look after
the early 20th century. them when they get old.
B) European governments were not at all interested B) As a result, the number of those who have fewer
in education in ancient times. children increases.
C) The first universities developed in Europe in the C) Moreover, most people have more children than
Middle Ages. they could take care of.
D) The majority of students came from upper class D) For instance, traffic accidents have doubled in the
families in the early years of universities. last two decades.
E) The Church used to disapprove of much of the E) Nevertheless, in most of the developing countries
teaching of universities in Europe. the average salary is satisfying.
293
13. ---- It has some of the first wireless radio sets 15. Today, maize is the most important food crop in
from the early twentieth century. The museum Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, and is a key
also possesses several unique war time radio Asian crop. In Sub-Saharan Africa, it is consumed
receivers produced during the Second World War. by 50 percent of the population and is the preferred
Furthermore, it provides a wonderful opportunity food for one-third of all malnourished children and
to expose yourself to radio related technologies 900 million poor people worldwide. As the world’s
during your tour. population increases and more people begin to
A) The old building in the city centre has been include higher amounts of meat, poultry and dairy
considered being restored as a museum for a long into their diets, demand for maize is expected to
time. rise. By 2025, maize will have been the developing
world’s largest crop and between now and 2050
B) Visiting a local museum during your visit in a
the demand for maize in the developing world is
foreign country might help you gain insight into its
expected to double. ---- This will lead to higher
history.
global prices and malnutrition, poverty and hunger
C) If you are an art lover, the first thing you should for those whose diets are heavily dependent on
do is getting a museum card and visiting the most maize.
famous museums starting from the ones in your
A) However, while consumption is expected to
own country.
increase two-fold, yields are expected to decline.
D) The Wireless Museum has a broad collection of
B) Maize provides at least 30 percent of the food
valuable assets in terms of both monetary and
calories of more than 4.5 billion people.
history.
C) This will improve the ability of local and regional
E) Before the Navy adopted a wireless system, it had agricultural systems to adapt.
been using visual signalling and homing pigeons
D) For industrialized countries, maize shortages and
DENİZ PINAR
for communication.
declining yields mean increased prices.
E) Prices for maize, wheat, rice and soybeans will
triple between 2022 and 2025.
14. The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus was actually
the second temple built to Artemis, the Greek 16. ---- Despite on-going challenges, the region
Goddess of hunting and of the moon. After the first has made significant strides toward reducing
was destroyed by a flood, the construction of the poverty and vulnerability, improving health
replacement took roughly 120 years to complete. and education, increasing accountability, and
The temple was built from marble and other fine protecting the environment. Economic, political
materials, and was a tourist attraction and centre and social transformations lie at the basis of
of worship of the time. ---- He was sentenced to these achievements. In addition, Africa is taking
death and the Ephesians were forbidden from more ownership of its development as more
mentioning his name. The temple was rebuilt African leaders and citizens are driving progress.
several times after this, each time being destroyed Moreover, this progress has continued during
by invasions. To this day, the foundations still the midst of the global financial crisis and is
exist. forecasted to continue thereafter.
A) It was soon regarded as one of the Seven A) Namibia is among the most highly urbanised
Wonders of the ancient world. countries in Africa.
B) The Greek goddess Artemis was thought to have B) Many countries may exhibit progress in sectors
stabbed Poseidon in the back. such as education, while falling behind in health.
C) Hence, the goddess worshipped at Ephesus is C) The World’s second largest continent, Africa hosts
often referred to as Artemis Ephesia. a large diversity of ethnicities and cultures.
D) There had already been several versions of the D) Although it has an abundance of natural resources,
temple over the centuries at Ephesus. Africa remains the world’s poorest continent.
E) The temple was destroyed by Herostratus in 356 E) Over the past decade, Africa has made remarkable
BC, who was motivated by fame. economic and social achievements.
294
2. Stagecoaches were popular vehicles along the

SET 3
main roads of the East and the South in the
1. - 16. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada anlam bü- 1830s and 1840s in the U.S. Even as the nation’s
tünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek cümleyi bulunuz. network of iron and steel rails grew larger and
more comprehensive, stagecoach connections
to small and isolated communities continued
1. The mind has a close connection with the body’s to supplement passenger trains well into the
hormonal system and nervous system. Each feeds second decade of the twentieth century. ---- That
back into each other. When the mind perceives a was because of the inordinately great distances
threat via the senses, the body reacts by surging involved and the enormous effort required to
adrenaline around the body. Heart rate increases maintain regular service across the region’s dry
and breathing quickens. The fight or flight response and sparsely populated landscape.
kicks in. ---- Some people might have a heart attack
A) However, stagecoach travel was most difficult
if they saw a bull rushing towards them, while
and dangerous across the vast expanse of the
matadors may have experienced this so many
American West, where it attracted the most
times that their heart rate hardly increases. The
attention.
same goes for day to day office stress. While
B) Nothing of the kind existed in the West in 1858,
some people take deadlines, presentations and
when John Butterfield undertook an overland
fiery meetings in their stride, others find these
stage line connecting St. Louis and San Francisco
scenarios extremely stressful. Clearly, we all deal
by way of El Paso, Texas.
with stressful situations differently.
C) The route also ran through Tucson and Los
A) Bull race is one of the most breath-taking events
DENİZ PINAR
Angeles, but neither was more than a village of a

due to its thrill and aggressive nature.
few hundred residents at that time.
B) During a ‘flight’ response, some people experience
D) This memorable stagecoach attack appears in
either a real or perceived threat.
John Ford’s 1939 Western classic Stagecoach,
C) One way of doing this is using personal stereotypes.
starring John Wayne as the fugitive Ringo Kid
D) However, not every person is keen on seeing a
E) The real West also experienced its share of stage
bullfight.
robberies, probably beginning with one pulled off
E) But perceiving threatening situations varies from in California in August 1856.
one person to another.
295
3. Scientists who have studied Mars have broken its 5. The Lighthouse of Alexandria was thought to be
lifespan into three separate time periods. During built around the same time as the Colossus of
the first age, which covered the first 700 to 900 Rhodes, and was situated on the island of Pharos
million years of the planet’s existence, this planet at Alexandria in Egypt. It was built on the harbour
was home to a chilling climate. During this period, and was used to guide ships in. Estimations
water in its liquid phase is believed to have been of its height vary, with 140 metres suggested,
quite plentiful there. ---- Between 3 and 3.6 billion but it is thought to have been one of the tallest
years ago (the second age), the water froze, manmade structures of the time. The Egyptians
rendering the surface almost wholly frozen. The used fire and mirrors to light the entrance of the
third and final age has lasted from 3 billion years harbour for boats sailing at night. The light was
ago up to the present. The continued cold and thought to be seen from almost 30 miles away.
dryness along with a very thin atmosphere may ----, and it eventually became too badly damaged
have been the cause of the most severe effects in to enter. Finally, a medieval fort was built over the
this period of Mars’s history. remnants.
A) It was the commercial, social and intellectual
A) The planet is smaller than ours, having a diameter
centre of this kingdom at that time.
of approximately 4,200 miles.
B) There are two reasons for the construction of the
B) As time progressed, it is believed that Mars
Lighthouse of Alexandria.
gradually became colder and drier.
C) It was therefore not only useful to build a lighthouse
C) In spite of the frozen environment, volcanic activity at the entrance to the port.
still reigned across the planet.
D) For this reason, they were visibly assembled on a
D) These conditions meant that water in its liquid bed of molten lead, acting as a shock absorber.
state could only last for a short while. E) However, several earthquakes are thought to have
DENİZ PINAR
E) The Earth experienced two periods during which it damaged the lighthouse over a number of years.
was totally covered in ice.
6. Brazil is one of the richest countries in the world,
with a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of
$10,427. Growth rates increased from 1.9% to 5.1%
4. The Colossus was a bronze statue built on the
per year from 2006 to 2016. Yet the country also has
Greek island of Rhodes between 292 and 280 BC.
one of the highest rates of inequality in the world,
This creation was a statue of the Greek Sun God
and poverty levels are also high. Over 20% of the
Helios, the patron of the island, who was thought
population live under the poverty line and 7% of
to stand over the entrance of the harbour, one
the population are extremely poor. ----Between the
foot on either side of the mouth. This statue was
late 1990s and 2016, the percentage of households
erected after Rhodes survived a siege. For 56
living below the poverty line halved. During this
years, it stood over the harbour until the island
same period, notable legislative and programmatic
was hit by an earthquake which caused the statue
changes were made in the economic and social
to break at the knees and fall. ---- However, the policy sphere, including increasing the minimum
fame of the statue was still great, although it lay wage and public expenditure on health, education
on the ground, and many came to see it. and other social services.
A) Made of bronze and reinforced with iron, it was A) It is South America’s most influential country and
weighted with stones. one of the world’s biggest democracies.
B) It was one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient B) The gap between rich and poor still remains wide
world. despite the efforts to eliminate poverty.
C) It is regarded as the most ambitious and tallest C) Over the past two decades, however, levels
statue of the Hellenistic period. of inequality and poverty have been declining
steadily.
D) In fear that they had offended the god Helios, the
islanders did not rebuild the statue. D) The exploitation of the Amazon rainforest, much of
which is in Brazil, is a major international worry.
E) The small Greek island of Rhodes was an
E) A former Portuguese colony, Brazil has a highly
important economic centre in the ancient world.
diverse population compared to its counterparts.
296
7. Despite the Netherlands dominance of the flower 9. Populations can change through three processes:
market, there are many places with a better climate fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility involves
for growing flowers, and the climate of Ecuador the number of children that women have. Mortality
is almost perfect. Mauricio Davalos is the man is the study of the causes, consequences, and
responsible for starting Ecuador’s flower industry. measurement of processes affecting death to
“Our biggest edge is nature,” he claims. “Our members of the population. Demographers most
roses are the best in the world.” With predictable commonly study mortality using the Life Table, a
rainy periods and 12 hours of sunlight each day, statistical device that provides information about
Ecuador’s roses are famous for their large heads the mortality conditions (most notably the life
and long, straight stems. Every year, Ecuador expectancy) in the population. Migration refers to
sells about 500 million flowers to the U.S. alone. the movement of persons from a locality of origin
---- “My family has TV now. There are radios,” says to a destination place across some predefined,
Yolanda Quishpe, 20, who has been picking up political boundary. ---- Thus, demographers do not
roses for four years. consider tourists and travelers to be migrating.
A) Dutch companies and the government spend a A) Migration researchers do not call movements
considerable amount of money on flower research. ‘migrations’ unless they are somewhat permanent.
B) The industry has brought employment opportunities B) Demography is today widely taught in many
and a stronger economy to regions of the country. universities across the world.
C) Their scientists are looking for ways for
C) Migration is a key feature of our increasingly
strengthening flowers to prevent damage while
interconnected world.
travelling.
D) Migration actually refers to the movement of
D) In recent years, local governors in the U.S. have
people from one location to another.
faced huge competition from international flower
DENİZ PINAR
companies. E) Tourists tend to travel in large groups or with their

families, whereas travellers tend to travel solo.
E) They are comfortable and well-lit, and feature
modern commodities such as TV, central heating
and air conditioning. 10. ---- These visitors come to enjoy its mild climate,
fine beaches and beautiful forests. A former
8. Food allergies are an increasingly common British colony and now a Commonwealth member,
problem all over the world. As many as 6% to 8% the country is also a major centre for offshore
of children in the United States may have a food finance and has one of the world’s largest open-
allergy. While many allergies are outgrown, those registry shipping fleets. That’s why the country
to certain foods including peanuts and shellfish enjoys a high per capita income. However,
tend to persist into adulthood. 3 to 4% of adults the huge growth in the services sector of the
have food allergies and the number of allergic economy has prompted people to leave fishing
individuals is continuing to rise. ---- In children, and farming villages for the commercial centres in
this can be eczema, a red and itchy rash that is New Providence Island, Grand Bahama and Great
often difficult to treat. Adults and children with Abaco, which has resulted in a population boom in
food allergies can have asthma as well as hay these cities.
fever. All of these disorders run in families. A) The Bahamas is celebrating 44 years of
A) In the United States, some 2.5% of babies are independence from the UK with its citizens.
allergic to cow’s milk.
B) The Bahamas has a weight problem, and over
B) Most people who have food allergies also have thirty-five per cent of the adult population is obese.
other allergy-based diseases.
C) The Bahamas is the third most expensive country
C) Children can also be allergic to tree nuts, soy, fish,
in the world to live in.
wheat, shellfish, and wheat.
D) With its great shipwrecks and healthy coral reefs,
D) In many European countries, children are often
diving in the Bahamas is easy to enjoy.
allergic to certain vegetables and fruit.
E) An archipelago of 700 islands and islets, the
E) With most food allergies, your body makes a kind
of antibody. Bahamas attracts millions of tourists each year.
297
11. Climate change is the variation in global or regional 13. Some of the world’s oldest cave paintings have
climates over time. ---- These changes can be revealed how ancient people had relatively
caused by processes internal to the Earth, external advanced knowledge of astronomy. The artworks,
forces (e.g. variations in sunlight intensity) or, at sites across Europe, are not simply depictions of
more recently, human activities. In recent usage, wild animals, as was previously thought. Instead,
especially in the context of environmental policy, the animal symbols represent star constellations
the term “climate change” often refers only to in the night sky, and are used to represent dates
changes in modern climate, including the rise and mark events such as comet strikes, analyse
in average surface temperature known as global suggest. They reveal that, perhaps as far back as
warming. In some cases, the term is also used 40,000 years ago, humans kept track of time using
with a presumption of human causation, as in the knowledge of how the position of the stars slowly
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate changes over thousands of years. ----
Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC uses “climate A) These scholars found all the sites used the same
variability” for non-human caused variations. method of date-keeping based on sophisticated
A) Climate is measured by assessing the patterns astronomy.
of variation in terms of several meteorological B) The world’s oldest sculpture was also found to
variables in a given region over long periods of conform to this ancient time-keeping system.
time. C) The findings further suggest that ancient people
B) It reflects changes in the variability or average understood the effect caused by the gradual shift
state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging of Earth’s rotational axis.
from decades to millions of years. D) The work, which features a dying man and several
C) The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, animals, may commemorate another comet strike
terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water around 15,200 BC.
bodies and their currents. E) They also decoded what is probably the best
DENİZ PINAR
D) Climates can be classified according to the average known ancient artwork -- the Lascaux Shaft Scene
and the typical ranges of different variables, most in France.
commonly temperature and precipitation.
E) Climate models use quantitative methods to 14. Tour companies in Thailand advertise jungle treks,
simulate the interactions of the atmosphere, scuba diving and other expeditions as ‘nature
oceans, land surface and ice. tourism’ almost every year. But the popularity
of these activities has caused environmental
problems in recent years. Like mass tourism,
12. Ara ararauna, a type of non-migratory birds
mass jungle trekking can damage the ecosystem
which live at the top of the rainforest trees,
and the living and working conditions of local
communicates through visual, physical and
people. ---- Ecotourism is an environmentally
acoustic means. These birds are very expressive.
friendly sort of tourism and has benefits for local
They show emotions by vocalizing, flashing their
communities. In fact, most of the countries are
eyes, blushing and cocking their head. Other
turning their directions towards this tourism type
forms of communication which these birds use with its benefits, so Thailand won’t be the last.
include: fluffing of the feathers, bowing, shaking
A) Because of the immense damage, the Tourism
of tail feathers, head bobbing and raising of the
Authority of Thailand introduced the idea of
wings. Ara ararauna also use flock calls which are
ecotourism here a few years ago.
loud vocalizations to communicate. ----
B) Most of the local people’s income comes from non-
A) From the side of their neck to the front of their
earned sources, especially government programs
lower body is intensely coloured yellow.
such as unemployment insurance.
B) Ara ararauna have become endangered in the wild C) Mass tourism can be roughly defined as thousands
due to deforestation. of people going to the same destination, often at
C) These birds are seen in pairs in the wild and flock the same time of the year.
in large numbers when breeding season is over. D) It offers the chance to stay overnight in the local
D) Visual perception, intricate communal behaviour villages so you can catch a glimpse of their
and dialogues are highly developed in these birds. traditional way of life.
E) The beak is used to crush open seeds and nuts as E) Most of these trekking tours offer packages that
well as a “third foot” when climbing. include all the trekking and camping equipment.
298
15. ---- They are doing so either to get supplemental 16. The question of how the pyramids were built has
income or to keep them occupied during their not received a wholly satisfactory answer. The
retirement period or to establish their own careers. most plausible one is that the Egyptians employed
However, reports reveal that these self-employed a sloping and encircling embankment of brick,
individuals prefer not to buy a suitable affordable earth, and sand, which was increased in height
health insurance plan in order to cut down the and in length as the pyramid rose. Stone blocks
expenses on health care. They think that investing were pulled up the ramp by means of sledges,
on a health insurance policy is a waste of money rollers, and levers. ----This figure is believable
and this can be used for other useful purposes given the assumption that these people, who were
in the business. This is a huge mistake as these agricultural labourers, worked on the pyramids
individuals do not realize what kind of expenses only as there was little work to be done in the
they would face if they are not covered by a fields when the Nile River was in flood.
suitable health insurance plan. A) By the late 20th century, archaeologists found
A) Every individual should purchase a health evidence that a more limited workforce may have
insurance plan to cover the expensive medical occupied the site on a permanent basis.
costs for various health related expenses. B) Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built
B) All people must be aware of the terms and as a tomb over a 10- to 20-year period concluding
conditions of coverage of the health insurance around 2560 BC.
plan they purchase. C) The main part of the Giza complex is a set of
C) Private health aids are usually financed on a group buildings that included two temples in honour of
basis, but most plans also provide for individual the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu.
policies. D) The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3
DENİZ PINAR
D) Long term retirement plans are designed to serve million blocks which most believe to have been
you cost-effectively for the whole course of your transported from nearby mines.
life. E) According to the ancient Greek historian
E) Self-employment is highly common in the modern Herodotus, the Great Pyramid took 20 years to
days with baby-boomers and senior citizens construct and demanded the labour of 100,000
starting their own smart ventures. men.
299
3. The Black Death arrived in Europe by sea in

SET 4 October 1347 when 12 Genoese trading ships
docked at the Sicilian port of Messina. Most of the
sailors aboard the ships were dead, and those who
were still alive were gravely ill. The people who
1. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia is thought to have gathered on the docks were overcome with fever,
been constructed in the Temple of Zeus in Olympia, unable to keep food down and delirious from pain.
Greece in 432 BC. The statue was 12 metres and ---- Over the next five years, the mysterious Black
took up the whole of the temple around it, and saw Death would kill more than 20 million people in
Zeus sitting on his throne with an Eagle on his left Europe.
hand and a miniature Nike on his right, the Greek
A) Scientists understand that the Black Death, now
goddess of victory. Various materials were used to
known as the plague, is spread by a bacillus called
construct the statues, including ivory, gold, cedar
Yersina pestis.
wood, and ebony. ---- The most plausible ones are
B) The Sicilian authorities hastily ordered the fleet of
that it was destroyed or moved by the Romans
“death ships” out of the harbor, but it was too late.
back to Rome, or that a fire destroyed it.
C) Physicians relied on superstitious practices that
A) There are various stories about what happened
were dangerous as well as unsanitary such as
during the demise of the statue.
burning aromatic herbs and bathing in rosewater
B) Worshipped by pilgrims from across the
or vinegar.
Mediterranean, the statue inspired countless
D) The Black Death was a devastating global
imitations.
epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe
C) Many of these decorative figures sculptures
and Asia in the mid-1300s.
survive today and can be seen at the museum.
E) The French biologist Alexandre Yersin discovered
DENİZ PINAR
D) In the religion of ancient Greece, a temple was

this germ at the end of the 19th century.
considered the dwelling place of a god.
E) The Zeus statue, then, attracted people from
across the known world.
4. The ancient Greeks and Romans used saffron as

2. Guatemala is a mountainous country, forested
perfume, and since the 1550s, saffron has been
and dotted with Mayan ruins, lakes, volcanoes
mentioned in the Chinese materia medica – a
and orchids of striking features and a strong
medical book that lists the substances used in
indigenous culture. The indigenous Maya make
homeopathy, along with detailed indications for
up about half of the population, but rights
their application. ---- It’s an essential part of some
campaigners say they face extreme inequality.
Eastern, Middle Eastern, and European dishes,
---- The conflict, which ended in 1996, pitted leftist,
such as the French bouillabaisse, Spanish paella,
mostly Mayan insurgents against the state, which
Moroccan tagines, and many more dishes. Saffron,
- backed by the US - waged a vicious campaign to
however, is a very expensive spice. Its costliness
eliminate the guerrillas. As a result of which, more
has to do with its harvesting. Only a small amount
than 200,000 people - most of them civilians - were
of each saffron flower is used, and all harvesting
killed or disappeared.
must be done by hand.
A) The country is still trying to come to terms with a
A) Also, the ancient Greeks and Romans were adept
36-year-long civil war.
at harbour building.
B) An increasingly important challenge for Guatemala
B) Today, the herb is also used as a cooking spice.
is improving the levels of citizen security.
C) It describes how plants have been used
C) The territory of modern Guatemala once formed
therapeutically throughout the ages.
the core of the Maya civilization.
D) Homeopathy is a medical system based on the
D) The Maya was an outstanding civilization that left
belief that the body can cure itself.
unique roots in this part of the world.
E) Many Mayans complain of feeling like foreigners in E) Spain, France, and Italy are also primary cultivators
their own land. of the spice.
300
5. Bacteria play central roles in many ecosystems. 7. In October, a report from an international team
These include the oceans, soil and atmosphere. of scientists warned that the planet was closer
They’re also a big part of the global food web. to dangerous warming than had previously been
Bacteria make it possible for all other life on Earth believed, and that a critical threshold could
to exist. That’s why scientists say these single- be crossed within a matter of years. Then, in
celled organisms are the invisible backbone of November, a study put together by experts from
all life — at least on Earth. ---- Scientists think thirteen U.S. federal agencies laid out the extent to
they’ve identified only less than one percent of which warming is already wreaking havoc in this
all bacterial species. That’s been driving many country—via drought, intensifying storms, and an
researchers to explore the mysteries of their one- increasing number of wildfires. ----
celled world. They suspect bacteria will prove key A) The deadliest wildfire in California’s history, the
to understanding — and protecting — Earth’s most Camp Fire, claimed the lives of at least eighty-five
important natural resources. people.
A) Scientists have found bacteria that eat rocks, B) The study predicted that, as temperatures continue
sewage — even nuclear waste. to rise, the country will experience “losses to
B) Still, there’s plenty we don’t know about them. infrastructure and property” that could run to
hundreds of billions of dollars annually.
C) The deep sea is home to some pretty cool
microbes. C) Depending on how you look at things, a coal-
stuffed climate summit is either completely
D) Scientists didn’t even know this big group of
absurd—“beyond parody,” as one commentator
bacteria existed until 2011.
put it—or merely appropriate.
E) Some bacteria can release deadly toxins.
D) Last week, representatives from around the
world gathered to begin another round of climate
DENİZ PINAR
6. Our feelings are among the factors that affect negotiations in Katowice, a city in the heart of
our thoughts or words. Oftentimes, our feelings Poland’s coal-mining country.
govern what we think. They are an emotional state E) It was hoped that nations would, over time, push
and have similar weaknesses that or thoughts one another to increase their commitments for the
have. They are not reliable, that is, they are not to environment.
be trusted. If let on their own, they could rule over
our better judgement. Our feelings are meant to
be enjoyed –not to determine our choices. ---- In
other words, they can exaggerate the situation.
They may tell us that everything is going wrong
in our life, or that we should feel embarrassed or
ashamed of our circumstances. They can even tell
us that we are being rejected when we really are
not.
A) Therefore, each one of us must acquire self-
control, imposing the rule of reason.
B) They are a powerful human reality that moves us
strongly to act or refrain from acting, for better or
worse.
C) However, they hinder us from overcoming
hardships by making things look worse than they
really are.
D) Learning how we should feel and how to manage
our emotions starts as soon as we are born.
E) For children to learn how to handle their feelings,
it is essential that there be good communication.
301
8. Once our clothes reach a washing machine, the 10. Using a technology called lidar (light detection
synthetic fabrics release tiny strands: so-called and ranging), researchers scanned more than
microfibers. These are essentially microscopic 800 miles of the Maya Biosphere Reserve in
pieces of plastic, just like the microbeads you find Petén, Guatemala and found tens of thousands
in cosmetics. Every time you run your washing of farms, houses and defensive structures, along
machine, hundreds of thousands of microfibers with miles of roads and canals. The staggering
are flushed down the drain. Many reach beaches find contradicted the assumption that Maya city-
and oceans where they can remain for hundreds states in the area between 1000 B.C. and 1500 A.D.
of years. Swallowed by fish and other sea life, were isolated and sparsely populated. ---- “This is
microplastics travel up the food chain, where a holy territory,” tweeted one archaeologist about
they end up on our plates. ---- According to recent these discoveries.
research by Ghent University, European seafood A) It further suggested they housed more people
consumers are likely to be ingesting up to 11,000 and were far more interconnected than anyone
tiny pieces of plastic per year. suspected.
A) The production of synthetic fibres requires less B) Archaeologists made two amazing discoveries,
water than cotton and they do not require toxic starting with the intact body of an ancient horse in
pesticides to grow. Guatemala.
B) Polyester, which is a relatively cheap and easily C) A team of archaeologists announced they
available product, is currently used in about 60% had discovered the remains of a unique system in
of our clothes. an ancient Maya city state.
C) The potential consequences of these microplastic D) Advanced DNA sequencing revealed that the
particles to human health are greatly under- world’s oldest natural mummy was definitely
researched but they are now found in everything related to a modern Native American tribe
from sea-salt to seafood. E) The oldest Homo sapiens fossil found outside
D) Fish could be negatively impacted by non-native Africa were estimated to be between 90,000 and
DENİZ PINAR
vegetation due to changes in food resources and 120,000 years old.

habitat.
E) Plastic pollution is when plastic has gathered in 11. In 2014, firearms killed 33,736 people in the
an area and has begun to negatively impact the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease
natural environment. Control and Prevention. Researchers in a
new study have developed a state-of-the-art tool
9. Family and friend relationships differ from each to help predict a person’s chance of survival
other.Friendships are very prone to decay if after a gunshot wound, even with a head injury.
untended. ---- Family relationships, by contrast, ---- It predicted whether people would survive with
are incredibly resilient to neglect. The family 96 percent accuracy. Research showed that a
remains constant throughout most of our lives person’s pupils responded to light and how
whereas the friendship component undergoes they could move in response to stimuli, such as
considerable change over time, with up to 20 obeying commands or withdrawing from pain,
percent turnover every few years. More than 60 were the strongest predictors of survival.
percent of our social time is devoted to our five A) To develop the SPIN-score, researchers looked
closest friends, with decreasing amounts given back at 10 years of data from two level-one
over to those in the layers beyond, until at the trauma centers on patients who’d experienced
edge of the 150 layer are people we perhaps see penetrating brain injuries.
once a year or at weddings and funerals. B) The team paid close attention to factors associated
A) Social skills are important in managing complex with surviving the injury, both in the hospital and
social relationships. six months later.
B) Failure to see a friend for six months or so leaves C) Gunshot wounds are the number one cause of
us feeling less emotionally attached to them. penetrating traumatic brain injuries.
C) The number of best friends we have correlates D) This survival-predicting tool is called the SPIN-
with this. Score, which stands for Surviving Penetrating
D) Family relationships are nurtured by frequent Injury to the brain.
displays of appreciation and encouragement. E) Much of our knowledge about surviving such
E) Extroverts are not emotionally closer to members injuries comes from the battlefield, not from
of their network than introverts. shootings among civilians.
302
12. ---- In January, the federal government briefly 13. ---- Its outbreaks constitute a threat to public
shut down over the fate of an Obama-era program health services because of its epidemic potential,
deferring deportation for immigrants brought its high case fatality ratio, and the difficulties
illegally to the United States as children. Under
in treatment and prevention. The disease was
the Trump administration’s “zero-tolerance” policy
first described in the Crimea in 1944 and given
against illegal border crossers, U.S. authorities
separated some 2,300 children from their parents, the name Crimean hemorrhagic fever. In 1969,
provoking widespread international outrage until it was recognized that the pathogen causing
Trump ended the family separation policy by Crimean hemorrhagic fever was the same as that
executive order in June. And in November, his responsible for an illness identified in 1956 in
administration deployed nearly 6,000 active-duty the Congo, and linkage of the two place names
military troops to the Mexico border to meet the
resulted in the current name for the disease and
arrival of a large caravan of migrants from Central
the virus.
America.
A) President Trump continued to denounce Mueller’s A) Hay fever, also called allergic rhinitis, causes
investigation as a “witch hunt,” cold-like signs and symptoms, such as a runny
B) In November, U.S. voters turned out in record nose, itchy eyes, congestion, sneezing, and
numbers for a midterm election.
sinus pressure.
C) The truth is that in the United States
today, immigration is a challenge but not a crisis. B) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is a viral
D) In President Donald Trump’s second year in office, hemorrhagic fever transmitted to humans either
the issue of immigration became an even bigger by tick-bites, or through contact with viremia
flashpoint for controversy. animal tissues.
E) A record-high 75% of Americans think immigration
C) Malaria is a disease which affects hundreds of
is a good thing, and most would like to see
DENİZ PINAR
immigration in the U.S. kept at its current level millions of people world-wide and kills up to a
million people each year, many of whom are
children under 5 years old.
D) Communicable diseases are a large variety
diseases that can be spread from one person to
another and cause a large number of people to
get sick.
E) The Crimea is like a diamond-shaped peninsula
with an excellent harbor at the city of Sevastopol,
and an excellent defensive point at the Isthmus
of Perekop.
303
14. As the light industry of books on Ernest 15. Although aspirin is a fairly new medical marvel,
Hemingway continue to spill over into the 21st the drug itself is derived from the willow plant,
century, we now know everything about the most which has been used as a painkiller for at least
famous American writer except why we still read the past 6,000 years. As explained by How Stuff
him. Many of Hemingway’s contemporaries have Works, it wasn’t until scientists worked on
faded into the twilight realm of the praised but extracting and purifying the active ingredient in
unread while Hemingway is alive and well on the willow, salicin, that aspirin started to become
syllabuses of colleges and even high schools. ---- what we know today. ---- In our digestive tract,
In his stories, Hemingway lit a torch to the path salicin is broken into salicylic acid, which helps
of literary modernism. As a novelist, his attitudes to reduce pain and inflammation. Aspirin was
were those of an earlier time, and his image will created as a less acidic version of synthetic
always stand at the crossroads of 19th and 20th salicylic acid. It works by latching onto
century American literature, carrying it to the molecules which carry the pain sensations to
centuries to come. the brain. As a result, the brain registers less
A) Hemingway and his place in the western literary pain and there is also less of an inflammatory
tradition came under full-on attack. response.
B) F. Scott Fitzgerald famously said that there were A) Well, how does aspirin work on relieving pain?
no second acts in American life, which his own B) Aspirin helps to relieve the amount of pain
comebacks have disproved. we sense, and also reduces the inflammatory
C) He’s gone out of fashion, but never out of print— response to the point of injury.
he’s too popular to be fashionable. C) German scientists were able to synthesize this
DENİZ PINAR
D) No subject is terrible if the story is true, if the on a large scale, but unfortunately it was very
prose is clean and honest, and if it affirms hard on the stomach lining.
courage and grace under pressure D) Pain is necessary, as it acts as a warning
E) In a letter to one of his editors, he wrote that of danger, but is it necessary for us to be in
if writing was boxing, he had a chance to beat constant pain?
Tolstoy. E) Some pain such as headaches is not a result of
injury and is unavoidable.
304
16. With the rise of foreign registration under ‘Flags

of Convenience’ in the 1960s, the market for
ships changed. As British shipbuilders became
increasingly uncompetitive, British owners
increasingly purchased abroad. Because of
inefficiency and poor industrial relations, British
ships took longer to produce and deliver than
those of foreign competitors. As a result, the
government set up the Shipbuilding Industry
Board (SIB) and substantial finances were
made available. The government also agreed
to guarantee low interest loans that banks
advanced to owners purchasing British ships.
----However, British shipbuilding continued to
decline, and the Labour government considered
nationalisation of the industry to save it from
collapse.
A) Some failed, however, to take account of

escalating costs.
B) A large proportion of ships built in Britain were
registered in foreign countries.
DENİZ PINAR
C) British prices for tankers and bulk carriers were

uncompetitive.
D) A number of large companies ran into financial
difficulties.
E) Such measures assisted the industry in
obtaining more orders.
305
2. ---- Children who are never spoken to will not

SET 5
acquire language. And the language must be
1. - 16. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada anlam bü- used for interaction with the child; for example,
tünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek cümleyi bulunuz. a child who regularly hears language on the TV
or radio but nowhere else will not learn to talk.
Children acquire language through interaction -
1. At one time or another, most people have been not only with their parents and other adults, but
taught that it is “better to give than receive.” also with other children. All normal children who
---- But generosity will do more than improve grow up in normal households, surrounded by
your moral worth; it will also make you happier. conversation, will acquire the language that is
In 2018, Michael Norton, from Harvard Business being used around them. And it is just as easy
School, conducted an experiment in which he for a child to acquire two or more languages
gave 46 volunteers some money and asked at the same time, as long as they are regularly
them either to spend it on themselves or others. interacting with speakers of those languages.
Time and again he found that those who spent
A) Studies show that the ‘baby talk’ that adults
it on others derived greater pleasure than those
naturally use with infants and toddlers tends to
who kept it for themselves.
always be just a bit ahead of the level of the
A) And though they may have nodded and smiled child’s own language development.
at whoever told them this, deep down they
B) Children acquire language in stages, and different
probably dismissed it as nonsense.
children reach the various stages at different
B) Those who enjoy good mental health usually times.
DENİZ PINAR
have some kind of code or set of values by

C) The first sounds a baby makes are the sounds
which they live and on which they depend.
of crying and then around six weeks of age, the
C) When they have no sense of honour and baby will begin making vowel sounds, starting
integrity, a sense of emptiness or uselessness with aah, ee, and ooh.
almost invariably follows.
D) It’s far easier for a child to acquire language as
D) The thing that a majority of us might not an infant and toddler than it will be for the same
realize is that giving to others will make us feel child to learn, say, French in a college classroom
considerably closer to them, too. 18 years later.
E) The more people give, the more they begin E) Although parents or other caretakers don’t teach
to see all of their resources as potential their children to speak, they do perform an
opportunities for those who really need them. important role by talking to their children.
306
3. Traditionally, the Day of the Dead was celebrated 5. With Roosevelt’s decision to support Britain and
largely in the more rural, indigenous areas France in the struggle against Germany and the
of Mexico. ---- UNESCO reflected growing other Axis Powers, defense manufacturing geared
awareness of the holiday in 2008, when it added up, producing more and more private sector jobs.
Mexico’s “indigenous festivity dedicated to the The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December
dead” to its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage 1941 led to America’s entry into World War II, and
of Humanity. In recent years, the tradition has the nation’s factories went back in full production
developed even more due to its visibility in pop mode. ---- The Great Depression had ended at last,
culture and its growing popularity in the United and the United States turned its attention to the
States, where more than 36 million people identified global conflict of World War II.
as being of partial or full Mexican ancestry as of
A) Depression-era hardships had fueled the rise of
2016, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.
extremist political movements in various European
A) But starting in the 1980s, it began spreading into countries.
the cities.
B) This expanding industrial production reduced the
B) Inspired by the 2015 James Bond movie Spectre,
unemployment rate to below its pre-Depression
Mexico City held its first-ever parade for the
level.
holiday in 2016.
C) A sharp recession hit in 1937, caused in part by
C) On the Mexican holiday known as the Day of the
the Federal Reserve’s decision to increase its
Dead, families welcome back the souls of their
requirements for money in reserve.
deceased relatives for a brief reunion.
D) Even so, a blend of Mesoamerican ritual, D) After showing early signs of recovery beginning
European religion and Spanish culture, the holiday in the spring of 1933, the economy continued to
is celebrated each year on November 1-2. improve throughout the next three years,
DENİZ PINAR
E) Upon dying, a person was believed to travel to E) In the face of this dire situation, Hoover’s
Chicunamictlán, the Land of the Dead. administration tried supporting failing banks and
other institutions with government loans.
4. In medical terms, early puberty is referred to as
“precocious puberty” — the cut off is considered 6. The eighteenth century is often referred to as the
as before the age of 8 in girls and before the Age of Enlightenment, a wide-ranging movement
age of 9 in boys. Scientists are concerned that of reform that began in Western Europe but whose
precocious puberty is becoming more and more influence extended across the Atlantic to Britain’s
prevalent, though the exact cause has not been North American colonies. What united most of
identified yet. According to research, children who the major thinkers of the period, irrespective of
hit puberty early could be at risk of experiencing national or social origins, was a more confident
physical and psychological complications. ---- attitude toward the human condition and a belief
This can lead to emotional problems during a very that progress was possible through the application
vulnerable age. of human reason to a wide range of activities. ----.
A) Most children who experience early puberty do th
A) Important breakthroughs in 17 century natural
not face any serious complications as far as the
philosophy helped to amend this outlook
evidence suggests.
B) The French Revolution spurred Europe’s monarchs
B) Today, American children are experiencing puberty
into action against the spreading influence of
at earlier ages than ever before.
liberal republicanism
C) For example, a girl who matures earlier than
her peers may face social isolation or targeted C) The incontestable intellectual center of
harassment as a result. Enlightenment thought was Paris
D) However, more research is required as we still do D) The monarch’s inability to distinguish between
not know if the chemicals themselves are causing narrow dynastic and broader national interests
the age of puberty to shift. resulted in a series of costly and unsuccessful
E) In order to fix it, you may try switching over wars.
to more organic or natural equivalents to these E) How social and economic inequalities were to be
products whenever possible. mitigated is left uncertain
307
7. ---- Take the word “politics” for example, it comes 8. It has long been debated whether the seal predation
to us from the unique city-state or polis in ancient of fish play a major role in the fish decline in
Greece, while the habit of thinking and writing the Baltic Sea compared to human fishing. The
systematically about how best to organize people debate escalated worldwide since conservation
in a communal setting made its first appearance efforts to protect seals and fish-eating birds
with Plato, a native of Athens during the fourth resulted in increased number of them. ---- The cod
century BCE. The notion of public service and population size for example, decreased more by
civic engagement as a good, the concepts of environmental change and by human fishing, than
citizenship and equality, and the linkage of justice the seals eating the fish. How much fish the seals
and the decent society with reason and human eat is also affected by the climate and nutrient
law all received their initial impress on the Greek load.
mainland. A) Higher nutrient load together with higher
A) We know a little about these earlier efforts to temperatures could also lead to higher toxic
coordinate human relations in larger groups cyanobacterial blooms of low food quality --
although our lack of written sources means that making fish smaller and slender.
most of what we assert belongs to the realm of B) Nothing could be said about how seals affect
educated guesses. salmon, eel, pike or whitefish that live closer to the
B) Ancient Greeks gave us much of the vocabulary coast.
of modern politics, including now familiar concepts C) A new study taking into account human pressures
like “democracy,” “aristocracy,” “oligarchy,” on the environment shows that the seals are not
“tyranny,” and “plutocracy.” the main problem on commercial fish stocks in the
C) Humans living in community, as opposed to open water of the Baltic Sea.
humans in isolation, appear to have been the
DENİZ PINAR
D) Seals are highly intelligent animals and they have

essential model of social organization. been used in a variety of conservation programs
D) The communitarian way of life does not mean that such as those at Sea World.
Paleolithic peoples were especially humane or E) Throughout the year, the number of seals found
selfless. at these rookeries varies, but there are three peak
E) It was Aristotle who wielded the greatest influence times where the numbers are above average.
in later centuries, his vision of the state as a
natural response to human needs will play a
central role
308
9. On average, Americans live 78.6 years, according 10. ---- This may result in poorer labor force
to a new report from the Centers for Disease participation, higher unemployment rates,
Control and Prevention based on data from 2017. and lower wages earned compared to people
Life expectancy in the U.S. has declined over without disabilities. Identifying the strategies
the last four years, a disturbing trend that U.S. and resources necessary to sustain people
health officials attribute to the rise in deaths from with disabilities in paid employment is the first
suicide and drug overdoses. The latest federal step toward increasing the participation of this
health statistics distressed officials. Generally, population in the workforce. Findings of the 2015
life expectancy steadily improves in developed Kessler Foundation National Employment and
countries, as better health care and standards of Disability Survey show that people with disabilities
living lead to healthier lives. ---- Hawaiians live are actively engaging in job preparation and job
just as long as the Dutch. New Yorkers live as long search activities, and successfully negotiating
as Danes. People in Wisconsin have the same barriers at work.
life spans as Costa Ricans. And Alaskans and A) Employers should be encouraged to recruit, hire,
Algerians live to the same age. train, and retain people with disabilities.
A) Of all the U.S. states, Mississippi has the shortest B) Since 1990, many social barriers have been
life expectancy, at a bit less than 75 years. removed or reduced for people with disabilities.
B) Life expectancy in 105 countries is even shorter C) All people with disabilities have the right to vote on
than that, with Central African Republic having the an equal basis with others.
shortest at slightly less than 52 years. D) People with disabilities have different capacities
C) In the United States, Hawaiians live the longest, at and needs rather than being a homogenous
81.5 years, while Singaporeans have the longest group.
average life spans in the world, at almost 85 years. E) People with disabilities experience persistent
D) Comparing the states to countries leads to some obstacles to employment.
DENİZ PINAR
intriguing pairings.
E) Across the 50 states and the District of Colombia,
the range of life expectancies spans seven years.
309
11. From debates over Confederate monuments to 12. The Internet may be affecting our memories and in
battles over America’s leadership in the world, one sense making them worse, which is because
understanding today’s contemporary challenges we have begun to rely on technology in order
requires historical knowledge and historical to store information and allow us to retrieve it
perspective. ---- In fact, the number of history BAs later. Even if we make a conscious effort to retain
awarded each year has dropped more steeply that information, studies have shown that we are
since 2011 than any other undergraduate degree unconsciously less likely to recall it later if we
measured. Even accounting for increases in the think that we will be able to look it up later. ---- The
numbers and types of students attending college, subjects could remember where the document
history undergraduates are woefully few: only 5.3 was saved, but not the number they were meant to
degrees per 1,000. be concentrating on.
A) Since the recession of 2008, the conventional A) Computer use then means that our brains are
wisdom goes, students and parents are constantly scanning for new information and
exercising cost-benefit analyses when it comes to notifications.
higher education B) At the same time though, this may be having some
B) The University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point plans adverse effects on other aspects of our brain
to eliminate its history major, and other schools power.
have reduced funding and eliminated positions. C) Generally we use our computers as tools to get
C) Despite the downturn in undergraduate things done and particularly to offload difficult
enrollments, history as a discipline remains vibrant mental tasks.
in many respects. D) In one study participants were asked to remember
D) The number of new history PhDs a number before that was saved in a document on
DENİZ PINAR
has increased steadily over the past 30 years a computer.

and history majors get hired for numerous jobs in E) We could also resort to a search engine that is
numerous sectors, earning good salaries in the devoted to searching the Internet for subjects that
process. we are interested in.
E) However, a new report by Benjamin Schmidt and
the American Historical Association has revealed
that a much smaller percentage of American
college students are majoring in history than did in
the past.
310
13. Alternative energy is an interesting concept when 14. ---- Using standard gelatin lifters—small sheets
you think about it. In our global society, it simply with adhesive on one side commonly used by
means energy that is produced from sources other crime scene investigators to collect fingerprints
than our primary energy supply: fossil fuels. Coal, and other trace evidence—researchers with the
oil and natural gas are the three kinds of fossil University of Portsmouth in England and the
fuels that we have mostly depended on for our nonprofit Zoological Society of London have
energy needs, from home heating and electricity to successfully lifted clear fingerprints off pangolin
fuel for our automobiles and mass transportation. scales. Showing that this is possible means that
---- They are indeed limited in supply and will one law enforcement around the world could use this
day be depleted. simple technology to identify the poachers and
traffickers who have handled pangolin scales.
A) The later fossil fuels began forming as late as five
million years ago in the Pliocene Period. A) British researchers have tested a method to lift
B) Solar energy, wind power and moving water are all fingerprints from the scales of pangolins, an
traditional sources of alternative energy. endangered ant-eating animal believed to be the
most trafficked mammal in the world.
C) The earliest known fossil fuel deposits are from the
Cambrian Period about 500 million years ago. B) The four Asian pangolin species are considered
critically endangered, and the four African species
D) Despite the promise of alternative energy sources,
are at risk.
they provide only about 7 percent of the world’s
energy needs. C) Fingerprinting kits that use powder, brushes, and
tape are potentially too cumbersome and time
E) Among others, a problem with fossil fuels is that
consuming for rangers in the field.
they are non-renewable and not inexhaustible.
D) Professional home inspectors have long
DENİZ PINAR
used thermal imaging cameras to identify

problems with air leaks, clogged pipes, ductwork,
and insulation.
E) Pangolins are threatened by poaching (for their
meat and scales) and heavy deforestation of
their natural habitats, and are the most trafficked
mammals.
311
15. The early relationship between mothers and 16. The first performance of a tragedy is attributed to
infants is widely seen as vital to children’s Thespis, ca. 534 B. C. in Athens. He had only one
development. ---- Developing this bond is not actor, who differentiated himself from the chorus,
instantaneous, but occurs as part of a process and Aristotle tells us that Aeschylus added a
that often starts in pregnancy and continues second actor and that Sophocles added a third,
over the months after birth. A study found that creating more possibilities for interchange and
mothers who showed increased brain activity in conflict. ---- And if further parts were needed, they
response to infants’ facial cues from pregnancy were divided between them. Since all the actors
to motherhood reported stronger bonds with their were male, masks allowed them to play female
infants after birth than mothers who didn’t show roles. Masks particularly suited actors in the large
such increases.The importance of forming close theatres in which they performed.
bonds has been studied, but little is known about A) Sophocles is the playwright of heroism, and
how this bond may start developing prenatally. Antigone the first female character in drama to be
A) Researchers surveyed 39 pregnant women ages a hero in the full sense of the word.
22 to 39 from a range of races and ethnicities from B) Aristotle tells us that Sophocles introduced scene-
the greater Toronto area painting to suggest a visual background.
B) The observed cortical changes could not be C) Sophocles abandoned the practice of writing
attributed to face-specific processes used to connected trilogies and instead preferred to
perceive the structural features of an infant’s face. highlight a major character within a single play.
C) Mothers’ ties with their babies are key to the D) The three actors were called protagonist,
development of this relationship, and a strong deuteragonist, and tritagonist (first, second, and
bond is critical for optimal development. third actor).
DENİZ PINAR
D) The prenatal period is critical for fetal development E) There are several plays which seem to begin at
and is particularly critical to brain development in dawn, or even in the dark, for instance Aeschylus’
the context of psychiatric disorders. Agamemnon.
E) Infants are more likely to learn from on-screen
instruction when paired with another infant as
opposed to viewing the lesson alone
312
2. ----, that is, converted to widespread usage by

SET 6 humans. Three crops—wheat, corn, and rice—
provide nearly 60 percent of total plant calories
that humans consume. Other major crops
include potatoes, soybeans, cassava, sorghum,
and legumes. The three top crops are grown
1. In order to better understand the ecological worldwide, though certain regions are known for
makeup of the Earth, scientists have proposed specific crops. For example, the United States
many different ways of categorizing terrestrial supplies almost half of the world’s 800 million tons
and marine ecosystems. Most classification of corn annually, followed by China, Brazil, and
systems are defined by the type of plant and Mexico.
animal life living in an area in relation to global A) The number of different types of fruits and
climate patterns. ---- But there are also other ways vegetables on the world market has significantly
of defining ecosystems that use more specific expanded
classifications incorporating characteristics such
B) According to recent statistics, rice continues to
as rainfall patterns, type of soil, and particular
be a critical staple for nearly half of the world’s
species.
population
A) The ecosystem concept has its roots in theoretical
C) Although there are thousands of edible plant
concepts regarding the organization and dynamics
species, only a relatively small number have been
of natural systems.
domesticated
B) In its present usage, however, an ecosystem is
D) Potatoes, cassava, beans, and other fruits and
generally defined as a community of organisms
vegetables provide humans with many essential
living in a particular environment.
DENİZ PINAR
nutrients
C) An ecosystem can be as small as a fallen log or
E) Due to increasing demands, aquaculture—or fish
as large as the ocean, depending on the scale that
farming—has grown significantly over the last
the researcher is examining.
decade
D) Because ecosystems are so interconnected, there
have been many efforts to define the effect of
change on ecosystem functioning.
E) The most common system divides the world into
biomes based on the dominant plant life that
occurs within a certain climate.
313
3. The adequacy of food supply in a particular area 5. The interaction between economy and demography
or country can be affected by climatological, on the one hand, and between “work” and the
economic, and even political factors. The food “folk” on the other, is much greater than most of us
currently produced worldwide is more than have long presumed. ---- However, his counterpart
sufficient to provide adequate nutrition to the in a northern city like Bilbao may work more than
global population. Nevertheless, in many countries, 50 hours a week for the same job. Sociologists
a significant number of people still suffer from maintain that this difference is closely related to
hunger. ---- However, while wealthier countries can the cultural, financial and demographic approach
afford large aids to ensure the financial stability of and tradition toward these issues in these regions.
their farming sectors, it makes it extremely difficult A) A citizen of the Spanish South, for example,
for farmers in developing countries to compete on spends 40 hours a week at a job on average.
the world market.
B) The economy of Tenerife was predominantly
A) In order to protect the domestic agricultural sector, based on agriculture and trade until the 1970s.
many countries turn to using subsidies and tariffs.
C) With regard to the primary sector, only 10% of the
B) Through the early 20th century, small family surface area of the island is cultivated.
owned farms dominated America’s agricultural
D) The higher education and research sector in Spain
economy.
is undergoing a gradual change.
C) Industrialized nations and some developing
E) Yet, large number of studies show that there are
countries are achieving a quality of life unparalleled
no big changes in economy and demography.
in human history.
D) However, developing countries face the biggest
challenges over nutritional deficiencies and
DENİZ PINAR
famine.
E) Research continues to increase agricultural yields
and improve practices, particularly in developing 6. Southwest border state of the United States, and
countries. one of the largest states in the Union, Arizona has
an economy which rests upon its two oldest and
4. ---- While there are some families who are forced most basic industries: the extractive industry and
to move often, such as military families, it is the agricultural industry. Arizona leads all the other
ideal for a child to put down roots in one place. states in copper production, its mines yielding
However, this is not the single most important about 45 % of the nation’s output. ---- In addition to
factor in providing a stable living environment. A a wealth of minerals, Arizona has valuable forests
stable living environment is a peaceful and safe consisting of approximately 17 million acres of
place that the child can call home. However, there commercial and non-commercial timberlands. Of
are many situations which could cause a living these nearly two-thirds are protected by the state’s
environment to become unstable. For example, eight national forests.
marital problems that result in violence, yelling A) Its population has always been predominantly
and chaos makes for a very unstable setting. urban, particularly since the mid-20th century.
A) Over a quarter of a million families are currently B) It also has good deposits of gold, silver, lead and
forced into debt from moving home. zinc, which are commonly mined in conjunction
B) Families who rent privately are often forced to with copper.
move repeatedly. C) Some scholars believe that the state’s name
C) Whether one moves frequently or almost never, comes from a Basque phrase meaning “place of
moving is an intensely emotional experience. oaks.
D) Migrants are choosing to move to new locations, D) About half of Arizona is semiarid, one-third is arid,
often in search of better opportunities. and the remainder is humid.
E) One of the most important needs that a child has E) Considering the variety in relief and climate, it is
is a stable living environment. not surprising to find similar diversity in the state’s
vegetation.
314
7. Bananas are native to tropical regions and 9. ---- The volume of news increased tremendously.
although some species can be grown in cooler The channels, through which it reached the
climates, they require hot temperatures if they are consumer multiplied. Significant developments
to produce fruit. ---- The trunk that appears above in journalism included the development of
ground, on the other hand, is actually composed professional education for journalism; the
of the tightly wound and overlapping portions of founding of news magazines; the invention of
the leaves. Banana plants reach a height of 30 radio and television and their rapid development
feet and the crown of leaves, each up to six feet in as news media; the spread of unionization among
length, gives an exotic palm-like appearance to the employees of the communication media; and the
plant. increase of interpretation, especially in the printed
media of mass communication. Each of these
trends influenced contemporary journalism.
A) Bananas are cultivated for their fruit which bear
the same name. A) There is a need to expand the climate change
communication research into other regions.
B) The banana is mentioned for the first time in
written history in Buddhist texts in 600 BC. B) Extensive use of social media has affected many
sectors differently.
C) The banana plant is unusual in that the stem
grows beneath the ground. C) The 20th century witnessed unprecedented
expansion in journalism.
D) Bananas and plantains constitute a major staple
food crop for millions of people. D) The history of the 20th century was shaped by the
changing relations of the world’s great powers.
E) Bananas are among the most widely consumed
foods in the World. E) A journalist can work with general issues or
specialize in certain issues.
DENİZ PINAR
8. The universe, as the astronomer now pictures it,

is an immense complex system whose boundaries 10. ---- But the instinct for collecting, preserving and
are unknown. Because of its vastness, it is largely displaying objects has a history stretching back to
unexplored and uncharted. The astronomer antiquity. Men’s first collections were of two kinds:
exploring the universe may be compared to the spoils of war and objects of religious significance.
terrestrial explorer who stands on a loft mountain Such works have always been symbols of power
peak and surveys the surrounding landscape. and have served as a medium of exchange, a
Some of it he sees clearly and he feels confident reserve of public wealth and as a power of nation’s
that it presents a true picture. ---- Similarly, much credit. Collections of objects were formed in
of the astronomer’s view is concealed, and he is Mesopotamia, Babylon and Assyria usually in
uncertain what lies beyond. conjunction with libraries.
A) In the distance he may see objects that are hazy A) The monarchs of ancient Egypt believed in life
and ill defined. after death.
B) They live on rocks and in the soil, from Antarctica's B) The art museum, as it is known today, has its roots
dry valleys up to mountain peaks. in the late 18th century.
C) The physical world, in his view, is not a shadowy C) In the first period of recorded history, art coincided
projection controlled by a divine dimension. with writing.
D) Some of the terrain, however, is covered by D) With the decline of the Roman Empire, the
mountain ranges, deep canyons, or clouds. Medieval era began, lasting for a millennium.
E) In astronomy, terrestrial refers to just about E) Phoenician art lacks unique characteristics that
everything that comes from our planet. might distinguish it from its contemporaries.
315
11. According to a recent study, some 750 languages 13. Twins are very much in our consciousness at the
have been identified in New Guinea and the moment, not just because they’re pushing the
surrounding islands, which represents by far the final frontier, but because we are living through a
greatest single concentration of languages in the twin boom. A higher proportion of human beings
whole world. ---- Others, mainly in the mountainous are twins than at any other time in living memory.
interior, are spoken by only a minority of the This may not be obvious to the naked eye, but we
people. There are also tribes that remain in the are aware of them nonetheless, in our neonatal
remote parts of this land, and scientists are of the wards and classrooms, on our sports fields and
opinion that these people too may speak other social networks. ---- That’s because, for the first
languages. time in history, they find themselves in a position
A) New Guinea is a large island separated by to measure the boom and investigate its causes.
a shallow sea from the rest of the Australian A) In the early 18th century, French women had their
continent. children relatively late.
B) The name Papua was used to refer to parts of the B) After World War II, most industrialised countries
island before contact with the West. saw a slow decline in their twinning rates.
C) Another major habitat feature is the vast southern C) One group of people that has paid special attention
and northern lowlands. to the current boom is demographers.
D) The island is presently populated by almost a D) There have been twin booms before, and there will
thousand different tribal groups. be twin booms again.
E) More than half of the languages, however, have E) To put it another way, the twinning rate is a highly
similarities to one another. sensitive indicator of biological and social change.
DENİZ PINAR
12. Fears of one kind or another, though varying

degree, are almost universal in early childhood.
Fear is of course a normal response to danger and
14. Commonly defined as the inability to refrain from
results in a conditioned mode of response –flight,
the urge to steal items and done for reasons other
anxiety, or caution, etc. But the little child is most
than personal use or financial gain, kleptomania
intensively afraid of many imaginary dangers
is a compulsive desire to steal. Although in most
as well as real dangers. ---- Even so, there are
cases the objects stolen are petty or useless,
scholars who challenge these assumptions and
they may have symbolic value. This behaviour,
suggest that a loud noise does not invariably
through which the person tries to get attention,
produce a fear response in a child, and underscore
can be seen as a symptom of neurosis. ---- The
that certain fears develop later than eleven months.
kleptomaniac ensures being caught, wants to be
A) It is assumed by many psychologists that a fear punished, and looks forward to the attention given
of a loud noise, for example, is among what might to him.
trigger fear in a child.
A) Many people who may have kleptomania don't
B) Some people are afraid only of very sudden loud want to seek treatment.
noises, while others fear ongoing noise.
B) Some kleptomaniacs seek medical help because
C) When you have a child who is sensitive to noise, they're afraid they'll get caught.
normal, everyday events can bring on strong
C) People with Antisocial Personality Disorder tend to
reactions that leave you feeling helpless
engage in impulsive behaviours.
D) Sensitivity to noise can triggers stimuli reactions
D) The act is compulsively repeated and so clumsy
such as fear, anxiety, irritability, and can cause
that it cannot escape notice.
them to be upset, scared, or angry.
E) Obsessions are intrusive thoughts or urges that
E) Jumping or screaming at a surprising or loud noise
trigger intensely distressing feelings.
is not out of the ordinary for kids or even for adults.
316
15. By the time children reach the age of about five, 16. ---- English originated in northern Europe as
they achieve something we all take for granted: battling groups moved in and conquered each
They can learn how to speak their native language. other. English is basically a Germanic language.
In the years that follow, of course, they continue There are also many ‘borrowed’ words from the
to learn vocabulary, also acquire a few additional Danish and Norse Viking languages that came
grammar patterns and new styles of speaking originally from the Romans. The French language
for new situations. Many, but by no means all, entered in 1066 when the Normans conquered
will learn to read and write if they are given Britain. Then, as the British began colonizing
opportunities. However, what remains true for all after the 16th century, more and more borrowed
children is the enormous achievement of those words from other languages came into the English
first five years of life. ---- language.
A) Early brain development has a lasting impact on a A) The English language is a combination of a
child’s ability to learn and succeed in school and number of other languages.
life. B) Studying root words, prefixes and suffixes can
B) They acquire perfect pronunciation of their really help you build and expand your vocabulary.
language, a goal not most adults learning a C) Some people say that there are more words in
second language can accomplish. English than in any other language in the world.
C) Different areas of the brain are responsible for D) Mechanics, in language terms, means the adding
different abilities, like movement, language and and subtracting of words or groups of letters to
emotion, and develop at different rates. ‘roots’, or base words.
D) A child’s relationships with the adults in their life E) Instead of analyzing how to work with things, we
are the most important influences on their brain should analyze how to work with words when
DENİZ PINAR
development. studying a language.

E) Children who experience more positive interactions
in their early years go on to be healthier and more
successful in school and in life.
317
DENİZ PINAR
318
.
DPELS TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
Örnek:
TRANSLATION:
ENGLISH-TURKISH / TURKISH-ENGLISH SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
(İNGİLİZCE-TÜRKÇE / TÜRKÇE-İNGİLİZCE
The European in a variety of
ÇEVİRİ) STRATEGIES is engaged
Union programs.
YDT’de çeviri sorularını doğru yanıtlayabilmek için SUBJECT OBJECT VERB

dikkat edilmesi gereken önemli noktalar vardır.
Avrupa Birliği çeşitli programlarla ilgileniyor.
Öncelikle hem İngilizce-Türkçe hem de Türkçe-
İngilizce çevirilerde doğru seçeneği kolaylıkla
bulabilmek için her iki dilin sözcük dizimi (syntax) çok
iyi kavranmalıdır. Çünkü YDT çeviri sorularında bizden ÖRNEK SORU:
birebir (motamot/harfiyen) çeviri yapmamız beklenir.
The global optimization of complex systems such
Ayrıca İngilizce dilbilgisi konularından “noun clause,
as industrial systems frequently necessitates the
adjective clause ve adverbial clause” yapılarının
use of computer simulation.
cümle içindeki fonksiyonlarını ve Türkçe’ye çevirilerini
A) Endüstriyel sistemler gibi karmaşık sistemlerin
iyi bilmek gerekir. YDT’de 12 adet çeviri sorusu yer
küresel olarak en uygun seviyeye getirilmesi için
almaktadır.
bilgisayar simülasyonlarının kullanımı genellikle
gereklidir.
B) Endüstriyel sistemleri de içine alan karmaşık
DENİZ PINAR
STRATEJİ 1
sistemlerin küresel olarak en uygun seviyeye
SYNTAX/SÖZCÜK DİZİMİ
getirilmesi, nadiren de olsa bilgisayar simülas-
Cümle içerisinde sözcüklerin sıralanışı Türkçe yonlarının kullanımını gerektirir.
ve İngilizce’de birbirinden farklıdır. İngilizce’de C) Endüstriyel sistemler benzeri karmaşık sistemle-
yüklem özneden sonra kullanılırken, Türkçe’de rin küresel olarak en uygun seviyeye getirilmesin-
cümle sonunda yer alır. Çeviri yaparken bu dizilim de sıklıkla bilgisayar simülasyonlarının kullanımı
göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Bazı İngilizce’den gereklidir.
Türkçe’ye çeviri sorularında bu dizilim kullanılarak D) Endüstriyel sistemleri de kapsayan karmaşık sis-
zaman kazanmak için seçeneklerde sadece cümle temlerin küresel olarak en uygun seviyeye getiril-
sonlarında yüklem taranabilir. Türkçe’den İngilizce’ye mesinde, bilgisayar simülasyonlarının kullanımı
çeviri sorularında ise çok sayıda soru çözdükten sıkça rastlanan bir gereksinimdir.
sonra yüklem tespitindeki aynı hız kabiliyeti kazanılır.
E) Endüstriyel sistemler gibi karmaşık sistemlerin
Ayrıca öznenin her iki dilde de cümle başında yer
küresel olarak en uygun seviyeye getirilmesi, ço-
alması dikkat edilmesi gereken diğer bir önemli
ğunlukla bilgisayar simülasyonlarının kullanımını
noktadır.
gerektirir.
İngilizce : Özne + Yüklem + Nesne/ Tümleç
(Subject+verb+object)
ÇÖZÜM:
Türkçe : Özne + Nesne/Tümleç + Yüklem
Soru kökünde verilen cümlenin temel fiili
necessitates’dir. (gerektirmek) “Türkçe’de yüklem (fiil)
cümle sonunda kullanılır.” kuralını uyguladığımızda
incelenmesi gereken seçenekler “gerektirmek”
fiiliyle bitenler olacaktır. B ve E seçenekleri çeviri
321
TRANSLATION STRATEGIES DPELS
kurallarına uygundur. Ancak soru kökünde verilen

STRATEJİ 2
"frequently" (sıklıkla/çoğunlukla) zarfının karşılığı B
TRANSITIONS/GEÇİŞ SÖZCÜKLERİ
seçeneğinde yer almamaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru
yanıt E seçeneğidir. However, nevertheless, nonetheless, therefore,
consequently, as a result… etc. (transitions) geçiş
sözcükleri, bir düşünceden başka bir düşünceye geçişi
ÖRNEK SORU:
sağlayan cümleler oluştururlar ve sırayla çevrilirler.
Çocuklarda obezite genellikle fiziksel aktivite
Bu durumda bu yapıların verildiği cümlelerde geçiş
yokluğundan, sağlıksız beslenme düzeninden
sözcüğünün sağ tarafındaki yüklem Türkçe’de sona
veya her ikisinin birleşiminden kaynaklanır.
gelir. Ve zaman kazanmak için seçenekler arasında
A) Obesity in children is generally caused by a lack hızlı tarama yaparken bu yapıları sıralı çeviri kuralı
of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns or nedeniyle cümlelerin ortalarında aramamız gerekir.
a combination of both.
B) A lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating
NOT: And, so, for, but, vb… gibi bağlaçlar ortada
patterns or a mixture of both lead to obesity in
kullanıldıkları için verildikleri cümlenin yine baştan
children in general.
sona sırayla çevrilmesi gerekir. "Because" bağlacı da
C) Obesity in children is rarely due to a lack of bu kategoridedir ve cümle ortasında kullanıldığında
physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns or a “çünkü” şeklinde çevrilmelidir.
mixture of both.
D) Obesity in children can occur as a consequence
DENİZ PINAR
Örnek cümleler:
of a lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating
1) I went to İzmir and I saw my parents (İzmir’e
patterns or a combination of both.
gittim ve ailemi gördüm).
E) A lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating
2) I learned Japanese perfectly because I studied
patterns or a combination of both are the reasons
a lot (Japoncayı mükemmel öğrendim çünkü çok
for obesity in children.
çalıştım).
3) It’s raining heavily ; therefore, we can’t go
ÇÖZÜM:
out (Çok yağmur yağıyor bu nedenle dışarı
Türkçe’den İngilizce’ye çeviri yapmak, anadilimiz çıkamayız).
Türkçe olduğu için, İngilizce’den Türkçe’ye çeviri
yapmaktan biraz daha zordur. Bu nedenle çıkış
noktası olarak hem özne hem de yüklem takibi
yapabiliriz. Soru kökünde verilen “kaynaklanır”
fiili İngilizce cümlede tercihen “genellikle” zarfı ile
yanyana çıkacaktır. Çünkü zarflar fiili nitelediklerinde
çoğunlukla niteledikleri fiilin yanında yer alırlar.
Bu şekilde bir ifade (is generally caused by) A
seçeneğinde verilmiştir. Bu cümlede “çocuklarda
obezite” öznesinin karşılığı da (obesity in children)
mevcuttur. Zaten diğer seçenekler incelendiğinde
“kaynaklanmak” fiilinin karşılığını sadece C
seçeneğinde görüyoruz ancak burada verilen
“rarely” (nadiren) zarfının karşılığı soru kökünde yer
almamaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
322

Making adjustments to hygiene, housing and Her yıl, kurtları, ayıları, nehir su samurlarını,
feeding could bring about an improvement; kartalları ve çakalları da içeren binlerce vahşi
however, such measures are expensive and often hayvan öldürülüyor, çünkü bu gibi hayvanlar
fail to eliminate the problem. hayvancılık endüstrilerine bir tehdit olarak
A) Hijyen, barınma ve beslenmede yapılan görülmektedir.
düzenlemeler bir ilerlemeye sebep olabilir, ancak A) The main reason why thousands of wild animals,
bu gibi önlemler pahalıdır ve genellikle problemi including wolves, bears, river otters, eagles,
yok etmede başarısız olur. and coyotes are killed is because such animals
B) Hijyen, barınma ve beslenmede düzenlemeler are regarded as a hazard to animal agriculture
yapmak bir ilerleme meydana getirebilse de industries.
bu gibi önlemler pahalıdır ve sıklıkla problemi B) Each year, thousands of wild animals, including
ortadan kaldırmayı başaramaz. wolves, bears, river otters, eagles, and coyotes
C) Hijyen, barınma ve beslenmede düzenlemeler are killed because such animals are seen as a
yapmak bir ilerleme sağlayabilir, ancak bu gibi threat to animal agriculture industries.
önlemler pahalıdır ve sıklıkla problemi ortadan C) Each year, thousands of wild animals such as
kaldırmada başarısız olur. wolves, bears, river otters, eagles, and coyotes
D) Hijyen, barınma ve beslenmede yapılan are killed because animal agriculture industries
düzenlemeler bir ilerleme sağlayabilmesine see such animals as a menace to them.
DENİZ PINAR
rağmen, bu gibi önlemler hem pahalıdır hem de D) As such animals as wolves, bears, river otters,
problemi yok etmede genelde başarısız olur. eagles, and coyotes are considered detrimental
E) Hijyen, barınma ve beslenmede düzenlemeler for animal agriculture industries, thousands of
yapmak bir ilerleme sağlayabilir, ancak buna them are killed every year.
benzer önlemler sıklıkla pahalıdır ve problemi E) Thousands of wild animals like wolves, bears,
bertaraf edemez. river otters, eagles, and coyotes are killed every
year even if animal agriculture industries find
them beneficial for them.
ÇÖZÜM:
Soru kökünde verilen “however” (ama, ancak, yine de,
bununla birlikte) geçiş sözcüğünün Türkçe karşılığını ÇÖZÜM:
seçeneklerde verilen cümlelerin ortasında dikey Soru kökünde “çünkü” (because/since/as) bağlacı
kontrol etme yöntemiyle aradığımızda A, C ve E cümle ortasında kullanılmıştır. Sıralı çeviri kuralları
seçeneklerinde karşılık görmekteyiz. E seçeneğinde gereği “çünkü” anlamını İngilizce’de sağlayan
“ancak” sözcüğünün sağ tarafı incelendiğinde, (geçiş bağlaçlar seçeneklerde arandığında bu karşılığı
sözcüğü içeren cümlelerde temel fiil bu kısımda yer
“because” şeklinde ve cümle ortasında A, B ve C
alır) bu bölümdeki dizilimin soru köküyle örtüşmediğini
seçeneklerinde görmekteyiz. Ancak cümlenin temel
görebiliriz. (Özellikle often zarfının kullanım yeri)
fiili olan “bir tehdit olarak görülmektedir” ifadesini
A seçeneği ise öznenin yanlış çevrilmesinden
seçeneklerde “because” bağlacının sağ tarafında
elenir. Çünkü soru köküne “making” gerund ifadesi
aradığımızda “are seen as a threat” şeklinde sadece
ile “yapmak” anlamı kazandırılmıştır. Ancak A
B seçeneğinde görmekteyiz. Ayrıca soru kökünde
seçeneğinde bu gerund’ın karşılığı verilmemiştir.
“Yapmak” kelimesi bu seçenekte yer almamaktadır. verilen “her yıl” zaman zarfının karşılığı B seçeneğinde
Motamot çevirinin yapıldığı doğru ifade C seçeneğinde “each year” şeklinde verilmiştir. Bu nedenle doğru
verilmiştir. Doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir. yanıt B seçeneğidir.
323
b) Cümlede özne olarak kullanılan isim cümleciği:

STRATEJİ 3 Whoever visits DPELS doesn’t want to leave.
(DPELS’i her kim ziyaret etse ayrılmak istemez.)
Bileşik cümlelerde (Complex Sentences), bütün
yan cümlecikler (bağlacın bulunduğu kısım) Türkçe When he stole the jewellery is still unknown by the
çeviride ilk sırada yer alır. Yan cümlecikte (bağlacın police.
bulunmadığı kısım) yer alan yüklem, Türkçe cümlede (Mücevheri ne zaman çaldığı polis tarafından hâlâ
cümle sonunda verilir. Bileşik cümleleri 3 bölümde bilinmiyor.)
inceleyebiliriz:
That he stole the jewellery is known by the police.
1) Noun Clauses (İsim cümlecikleri)
(Mücevheri çaldığı polis tarafından biliniyor.)
2) Adjective Clauses (Sıfat Cümlecikleri)
3) Conjunctions (Bağlaçlar/Zarf Cümlecikleri)
1) Noun Clauses (İsim Cümlecikleri)

İsim Cümlecikleri, ismin yerini tutan yan cümleciklerdir.
İsim Cümlecikleri, bir cümlede özne veya nesne
görevi görürler. ÖRNEK SORU:
Kararlı durumlarda that ve the fact that Work is ongoing to ensure that there is as
much consistency amongst trading partners as
DENİZ PINAR
Kararsız durumlarda ise whether/if,how ve -wh

question words kullanılır. possible, but it is also expected that there will be
variations from country to country.
A) Ticari ortaklar arasındaki uyumu mümkün
a) Cümlede nesne olarak kullanılan isim cümleciği:
mertebe artırmak için çalışmalar devam ediyor
ancak ülkeden ülkeye farklılıklar olacağı da
I bought a dress. beklenmektedir.
object
B) Ticari ortaklar arasındaki uyum sağlandığı
İsim cümleciği: I bought what she wanted. müddetçe çalışmalar devam edecektir, ancak
object bununla birlikte ülkeler içinde farklılıklar olacağı
(Noun Clause) beklenmektedir.
C) Ticari ortaklar arasında mümkün olduğunca
Ne istediyse satın aldım.
çok uyum olmasını garantilemek için çalışmalar
We know that he killed his wife.
devam ediyor ancak ülkeden ülkeye farklılıklar
(Eşini öldürdüğünü biliyoruz.) olacağı da beklenmektedir.
It’s unknown if he killed his wife. D) Ticari ortaklar arasındaki uyumu mümkün
olduğunca artırmak için çalışmalar devam
(Eşini öldürüp öldürmediği bilinmiyor.)
etse de ülkeden ülkeye farklılıklar olacağı da
We couldn’t understand why he killed his wife. görülmektedir.
(Eşini neden öldürdüğünü anlayamadık.) E) Ticari ortaklar arasında mümkün olduğunca çok
uyum olması için çalışmalar devam etmektedir,
I’m not interested in why he killed his wife. ancak ülkeler arasındaki farklılıklar olacağı
(Eşini neden öldürdüğüyle ilgilenmiyorum.) görülmektedir.
324
ÇÖZÜM: ÇÖZÜM:
Soru kökünde verilen “is also expected” (-da Soru kökünde verilen temel fiil “anlamına gelmez”
beklenmektedir) temel fiilinin karşılığı A ve C (does not mean) ifadesidir. Bu fiilin İngilizce cümlede
seçeneklerinde verilmiştir. Ancak soru kökünde verilen “boşta” olması (hiçbir bağlaçlı ifadenin içinde olma-
“ensure” fiilinin karşılığı A seçeneğinde “artırmak” ması) gerekir. Ayrıca çevirdiğimiz cümle herhangi bir
şeklinde yanlış verilmiştir. Bu fiil; garantilemek, temin bağlaçla başlayamaz çünkü cümlenin öznesi “Birçok
etmek, sağlamak anlamlarında kullanılır. Bu nedenle hükümetin insan haklarını ihmal, inkâr ve ihlal etmesi”
doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir. bir isim cümleciğidir ve bağlaç gerektiren herhangi
bir ek anlam içermemektedir. Her iki kritere de uyan
ifadeler D ve E seçeneklerinde verilmiştir. Ancak D
seçeneğinde özne, noun (isim) formatında verilmiş-
tir. Soru kökünde verilen “etmesi” ifadesinden de
anlaşılacağı gibi özne İngilzice cümlede noun clause
formatında verilmelidir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt E
seçeneğidir.
ÖRNEK SORU: 2) Adjective Clauses (Sıfat Cümlecikleri)

Adjectives (Sıfatlar) cümlede ismi niteleyen dil
Birçok hükümetin insan haklarını ihmal, inkâr ve
birimleridir. Aynı şekilde sıfat cümlecikleri de cümlede
ihlal etmesi, uluslararası insan hakları söyleminin
DENİZ PINAR
kendilerinden önce gelen ismi nitelerler. Türkçe’de

faydasız veya etkisiz olduğu anlamına gelmez.
isimden önce kullanılan sıfat cümlecikleri, İngilizce’de
A) Many governments neglect, deny, or violate
isimden sonra kullanılırlar. Adjective clause yapıları
human rights, but that does not mean that
cümlede özne ya da nesneyi niteledikleri için, Türkçe
international human rights discourse is impractical
cümlede niteledikleri isimden önce yer almaları
or fruitless.
gerekir.
B) Although many governments neglect, deny, or
Adjective clauses bağlaç görevinde çalışan yapılar
violate human rights, it does not mean that
oldukları için “temel yüklem” İngilizce cümlede
international human rights discourse is useless
bağlacın verilmediği kısımda(temel cümlede); Türkçe
or ineffectual.
cümlede ise yine en sonda yer alır. Çeviri yaparken
C) International human rights discourse cannot be bu kurala dikkat etmeliyiz.
deemed impractical or ineffective just because
many governments neglect, deny, or violate Örnek:
human rights.
A beautiful girl (adj.+noun)
D) The neglect, denial and violation of human
Güzel bir kız.
rights by many governments does not mean that
The girl who is beautiful (noun+adj.)
international human rights discourse is useless
or futile. Güzel olan kız.
E) The fact that many governments neglect, deny,

or violate human rights does not mean that Örnek:
international human rights discourse is useless Smoking, which is highly expensive, is rather harmful
or ineffective. as well.
(Çok pahalı olan sigara içmek aynı zamanda oldukça
zararlıdır.)
325

Scientists have discovered a new planet which is Kız arkadaşının beş yıldızlı bir otel odasında
extremely similar to the Earth and could be home ölümünden sonra ortadan kaybolan ve daha
to extra-terrestrial life. sonra Londra dışında bir çadırda yaşarken
A) Bilim insanlarının keşfettikleri yeni gezegen bulunan İngiliz multimilyoner, cinayetten dolayı
dünyaya fazlasıyla benzemektedir ve dünya dışı hakim karşısına çıktı.
yaşamın yuvası olabilir. A) British multimillionaire, who vanished after the
B) Bilim insanları, dünyaya fazlasıyla benzeyen death of his girlfriend in a five-star hotel room and
ve dünya dışı yaşamın yuvası olabileceğini was later found living in a tent outside London,
düşündükleri yeni bir gezegen keşfettiler. has gone on trial for murder.
C) Bilim insanları, dünyaya fazlasıyla benzer ve B) British multimillionaire who has gone on trial for
dünya dışı yaşamın yuvası olabilecek yeni bir murder had disappeared after the death of his
gezegen keşfettiler. girlfriend in a five-star hotel room and was later
found living in a tent outside London.
D) Bilim insanları tarafından keşfedilen ve dünyaya
fazlasıyla benzeyen yeni gezegen, dünya dışı C) After the death of his girlfriend in a five-star hotel
yaşamın yuvası olabilir. room, British millionaire vanished, but he was
later found outside London living in a tent and
E) Bilim insanları, dünyaya fazlasıyla benzeyen yeni
has gone on trial for murder.
bir gezegen keşfettiler ve bu gezegen dünya dışı
yaşamın yuvası olabilir. D) British multimillionaire who has gone on trial for
DENİZ PINAR
murder had disappeared after killing his girlfriend

in a five-star hotel room and was later found
ÇÖZÜM:
outside London living in a tent.
Soru kökünde verilen temel fiil have discovered
E) British multimillionaire, who disappeared after
(keşfettiler) ifadesidir. Bu fiil Türkçe cümlede, cümle
killing his girlfriend in a five-star hotel room and
sonunda yer alacaktır. B ve C seçenekleri bu kurala
was later found outside London living in a tent,
uygundur. Ancak B seçeneğinde verilen “olabileceğini
has gone on trial for murder.
düşündükleri” ifadesinin karşılığı soru kökünde
verilmemiştir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
ÇÖZÜM:
Adjective clause yapısının cümlelerde özneyi ya
da nesneyi nitelediğini daha önce belirtmiştik. Soru
kökünde özneyi niteleyen cümlecik oldukça uzundur.
Seçenekleri incelerken öznenin hemen yanında yer
alması gereken bu uzantıyı hesaba katmalıyız. Ayrıca
temel fiilimiz olan “hakim karşısına çıktı” ifadesi
de İngilizce cümlede “boşta” (bağlaçsız kısım/temel
cümle) olmalıdır. Fiilin “boşta” verildiği seçenekler
A ve E seçenekleridir. Ancak E seçeneğinde “İngiliz
milyonerin kız arkadaşını öldürdüğü” şeklinde soru
köküyle uyuşmayan bir ifade verilmiştir. Bu nedenle
doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
326
3) Conjunctions (Bağlaçlar) 7. Durum Bildiren Bağlaçlar (Manner): As if, as

Bağlaçlar, temel cümle içinde zarf cümleciği oluşturma though, much as, as, just as…etc.
görevinde çalışırlar. Yani temel cümlenin yüklemini
etkilerler. Türkçe çeviride hemen her zaman temel 8. Koşul Bildiren Bağlaçlar (Condition): If, only if,
cümleden önce gelirler. Ancak İngilizce’de temel providing that, provided that, as long as, so long
ve yan cümleciklerde çoğu zaman yer değiştirirler. as, on condition that, unless, even if, but for, if it
Bağlaçlı cümlelerde, İngilizce cümlede boşta weren’t for, if it hadn’t been for, without, in case,
(bağlacın verilmediği kısımda-yan cümlecikte) verilen in the event that…etc.
yüklem Türkçe cümlede en sonda yer alır.
9. Karşılaştırma & Derecelendirme Bildiren Zarf

Bağlaçlar ve edatlar: Cümlecikleri (Comparison): More…than, as...as,
1. Sebep / Sonuç Bildiren Bağlaçlar (Cause-effect): the most…, the comp… the comp…etc.
Because, since, as long as, seeing that, now
that, inasmuch as, for, due to the fact that, due
to, because of the fact that, because of, owing to
the fact that, owing to, in view of the fact that, in
view of, on the grounds of the fact that…etc.
2. Zaman Bildiren Bağlaçlar (Time): After, before,

DENİZ PINAR
when, while, as, by the time (that), since, until,

till, as soon as, once, as / so long as, whenever, ÖRNEK SORU:
every time (that), the first time, the next time
Governments charge taxes on the products we
(that), the last time (that)… etc.
buy so that they can accumulate money to spend
on items such as roads, schools and hospitals.
3. Yer Bildiren Bağlaçlar (Place): Wherever, where, A) Hükümetler, yol, okul ve hastaneler için harcamak
everywhere, anywhere…etc. üzere para toplayabilmek için, satın alınan ürünler
üzerinden vergi uygulamaktadır.
4. Zıtlık Bildiren Bağlaçlar ve Edatlar (Concession B) Hükümetler, yol, okul ve hastane gibi kalemlere
and contrast ): Although, even though, though, harcamak için para toplayabilsinler diye satın
despite, no matter how / what / when…, in spite aldığımız ürünleri vergilendirmektedir.
of, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that… C) Hükümetler, satın aldığımız ürünleri vergilendirir
etc. ve bu nedenle yol, okul ve hastane gibi kalemler
için harcamak üzere para biriktirebilir.
5. Tam Zıtlık Bildiren Bağlaçlar ve Edatlar (Direct D) Hükümetler, yol, okul, hastane gibi kalemler için
Contrast): While, whereas, whilst, in contrast to/ harcamak üzere para toplayabilmek için satın
with, contrary to…etc. alınan ürünleri vergilendirmektedir.
E) Hükümetler, yol, okul ve hastane gibi kalemlere
6. Amaç Bildiren Bağlaçlar ve Edatlar (Purpose): So harcamak için para toplayabilsinler diye
that, in order that, for fear that, lest, in order to, so vergisiz satın alınan ürünler için cezai işlem
as to, for fear of, for the purpose of…etc. uygulamaktadır.
327
ÇÖZÜM: verilmediği kısımda) yer almalıdır. Hem “after”

bağlacının kullanıldığı hem de temel fiilin yerinde ve
Soru kökünde verilen “so that” bağlacı “böylelikle”
doğru anlamda verildiği tek seçenek D seçeneğidir.
şeklinde Türkçe’ye çevrildiğinde her ne kadar sıralı
çeviride kullanılabilse de bağlaç kategorisinde
olduğu için soru üzerinde öncelikle standart özne/
yüklem kuralımızı uygulayacağız. Kökte verilen
cümlenin temel fiili “charge taxes”dır. Okuyucu STRATEJİ 4
olarak beklentimiz bu fiilin Türkçe cümlede en sona ADVERBS & PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
gelmesidir. B ve D seçenekleri kurala uygundur. (ZARFLAR ve EDATLAR)
Ancak D seçeneğinde soru kökünde verilen “we buy”
ifadesinin karşılığı “satın alınan” olarak verilmiştir. İngilizce’de bulunan pek çok zarf (özellikle zaman
Oysa ki bu ifade Türkçe’ye “satın aldığımız” şeklinde zarfları) ve edat öbekleri (prepositional phrases)
çevrilmelidir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir. cümlenin başında kullanılmaktadır. Bu tür cümlelerin
Türkçe karşılıklarında da bu yapılar, diğer cümle
ögelerinden bağımsız bir şekilde aranmalıdır.
ÖRNEK SORU:
Today/Nowadays… In/During the…
Petrolün fiyatı 1970lerde yükseldikten sonra
For/Since… Recently/In recent years…
Brezilya, petrol yakıtlara bir alternatif olarak şeker
kamışından alkol üretmeye karar verdi. Despite/In spite of… According to…
A) After Brazil decided to produce alcohol from Like/Unlike… In/from the report
DENİZ PINAR
sugar cane as an alternative for petro-fuels in the As stated/mentioned in…

1970’s, the price of petroleum increased.
B) Because the price of petroleum escalated in the ÖRNEK SORU:
1970’s, Brazil had no other choice but to produce
Despite the increase in the youth employment
alcohol from sugar cane as an alternative for
rate in recent years, the number of young people
petro-fuels.
without a job remains over 10 per cent in many
C) Brazil agreed to produce alcohol with sugar cane countries.
as an alternative for petro-fuels after the price of
A) Bir kaç yıldır, genç istihdam oranındaki artıştan
petroleum lessened during the 1970’s.
ötürü, birçok ülkede işsiz genç inşaların sayısı
D) After the price of petroleum went up in the yüzde onun üzerinde düşmüştür.
1970’s, Brazil decided to produce alcohol from
B) Son yıllarda, genç istihdam oranındaki artışa
sugar cane as an alternative for petro-fuels.
rağmen, işsiz genç insanların sayısı halen birçok
E) With the rise in the price of petroleum during the ülkede yüzde onun üzerindedir.
1970’s, Brazil decided to produce alcohol with
C) Genç istihdam oranı son yıllarda artmaya devam
sugar cane as an alternative for petro-fuels.
etmesine rağmen, işsiz kalan genç insanların
sayısı yüzde ondan çok daha fazladır.
ÇÖZÜM: D) Son yıllarda genç istihdam oranında bir artış
Soru kökünde verilen cümlenin temel fiili “üretmeye olmasına rağmen, işsiz genç insanların sayısı
karar verdi” (decided to produce) şeklinde verilmiştir. halen birçok ülkede yüzde on civarındadır.
Kökte “-den sonra” (after) bağlacının kullanıldığı E) Yıllardır, genç istihdam oranındaki artışa rağmen,
anlaşılmaktadır. İngilizce cümlede "decided to birçok ülkedeki işsiz genç insanların sayısı halen
produce" fiili temel cümlede (boşta/bağlacın yüzde ona yakındır.
328
ÇÖZÜM: ÇÖZÜM:
Bu soruda temel tekniklerin yanısıra zarf ve edat Soru kökünde verilen “Arap dünyasının aksine”
tekniğinin de oturması açısından çözüme bu iki öge ifadesinin tam karşılığı sadece A ve E seçeneklerinde
üzerinden gideceğiz. Soru kökünde verilen “despite” “unlike in the Arab World” şeklinde verilmiştir. Ancak
(-e rağmen) edatı ve “in recent years” (son yıllarda) soru kökünde verilen “ İran vatandaşlarının çoğu onu
zaman zarfının karşılıkları tam anlamları ile B, C ve özgürlükler ülkesi olarak kabul etmektedir” etken
D seçeneklerinde verilmiştir. Ancak C seçeneğinde cümlesi, E seçeneğinde “it is regarded as a country
“Genç istihdam oranı son yıllarda artmaya devam of freedoms by the Iranian people, in general” edilgen
etmesine rağmen” şeklinde verilen ifade soru kökünde bir yapıda ve böylelikle hatalı bir şekilde verilmiştir.
yer alan “despite” kullanımına uygun değildir. Çünkü Bu nedenle doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
soru kökündeki isim öbeği bu seçenekte tam cümleye
çevrilmiştir. D seçeneğinde ise soru kökünde verilen
“over 10 per cent” ifadesi “yüzde on civarındadır”
şeklinde yanlış çevrilmiştir. Bu nedenle motamot ve
doğru bir çevirinin yapıldığı B seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
ÖRNEK SORU:
Arap Dünyasındakinin aksine, İran’da Amerika,
özellikle hükümet tarafından bir düşman olarak
DENİZ PINAR
görülürken, İran vatandaşlarının çoğu onu özgür-

lükler ülkesi olarak kabul etmektedir.
A) In Iran, unlike in the Arab World, while America
is seen as an adversary especially by the
government, most of the Iranian people regard it
as a country of freedoms.
B) In Iran, and in the Arab World likewise, while
America is seen as an opponent mainly by the
government, most of the Iranian people regard it
as a country of freedoms.
C) In Iran, America is seen as a rival particularly
by the government; the majority of the Iranian
people, on the other hand, regard it as a country
of freedoms.
D) Unlike in Iran, in the Arab World, America is seen
as an enemy chiefly by the government, while it
is regarded as a country of freedoms by most of
the Iranian people.
E) Unlike in the Arab World, in Iran, America is seen
as a foe primarily by the government, while it is
regarded as a country of freedoms by the Iranian
people, in general.
329
ÖRNEK SORU:
STRATEJİ 5
Depremlerin neden olduğu can kaybı, yaralanma
CÜMLE İÇİNDE NİTELEME GÖREVİNDE
ve tahribatın büyük kısmı, toprak hareket ettiğinde
BULUNAN SIFATLAR
çöken sağlam olmayan binalardan dolayıdır.
ZARFLAR ve MİKTAR İFADELERİ
A) A great deal of the loss of life, injuries and
Yakın anlamlı cümleyi bulma bölümünde olduğu destruction caused by earthquakes is because
gibi çeviri bölümünde de sıfat/zarf/miktar yapılarına of insecure buildings which collapse with the
dikkat etmek önemlidir. Eğer sorunun çözümünde movement of the land.
temel yüklem/özne ya da bağlaç yoluyla çözüme B) Some of the loss of life, injuries and destruction
ulaşamıyorsak bu yapılar daha detaylı incelenmelidir. earthquakes cause is owing to existing buildings
ÖRNEK SORU: which collapse when the earth moves.
Providing all the opportunities for people to C) A large amount of the loss of life, injuries and
participate in and benefit from education is widely destruction triggered by earthquakes is caused
regarded as one of the most important duties of by abandoned buildings which collapse with the
governments. movement of the land.
A) Eğitime iştirak etme ve ondan faydalanma fırsat- D) Much of the loss of life, injuries and destruction
larını insanlara sağlama, hükümetlerin kısmen en earthquakes cause is due to unstable buildings
önemli görevlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. which collapse when the earth moves.
B) Hükümetlerin en önemli görevlerinden birisi, eği- E) A limited amount of the loss of life, injuries and
DENİZ PINAR
time iştirak etme ve ondan faydalanma fırsatlarını destruction earthquakes lead to results from
insanlara sağlama olarak kabul edilmektedir. residential buildings which collapse with the
C) Eğitime iştirak etme ve ondan faydalanmanın movement of the land.
tüm fırsatlarını insanlara sağlama, kimileri tara-
fından hükümetlerin en önemli görevlerinden biri ÇÖZÜM:
olarak kabul edilmektedir.
Soru kökünde verilen “büyük kısmı” miktar ifadesinin
D) Eğitime katılma ve ondan fayda sağlamanın fırsat- doğru karşılıkları A, C ve D seçeneklerinde verilmiştir.
larını insanlara sağlama, hükümetlerin en önemli A seçeneğinde yer alan “which collapse with the
görevlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. movement of the land” ifadesini “toprağın hareketiyle
E) Eğitime katılma ve ondan faydalanmanın tüm çöken” şeklinde Türkçe’ye çevirebiliriz ancak soru
fırsatlarını insanlara sağlama, yaygın bir şekilde, kökünde verilen ifade “toprak hareket ettiğinde”
hükümetlerin en önemli görevlerinden biri olarak şeklindedir. A seçeneği elenir. Soru kökünde verilen
kabul edilmektedir. “sağlam olmayan binalar” ifadesinin karşılığı C
seçeneğinde yanlış bir şekilde “abondoned buildings”
(terkedilen binalar) olarak verilmiştir. C seçeneği de
ÇÖZÜM:
elenir. Motamot ve doğru bir çevirinin yapıldığı D
Verilen seçeneklerin çoğu soru kökündeki cümlenin
çevirisini tam olarak yapıyor gibi görünse de kökte
yer alan “widely” (yaygın bir şekilde) zarfının karşılığı
sadece E seçeneğinde verilmiştir. Diğer ögeler de
tek tek soru köküyle eşleştirildiğinde bu seçenekte
motamot ve doğru bir çevirinin verildiği görülmektedir.
Bu nedenle doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
330
DPELS ENGLISH-TURKISH TRANSLATION TESTS
3. Prefabrication does away with uncertainty

ENGLISH-TURKISH TRANSLATION TESTS because it means that the whole building is made
of standard parts the behaviour of which is known
SET 1
and has been tested.
1. - 18. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye anlamca en A) Belirsizliği ortadan kaldırmak için ön üretim şarttır
yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz. çünkü böylelikle tüm bina davranışı bilinen ve test
edilmiş parçalardan inşa edilecektir.
B) Ön üretim, belirsizliği yok etmeye yarar çünkü bu,
1. Knowledge in itself is an abstract concept, which
tüm binanın, davranışını bildiğimiz ve test edilmiş
is why it needs to be transformed into meaningful
standart parçalardan üretildiği anlamına gelir.
content that consumers can benefit from.
C) Standart parçalardan oluşan prefabrik binalarda
A) İlim, özünde soyut bir kavramdır ki bu nedenle tü-
belirsizlik ortadan kalkar çünkü bu parçaların dav-
keticilerin faydalanabileceği anlamlı bir içeriğe dö-
ranışları test edildikleri için bilinmektedir.
nüştürülmesi gerekir.
D) Tüm binada, davranışını bildiğimiz ve test edilmiş
B) Özünde soyut bir kavram olan ilmin tüketiciler fay-
standart parçalar kullanıldığı anlamına geldiği için
dalanabilsin diye anlamlı bir içeriğe dönüştürülme-
ön üretim, belirsizliği yok eder.
si gerekir.
E) Ön üretim, belirsizliği ortadan kaldırır çünkü bu,
C) İlim, tüketicilerin faydalanabileceği anlamlı bir içe-
tüm binanın, davranışı bilinen ve test edilmiş stan-
riğe dönüştürülmelidir ki bunun nedeni de özünde
dart parçalardan üretildiği anlamına gelir.
soyut bir kavram olmasıdır.
D) İlim, özünde tüketicilerin faydalanabileceği, anlam-
lı bir içeriğe dönüştürülmesi gereken soyut bir kav-
DENİZ PINAR
ramdır.
E) İlim, özünde soyut bir kavramdır ve bundan dolayı
tüketicilerin faydalanabilmesi için anlamlı bir içeri-
ğe dönüştürülmelidir.
4. At present, the rate of economic growth is

quite satisfactory, but eventually when foreign
2. Despite long and tiring discussions, the two competition makes itself felt this will not be the
delegations have failed to come to terms over the case.
issue of refugees. A) Mevcut oranlarda, ekonomik büyüme oldukça ye-
A) Uzunca bir süre ve yorucu bir şekilde tartışmaları- terlidir, fakat dış rekabet sonunda kendisini hisset-
na rağmen iki heyet, mülteciler konusunda anlaş- tirdiğinde durum böyle olmayacaktır.
maya varmayı başaramadı. B) Şu anda ekonomik büyüme oranı oldukça tatmin
B) Uzun ve yorucu tartışmalara rağmen mültecilerin edicidir, fakat dış rekabetin sonunda kendisini his-
yetkilendirilmesi konusunda anlaşmaya varılama- settirmesiyle durum değişecektir.
dı. C) Ekonomik büyümenin mevcut oranı oldukça tatmin
C) Uzun ve yorucu tartışmalara rağmen iki heyet, edicidir, fakat dış rekabet sonunda kendisini his-
mülteciler konusunda uzlaşamadı. settirdiğinde durum böyle olmayacaktır.
D) Uzun ve yorucu tartışmalar sonucunda iki heyet D) Şu anda ekonomik büyüme oranı oldukça tatmin
mülteci sorununu çözüme ulaştırmada başarısız edicidir, ancak dış rekabet en nihayetinde kendisi-
oldu. ni hissettirdiğinde durum böyle olmayacaktır.
E) Yorucu tartışmaların uzaması nedeniyle iki heyet, E) Mevcut oranlarda, ekonomik büyüme oldukça ye-
mülteciler konusunda anlaşmaya varmayı başara- terlidir, ancak dış rekabetin en nihayetinde kendi-
madı. sini hissettirmesiyle durum değişecektir.
331
ENGLISH-TURKISH TRANSLATION TESTS DPELS
5. The judge ruled that the evidence given by the 7. As coffee prices are far below the required rate
witnesses at the trial was not strong enough to these days, growers are unable to pay their debts
prove the doctor guilty of negligence. and cooperatives find it hard to survive.
A) Duruşmayı yöneten hakime göre, tanıklar tarafın- A) Kahve fiyatlarının istenen seviyenin altında seyret-
dan sunulan kanıtlar doktorun ihmalden suçlu ol- mesi, yetiştiricilerin borçlarını ödeyememesine ve
duğunu ispatlamaya yetecek kadar güçlü değildi. kooperatiflerin hayatta kalmakta zorlanmalarına
B) Hakim, duruşmada tanıkların sunduğu kanıtların neden olmaktadır.
doktorun ihmalden suçlu olduğunu ispatlayabile- B) Kahve fiyatları bu günlerde gerekli oranın altında-
cek kadar güçlü olmadığına hükmetti. dır çünkü üreticiler borçlarını ödeyememekte ve
C) Hakim, duruşmada tanıklar tarafından sunulan ka- kooperatifler yaşamlarını devam ettirmekte zorlan-
nıtların doktorun ihmalden suçlu olduğunu ispatla- maktadır.
maya yetecek kadar güçlü olmadığına hükmetti. C) Bugünlerde kahve fiyatları istenen oranın çok al-
D) Hakim, duruşmada tanıkların sunduğu kanıtların tında olduğu için yetiştiriciler borçlarını ödeyeme-
doktorun ihmalden suçlu olduğunu ispat etmeye mekte ve kooperatifler hayatta kalmakta zorlan-
yetecek kadar güçlü olmadığına hükmetti. maktadır.
E) Hakime göre, duruşmada tanıklar tarafından su- D) Gerekli seviyenin altındaki kahve fiyatlarından do-
nulan kanıtlar doktorun ihmalden suçlu olduğunu layı, kahve yetiştiriciler bugünlerde borçlarını öde-
ispatlayabilecek kadar güçlü değildi. yememekte ve kooperatifler hayatta kalmakta zor-
lanmaktadır.
E) Kahve yetiştiricilerinin borçlarını ödeyememeleri-
nin ve kooperatifler hayatta kalmakta zorlanmala-
rının sebebi, kahve fiyatlarının bugünlerde istenen
DENİZ PINAR
seviyenin altında olmasıdır.
8. In view of the rapid population growth, it is

6. When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985, obvious that during the years ahead there will
the Soviet Union had the only advanced economy be a continuing and increasing demand for new
that had not joined the computer age. housing in most parts of the country.
A) Mikhail Gorbaçov 1985’te iktidara geldiğinde, A) Hızlı nüfus artışı nedeniyle, doğal olarak önümüz-
Sovyetler Birliği, bilgisayar çağına girmemiş tek deki yıllarda ülkenin pek çok yöresinde yeni konut-
gelişmiş ekonomiye sahipti. lar için sürekli artan bir talep olacaktır.
B) Mikhail Gorbaçov 1985’te iktidara geldi zaman, B) Hızlı nüfus artısı göz önüne alındığında, önümüz-
bilgisayar çağına girmemiş, gelişmiş tek ekonomi, deki yıllarda ülkenin pek çok yöresinde yeni konut-
Sovyetler Birliği’ninkiydi. lar için sürekli ve artan bir talep olacağı açıktır.
C) Sovyetler Birliği, Mikhail Gorbaçov 1985’te iktida- C) Görünen o ki, hızlı nüfus artışından dolayı ülkenin
ra geldiğinde, bilgisayar çağına girmemiş, gelişmiş bazı yörelerinde yeni konutlar için önümüzdeki yıl-
ekonomiye sahip tek ülkeydi. larda sürekli ve artan bir talep olacaktır.
D) Mikhail Gorbaçov 1985’te iktidara geldiğinde, bilgi- D) Besbelli ki hızlı nüfus artışı, ülkenin çoğu kesimin-
sayar çağına girmemiş, gelişmiş ekonomiye sahip de önümüzdeki yıllarda yeni konutlar için devam
tek ülke Sovyetler Birliği’ydi. eden ve artan bir talebi beraberinde getirecektir.
E) Mikhail Gorbaçov’un 1985’te iktidara gelmesiyle, E) Hızlı nüfus artışını göz önünde bulunduracak olur-
Sovyetler Birliği, bilgisayar çağına girmemiş tek sak, ülkenin çoğu kesiminde önümüzdeki yıllarda
gelişmiş ekonomiye sahip oldu. yeni konutlar için devamlı artan bir talep olması
beklenebilir.
332
9. Turkey has played an active part in the mobilisation 11. As long as universities remain as institutions
of international organisations to prevent further where students can only receive knowledge in a
bloodshed in Bosnia. passive way, the young have a rather slim chance
A) Uluslararası kuruluşların harekete geçirilmesinde to be able to find a decent job after graduation.
etkin bir rol oynayan Türkiye sayesinde Bosna’da A) Eğer okullar öğrencilerin sadece pasif bir şekil-
daha fazla kan dökülmesi önlenmiştir. de bilgi aldıkları kurumlar olarak kalırsa, gençle-
B) Bosna’da daha fazla kan dökülmesini önlemeyi rin mezun olduktan sonra, uygun bir iş bulabilme
amaçlayan uluslararası kuruluşların desteklenme- şansları oldukça zayıf olacaktır.
sinde Türkiye aktif bir şekilde yer almıştır. B) Gençlerin mezun olduktan sonra uygun bir iş bu-
C) Bosna’da daha fazla kan dökülmesini önlemek labilme şansları, okulların öğrencilere sadece bilgi
için uluslararası kuruluşların harekete geçirilmesi veren kurumlar olarak kalmamalarına bağlıdır.
Türkiye’nin aktif bir şekilde yer alması sayesinde
C) Öğrenciler, okulları sadece pasif bir şekilde bilgi
gerçekleşmiştir.
aldıkları kurumlar olarak görmektedir ve bu durum
D) Türkiye’nin uluslararası kuruluşların harekete ge- gençlerin mezun olduktan sonra, uygun bir iş bu-
çirilmesinde aktif bir şekilde rol alması, Bosna’da labilme şanslarını oldukça zayıflatmaktadır.
daha fazla kan dökülmesini önlemiştir.
D) Okullar, öğrencilerin sadece pasif bir şekilde bilgi
E) Türkiye, Bosna’da daha fazla kan dökülmesini ön-
aldıkları kurumlar olarak kaldıkları sürece gençle-
lemek için uluslararası kuruluşların harekete geçi-
rin mezun olduktan sonra, uygun bir iş bulabilme
rilmesinde etkin bir rol oynamıştır.
şansları oldukça zayıftır.
E) Okullar, öğrencilerin sadece bilgi aldıkları eğitim
kurumları olarak kaldıkları sürece gençlerin mezun
10. Computers should have never acquired the exalted olduktan sonra, uygun bir iş bulabilme şansları son
DENİZ PINAR
status they now have, because fascinating and derece düşüktür.

invaluable as they are, even the most advanced
have less brain power than a three-year-old child.
A) Bilgisayarlar, şu anda sahip oldukları yüce statü-
yü hiçbir zaman elde etmemeliydi, çünkü her ne
kadar büyüleyici ve çok kıymetli olsalar da en ge-
lişmişleri bile üç yaşındaki bir çocuktan daha az
beyin gücüne sahiptir.
B) Büyüleyici ve paha biçilmez oldukları için, bilgi- 12. Whether man-made or natural, many substances,
sayarların şu anda sahip oldukları yüce statüye some of which reach the environment through
şimdiye kadar hiç erişilmemişti ama en gelişmişle- waste streams, could cause harm to man or the
ri bile üç yaşındaki bir çocuk kadar beyin gücüne environment.
sahip değildir. A) Yapay da olsa doğal da olsa birçok madde atık yı-
C) Bilgisayarlar, şu anda sahip oldukları yüksek sta- ğınlarıyla çevreye ulaşarak insanoğluna ve çevre-
tüyü hiçbir zaman elde etmemeliydi, çünkü büyü- ye zarar verebiliyordu.
leyici ve çok değerli olmalarına rağmen en geliş- B) Bazısı çevreye atık yığınları aracılığıyla ulaşan,
mişinin bile beyin gücü üç yaşındaki bir çocuğunki gerek insan yapımı olsun gerek doğal olsun birçok
kadardır. madde insanoğluna veya çevreye zarar verebilir.
D) Bilgisayarların şu anda sahip oldukları yüce statü
C) İnsan yapımı veya doğal, insanoğlu veya çevreye
daha önce hiç elde edilemedi, ancak büyüleyici ve
zarar verebilen birçok maddenin bazısı çevreye
çok kıymetli olmalarına rağmen en gelişmişleri bile
atık yığınları aracılığıyla akmaktadır.
üç yaşındaki bir çocuktan daha az beyin gücüne
D) Sadece bir kısmı atık yığınları aracılığıyla çevreye
sahiptir.
ulaşan hem yapay hem de doğal birçok madde, in-
E) Bilgisayarlar, şu anda sahip oldukları yüksek sta-
sanoğlu veya çevreye zarar verebiliyordu.
tüyü şimdiye kadar hiç elde edememişti, çünkü
büyüleyici ve paha biçilmez olmalarına rağmen en E) Birçoğu çevreye atık yığınları aracılığıyla ulaşan,
gelişmişi dahi üç yaşındaki bir çocuk kadar beyin insan yapımı olsun doğal olsun bazı maddeler in-
gücüne sahip değildir. sanoğluna veya çevreye zarar verebilir.
333
13. The overexposure of children to media may result 14. Stress can increase your physical performance
in a measurable decline in their cognitive abilities, and endurance because it causes the release of
including their memory and thinking skills, and adrenaline, which speeds up your heart rate and
unless addressed promptly, this problem may lead so your metabolism.
to early amnesia. A) Kalp atış hızını ve bunun sonucunda da metabo-
A) Çocukların medyayla gereğinden çok haşır neşir lizmayı hızlandıran adrenalin salınımından dolayı
olması hafıza ve düşünme becerilerini de içine stres, fiziksel performansınızı ve dayanıklılığınızı
alan bilişsel yeteneklerinde ölçülebilir bir düşüşün arttırabilir.
sebebi olabilir ve bu problemin, erken bellek kay- B) Stres, fiziksel performansınızı ve dayanıklılığınızı
bına yol açmaması için acilen ele alınması gerekir. arttırabilir çünkü kalp atış hızınızda ve böylelikle
B) Çocukların medyaya aşırı maruz kalması, hafıza metabolizmanızda artışa sebep olan adrenalinin
ve düşünme becerilerini de içine alan bilişsel yete- salınımına neden olmaktadır.
neklerinde ölçülebilir bir düşüşe sebep olabilir ve C) Stres, fiziksel performansınızda ve dayanıklılığı-
acilen ele alınmadığı takdirde bu problem, erken nızda artışa sebep olabilir çünkü adrenalin salını-
bellek kaybına yol açabilir. mına yol açmaktadır ki bu da kalp atış hızınızı ve
C) Çocuklar medyaya aşırı bir şekilde maruz kalmak- dolayısıyla metabolizmanızı hızlandırır.
tadır ki bu da hafıza ve düşünme becerilerini de D) Stresin fiziksel performansınızda ve dayanıklılığı-
içine alan bilişsel yeteneklerinde ölçülebilir bir dü- nızda artışa sebep olması, kalp atış hızınızda ve
şüşe sebep olabilmektedir ve bu problem acilen böylelikle metabolizmanızda yükselmeye yol açan
ele alınmadığı takdirde erken bellek kaybına yol adrenalin salınımından dolayıdır.
açar.
E) Adrenalin salınımına sebep olduğu için stres, fizik-
D) Medyaya aşırı bir şekilde maruz kalan çocukların sel performansınızı ve dayanıklılığınızı arttırabilir
DENİZ PINAR
hafıza ve düşünme becerilerini de içine alan biliş- ki bu da kalp atış hızınızı ve böylelikle metaboliz-
sel yeteneklerinde ölçülebilir bir düşüş olabilmek- manızı hızlandırır.
tedir ve bu problemin acilen ele alınması, erken
bellek kaybına yol açmaması açısından önemlidir.
E) Çocukların hafıza ve düşünme becerilerini de içine
alan bilişsel yeteneklerindeki ölçülebilir düşüş, on- 15. Through ignorance or indifference, we can do
ların medyaya aşırı bir şekilde maruz kalmaların- massive and irreversible harm to the earthly
dan kaynaklanıyor olabilir ve bu nedenle erken environment on which our life and well-being
bellek kaybına yol açmaması için bu problemin depend.
acilen ele alınması önemlidir. A) Cehalet veya ilgisizlikten dolayı, yaşamımızın ve
refahımızın bağlı olduğu maddi çevremize çok
büyük ve geri döndürülemez zarar verebiliriz.
B) Yaşamımız ve refahımızın üzerine inşa ettiğimiz
maddi çevremize cehalet ve ilgisizlik nedeniyle
çok büyük ve geri döndürülemez zarar verebiliriz.
C) Yaşamımızın ve refahımızın üzerinde büyük bir et-
kiye sahip olan maddi çevreye verdiğimiz büyük ve
dönüşü olmayan zarar, çoğunlukla cehalet ve ilgi-
sizlikten dolayıdır.
D) Üzerinde yaşadığımız ve refahımız için bel bağla-
dığımız maddi çevre üzerinde ya cehaletten ya da
ilgisizlikten ötürü ciddi anlamda büyük bir etkimiz
vardır.
E) Cehalet veya ilgisizlikten ötürü, yaşamımızı sür-
dürdüğümüz ve refahımız için ihtiyaç duyduğumuz
maddi çevremize geri dönüşü olmayan çok büyük
zarar verebiliriz.
334
16. Unless consumer habits change substantially, 18. New research has refuted a long-held view that our
energy demand, most of which comes from earliest tool-bearing ancestors contributed to the
developing countries, will continue to grow demise of large mammals in Africa several million
steadily. years ago.
A) Tüketici alışkanlıkları önemli ölçüde değişmezse, A) Yeni bir araştırma, ilk alet kullanan atalarımızın,
büyük bir kısmı gelişmekte olan ülkelerden gelen birkaç milyon yıl önce Afrika’daki büyük memeli-
enerji talebi istikrarlı bir şekilde artmaya devam lerin ölümünden sorumlu olduğuna dair uzun za-
edecektir. mandan beri kabul edilen görüşü çürütmüştür.
B) Şayet tüketiciler alışkanlıklarını değiştirmezlerse, B) Son zamanlarda yapılan bir araştırma, Afrika’daki
gelişmekte olan ülkelerden gelen enerji talebi sü- büyük memelilerin ölümüne katkıda bulunanların
rekli olarak artmaya devam edecektir. ilk alet kullanan atalarımız olduğu savını yıkmıştır.
C) Tüketici alışkanlıkları önemli ölçüde değişmediği C) İlk alet kullanan insanların Afrika’daki büyük me-
sürece, büyük bir kısmı gelişmekte olan ülkelerden melilerin ölümüne katkıda bulunduğuna dair uzun
gelen enerji talebinin artmaya devam etmesi bek- zamandan beri kabul gören görüş, yeni yapılan bir
lenmektedir. araştırmayla çürütülmüştür.
D) Eğer tüketici davranışları büyük ölçüde değişmez- D) Yeni yapılan bir araştırmaya göre, birkaç milyon yıl
se, gelişmekte olan ülkelerden gelen enerji talebi önce, Afrika’daki büyük memelilerin ölümünden ilk
istikrarlı bir şekilde artmaya devam edebilir. alet kullanan atalarımızın sorumlu olduğuna dair
E) Tüketici alışkanlıkları aniden değişmezse, büyük uzun zamandan beri kabul edilen görüş, tamamen
bir kısmı gelişmekte olan ülkelerden gelen enerji yanlıştır.
talebi önümüzdeki yıllarda büyümeye devam ede-
E) Yeni bir araştırma ispat etmiştir ki, ilk alet kullanan
cektir.
atalarımız, birkaç milyon yıl önce Afrika’daki büyük
DENİZ PINAR
memelilerin ölümüne kesinlikle katkıda bulunmuş

değildir.
17. When a pathogen enters their colony, ants change
their behaviour to avoid the outbreak of disease,
in which way they protect the queen, brood and
young workers from becoming ill.
A) Kolonilerine bir patojen girer girmez karıncalar
hastalığın patlak vermesini engellemek için davra-
nışlarını değiştirirler ve böylece kraliçeyi, yavruları
ve genç işçileri hastalıktan korur.
B) Kolonilerine bir patojen giren karıncalar, hastalığın
ortaya çıkmasını önlemek için davranışlarını de-
ğiştirebilir ve bu şekilde kraliçeyi, yavruları ve genç
işçileri hasta olmaktan korurlar.
C) Karıncalar, kolonilerine bir patojen girdiğinde, has-
talığın ortaya çıkmasını engelleyecek bir şekilde
davranışlarını değiştirirler ve böylelikle kraliçeyi,
yavruları ve genç işçileri hasta olmaktan korurlar.
D) Karıncalar, kolonilerine bir patojen girdiğini hisset-
tiklerinde, hastalığın ortaya çıkmasını önlemek için
davranışlarını değiştirirler çünkü ancak bu şekilde
kraliçeyi, yavruları ve genç işçileri hasta olmaktan
koruyabilirler.
E) Kolonilerine bir patojen girdiğinde, karıncalar has-
talığın ortaya çıkmasını önlemek için davranışları-
nı değiştirirler ki bu şekilde kraliçeyi, yavruları ve
genç işçileri hasta olmaktan korurlar.
335
3. DNA found at archaeological sites has revealed

SET 2 that the origins of our domestic cat are in the Near
East and ancient Egypt.
1. - 18. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye anlamca en
yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz. A) Arkeoloji sahalarında bulunan DNA’ya göre,
evcil kedimizin kökenlerinin Yakın Doğu ve antik
Mısır’dadır.
1. The science field studying how living creatures
B) Arkeoloji sahalarında bulunan evcil kedilerimize ait
and plants exist together and depend on each
DNA, kökenlerinin Yakın Doğu ve antik Mısır’a da-
other and on local environment is Ecology.
yandığını ortaya çıkarmıştır.
A) Ekoloji, yaşayan canlıların ve bitkilerin birlikte nasıl
C) Yakın Doğu ve Mısır’daki arkeoloji sahalarında
yaşadığını ve birbirlerine nasıl bağlı olduklarını in-
evcil kedimize ait DNA bulunmuştur.
celeyen bir bilim dalıdır.
D) Kökeni Yakın Doğu ve antik Mısır’a dayandığına
B) Yaşayan canlıların ve bitkilerin birlikte nasıl var ol-
inanılan bir kedi DNA’sı keşfedilmiştir.
duğunu ve birbirlerine ve yerel çevreye nasıl bağlı
E) Arkeoloji sahalarında bulunan DNA, evcil kedimi-
olduklarını inceleyen bilim dalına ekoloji denir.
zin kökenlerinin Yakın Doğu ve Mısır’a dayandığı-
C) Ekoloji, yaşayan canlıların ve bitkilerin birlikte nasıl
nı ortaya çıkarmıştır.
var olduğunu inceler ve birbirlerine ve yerel çevre-
ye nasıl bağlı oldukları konusunda çalışma yapar.
D) Yaşayan canlıların ve bitkilerin birlikte nasıl var ol-
olduklarını inceleyen bilim dallarından biri ekolojidir.
E) Yaşayan canlıların ve bitkilerin birlikte nasıl var ol-
DENİZ PINAR

olduklarını inceleyen bilim dalı ekolojidir.
2. Since Dolly the Sheep was cloned in 1996, the

question of whether human cloning should be
banned or pursued has been the subject of 4. Although immigration in the UK is overall
international debate. profitable, many people worry that such extra
people are putting strain on schools and hospitals.
A) Kuzu Dolly’nin 1996 yılında klonlanmasından bu
yana, insan klonlaması yasaklanmalı mı yoksa A) BK’ye bu kadar fazla insanın göç etmesi genel ola-
devam mı etmeli sorusu uluslararası tartışmanın rak kazançlı olsa da, pek çok insan okul ve hasta-
konusu olmuştur. nelere yük olacağı konusunda endişelidir.
B) 1996 yılında Kuzu Dolly klonlanmıştır ve o zaman- B) BK’ye yapılan göç genel olarak kazançlı olmasına
dan beri insanları klonlamanın yasaklanması veya rağmen, pek çok insan bu kadar fazla insanın okul
devam ettirilmesi konusu uluslararası tartışılmak- ve hastanelere yük olduğu konusunda endişelen-
tadır. mektedir.
C) Kuzu Dolly’i 1996 yılında klonlayanlar, insanla- C) Pek çok insan BK’ye yapılan göçün okul ve has-
rı klonlamanın yasaklanması gerektiği konusunu tanelere yük olduğunu düşünse de, bu durum ülke
uzun zamandır tartışmaktadırlar. için genel olarak kazançlıdır.
D) Kuzu Dolly’nin 1996 yılında klonlanmasından bu D) BK’ye yapılan göç genel olarak kazançlıdır ancak
yana, bilim dünyası insan klonlaması yasaklanma- pek çok insan bu kadar fazla insanın okul ve has-
lı mı yoksa devam mi etmeli sorusunu tartışmakta- tanelere yük olduğunu düşünmektedir.
dır. E) Pek çok insan BK’ye bu kadar kişinin göç etmesi-
E) Kuzu Dolly’nin 1996’da klonlamasından bu yana, nin okul ve hastanelere yük olduğu konusundan
insan klonlamasının yasaklanıp yasaklanmaması endişelidir oysa ki bu durum ülke için genel olarak
sorusu uluslararası tartışmanın konusu olmuştur. kazançlıdır.
336
5. The hair which was removed from Abraham 7. It is a well-known fact that all the organs of human
Lincoln’s head after he was shot by a surgeon body are under the influence of the gravity.
called Joseph Barnes was sold at an auction this A) Vücudumuzun tüm organları, yerçekiminin etkisi
weekend for $25.0000. altındadır.
A) Joseph Barnes adında bir cerrah tarafından vuru- B) İnsan vücudundaki organların yerçekiminin etkisi
lan Abraham Lincoln’un saçı bu hafta sonu yapılan altında olduğunu herkes bilir.
bir açık artırmada 25.000 dolara satıldı.
C) İnsan vücudundaki tüm organların yerçekiminin et-
B) Joseph Barnes adında bir cerrah tarafından kisi altında olduğu iyi bilinen bir gerçektir.
Abraham Lincoln’un kafasından alınan saçı bir
D) Yerçekimi, vücudumuzdaki tüm organları etkisi al-
açık artırmada 25.000 dolara satıldı.
tında tutmaktadır.
C) Joseph Barnes adında bir cerrah tarafından vurul-
E) Tüm organlarımızın yerçekiminin etkisi altında ol-
duktan sonra Abraham Lincoln’un kafasından alı-
duğu herkesçe bilinen bir gerçektir.
nan saç bu hafta sonu bir açık artırmada 25.000
dolara satıldı.
D) Bir açık artırmada 25.000 dolara satılan saç
Joseph Barnes adında bir cerrah tarafından vuru-
8. What has brought you to your current position is
lan Abraham Lincoln’a aittir.
the thoughts and behaviours that you have got
E) Bu hafta sonu yapılan açık artırmada Joseph until now.
Barnes adında bir cerrah Abraham Lincoln vurul-
A) Şimdiye kadar sahip olduğunuz düşünceler ve
duktan sonra kafasından alınan saçı 25.000 dola-
davranışlar sizi bulunduğunuz noktaya getirmiştir.
ra sattı.
B) Sizi bulunduğunuz konuma getiren şey, şimdiye
kadar sahip olduğunuz düşünceler ve davranışlar-
DENİZ PINAR
dır.
C) Sizi şu anki konumunuza getiren şey yalnızca dü-
şünceleriniz değil aynı zamanda sahip olduğunuz
davranışlarınızdır.
6. Among American historians, few subjects have D) Şu an sahip olduğunuz düşünceler ve davranışlar
received more sustained attention or interpretation sayesinde bugünkü konumunuzu elde etmişsiniz-
than southern slavery during the past quarter dir.
century. E) Sizi şu anki konumunuza getiren şeylerden biri de
A) Geçtiğimiz çeyrek yüzyılda Amerikalı tarihçiler ara- şu ana kadar sahip olduğunuz düşünceler ve dav-
sında güney köleliğinden daha uzun süre dikkat ranışlardır.
çekmiş veya onlardan yorum almış çok az konu
vardır.
B) Amerikalı tarihçiler arasında, geçtiğimiz çeyrek
9. The new theatre building will take the government
yüzyılda çok az konu güney köleliğinden daha
at least six months to fully complete.
uzun süre dikkat çekmiş veya onlardan yorum al-
mıştır. A) Yeni tiyatro binasının yapımı için hükümetin en az
altı aya ihtiyacı olacak.
C) Güney köleliği geçtiğimiz çeyrek yüzyılda Amerikalı
tarihçiler arasında diğer konulardan daha uzun B) Hükümetin yeni tiyatro binasını inşa etmesi altı ay
süre dikkat çekmiş ve onlardan yorum almıştır. sürecek.
D) Amerikalı tarihçiler geçtiğimiz çeyrek yüzyılda C) Yeni tiyatro binasını tamamen tamamlaması hükü-
güney köleliğine diğer konulardan daha fazla dik- metin en az altı ayını alacak.
kat çekmiş ve yorum yapmıştır. D) Bundan altı ay sonra hükümet yeni tiyatro binasını
E) Geçtiğimiz çeyrek yüzyılda Amerikalı tarihçiler ara- tamamen bitirmiş olacak.
sında uzun süre dikkat çeken ve onlardan yorum E) Yeni tiyatro binasını tamamen tamamlaması hükü-
alan çok az konudan biri de güney köleliğidir. metin altı ayını alacaktır.
337
10. Recently there emerged a dangerous new virus 12. The best advice for those who gets behind with
which poses significant risk to both personal and their payments is to talk to the council as early as
business computers alike. possible to work out an acceptable payment plan.
A) Son zamanlarda ortaya çıkan tehlikeli yeni bir A) Ödemelerini yapmakta sıkıntı yaşayanlar için en iyi
virüs türü hem kişisel hem de bilgisayarlar için tavsiye, ödeme güçlerine göre bir ödeme planı ge-
daha öncekilere benzemeyen önemli riskler oluş- liştirmek için konsey ile bir an evvel konuşmaktır.
turmaktadır. B) Ödemelerini halen yapamamış olan bireyler için
B) Son zamanlarda, iş bilgisayarlarının aksine kişisel en iyi tavsiye, kabul edebilecekleri bir ödeme planı
bilgisayarlara büyük bir risk oluşturan tehlikeli yeni geliştirmek için konsey ile mümkün olduğunca
bir virüs ortaya çıktı. erken bir şekilde konuşmaktır.
C) Son zamanlarda, kişisel bilgisayarlar ve iş bilgi- C) Ödemelerini geciktirenler için en iyi tavsiye, kabul
sayarları için birbirinden farklı büyük riskler teşkil edilebilir bir ödeme planı hazırlamak için konsey
eden tehlikeli yeni bir virüs ortaya çıktı. ile mümkün olduğunca erken bir şekilde konuş-
D) Son zamanlarda ortaya çıkan tehlikeli yeni bir maktır.
virüs hem kişisel hem de bilgisayarlar için birbirin- D) Ödemelerini yapmakta sıkıntı yaşayanlar için en
den farklı büyük riskler teşkil etmektedir. iyi tavsiye, konsey ile mümkün olduğunca erken
E) Son zamanlarda, benzer bir şekilde hem kişisel bir şekilde konuşarak kabul edilebilir bir ödeme
hem de iş bilgisayarlarına önemli risk arz eden planı oluşturmaktır.
tehlikeli yeni bir virüs ortaya çıktı. E) Ödeme planlarının gerisinde kalan bireyler için en
iyi tavsiye, konsey ile bir an evvel konuşarak güç-
leri ölçüsünde bir ödeme planı oluşturmaktır.
DENİZ PINAR
13. Archaeologists have long believed that historical

artefacts are buried in the Vistula River’s
11. Although the rising unemployment is adversely riverbanks, but they have not been able to reach
affecting most of the citizens of the country, the them because of the river’s turbulent waters.
government looks reluctant to take the necessary
A) Arkeologlar uzunca bir süredir Vistula Nehri’nin
steps.
kıyılarında tarihi eserlerin gömülü olduğuna inan-
A) Artan işsizliğin ülke vatandaşlarının birçoğu üze- salar da, nehrin çalkantılı sularından ötürü onlara
rindeki olumsuz etkilerine rağmen, hükümet gerek- ulaşamadılar.
li adımları atmaya isteksiz görünüyor.
B) Arkeologlar bir süredir tarihi eserlerin Vistula
B) Her ne kadar artan işsizlik ülke vatandaşlarının ço- Nehri’nin kıyılarında gömüldüğüne inanıyorlar,
ğunu olumsuz bir şekilde etkiliyor olsa da hükümet ancak nehrin çalkantılı suları onlara ulaşmalarını
gerekli adımları atmaya isteksiz görünüyor. engelliyor.
C) Ülke vatandaşlarının çoğunu olumsuz bir şekilde C) Arkeologlar uzunca bir süredir tarihi eserlerin
etkiliyor olmasına rağmen artan işsizlik konusun- Vistula Nehri’nin kıyılarında gömüldüğüne inanı-
da hükümetin gerekli adımları atmadaki isteksizliği yorlar, ancak nehrin çalkantılı sularından dolayı
dikkat çekici. onlara ulaşmakta zorluk yaşıyorlar.
D) Her ne kadar artan işsizlik ülke vatandaşlarının bir- D) Arkeologlar uzunca bir süredir Vistula Nehri’nin
çoğunu can sıkıcı bir şekilde etkiliyor olsa da hü- kıyılarında tarihi eserlerin gömülü olduğuna inanı-
kümetin gerekli adımları atmada yavaş kaldığı gö- yorlar, ancak nehrin çalkantılı sularından ötürü on-
rünüyor. lara ulaşamadılar.
E) Artan işsizliğin ülke vatandaşlarının çoğu üzerin- E) Uzunca bir süredir Vistula Nehri’nin kıyılarında ta-
deki olumsuz etkilerine rağmen, hükümet gerekli rihi eserlerin gömülü olduğuna inansalar da, neh-
adımları atmaya istekli görünmüyor. rin çalkantılı sularından ötürü arkeologlar onlara
ulaşamadılar.
338
14. Thailand’s economy contracted unexpectedly 16. Even though social media’s role was of great
in the second quarter, and slipped into a mild importance in the former U.S. President Obama’s
recession because of the fall in exports, domestic election as president, it would be inaccurate to say
consumption and investment. that social media alone won him the election.
A) Tayland’ın ekonomisi ikinci çeyrekte beklenmedik A) Bir önceki ABD başkanı Obama’nın seçimleri ka-
şekilde büyüdü ve ihracattaki, yurtiçi tüketimdeki zanmasında sosyal medya son derece önemli bir
ve yatırımdaki artıştan dolayı durgunluğu hasarsız rol oynamış olsa da, Obama’ya sosyal medyanın
atlattı. tek başına seçimi kazandırdığını söylemek gerçeği
B) Tayland’ın ekonomisi ikinci çeyrekte umulmadık bir yansıtmaz.
şekilde daraldı ve ihracattaki, yurtiçi tüketimdeki B) Önceki ABD Başkanı Obama’nın başkan seçilme-
ve yatırımdaki düşüşten ötürü şiddetli bir durgun- sinde sosyal medyanın rolü çok önemli olsa da
luğa girdi. ona tek başına sosyal medyanın seçimi kazandır-
C) Tayland’ın ekonomisi ikinci çeyrekte beklenmedik dığını iddia etmek doğru olmaz.
şekilde küçüldü, ancak ihracattaki, yurtiçi tüketim- C) Eski ABD başkanı Obama sosyal medyayı önemli
deki ve yatırımdaki artış bu daralmanın etkisini ölçüde kullanarak başkan olmuştur ancak sosyal
azalttı. medyanın onun başkan seçilmesinde tek başına
D) Tayland ekonomisinin ikinci çeyrekteki beklenme- etkili olduğu söylenemez.
dik küçülmesi ihracattaki, yurtiçi tüketimdeki ve ya- D) Önceki ABD Başkanı Obama’nın başkan seçilme-
tırımdaki küçük düşüşten kaynaklanıyordu. sinde sosyal medya çok önemli rol oynamış olma-
E) Tayland’ın ekonomisi ikinci çeyrekte beklenmedik sına rağmen, onun başkan seçilmesinde sadece
şekilde daraldı ve ihracattaki, yurtiçi tüketimdeki sosyal medyanın etkili olduğunu iddia etmek yan-
ve yatırımdaki düşüşten ötürü hafif bir durgunluğa lış olacaktır.
DENİZ PINAR
girdi. E) Eski ABD başkanı Obama’nın seçimleri kazanma-

sında sosyal medya son derece önemli bir rol oy-
namış olabilir ancak Obama’ya sosyal medyanın
tek başına seçimi kazandırdığını söylemek yanlış-
tır.
17. One’s character develops until they reach 5 years

15. Academics should be careful not to look down on old and changes in the years to come by 10 % at
people who remained illiterate because they have most with the influence of such elements as the
not had the privilege of an education. environment, family, and school.
A) Akademisyenler cahil insanları küçük görmemeye A) İnsanın karakteri çevre, ail eve okul gibi etmenle-
dikkat etmelidir çünkü onlar hiçbir zaman eğitim rin yönlendirmesiyle % 10 oranında değişir çünkü
ayrıcalığına sahip olamadılar. gerçek karakteri aslında 5 yaşında belli olur.
B) Eğitim ayrıcalığına sahip olmadıkları için cahil B) Kişinin karakteri 5 yaşına kadar oluşur ve sonraki
kalan insanlar akademisyenlerce hor görülmeme- yıllarda çevre, aile ve okul gibi unsurların etkisiyle
lidir. en az % 10 oranında değişir.
C) Akademisyenler cahil kalan insanları hor görme- C) Kişinin karakteri 5 yaşından önce oturmuş olur ve
meye dikkat etmelidirler çünkü onlar eğitim ayrıca- sonraki yıllarda çevre, aile ve okul gibi unsurların
lığına sahip olamamışlardır. etkisiyle % 10 oranında değişebilir.
D) Eğitim ayrıcalığından yararlanamadıkları için cahil D) Kişinin karakteri 5 yaşına kadar oluşur ve sonraki
kalan insanların akademisyenlerce hor görülme- yıllarda çevre, aile ve okul gibi unsurların etkisiyle
mesinde dikkat edilmelidir. en fazla % 10 oranında değişir.
E) Akademisyenler, eğitim ayrıcalığından yararlana- E) İnsanın karakteri 5 yaşına kadar oluşur ve sonraki
madıkları için cahil kalan insanları küçümsememe- yıllarda çevre, aile ve okul gibi unsurların etkisiyle
ye dikkat etmelidirler. en fazla % 10 oranında değişebilir.
339
18. That the human brain, during sleep, is passive has

been proven to be wrong; on the contrary, even
when one is asleep, it continues to work.
A) İnsan beyninin uyku esnasında pasif olduğu bil-
gisinin yanlış olduğu kanıtlanmıştır; tam tersine,
insan beyni, kişi uykudayken dahi çalışmayı sür-
dürmektedir.
B) İnsan beyninin insan uyumaktayken pasif olduğu
bilgisinin yanlış olduğu kanıtlanmıştır; tam aksine,
insan beyni, kişi uykudayken dahi çalışmayı sür-
dürebilmektedir.
C) İnsan beyninin uyku esnasında pasif olduğu bilgi-
sinin yanlış olduğu kanıtlanmıştır; söylenenin ak-
sine, insan beyni, kişi uykuda olsa bile çalışmayı
sürdürebilir.
D) İnsan beyni kişi uykudayken dahi çalışmayı sür-
dürmektedir ve bunun aksine olan uyku esnasında
beynin pasif olduğu bilgisinin yanlış olduğu kanıt-
lanmıştır.
E) İnsan beyni uyku esnasında pasif değildir; tam ter-
sine, insan beyninin, kişi uykudayken dahi çalış-
mayı sürdürmekte olduğu kanıtlanmıştır.
DENİZ PINAR
340
3. One important thing to remember no matter when

SET 3 or how you decide to use reverse psychology
is that there is a major difference between
psychology and manipulation.
yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz.
A) Ters psikolojiyi her hangi bir anda veya her hangi
1. Despite the existence of international conventions bir şekilde kullanmaya karar verirseniz hatırlama-
and legal frameworks that guarantee women’s lısınız ki psikoloji ile manipülasyon arasında temel
political rights, the number of women active in bir fark vardır.
politics remains low. B) Manipülasyon arasında önemli bir fark olduğunu,
A) Kadınların siyasi haklarını garanti eden uluslara- ters psikolojiyi her hangi bir anda veya her hangi
rası antlaşmaların ve yasal çerçevenin varlığı, si- bir şekilde kullanmaya karar verdiğinizde hatırla-
malısınız.
yasette aktif olarak bulunan kadınların sayısının
düşük olmasını engellememektedir. C) Ters psikolojiyi belli bir zamanda veya belli bir şe-
B) Her ne kadar kadınların siyasi haklarını garan- kilde kullanmaya karar verdiğinizde hatırlamanız
ti eden uluslararası antlaşmalar ve yasal çerçeve gereken en önemli bir şey psikoloji ile manipülas-
yon arasında önemli bir fark olduğudur.
mevcut olsa da aktif olarak siyasette yer alan ka-
dınların sayısı düşüktür. D) Her ne zaman veya her ne şekilde ters psikoloji-
C) Kadınların siyasi haklar vaat eden uluslararası yi kullanmaya karar verirseniz verin, hatırlamanız
antlaşmaların ve yasal çerçevenin mevcudiyetine gereken en önemli şey psikoloji ile manipülasyon
arasındaki temel farktır.
rağmen siyasette aktif olarak rol alan kadınların
sayısı halen artmamaktadır. E) Ters psikolojiyi her ne zaman veya her ne şekil-
D) Kadınların siyasi haklarını garanti eden uluslara- de kullanmaya karar verirseniz verin hatırlamanız
gereken önemli bir şey psikoloji ile manipülasyon
rası antlaşmaların ve yasal çerçevenin varlığına
DENİZ PINAR
arasında büyük bir fark olduğudur.

rağmen siyasette aktif olarak bulunan kadınların
sayısı düşüktür.
E) Her ne kadar kadınların siyasi hakları uluslarara-
sı antlaşmaların ve yasal çerçevenin varlığıyla ga- 4. Most articles that are aimed at improving
ranti altına alınsa de, siyasette aktif olarak katılan productivity focus on ways to increase attention
kadınların sayısı düşüktür. and energy in order to help us get more done more
quickly in one sitting.
A) Üretkenliği arttırmayı amaçlayan birçok makalenin
2. The size of the statutes of Pharaohs, which was
odağına, bir seferde daha fazla şeyi daha çabuk
intended to symbolize their own power and the yapmamıza yardımcı olmak için ilgi ve enerjinin
power of the state they represented, increased as nasıl arttırılabileceği bulunmaktadır.
the empire expanded.
B) Üretkenliği arttırmayı amaçlayan birçok makale,
A) Firavunların kendi güçlerini ve temsil ettikleri dev- bir oturuşta daha fazla şeyi daha çabuk yapmamı-
letin gücünü simgelemek için tasarlanan heykelle- za yardımcı olmak için ilgi ve enerjiyi arttırmanın
rinin sayısı imparatorluk genişledikçe arttı. yollarına odaklanmaktadır.
B) Firavun heykellerinin boyutu, kendi güçlerini ve
C) Üretkenliği arttırmayı odak noktası olarak alan
temsil ettikleri devletin gücünü simgelediği için im- birçok makale, bir oturuşta daha fazla şeyi daha
paratorluk büyüdükçe arttı. çabuk yapmamıza yardımcı olmak için ilgi ve ener-
C) Firavunların heykellerinin kendi güçlerini ve temsil jiyi arttırmanın yollarını sunmaktadır.
ettikleri devletin gücünü simgelemek için tasarla-
D) Üretkenliği arttırması amaçlanan birçok makalede,
nan boyutu, imparatorluk genişledikçe arttı. bir seferde daha fazla şeyi daha çabuk yapmamı-
D) Firavunların heykellerinin imparatorluk genişledik- za yardımcı olması için ilgi ve enerjiyi arttırmanın
çe artan boyutu, kendi güçlerini ve temsil ettikleri yollarına odaklanılmaktadır.
devletin gücünü simgelemek için tasarlandı. E) Birçok makale, üretkenliği arttırmak için amaçlan-
E) Firavunların kendi güçlerini ve temsil ettikleri dev- mıştır ve bir seferde daha fazla şeyi daha çabuk
letin gücünü simgelemek için tasarlanan heykelleri yapmamıza yardımcı olmak amacıyla ilgi ve ener-
imparatorluk genelinde yayıldı. jiyi arttırmanın yollarına odaklanmaktadır.
341
5. You may not realise it but you probably spend 7. Lingerie retailers in the Eurasian Union may have
hundreds of minutes every week on menial tasks to throw away most of their stock when a trade ban
like cleaning, finding your clothes and waiting for on synthetic underwear is enforced.
your computer to boot up. A) Sentetik iç çamaşırına yönelik ticari yasak uygu-
A) Henüz farkına varamamış olsanız da temizlik, el- landığında Avrasya Birliği’ndeki kadın iç çamaşı-
biselerini bulma ve bilgisayarınızın başlamasını rı perakendecileri stoklarının büyük çoğunluğunu
bekleme gibi küçük işlere her hafta yüzlerce daki- atmak zorunda kalacak.
ka harcıyorsunuz. B) Sentetik iç çamaşırına yönelik ticari yasak,
B) Belki farkında değilsiniz ama temizlik, elbiseleri- Avrasya Birliği’ndeki kadın iç çamaşırı perakende-
ni bulma ve bilgisayarınızın başlamasını bekleme cilerini stoklarının çoğunu çöpe atmak zorunda bı-
gibi küçük işler muhtemelen her hafta yüzlerce da- rakabilir.
kikanız harcanmaktadır. C) Sentetik iç çamaşırına yönelik ticari yasağın uygu-
C) Belki farkında değilsiniz ama temizlik, elbiseleri- lanmasından dolayı Avrasya Birliği’ndeki kadın iç
ni bulma ve bilgisayarınızın başlamasını bekleme çamaşırı perakendecileri stoklarının çoğunu çöpe
gibi mühim olmayan işlere harcadığınız zaman her atmış olabilir.
hafta muhtemelen yüzlerce dakikayı bulmakta. D) Avrasya Birliği’ndeki kadın iç çamaşırı peraken-
D) Farkında olmayabilirsiniz ama temizlik, elbiseleri- decileri, sentetik iç çamaşırına yönelik ticari yasak
ni bulma ve bilgisayarınızın başlamasını bekleme uygulandığında stoklarının çoğunu çöpe atmak zo-
gibi küçük işlere muhtemelen her hafta yüzlerce runda kalabilir.
dakika harcıyorsunuz. E) Sentetik iç çamaşırına yönelik ticari yasak uygu-
E) Farkında olmayabilirsiniz ama temizlik, elbiseleri- landığında Avrasya Birliği’ndeki kadın iç çamaşırı
ni bulma ve bilgisayarınızın başlamasını bekleme perakendecilerinin çoğu stoklarını çöpe atmak zo-
DENİZ PINAR
gibi küçük işler muhtemelen her hafta yüzlerce da- runda kalabilir.
kikanızı almakta.
8. Bush pigs will not usually attack humans, but can

6. It seems like you cannot pick up a newspaper or be extremely aggressive if wounded or cornered,
magazine these days without seeing a headline or when they have piglets.
about stress and how bad it is for your health. A) Çalı domuzları genellikle insanlara saldırmazlar
A) Bugünlerde, stres ve onun sağlığınız için ne kadar ancak yaralandıklarında veya köşeye kıstırıldıkla-
kötü olduğu hakkında bir manşeti bulunmayan bir rında veya yavruları olduğunda son derece saldır-
gazete veya dergiyi elinize almanız görünen o ki gan olabilirler.
mümkün değil. B) Her ne kadar çalı domuzları insanlara sık sık sal-
B) Görünen o ki bu günlerde, stres ve onun sağlığı- dırmasa da yaralandıklarında veya köşeye kıstırıl-
nız için ne kadar kötü olduğu hakkında bir manşet dıklarında veya yavruları olduğunda aşırı saldır-
içermeyen bir gazete veya dergiyi elinize almanız gan olabilirler.
imkânsız. C) Çalı domuzlarının genellikle insanlara karşı saldır-
C) Görünüşe göre bu günlerde, stres ve onun sağlı- gan değildir ancak yaralanmaları, köşeye kıstırıl-
ğınız için ne kadar kötü olduğu hakkında bir man- maları durumunda veya yavruları olduğunda aşırı
şet görmeksizin bir gazete veya dergiyi elinize ala- saldırgan olabilirler.
mazsınız. D) İnsanlara genellikle saldırmayan çalı domuzları
D) Görünüşe göre bu günlerde, bir gazete veya dergi- yaralandıklarında veya köşeye kıstırıldıklarında
yi elinize aldığınızda mutlaka stres ve onun sağlı- veya yavruları olduğunda son derece saldırgandır-
ğınız için ne kadar kötü olduğu hakkında bir man- lar.
şet görürsünüz. E) Çalı domuzları çoğunlukla insanlara saldırmazlar
E) Bu günlerde, içinde stres ve onun sağlığınız için ne fakat yaralandıklarında veya köşeye kıstırıldıkla-
kadar kötü olduğu hakkında bir manşet barındır- rında veya yavruları olduğunda bir miktar saldır-
mayan bir gazete veya dergiyi elinize alamazsınız. ganlaşabilirler.
342
9. The question of whether to attend the conference 11. The judge ruled against the company and ordered
and accept the initiative sparked a fierce argument the workers be rehired and given back-pay, but the
among the Christian leaders. company refused to comply with the verdict.
A) Hıristiyan liderler arasında ortaya çıkan şiddetli A) Yargıç, şirketin aleyhine karar verip işçilerin yeni-
tartışma konferansa katılıp katılmama ve teşebbü- den işe alınmasını ve geri ödeme yapılmasını em-
sü kabul edip etmeme sorusu üzerineydi. retse de şirket karara uymayı reddetti.
B) Konferansa katılıp katılmama ve teşebbüsü kabul B) Yargıç, şirketin aleyhine karar verdi ve işçilerin ye-
edip etmeme sorusu üzerine Hıristiyan liderler şid- niden işe alınarak geri ödeme yapılmasını emretti,
detli bir tartışmaya tutuştu. ancak şirket kararın uygulanmasına itiraz etti.
C) Konferansa katılıp katılmama ve teşebbüsü onay- C) Yargıç şirketin yönetiminin değişmesini, işçilerin
layıp onaylamama meselesi Hıristiyan liderler ara- yeniden işe alınmasını ve geri ödeme yapılmasını
sındaki şiddetli bir tartışmaların devamında ortaya ön gördü, fakat şirket bu karara karşı çıktı.
çıktı. D) Şirket aleyhinde bir yönetim gösteren yargıç, işçi-
D) Konferansa katılıp katılmama ve teşebbüsü kabul lerin tekrar işe alınmasını ve geri ödeme yapılma-
edip etmeme sorusu Hıristiyan liderler arasında sına hükmetti, ancak şirket kararı uygulamayı red-
ortaya çıkan şiddetli tartışmanın sebebiydi. detti.
E) Konferansa katılıp katılmama ve teşebbüsü kabul E) Yargıç, şirketin aleyhine karar verdi ve işçilerin ye-
edip etmeme meselesi Hıristiyan liderler arasında niden işe alınmasını ve geri ödeme yapılmasını
şiddetli bir tartışmayı tetikledi. emretti, ancak şirket karara uymayı reddetti.
DENİZ PINAR
12. Young people, men particularly, like to show off

when driving, which means that they are generally
less safe when they have passengers in the car.
A) Genç insanların, özellikle de erkeklerin araba kul-
lanırken gösteriş yapmayı sevmesi, arabada yol-
10. He recommended the adoption of effective policies cuları olduğunda onların çoğunlukla daha az gü-
in order to stamp out any kind of discrimination venilir olduğuna işaret eder.
against black people.
B) Genç insanlar, özellikle de erkekler araba kullanır-
A) Siyahi insanlara karşı her tür ayrımcılığın ortadan ken gösteriş yapmayı sever ve bu da arabaların-
kaldırmanın en etkili yolunun doğru politikaların daki yolcuların çoğunlukla daha az güvende oldu-
benimsenmesi olduğunu bildirdi. ğu anlamına gelir.
B) Siyahi insanlara karşı her tür ayrımcılığı ortadan C) Genç insanlar, özellikle de erkekler araba kullanır-
kaldırmak için, etkili politikaların sürdürülmesini ken gösteriş yapmayı sever ki bu da arabada yol-
önerdi. cuları olduğunda onların genellikle daha az güve-
C) Siyahi insanlara karşı her tür ayrımcılığın kökünü nilir olduğu anlamına gelir.
kazımak için, etkili politikaların benimsenmesini D) Genç insanlar, özellikle de erkekler araba kullanır-
tavsiye etti. ken gösteriş yapmayı sever ki bundan dolayı ara-
D) Siyahi insanların hiçbir şekilde ayrımcılığa uğra- balarındaki yolcular genellikle daha az güvendedir.
maması için politikaların etkin bir şekilde uygulan- E) Araba kullanırken genç insanların ve de özellikle
masını tavsiye etti. erkeklerin gösteriş yamayı sevmesi, arabaların-
E) Ayrımcılık amacıyla siyahi insanların damgalan- daki yolcuların genellikle daha az güvende olduğu
masının, etkili politikaların benimsenmesiyle orta- anlamına gelmektedir.
dan kalkacağını beyan etti.
343
13. Five students from Clifton High School were 15. It is crucial that companies continue to modernise
arrested after the police discovered they were their solutions to keep up with the advances in
planning to place a bomb at a high school. digital technology.
A) Polisler, bir liseye bomba yerleştirmeyi planladıkla- A) Şirketlerin dijital teknolojideki ilerlemelerle baş
rını keşfettiği Clifton Lisesi’nden beş öğrenciyi tu- edebilmeleri açısından çözümlerini yenilemeye
tukladı. devam etmeleri önemlidir.
B) Clifton Lisesi’nden beş öğrenci, polisler onların bir B) Dijital teknolojideki ilerlemelere ayak uydurabilmek
liseye bomba yerleştirmeyi planladıklarını keşfet- için şirketlerin çözümlerini yenilemeye devam et-
tikten sonra tutuklandı. meleri önemli.
C) Clifton Lisesi’nden beş öğrenci, bir liseye bomba C) Unutulmamalıdır ki şirketler dijital teknolojideki iler-
yerleştirmeyi planladıkları polisler tarafından keş- lemeleri takip edebilmek için çözümlerini moderni-
fedildikten sonra tutuklandı. ze etmeye devam etmeliler.
D) Polis, bir liseye yerleştirmeyi planladıkları bombayı D) Dijital teknolojideki ilerlemelerden faydalanabilme-
keşfettikten sonra, Clifton Lisesi’nden beş öğrenci- leri için şirketlerin çözümlerini modernleştirmeye
yi tutukladı. devam etmeleri hayati öneme sahiptir.
E) Clifton Lisesi’nden beş öğrenci, polisler tarafından E) Dijital teknolojilerdeki ilerlemelerin gerisinde kal-
bir liseye bomba yerleştirmeyi planladıkları keşfe- mamaları için şirketlerin çözümlerini modernleştir-
dildikten sonra tutuklandı. meye devam etmeleri zaruridir.
DENİZ PINAR
16. Distance marketing to retail customers is expected

to improve when insurance companies invest in
technology to build the infrastructure.
A) Şirketlerin alt yapıyı inşa etmek için teknolojiye ya-
14. The government played down the impact of the
tırım yapmalarının, perakende müşterilere uzaktan
strike and claimed that only a small proportion of
pazarlamayı geliştirmesi beklenmektedir.
the workforce had participated.
B) Eğer şirketler alt yapıyı inşa etmek amacıyla tek-
A) Grevin etkisini önemsemeyen hükümet, iş gücü-
nolojiye yatırım yaparlarsa, perakende müşterilere
nün sadece küçük bir kısmının katıldığını iddia etti.
uzaktan pazarlama gelişecektir.
B) Hükümet, grevin etkisini hafifsedi ve iş gücünün
C) Perakende müşterilere uzaktan pazarlamanın, şir-
küçük bir kısmının katılmaya zorlandığını öne
ketler alt yapıyı inşa etmek için teknolojiye yatırım
sürdü.
yapınca gelişmesi beklenmektedir.
C) Greve iş gücünün sadece küçük bir kısmının katıl-
D) Perakende müşterilere uzaktan pazarlamanın, alt
dığını öne süren, hükümet grevin etkisini hafifsedi.
yapıyı inşa etmek için şirketlerin teknolojiye yatı-
D) Hükümet, grevin etkisini küçümsedi ve iş gücünün rım yapması durumunda gelişeceği umulmaktadır.
sadece küçük bir kısmının katıldığını iddia etti.
E) Altyapıyı inşa etmek için teknolojiye yatırım yapan
E) Grevin etkisi, , iş gücünün sadece küçük bir kısmı- şirketler, böylelikle perakende müşterilere uzaktan
nın katıldığını öne süren hükümetçe küçümsendi. pazarlamanın gelişmesini ummaktalar.
344
17. The Thames Barrier has been protecting the 18. The US financial system, until recently considered
capital for over 30 years, but how long it will be a model of sophistication, paved the way for a
able to hold out against rising sea levels cannot crisis that harmed the whole world.
be accurately predicted. A) Birleşmiş Milletler finansal sistemi yakın bir geçmi-
A) Thames Bariyeri otuz yılı aşkın süredir başkenti şe kadar ileriliğin bir modeli olarak düşünülse de
korumaktadır, ancak yükselen deniz seviyelerine dünyanın tamamını içine alan bir krizin yolunu açtı.
karşı ne kadar dayanabileceği tam olarak tahmin B) Daha yakın bir geçmişte ileriliğin modeli olarak
edilemez. kabul edilen Birleşmiş Milletler finansal sistemi
B) Thames Bariyeri otuz yılı aşkın süredir başkenti tüm dünyada zarara sebep olan bir krize neden
korumaktadır, ancak yükselen deniz seviyelerine oldu.
kaşı daha ne kadar dayanabileceğini kesin olarak C) Yakın bir geçmişe kadar ileriliğin bir modeli olduğu
tahmin etmek mümkün değildir. düşünülen Birleşmiş Milletler finansal sistemi tüm
C) Thames Bariyeri otuz yılı aşkın süredir başkenti dünyada zarara sebep olan bir krize yol açtı.
korumakta olsa da daha ne kadar yükselen deniz D) Birleşmiş Milletler’in yakın bir geçmişe kadar ilerili-
seviyelerine kaşı dayanabileceği doğru bir şekilde ğin sembolü olarak gördükleri finansal sistem, tüm
tahmin edilememektedir. dünya zarar veren bir krizin yolunu açtı.
D) Thames Bariyeri yaklaşık otuz yıldır başkenti koru- E) Yakın bir geçmişe kadar ileriliğin bir modeli ola-
maktadır, ancak yükselen deniz seviyelerine karşı rak görülen Birleşmiş Milletler finansal sistemi tüm
ne kadar dayanabileceğini kesin bir şekilde tahmin dünyaya zarar veren bir krizin yolunu açtı.
edilemez.
E) Otuz yılı aşkın süredir başkenti koruyan Thames
Bariyeri’nin yükselen deniz seviyelerine kaşı ne
DENİZ PINAR
kadar dayanabileceği kesin olarak tahmin edile-

memektedir.
345
2. It is of utmost importance that Turkey, by taking

SET 4 advantage of being a peninsula, should develop its
maritime trade not only with its neighbors but also
with other overseas countries for the good of the
yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz.
next generations.
A) Türkiye bir yarımadadır ve, bu avantajını kullan-
1. Menlo Park, California, may be a city which is one mak suretiyle, sadece komşularıyla değil ayrıca
of the world’s densely-populated towns and where deniz aşırı diğer ülkelerle de deniz ticaretini geliş-
the headquarters of Facebook is located, but Rio tirmesi gelecek nesiller için çok önemlidir.
boasts the biggest number of Facebook users in
B) Bir yarımada olan Türkiye’nin, bu avantajını kul-
the world.
lanmak suretiyle, gerek komşularıyla olan gerekse
A) Kaliforniya’nın Menlo Park kenti, dünyanın en deniz aşırı diğer ülkelerle deniz ticaretini geliştir-
yoğun nüfuslu şehirlerinden biri ve Facebook’un mesi gelecek nesiller için son derece önemlidir.
genel merkezinin bulunduğu kent olabilir, ama Rio,
C) Bir yarımada olma özelliğinin avantajını kullanma-
en fazla Facebook kullanıcı sayısına sahiptir.
sı gereken Türkiye’nin, sadece komşularıyla değil
B) Kaliforniya’nın Menlo Park şehri, dünyanın en aynı zamanda deniz aşırı diğer ülkelerle de deniz
yoğun nüfuslu şehirlerinden biri ve Facebook’un ticaretini geliştirmesi gelecek nesillerin iyiliği için
genel merkezinin bulunduğu kent olmasına rag- son derece önemlidir.
men, Rio en fazla Facebook kullanıcı sayısına
D) Bir yarımada olmasının avantajını kullanmak sure-
sahip olmakla övünür.
tiyle Türkiye’nin, gerek komşularıyla gerekse deniz
C) Kaliforniya’nın Menlo Park şehri, dünyanın aşırı diğer ülkelerle deniz ticaretini geliştirmesi ge-
en yoğun nüfuslu şehirlerinden biri olabilir ve lecek nesiller için son derece önemlidir.
Facebook’un genel merkezi bu şehirde bulunmak-
DENİZ PINAR
E) Bir yarımada olan Türkiye’nin, bu avantajını kullan-

tadır, halbuki Rio, en fazla Facebook kullanıcı sa-
ması son derece önemlidir ve gerek komşularıyla
yısına sahiptir.
olan gerekse deniz aşırı diğer ülkelerle deniz tica-
D) Kaliforniya’nın Menlo Park kenti, dünyanın en retini geliştirmesi gerekmektedir.
yoğun nüfuslu şehirlerinden biri ve Facebook’un
genel merkezinin bulunduğu kent olabilir, ama
Rio’nun, en fazla Facebook kullanıcı sayısına
sahip olduğu bilinmektedir.
E) Kaliforniya’nın Menlo Park şehri, dünyanın en
yoğun nüfuslu şehirlerinden biri ve Facebook’un
genel merkezinin bulunduğu kent olsa da, Rio, en
fazla Facebook kullanıcı sayısına sahip olmakla
övünebilir.
346
3. According to international research, it is highly 4. Almost all educators agree on the fact that the
likely that in 50 years’ time, the existing fossil biggest obstacle in the way of a person learning
fuels will have run out, so this forces scientists a foreign language is that she does not have the
and researchers to explore renewable energy necessary perseverance.
and other alternative resources and to focus on A) Yabancı dil öğrenmekte olan bir kişinin önündeki
generating related projects. en büyük engelin bu konuda yeterli kararlılığı gös-
A) Uluslararası araştırmalara göre, 50 yıl içinde fosil termemesi hemen hemen bütün eğitimcilerin üze-
yakıtların tükenmesi muhtemeldir, ve bu durum rinde hemfikir oldukları bir konudur.
bilim adamlarını yenilenebilir enerji ve diğer alter- B) Hemen hemen bütün eğitimciler, yabancı dil öğ-
natif kaynaklarına odaklanmaya zorlamaktadır. renmekte olan bir kişinin önündeki en büyük enge-
B) Uluslararası araştırmalara göre, 50 yıl içinde mev- lin, o kişinin bu konuda yeterli kararlılığı gösterme-
cut fosil yakıtların tükenmesi son derece olasıdır, mesi olduğu konusunda hemfikirdir.
dolayısıyla bu durum bilim insanlarını ve araştır- C) Neredeyse bütün eğitimciler, kişinin yabancı dil
macıları yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını ve diğer öğrenirken karşılaştığı en büyük engelin, bu ko-
alternatif kaynakları keşfetmeye ve ilgili projeler nuda yeterli kararlılığı göstermemesi olduğu konu-
üretmeye odaklanmaya zorlamaktadır. sunda görüş birliği içindedir.
C) Uluslararası araştırmalar göstermektedir ki 50 yıl D) Yabancı dil öğrenmekte olan bir kişinin önündeki
içinde fosil yakıtların tükenmesi son derece ola- en büyük engellerden birinin bu konuda yeterli ka-
sıdır ve bu durumda bilim insanları yenilenebilir rarlılığı göstermemesi hemen hemen bütün eğitim-
enerji ve diğer alternatif enerji kaynaklarına keş- cilerin üzerinde hemfikir oldukları bir konudur.
fetmeye ve ilgili projeler üretmeye zorlanmaktadır.
E) Hemen hemen bütün eğitimcilerin üzerinde hem
D) Uluslararası çok sayıda araştırmaya göre, 50 yıl- fikir oldukları konulardan biri, yabancı dil öğren-
DENİZ PINAR
dan daha kısa bir sürede fosil yakıtların tükenmesi mekte olan bir kişinin önündeki en büyük engelin
son derece olasıdır ve bu durum karşısında bilim bu konuda yeterli kararlılığı göstermemesi olduğu-
insanları ve araştırmacılar yenilenebilir enerji kay- dur.
nakları ve diğer alternatif kaynaklara odaklanmak
zorunda kalmışlardır.
E) Uluslararası araştırmalara göre, 50 yıl içinde fosil
yakıtların tükenme ihtimali oldukça yüksektir ve bu
durum bilim insanlarının yenilenebilir enerji kay-
naklarına ve diğer alternatif kaynakları keşfetmesi-
ni ve bunlarla alakalı projeler geliştirmesini mecbur
kılmıştır.
347
5. One of the most fundamental things to do 6. According to recent scientific research, talking
for sustainable development is to continue on the phone for more than 1 hour a day may kill
implementing the programs that have successfully cerebral cells and lead one to have cancer at an
been carried out thus far with a coordination early age.
of both governmental and non-governmental A) Son dönemde yapılan bilimsel araştırmalara gös-
organizations. termiştir ki cep telefonuyla günde 1 saatten fazla
A) Sürdürülebilir kalkınma için yapılması gereken ge- konuşmak beyin hücrelerini öldürmekte hatta kişi-
reken temel şey, şu ana kadar başarıyla yürütül- nin erken yaşta kansere yakalanmasına bile yol
müş programları uygulamaya hükümet ve sivil top- açabilmektedir.
lum kuruluşlarının işbirliği içinde devam etmektir. B) Son dönemde yapılan bilimsel araştırmalara göre,
B) Sürdürülebilir kalkınma için yapılması gereken ge- cep telefonuyla günde 1 saat konuşmak beyin
reken en temel şeylerden biri, şu ana kadar ba- hücrelerini öldürür ve kişinin erken yaşta kansere
şarılı bir şekilde uygulanmış olan programları hü- yakalanmasına yol açar.
kümet ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının işbirliği içinde C) Son dönemde yapılan bilimsel araştırmalara göre,
uygulamaya devam etmektir. cep telefonuyla günde 1 saatten fazla konuşmak
C) Sürdürülebilir kalkınma için yapılması gereken ge- beyin hücrelerini öldürmekte ve kişinin erken yaşta
reken temel şeylderden biri, şu ana kadarki başa- kansere yakalanmasına yol açabilmektedir.
rılı programların uygulanmasının, hükümet ve sivil D) Son dönemde yapılan bilimsel araştırmalara gös-
toplum kuruluşlarının işbirliğini gözeterek devam termektedir ki cep telefonuyla günde 1 saatten
ettirilmesidir. fazla konuşmak beyin hücrelerini öldürmekte ve ki-
D) Sürdürülebilir kalkınma için yapılması gereken ge- şinin erken yaşta kansere yakalanmasına bile yol
reken en temel şey, hükümet ve sivil toplum ku- açabilmektedir.
DENİZ PINAR
ruluşlarının şu ana kadar başarılı bir şekilde yü- E) Son dönemde yapılan bilimsel araştırmalara göre,
rütülmüş programları, işbirliği içinde uygulamaya cep telefonuyla günde 1 saatten az bile konuşmak
devam etmesini sağlamaktır. beyin hücrelerini öldürmekte ve kişinin erken yaşta
E) Sürdürülebilir kalkınma için yapılması gereken ge- kansere yakalanmasına yol açabilmektedir.
reken temel şeylderden biri, şu ana kadar başarıy-
la yürütülmüş programları hükümet ve sivil toplum
kuruluşlarının işbirliğiyle uygulamaya devam et-
mektir.
348
7. The fact that arable lands have considerably 8. Numerous academicians are of the opinion that the
become scarce especially in the last decade existing development gap between the northern
indicates that in the years to come, such problems and southern countries rises from the fact that the
as malnutrition and famine will occur first in north has historically acted with colonial mentality.
agricultural countries then in other parts of the A) Çok sayıda akademisyen, Kuzey ve Güney ülke-
world. leri arasındaki mevcut gelişmişlik farkının tarihsel
A) Ekilebilir arazilerin son yıllarda önemli ölçüde azal- olarak, Kuzey’in sömürge zihniyetiyle hareket et-
mış olması, önümüzdeki yıllarda önce tarım ülke- mesinden kaynaklandığına inanmaktadır.
lerinde daha sonra da diğer ülkelerde yetersiz bes- B) Çok sayıda akademisyene bakılacak olursa,
lenme ve kıtlık gibi sorunların ortaya çıkacağını Kuzey ve Güney ülkeleri arasındaki gelişmişlik
göstermektedir. farkı, Kuzey’in tarihsel olarak sömürge mentalite-
B) Ekilebilir araziler son yıllarda önemli ölçüde azal- siyle hareket etmesinden kaynaklanıyor olabilir.
mıştır, bu da önümüzdeki yıllarda önce tarımla ge- C) Birçok akademisyen, Kuzey ve Güney ülkeleri ara-
çinen ülkelerde daha sonra da diğer ülkelerde ye- sındaki mevcut gelişmişlik farkının tarihsel sürece
tersiz beslenme ve kıtlık gibi sorunların ortaya çı- parallel olacak şekilde, Kuzey’in sömürge zihniye-
kacağına işaret etmektedir. tiyle hareket etmesinden kaynaklandığına inan-
C) Ekilebilir arazilerin önemli ölçüde azalmış olması, maktadır.
önümüzdeki on yıl içinde önce tarım ülkelerinde D) Çok az sayıda akademisyen, Kuzey ve Güney ül-
daha sonra da diğer ülkelerde yetersiz beslenme keleri arasındaki mevcut gelişmişlik farkının tarih-
ve kıtlık gibi sorunların ortaya çıkacağını göster- sel olarak, Kuzey’in sömürge duygusuyla hareket
mektedir. etmesinden kaynaklandığına inanmaktadır.
D) Ekilebilir arazilerin özellikle son on yılda önemli E) Akademisyenlerin büyük bir kısmı, Kuzey ve
DENİZ PINAR
ölçüde azalmış olması, önümüzdeki yıllarda önce Güney ülkeleri arasındaki mevcut gelişmişlik far-
tarım ülkelerinde daha sonra da dünyanın diğer kının tarih incelendiğinde, Kuzey’in sömürge men-
bölgelerinde yetersiz beslenme ve kıtlık gibi sorun- talitesiyle hareket etmesinden kaynaklandığını sa-
ların ortaya çıkacağını göstermektedir. vunmaktadır.
E) Ekilebilir arazilerin özellikle son on yılda önemli
ölçüde azalmış olması, önümüzdeki yıllarda önce
tarım ülkelerinde daha sonra da diğer ülkelerde
yetersiz beslenme ve kıtlık gibi sorunların ortaya
çıkacağını göstermektedir.
349
9. Given that some European countries have 10. Tears, thanks to the miraculous chemical elements
difficulties in exerting such notions as religion, they contain, not only keep the eyes clean and
ethnicity, and language as not elements that protect them from microbes but relieve the eyes
does not isolate people but unify them, it is as well.
understandable that vital issues like racism and A) Gözyaşı, içindeki mucizevi kimyasal maddeler se-
xenophobia catch on in these countries. bebiyle hem gözleri temiz tutar ve mikroplardan
A) Avrupa’da bazı ülkelerin, din, etnik kimlik ve dil gibi korur hem de gözlerin rahatlamasını sağlar.
kavramları insanları dışlayan değil birleştiren öge- B) Gözyaşları, içerdiği kimyasal maddeler sayesinde
ler olarak kullanmakta zorlandığı dikkate alınacak hem gözleri temiz tutarak mikroplardan koruyabilir
olursa, ırkçılık ve yabancı düşmanlığı gibi hayati hem de gözlerin rahatlamasını sağlayabilir.
sorunların bu ülkelerde neden popüler olduğu an-
C) Gözyaşları, içerdiği mucizevi kimyasal maddeler
laşılabilir.
sayesinde sadece gözleri temiz tutmakla ve mik-
B) Bazı Avrupalı ülkeler, din, etnik kimlik ve dil gibi roplardan korumakla kalmaz aynı zamanda gözleri
unsurları insanları dışlayan değil birleştiren öge- rahatlatır.
ler olarak kullanmakta zorlanmaktadır, dolayısıyla,
D) Gözyaşı, içindeki kimyasal maddeler sebebiyle sa-
ırkçılık ve yabancı düşmanlığı gibi hayati sorunla-
dece gözleri temiz tutmak suretiyle mikroplardan
rın bu ülkelerde neden popüler olduğu anlaşılabilir
korumakla kalmaz aynı zamanda gözlerin rahatla-
bir konudur.
masını da sağlar.
C) Avrupa’da birçok ülkenin, din, etnik kimlik ve dil
E) Gözyaşı, içerdiği mucizevi kimyasal maddeler sa-
gibi unsurları insanları dışlayan değil birleştiren
yesinde sadece gözleri temiz tutup mikroplardan
ögeler olarak kullanmakta zorlandığı gözönünde
korumakla kalmaz aynı zamanda gözlerin rahatla-
bulunduracak olursak, ırkçılık ve yabancı düşman-
masını da sağlar.
lığı gibi tehlikeli sorunların bu ülkelerde neden po-
DENİZ PINAR
püler olduğu anlaşılabilir.

D) Avrupa’da birçok ülke, din, etnik kimlik ve dil gibi
kavramları insanları dışlayan değil birleştiren kav-
ramlar olarak kullanmakta zorlanmaktadır, bu yüz-
den, ırkçılık ve yabancı düşmanlığı gibi hayati so-
runlar, bu ülkelerde son derece popülerdir.
E) Avrupa’da bazı ülkelerin, din, etnik kimlik ve dil
gibi kavramları insanları dışlayan değil birleştiren
kavramlar olarak kullanmakta zorlandığını dikkate
alırsak, ırkçılık ve yabancı düşmanlığı gibi hayati
sorunların bu ülkelerde neden bu kadar popüler
olduğunu da anlayabiliriz.
350
11. Today, as Levitsky and Ziblatt underscore in their 12. One of the suggestions doctors make for patients
latest book How Democracies Die, democracies with cancer is that they should keep their hopes
are dying in slower and more subtle ways - and and be optimist about the future, for it’s a scientific
Western democracies, including the United States, fact that good thinking triggers curative hormones
are not immune. in the body.
A) Levitsky ve Ziblatt’ın How Democracies Die adlı A) Kanser hastaları için doktorların önerdiği şeyler-
son kitaplarında, günümüzde, demokrasilerin den biri umutlarını korumaları ve gelecekle ilgili
daha yavaş ve daha zor algılanan şekillerde öl- iyimser olmalarıdır çünkü iyi düşüncenin vücutta
mekte olduğunu ve ABD dahil Batı demokrasileri- hastalığı tedavi edici hormonları harekete geçirdiği
nin de bu durumdan muaf olmadığını vurgulamak- bilimsel bir gerçektir.
tadır. B) Kanser hastalarına doktorların en fazla önerdiği
B) Günümüzde, Levitsky ve Ziblatt’ın How şeylerden biri umutlarını korumaları ve gelecekle
Democracies Die adlı son kitaplarında iddia ettik- ilgili iyimser olmalarıdır çünkü iyi düşünce vücutta
lerinin aksine, demokrasiler daha yavaş ve daha hastalığı tedavi edici hormonlar salgılar.
zor algılanan şekillerde ölmektedir ve ABD dahil C) Doktorlar kanserli hastalarına umutlarını koruma-
Batı demokrasileri de bu durumdan muaf değildir. ları ve gelecekle ilgili iyimser olmalarıdını tavsiye
C) Günümüzde, Levitsky ve Ziblatt’ın How eder çünkü iyi düşüncenin vücutta hastalığı tedavi
Democracies Die adlı son kitaplarında vurgula- edici hormonlar salgıladığı bilimsel bir gerçektir.
dıkları gibi, demokrasiler daha yavaş ve daha zor D) İyi düşüncenin vücutta hastalığı tedavi edici hor-
algılanan şekillerde ölmektedir ve ABD dahil Batı monlar salgıladığı bilimsel bir gerçek olduğu için,
demokrasileri de bu durumdan muaf değildir. doktorların kanser hastalarına önerdiği şeylerden
D) How Democracies Die adlı son kitaplarında biri umutlarını korumaları ve gelecekle ilgili iyimser
DENİZ PINAR
Levitsky ve Ziblatt, bugün demokrasilerin daha olmalarıdır.

yavaş ve daha zor algılanan şekillerde ölmekte ol- E) İyi düşüncenin vücutta hastalığı tedavi edici hor-
duğunu ve ABD dahil Batı demokrasilerinin de bu monlar salgıladığı bilimsel bir gerçektir, bu yüzden,
durumdan muaf olmadığını iddia etmektedir. kanser hastalarına doktorların en fazla önerdiği
E) Bugün, Levitsky ve Ziblatt’ın How Democracies şeylerden biri umutlarını korumaları ve gelecekle
Die adlı son kitaplarında vurgulandığı üzere, de- ilgili iyimser olmalarıdır.
mokrasiler yavaş ve zor algılanan şekillerde öl-
mektedir ve ABD dahil Batı demokrasileri de bu
durumdan muaf değildir.
351
13. According to scientists, one of the reasons that 14. Humanity has reached a really dazzling level in
the corpses of some French children do not terms of civilization; even so, it is saddening that
st
decompose is the additives they took in through even in the 21 century we live in, violations of
processed and packaged food. human rights cannot be prevented in some parts
A) Bilim adamlarına göre, bazı Fransız çocuklarının of the world.
cesetleri çürümemiştir, bunun sebebi çocukların iş- A) İnsanlık medeniyet bakımından gerçekten baş
lenmiş ve paketlenmiş yiyeceklerden aldıkları katkı döndürücü bir seviyeye ulaşmış olmasına rağmen
maddeleridir. içinde bulunduğumuz 21. Yüzyılda dahi düyanın
B) Bazı Fransız çocuklarının cesetlerinin çürümeme- bazı bölgelerinde hala insan hakları ihlallerinin
sinin sebeplerinden biri, bilim adamlarına göre, bu önüne geçilemiyor olması gerçekten üzücüdür.
çocukların işlenmiş ve paketlenmiş yiyecekleri tü- B) İnsanlık medeniyet bakımından gerçekten baş
ketirken aldıkları katkı maddeleridir. döndürücü bir seviyeye ulaşmıştır ne var ki içinde
C) Bilim adamları, bazı Fransız çocuklarının cesetle- bulunduğumuz 21. Yüzyılda dahi düyanın bazı böl-
rinin çürümemesini, bu çocukların işlenmiş ve pa- gelerinde hala insan hakları ihlallerinin önüne ge-
ketlenmiş yiyeceklerden aldıkları katkı maddeleri- çilemiyor olması üzücüdür.
ne bağlamaktadır. C) İnsanlık medeniyet bakımından gerçekten baş
D) Bilim adamlarına göre, bazı Fransız çocuklarının döndürücü bir seviyeye ulaşmış olsa da ne yazık
cesetleri, işlenmiş ve paketlenmiş yiyeceklerden ki, 21. Yüzyılda dahi düyanın bazı bölgelerinde
aldıkları katkı maddeleri yüzünden çürümemekte- hala insan hakları ihlallerinin önüne geçilememek-
dir. tedir ve bu durum son derece üzücüdür.
E) Bilim adamlarına göre son yıllarda, bazı Fransız D) İnsanlık medeniyet bakımından gerçekten baş
çocuklarının cesetlerinin çürümemesinin sebeple- döndürücü bir seviyeye ulaşmış olmasınakarşın,
DENİZ PINAR
rinden biri, bu çocukların işlenmiş ve paketlenmiş üzücü olan şey içinde bulunduğumuz 21. Yüzyılda
yiyeceklerden aldıkları katkı maddeleridir. dahi düyanın bazı bölgelerinde hala insan hakları
ihlallerinin önüne geçilemiyor olmasıdır.
E) İnsanlığın medeniyet bakımından ulaşmış olduğu
seviye gerçekten baş döndürücüdür ancak içinde
bulunduğumuz 21. Yüzyılda dahi düyanın bazı böl-
gelerinde hala insan hakları ihlallerinin önüne ge-
çilemiyor olması hepimizi üzmektedir.
352
15. Much as such grave problems as deforestation, 16. The biggest investment would be that made in
global warming, environmental pollution, and humans, which is why the fact that the budget
malnutrition, still remain to be solved by the allocated for education has considerably been
international community, only some sensitive augmented in recent years is a beacon of hope for
countries are contributing to the solution of these the future of the country.
problems. A) En büyük yatırım insana yapılan yatırımdır, bun-
A) Orman tahribatı, küresel ısınma, çevre kirliliği ve dan dolayıdır ki eğitime ayrılan bütçe son yıllarda
yetersiz beslenme gibi ciddi problemler uluslar önemli ölçüde artırılmıştır ve bu durum ülkenin ge-
arası kamuoyunun çözmesi gereken sorunlar ola- leceği için önemli bir gelişmedir.
rak hala durmasına rağmen, bu sorunların çözü- B) En büyük yatırım insana yapılan yatırımdır, buna
müne sadece duyarlı bazı ülkeler katkı sağlamak- paralel olarak eğitime ayrılan bütçenin son yıllarda
tadır. önemli ölçüde artmış olması ülkenin geleceği için
B) Orman tahribatı, küresel ısınma, çevre kirliliği ve bir umut ışığı olmuştur.
yetersiz beslenme gibi ciddi problemleri uluslar C) En büyük yatırımın insana yapılan yatırım olması
arası kamuoyunun çözmesi gerekmektedir ancak, bir gerçektir, bu gerçekten hareketle eğitime ayrılan
bu sorunların çözümüne sadece duyarlı bazı ülke- bütçenin son yıllarda önemli ölçüde artmış olması
ler katkı sağlamaktadır. ülkenin geleceği için umut verici bir gelişmedir.
C) Orman tahribatı, küresel ısınma, çevre kirliliği ve D) En büyük yatırımın insana yapılan yatırım olması
yetersiz beslenme, gibi ciddi problemler uluslar gerçeğine karşın, eğitime ayrılan bütçenin son yıl-
arası kamuoyu tarafından çözülmesi gereken so- larda önemli ölçüde azalmış olması ülkenin gele-
runlar olarak hala durmasına rağmen, bu sorun- ceği için üzücü bir durumdur.
ların çözümüne sadece duyarlı bazı ülkeler katkı
E) En büyük yatırım insana yapılan yatırımdır, ki
sağlamaktadır.
DENİZ PINAR
bu yüzden eğitime ayrılan bütçenin son yıllarda

D) Orman tahribatı, küresel ısınma, çevre kirliliği ve önemli ölçüde artmış olması ülkenin geleceği için
yetersiz beslenme gibi ciddi problemlerin çözü- bir umut ışığı olmuştur.
müne sadece duyarlı bazı ülkeler katkı sağladığı
için, bu sorunlar uluslar arası kamuoyu tarafından
çözülmesi gereken sorunlar olarak hala durmaya
devam etmektedir.
E) Orman tahribatı, küresel ısınma, çevre kirliliği ve
yetersiz beslenme gibi ciddi problemler uluslar
arası kamuoyunun çözmesi gereken sorunlar ola-
rak kalmıştır çünkü, bu sorunların çözümüne sa-
dece duyarlı bazı ülkeler katkı sağlayabilmektedir.
353
17. Presented as the biggest civilization project that 18. There were a number of complex factors that
man has developed thus far, the European Union, if helped to establish the conditions necessary for
not wishing to lose its credibility in the eyes of the the Great Depression, and adherence to the gold
eastern nations altogether, had better relinquish standard was just one of those factors.
its hypocrite policy. A) Büyük Bunalım için gerekli şartları tesis etmeye yar-
A) Avrupa Birliği, şu ana kadar insanlığın geliştirdiği dımcı olan çok sayıda faktör vardı ve altın standar-
en büyük medeniyet projesi olarak sunulmaktadır, dına bağlı kalmak bu faktörlerden en önemlisiydi.
ne var ki doğu ülkelerinin gözündeki inanılırlığını B) Büyük Bunalım için gerekli şartları tesis eden bir
tamamen kaybetmek istemiyorsa, ikiyüzlü siyase- kaç faktör vardı ve altın standardına bağlı kalmak
tini terk etmelidir. bu faktörlerden sadece biriydi.
B) Şu ana kadar insanlığın geliştirdiği en büyük me- C) Büyük Bunalım için gerekli şartları tesis etmeye
deniyet projesi olarak sunulan Avrupa Birliği’nin, yardımcı olan çok sayıda faktör vardı ama altın
doğu ülkelerinin gözündeki inanılırlığını tamamen standardına bağlı kalmak bu faktörlerin en önemli-
kaybetmemek için, ikiyüzlü siyasetini terk etmesi lerinden biriydi.
gerekmektedir.
D) Büyük Bunalım için gerekli şartları tesis etmeye
C) Avrupa Birliği’nin insanlığın şu ana kadar geliştirdi- yardımcı olan çeşitli faktörler vardı ve altın standar-
ği en büyük medeniyet projesi olduğu bir gerçektir, dına bağlı kalmak bu faktörlerden sadece biriydi.
ama doğu ülkelerinin gözündeki inanılırlığını tama-
E) Çeşitli faktörler Büyük Bunalım için gerekli şartları
men kaybetmek istemiyorsa, Avrupa Birliği ikiyüzlü
tesis etmeye yardımcı olmuştur ve altın standardı-
siyasetini terk etse iyi olur.
na bağlı kalmak bu faktörlerden sadece biridir.
D) İnsanlığın şu ana kadar geliştirdiği en büyük me-
deniyet projesi olarak sunulan Avrupa Birliği, doğu
DENİZ PINAR
ülkelerinin gözündeki inanılırlığını tamamen kay-

betmek istemiyorsa, ikiyüzlü siyasetini terk etse iyi
olur.
E) İnsanlığın, tarih boyunca geliştirdiği en büyük me-
deniyet projesi olarak sunulan Avrupa Birliği, doğu
ülkelerinin gözündeki inanılırlığını kaybetmek iste-
miyorsa, ikiyüzlü siyasetini terk etmelidir.
354
3. That people have lost their hope of civil politics

SET 5 and escaped to football area is the most significant
political result of it.
yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz. A) Futbolun en önemli siyasi sonuçlarından biri sivil
siyasetten umudunu kesen insanların bir kaçış
1. Gender is often closely related to what type of fatal alanı olmasıdır.
crash a young male or young female driver will be
B) İnsanların sivil siyasetten umudunu keserek futbol
involved in.
alanına kaçması, futbolun en önemli siyasi sonu-
A) Cinsiyet, genç bir erkek ya da genç bir kadın sürü- cudur.
cünün ne tür bir kazaya karışacağıyla son derece
C) İnsanların sivil siyasetten umudunu kesmesi ve
yakından ilgilidir.
futbol alanına kaçması, onun en önemli siyasi so-
B) Cinsiyet, genç bir erkek ya da genç bir kadın sürü- nuçlarından biridir.
cünün ne tür bir ölümcül kazaya karışacağıyla ge-
D) Sivil siyasetten umudunu kesen insanlar futbola
nellikle yakından ilgilidir.
yönelirler ve bu da futbolun siyasi sonuçlarından
C) Cinsiyet faktörünün, genç bir erkek veya genç bir biridir.
kadın sürücünün ne tür bir ölümcül kazaya karışa-
E) Futbolun en önemli siyasi sonucu sivil siyasetten
cağıyla genellikle yakından ilgili olduğu belirtilmiştir.
umudunu kesen ve futbola yönelen insanların bir
D) Cinsiyet faktörü, genç bir erkek ya da genç bir kaçış alanı olmasıdır.
kadın sürücünün ölümcül bir kazaya karışıp karış-
mayacağıyla genellikle yakından ilgilidir.
E) Cinsiyet, genç bir erkek ya da genç bir kadın sürü-
cünün ne tür bir ölümcül kazaya karışacağıyla ke-
DENİZ PINAR
sinlikle yakından ilgili değildir.
2. Songs from around the world share features,

including a strong rhythm, that enable coordination 4. Magnetism is a set of phenomena associated with
in social situations and encourage group bonding. magnets and with moving electric charges, both
A) Bütün dünyadaki şarkılar, sosyal durumlarda koor- of which produce magnetic field in the space
dinasyonu sağlayan ve grup bağlılığını teşvik eden surrounding them.
ortak özelliklere sahiptir ve güçlü bir ritim bunlara A) Etraflarındaki boşlukta manyetik alan oluşturan
dâhildir. mıknatıslar ve hareket halindeki elektrik yükleriyle
B) Bütün dünyada şarkılar, sosyal durumlarda koordi- ilgilen bilim dalı manyetizmadır.
nasyonu sağlamayı ve grup bağlılığını teşvik eden B) Manyetizma, çevrelerindeki boşlukta manyetik
güçlü bir ritim gibi ortak özelliklere sahiptir. alan oluşturarak hareket eden elektrik yükleri ve
C) Bütün dünyadaki şarkılar, güçlü bir ritim de dâhil mıknatısların oluşturduğu bir dizi fenomendir.
olmak üzere, sosyal durumlarda koordinasyo- C) Manyetizma, etraflarındaki boşlukta manyetik alan
nu sağlayan ve grup bağlılığını teşvik eden ortak oluşturan mıknatıslar ve hareket halindeki elektrik
özelliklere sahiptir. yükleri ile ilişkili bir dizi fenomendir.
D) Bütün dünyadaki şarkılar ortak özelliklere sahiptir D) Çevrelerindeki boşlukta manyetik alan oluşturan
ve güçlü bir ritim de dâhil olmak üzere bu özellikler mıknatıslar ve hareket halindeki elektrik yükleri bir
sosyal durumlarda koordinasyonu sağlar ve grup araya geldiğinde manyetizma fenomeni meydana
bağlılığını teşvik eder. gelir.
E) Dünyadaki bütün şarkıların, güçlü bir ritim dâhil E) Manyetizma, mıknatıslar ve hareket halindeki
olmak üzere ortak özellikleri vardır ve bu özellik- elektrik yükleri etraflarındaki boşlukta manyetik
ler sosyal durumlarda koordinasyonu sağlamaya alan oluşturduğunda meydana gelen bir dizi feno-
yardımcı olmakla kalmaz grup bağlılığını da teşvik mendir.
eder.
355
5. Speakers of a language recognize the grammatical 7. Romanticism denotes a period in European culture
sentences of their language and know how the from the late eighteenth to the early nineteenth
words in a grammatical sentence must be ordered century in which radical changes occurred in
and grouped. intellectual, artistic and social patterns.
A) Bir dilin konuşmacıları dillerindeki dil bilgisel cüm- A) Romantizm, 18. yüzyılın sonlarından 19. Yüzyılın
leleri tanırlar ve dil bilgisel bir cümlede kelimelerin başlarına kadar, entelektüel, sanatsal ve sos-
nasıl sıralanması ve gruplandırılması gerektiğini yal kalıplarda köklü değişikliklerin ortaya çıktığı,
bilirler. Avrupa kültüründeki bir dönemi gösterir.
B) Bir dilin konuşmacıları, dillerindeki dil bilgisel cüm- B) 18. yüzyılın sonlarından 19. yüzyılın başlarına
leleri tanımalı ve dil bilgisel bir cümlede kelimelerin kadar süren ve Avrupa kültüründeki bir dönem
nasıl sıralanması ve gruplandırılması gerektiğini olarak adlandırılan Romantizm entelektüel, sanat-
sal ve sosyal kalıplarda köklü değişikliklerin ortaya
bilmelidirler.
çıktığı bir dönemdir.
C) Dil bilgisel cümleleri tanımak ve dil bilgisel bir cüm-
C) Romantizm, 18. yüzyılın sonlarından 19. Yüzyılın
lede kelimelerin nasıl sıralanması ve gruplandırıl-
başlarına kadar süregelen ve entelektüel, sanatsal
ması gerektiğini bilmek bir dilin konuşmacıları için
ve sosyal kalıplarda değişikliklerin meydana geldi-
önemlidir.
ği bir döneme işaret eder.
D) Bir dilin konuşmacıları sadece dillerindeki dil bilgi-
D) Entelektüel, sanatsal ve sosyal kalıplarda köklü
sel cümleleri tanımakla kalmaz aynı zamanda dil
değişikliklerin meydana geldiği, 18. yüzyılın son-
bilgisel bir cümlede kelimelerin nasıl sıralanması
larından 19. yüzyılın başlarına kadar süregelen ve
ve gruplandırılması gerektiğini de bilirler.
Avrupa kültürünü etkileyen dönem Romantizm ola-
E) Bir dilin konuşmacıları dillerindeki dil bilgisel cüm- rak adlandırılır.
leleri tanımasa dahi dil bilgisel bir cümlede kelime- E) Romantizm, 18. yüzyıldan 19. yüzyıla kadar, en-
DENİZ PINAR
lerin nasıl sıralanması ve gruplandırılması gerekti- telektüel, sanatsal ve sosyal kalıplarda köklü de-
ğini bilirler. ğişikliklerin ortaya çıktığı, Avrupa kültüründeki bir
dönemi gösterir.
8. The philosopher and writer Jean Jacques

6. Spider silk cannot economically be converted into
Rousseau believed that individuals in a state of
silk cloth for human use, nevertheless, it has been
nature were morally superior to those living in
used for the cross-wires of optical instruments.
modern, civilized society.
A) Örümcek ipeği ekonomik olarak insan kullanımı
A) Filozof ve yazar Jean Jacques Rousseau’a göre
amaçlı ipek kumaşına dönüştürülememekte ve bu
doğada yaşayan insanlar modern ve çağdaş top-
nedenle sadece optik aletlerin çapraz tellerinde
lumda yaşayanlara göre etik anlamda daha üstün-
kullanılmaktadır.
lerdir.
B) Örümcek ipeği insan kullanımı amacıyla ipek ku-
B) Filozof ve yazar Jean Jacques Rousseau, doğa-
maşına dönüştürülemese de hala optik aletlerin
daki insanların modern ve çağdaş toplumda yaşa-
çapraz tellerinde kullanılmaktadır. yanlardan etik olarak daha üstün olduklarını düşü-
C) Optik aletlerin çapraz tellerinde kullanılan örümcek nüyordu.
ipeği ekonomik olarak insan kullanımı amaçlı ipek C) Doğada yaşayan bireylerin modern ve çağdaş
kumaşına dönüştürülemiyor. toplumda yaşayanlardan etik olarak üstün ol-
D) Örümcek ipeği ekonomik olarak insan kullanı- duğuna inanan filozof ve yazar Jean Jacques
mı amaçlı ipek kumaşına dönüştürülebilir ancak, Rousseau’dur.
daha çok optik aletlerin çapraz tellerinde kullanıl- D) Filozof ve yazar Jean Jacques Rousseau doğa-
maktadır. daki bireylerin, modern ve çağdaş toplumda yaşa-
E) Örümcek ipeği ekonomik olarak insan kullanımı yanlardan etik olarak üstün olduklarına inanıyordu.
amaçlı ipek kumaşına dönüştürülemez ancak, E) Filozof ve yazar Jean Jacques Rousseau modern
optik aletlerin çapraz tellerinde kullanılmaktadır. ve çağdaş toplumda yaşayan bireylerin doğadaki-
ler kadar etik olmadığına inanıyordu.
356
9. The water taken in with the food brings about 11. To avoid erosion on the hills, footpaths have been
harm rather than providing benefits for one, as the established so that the land is not eroded away by
water, in this way, weakens the strength of the acid the millions of walkers that go there every year.
secreted by the stomach, thus slowing down the A) Tepelerdeki erozyonun önüne geçmek için, oraya
digestion process. her yıl giden milyonlarca yaya araziyi aşındırmasın
A) Yemekle beraber vücuda alınan su insana fayda diye yaya yolları inşa edildi.
sağlamaktan ziyade zarara sebep olur, çünkü su,
B) Tepelerdeki erozyonu önlemek ancak, oraya her
bu şekilde, mide tarafından salgılanan asidin gü-
yıl giden milyonlarca yaya tarafından arazinin
cünü zayıflatır ve böylece sindirim sürecini yavaş-
aşınmaması için yaya yollarının yapılmasıyla
latır.
mümkün olabilirdi.
B) Yemekle beraber vücuda alınan su insana fayda
C) Tepelerdeki erozyonu durdurmak için yaya yolları
değil zarar vermektedir çünkü bu şekilde alınan su
inşa edildi ve böylelikle her yıl oraya giden milyon-
midede salgılanan enzimleri zayıflatır ve sindirim
larca yaya tarafından arazi artık aşınmıyor.
sürecini yavaşlatır.
D) Tepelerdeki erozyonu önlemek için, oraya her yıl
C) Yemekle beraber vücuda alınan su insana fayda
giden milyonlarca yaya tarafından arazi aşınmasın
yerine zarar vermektedir çünkü bu şekilde su mi-
diye yaya yolları yapıldı.
denin salgıladığı asidin gücünü zayıflatır ve böyle-
ce sindirim sürecini yavaşlatır. E) Tepelerdeki erozyonu engellemek için, orayı her
D) Yemekle beraber vücuda alınan su midenin salgı- yıl ziyaret eden milyonlarca yaya araziyi aşındır-
ladığı asidin gücünü zayıflatır ve böylece sindirim masın diye yaya yolları inşa edilmeli.
sürecini yavaşlatır bu yüzden insana faydadan zi-
yade zarara yol açar.
E) Yemekle beraber vücuda alınan su midenin salgı-
DENİZ PINAR
12. Such universal values as democracy, human rights

ladığı asidin gücünü zayıflatacağı ve bunu da do-
and freedoms, transparency, and accountability
layısıyla sindirim sürecini yavaşlatacağı için bu şe-
have become irrevocable and inalienable values
kilde su insana faydadan ziyade zarara sebep olur.
today for the countries that believe in democracy.
A) Demokrasi, insan hakları ve özgürlükleri, şeffaflık
ve hesap verebilirlik gibi değerler, günümüzde de-
10. As long as schools are places where students mokrasiye inanmış bütün ülkeler için evrensel de-
receive only knowledge, the young will have a ğerler haline gelmiştir
slim chance to become successful in life after
B) Demokrasi, insan hakları ve özgürlükleri, şeffaf-
graduation.
lık ve hesap verebilirlik gibi evrensel değerler, gü-
A) Okullar, öğrencilerin sadece bilgiyi aldıkları kurum- nümüzde demokrasiye inanmış bütün ülkeler için
lar olursa, gençlerin mezun olduktan sonra, hayat- vazgeçilmez ve bir başkasına devredilemez de-
ta başarılı olabilme ihtimali son derece zayıftır. ğerler arasındadır.
B) Okullar, öğrencilerin sadece bilgiyi aldıkları ku-
C) Demokrasi, insan hakları ve özgürlükleri, şeffaflık
rumlar oldukları sürece, gençlerin mezun olduktan
ve hesap verebilirlik gibi evrensel değerler, günü-
sonra, hayatta başarılı olabilme ihtimali son dere-
müzde demokrasiye inanmış ülkeler için vazgeçil-
ce zayıftır.
mez ve bir başkasına devredilemez değerler hali-
C) Okullar, öğrencilerin sadece bilgiyi aldıkları ku- ne gelmiştir.
rumlar oldukları sürece gençlerin mezun olduktan
D) Günümüzde demokrasiye inanmış ülkeler için de-
sonra, hayatlarını başarılı bir şekilde idame etme
mokrasi, insan hakları ve özgürlükleri, şeffaflık ve
şansları son derece zayıf olacaktır.
hesap verebilirlik gibi evrensel değerler, vazgeçil-
D) Okulların, öğrencilerin sadece bilgiyi aldıkları ku-
mez ve bir başkasına devredilemez değerlerdir.
rumlar olması, gençlerin mezun olduktan sonra,
E) Demokrasi, insan hakları ve özgürlükleri, şeffaflık
hayatta başarılı olabilme şanslarını azaltmaktadır.
ve hesap verebilirlik gibi değerler günümüzde ev-
E) Okulların, öğrencilerin sadece bilgiyi aldıkları ku-
rensel değerler haline gelmiştir ve bu değerler de-
rumlar olmasından dolayı gençlerin mezun olduk-
mokrasiye gönülden inanmış ülkeler için ne vazge-
tan sonra, hayatta başarılı olabilme şansları son
çilebilir ne de bir başkasına devredilebilir.
derece zayıf olacaktır.
357
13. Based on experimental archaeology, it is agreed 14. Developed countries, if they are really sincere
that the objects discovered in Iraq, with some in terms of what should be done for the sake
modifications and the addition of an electrolyte of humanity, must write off the debts of poor
countries which are desperately struggling against
solution, are capable of functioning as a crude
such grave problems as hunger and drought.
battery.
A) Gelişmiş ülkeler şayet insanlık adına yapılması
A) Irak’ta keşfedilen objelerin, bazı değişiklikler ve gereken şeyler konusunda gerçekten samimi ol-
elektrolit çözeltinin eklenmesiyle basit pil ola- salardı, açlık ve kuraklık gibi büyük problemlerle
rak çalışabildiği deneysel arkeolojiye bağlı olarak çaresizce mücadele etmekte olan fakir ülkelerin
kabul edilmektedir. borçlarını silerlerdi.
B) Deneysel arkeolojiye bağlı olarak kabul edilen ger- B) Gelişmiş ülkeler eğer insanlık adına yapılması ge-
reken şeyler konusunda samimi iseler, açlık ve ku-
çek Irak’ta bulunan objelerin bazı değişiklikler ya-
raklık gibi büyük problemlerle çaresizce mücadele
pılması ve elektrolit çözeltinin eklenmesi suretiyle
etmekte olan fakir ülkelerin borçlarını silsinler.
basit pil olarak çalışabildiğidir.
C) Eğer gelişmiş ülkeler insanlık adına yapılması ge-
C) Arkeolojik deneyler esnasında Irak’ta keşfedilen reken şeyler konusunda gerçekten samimi iseler,
objelerin bazı değişiklikler yapılması ve elektrolit açlık ve kuraklık gibi ciddi sorunları çözebilmek
çözeltinin eklenmesi suretiyle basit pil olarak çalı- için çaresizce mücadele etmekte olan fakir ülkele-
şabildiği kabul edilmektedir. rin borçlarını silmelidirler.
D) Şayet insanlık adına yapılması gereken şeyler ko-
D) Irak’ta keşfedilen objelerin, bazı değişiklikler yapıl-
nusunda gerçekten samimi olsalar, gelişmiş ülke-
dığı ve elektrolit çözelti eklendiği takdirde basit pil
ler, açlık ve kuraklık gibi ciddi problemlerle çaresiz-
olarak çalışabildiği deneysel arkeolojiye bağlı ola- ce mücadele etmekte olan fakir ülkelerin borçlarını
rak iddia edilmektedir. silerlerdi.
DENİZ PINAR
E) Irak’ta arkeolojik deneyler esnasında keşfedilen E) Gelişmiş ülkeler şayet insanlık adına yapılması
objelerin, bazı değişiklikler ve elektrolit çözelti ek- gereken şeyler konusunda gerçekten samimi ise-
lenmesiyle basit pil olarak çalışabileceği kabul ler, açlık ve kuraklık gibi ciddi problemlerle çaresiz-
ce mücadele etmekte olan fakir ülkelerin borçlarını
edilmektedir.
silmelidirler.
15. Studies show that many offenders tend to end up

back in prison when they can’t find employment or
if they have strained family and marital relations.
A) Çalışmalar birçok suçlunun iş bulamadıkların-
da veya gergin aile ve evlilik ilişkileri varsa tekrar
hapse düşme eğiliminde olduğunu göstermektedir.
B) Çalışmalar iş bulamayan veya gergin aile veya ev-
lilik ilişkileri olan birçok suçlunun yeniden hapse
düşmeye meyilli olduğunu göstermektedir.
C) Suçluların çoğunun iş bulamadıklarında veya ger-
gin aile ve evlilik ilişkileri varsa tekrar hapse
düşme eğiliminde olduğu çalışmalarca ortaya kon-
muştur.
D) Çalışmalar suçluların çoğunun iş bulamamaları
durumunda veya aile ve evlilik ilişkileri gerginse
yeniden hapse düşmeye meyilli olduğunu göster-
mektedir.
E) Araştırmalara göre, iş bulamadıklarında veya ger-
gin aile ve evlilik ilişkileri varsa birçok suçlu er ya
da geç tekrar hapse düşecektir.
358
16. After assessing and diagnosing a patient, a 18. At the present consumption rate of helium in both
rehabilitation psychologist is usually responsible the public and private sector, the reserves are
for determining a proper treatment plan, which expected to run out in less than 30 years.
may include various forms of therapy. A) Hem kamu sektöründe hem de özel sektörde şu
A) Hastayı inceleyip teşhis koyduktan sonra, bir re- anki helyum tüketim oranında, rezervlerin otuz yılı
habilitasyon psikoloğu çoğunlukla, çeşitli tedavi aşkın bir sürede tükenmesi beklenmektedir.
biçimlerini içine alan uygun bir tedavi planı belirle- B) Mevcut tüketim oranlarıyla, hem kamu sektöründe
mek zorundadır. hem de özel sektörde helyum rezervlerinin otuz
B) Hastayı inceleyip teşhis koyduktan sonra, bir reha- yıldan daha kısa bir sürede tükeneceği beklen-
bilitasyon psikoloğunun sıklıkla görevi farklı farklı mektedir.
tedavi biçimlerini kapsayan uygun bir tedavi planı C) Mevcut tüketim oranında, kamu sektörünün yanı
belirlemektir. sıra özel sektörde de helyum rezervlerinin otuz yıl-
C) Bir rehabilitasyon psikoloğunun hastayı değerlen- dan kısa bir sürede tükeneceği ön görülmektedir.
dirdikten ve bir teşhis koyduktan sonraki görevi D) Hem kamu sektöründe hem de özel sektörde hel-
farklı tedavi biçimlerini içine alan uygun bir tedavi yum rezervlerinin, mevcut tüketim oranında, otuz
planı belirlemektir. yıl kadar kısa bir sürede tükeneceği tahmin edil-
D) Bir rehabilitasyon psikoloğu genellikle, hastayı in- mektedir.
celedikten ve teşhisi koyduktan sonra çeşitli tedavi E) Hem kamu sektöründe hem de özel sektörde mev-
biçimlerini kapsayabilen uygun bir tedavi planı be- cut helyum tüketim oranında, rezervlerin otuz yıl-
lirlemekten sorumludur. dan daha az bir sürede tükenmesi beklenmektedir.
E) Hastayı değerlendiren ve bir teşhis koyan bir re-
habilitasyon psikoloğunun sonraki sorumluluğu ço-
DENİZ PINAR
ğunlukla, çeşit çeşit tedavi biçimlerini içine alabilen

uygun bir tedavi programı belirlemektir.
17. In Britain, it is customary for people to take up

gardening as a hobby when they retire, as long as
they can still bend down.
A) Britanya’da emekliye ayrılmış insanlar geleneksel
bir biçimde halen eğilebildikleri müddetçe bahçeci-
liğe bir hobi olarak başlarlar.
B) Britanya’da insanların emekliye ayrıldıklarında
halen eğilebildikleri takdirde bahçeciliğe bir hobi
olarak başlamaları alışılagelmiş bir şeydir.
C) Britanya’da insanların emekliye ayrıldıklarında
halen eğilebildikleri müddetçe bir hobi olarak bah-
çeciliğe başlamaları zorunludur.
D) Britanya’da bahçecilik, emekliye ayrılan insanların
halen eğilebilmeleri şartıyla geleneksel bir biçimde
hobi olarak başladıkları bir aktivitedir.
E) Britanya’da, insanlar emekliye ayrıldıklarında bah-
çeciliğe bir hobi olarak başlamaları alışılagelmiştir,
ancak bunun şartı halen eğilebiliyor olmalarıdır.
359
TURKISH-ENGLISH TRANSLATION TESTS DPELS
3. Bazı bakteriler çürüyen sebze parçalarını gübreye

TURKISH-ENGLISH TRANSLATION TESTS
dönüştürürken, insan veya hayvan vücudu içeri-
sinde bulunan diğerleri sağlık için gerekli belirli
SET 1
vitaminlerin gelişiminde yardımcı olurlar.
1. - 18. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümleye anlamca en ya- A) While many bacteria contribute to the development
kın İngilizce cümleyi bulunuz. of certain vitamins essential to health within the
human or animal body, a few of them turn decaying
1. On dokuzuncu yüzyılın en önemli görüşü herkesin
vegetable matter into manure.
kişisel özgürlük hakkına sahip olduğuydu ki bu da
kapitalizmin temelini oluşturmaktaydı. B) Bacteria, some of which help the growth of certain
A) That everyone had the right to personal freedom vitamins essential to health within the human or
formed the basis for capitalism, which was the animal body, turn decaying vegetable matter into
most important idea of the 19th century. manure.
B) The most important idea of the 19th century was C) Whereas some bacteria turn decaying vegetable
that everyone had the right to personal freedom, matter into manure, others within the human or
which was the basis for capitalism. animal body assist in the development of certain
C) The most important idea of the 19th century was vitamins essential to health.
the individuals’ right to personal freedom, which
D) Some bacteria convert decaying vegetable matter
became the basis for capitalism.
into manure, while there are some others within the
D) One of the most important ideas of the 19th century,
human or animal body that help the development
which also formed the basis for capitalism, was
of certain vitamins essential to health.
that everyone had the right to personal freedom.
E) While some bacteria help develop certain vitamins
E) The most important idea of the 19th century, the
essential to health within the human or animal
individuals’ right to personal freedom, served as a
DENİZ PINAR
body, others turn decaying vegetable matter into

basis for capitalism.
manure.
2. Nobel Ödülü sahibi Linus Pailing, soğuk algınlı-

ğına karşı bir silah olarak C vitaminini yirmi yılı
aşkın süre önce ilk kez savunduğundan beri araş-
tırmacılar, bu iddiayı teyit etmek için çalışmakla
4. Antropolojik çalışmalar, insanların her zaman
meşguller.
sadece aileleri değil, aynı zamanda ailelerin de bir
A) Ever since vitamin C was first advocated by
parçası olduğu daha büyük grupları oluşturduğunu
Nobel prize-winner Linus Pauling as a weapon
ortaya koymaktadır.
against the common-cold more than 20 years ago,
researchers have been busy trying to confirm that A) What anthropological studies put forward is that
claim. humans have always constituted families and also
B) Ever since Nobel prize-winner Linus Pauling first larger groups which families are a part of.
supported vitamin C as a weapon against the B) Anthropological studies reveal that humans have
common-cold close to 20 years ago, researchers always formed not only families but also larger
have been trying to prove his claim. groups of which families are a part.
C) Nobel prize-winner Linus Pauling first supported C) That humans have always set up both families and
vitamin C as a weapon against the common-cold larger groups which are a part of families has been
over 20 years ago, and ever since, researchers made clear by anthropological studies.
have been busy trying to prove his claim.
D) It has been put forth by anthropological studies
D) Ever since Nobel prize-winner Linus Pauling first
that humans have always formed not simply
advocated vitamin C as a weapon against the
families but larger groups in which families take
common-cold more than 20 years ago, researchers
part, as well.
have been busy trying to verify that claim.
E) When Nobel prize-winner Linus Pauling, first E) Anthropological studies assert that humans have
supported vitamin C as a weapon against the always set up not just families but also larger
common-cold, researchers had been busy trying groups which are a part of families.
to verify that claim for over 20 years.
360
DPELS TURKISH-ENGLISH TRANSLATION TESTS
5. 1950’den beri meydana gelmekte olan ve nüfus 7. Yüz yıllar boyunca bilim insanları evrenin yapısı ve
patlaması olarak bilinen dünya nüfusunun yirminci bizimki dışında galaksilerin varlığına yönelik tah-
yüzyıldaki hızlı büyümesi, insanlık tarihinde benze- minlerde bulundu, ancak yirminci yüz yıla kadar
ri olamayan bir ölçekte olmuştur. bunun ötesinde bir şey yapamadı.
A) The fast growth of the world’s population in the A) For centuries, scientists predicted about the
twentieth century, which has been occurring since structure of the universe and that there were
1950 has been on a scale without parallel in galaxies outside our own, but what they did was
th
human history and is known as the population nothing more than that till the 20 century.
explosion. B) For centuries, scientists have been speculating
B) The sudden growth of the world’s population about the structure of the universe and predicting
in the twentieth century, which has been on that there are galaxies apart from ours, but they
a scale without parallel in human history, has were not able to go beyond that until the 20th
been occurring since 1950 and is known as the century.
population explosion. C) For centuries, scientists have speculated on the
structure of the universe and the existence of
C) The dramatic growth of the world’s population in
galaxies outside our own, but until the 20th century,
the twentieth century, which has been occurring
they were able to do no more than that.
since 1950 and is known as the population
explosion, has been on a scale without parallel in D) Many speculations have been voiced by scientists
human history. about the structure of the universe and the
existence of galaxies apart from ours for centuries,
D) The enormous growth of the world’s population in
although they could not do more than that until the
the twentieth century, which has been occurring th
20 century.
since 1950, has been on such a scale that it has
E) Scientists have been speculating about the
DENİZ PINAR
no parallel in human history and is known as the

structure of the universe and the existence of
population explosion.
galaxies apart from ours for centuries, but they
E) The rapid growth of the world’s population in the
could not put forward compelling evidence until the
twentieth century has been occurring since 1950
20th century.
and is known as the population explosion as it has
been on a scale without parallel in human history.
8. Neredeyse hiçbir ressam, kendi çağında ve takip
eden çağlarda, yaşamı esnasında bile bir efsane
olan Michelangelo kadar büyük bir etkiye sahip
6. Pek çok uluslararası kuruluş, Afrika’daki açlıkla olmamıştır.
savaşmak için oluşturulan fona cömertçe katkıda A) Few artists have had such an impact on their own
bulunmaya çağrılmıştır. and succeeding ages as has Michelangelo, who
A) Many international organisations have urged became a myth even in his own lifetime.
people to contribute generously to the fund that B) Almost no artists have been as influential as
was set up to fight famine in Africa. Michelangelo, who became a myth even in his
B) Many international organisations have been called own lifetime, in their own age and the following
on to invest considerably in the fund that was ages.
established to fight famine in Africa. C) It was Michelangelo, who became a myth even in
his own lifetime, as he had more effect on his own
C) A fund was created to contribute generously to
age and the following ages than any other artists.
various organizations calling on to fight to end
famine in Africa. D) Not many artists are known to have affected
their own age and the following ages as did
D) Many international organisations have been
Michelangelo, who was actually a myth in his own
invited to contribute generously to the fund set up
life.
to fight famine in Africa.
E) Apart from Michelangelo, who was indeed a
E) A fund has been set up to invite people to donate
myth in his own lifetime, almost no artists were
generously to several organisations founded in
influential enough to affect their own and the
Africa that are fighting against famine.
following ages.
361
9. Arkeologlar, daha yeni keşfettikleri şehir ile 11. Psikoloji, genel anlamıyla zihnin incelenmesidir,
Mezopotamya’nın Ninova ve Babil şehirleri arasında ancak zihnin vücuttan tamamen soyutlanmış olarak
herhangi bir bağlantı olup olmadığını öğrenmek istedi. düşünülemeyeceğini öğrendiğimiz için ilgi alanları
A) Archaeologists wanted to learn whether the city son yüzyıl içerisinde bir parça genişlemiştir.
they had just discovered was in connection with A) In general terms, psychology is the study of the
the Mesopotamian cities of Nineveh and Babylon. mind, but its areas of interest have expanded
B) Archaeologists wanted to learn whether the city considerably in the last century because we
they had just discovered in Mesopotamia was in have learnt that the mind and the body cannot be
any way connected with the cities of Nineveh and completely isolated from each other.
Babylon. B) Psychology is typically the study of the mind, but
C) Archaeologists sought to find out whether there its areas of interest have contacted a bit in the last
were any links between the city that had just century since we have learnt that the mind cannot
been discovered and the Mesopotamian cities of be regarded as entirely isolated from the body.
Nineveh and Babylon. C) Psychology is literally the study of the mind, but
D) Whether the city they had just discovered was its areas of interest have broadened somewhat in
in connection with the Mesopotamian cities of the last century as we have learnt that one cannot
Nineveh and Babylon was what the archaeologists consider the mind as totally isolated from the body.
wanted to learn. D) In its broad sense, psychology is the study of
E) Archaeologists wanted to find out whether there the mind, but its areas of interest have increased
was any connection between the city they had substantially in the last century as we have learnt
just discovered and the Mesopotamian cities of that one cannot consider the mind as fully isolated
from the body.
Nineveh and Babylon.
DENİZ PINAR
E) Psychology is the study of the mind in general, but

its areas of interest have shrunk slightly in the last
century because we have learnt that the mind and
the body cannot be regarded as totally isolated
10. İlk çağlardan başlayarak hayatı tanımlamaya ça- from each other.
lışmanın yanı sıra bilim insanları ve felsefeciler
tüm yaşayan canlıların ruha sahip olduklarını bile
ispatlamaya çabaladılar.
A) Men of science and philosophers tried to prove
12. Hükümetin göçü frenlemek için yoğun çabalarına
that all living things have souls from very early
rağmen, Birleşik Devletler yasadışı göçmenler için
times, but apart from that they also endeavoured
halen çekici bir destinasyondur.
to define life.
A) The government is making extensive efforts to
B) Besides attempting to define life from very early
limit immigration, but the United States is still the
times, men of science and philosophers have even
most attractive destination for illegal migrants.
tried to prove that all living things possess souls.
B) In spite of the government’s vigorous efforts to
C) Not only did men of science and philosophers
curb immigration, the United States is still an
tried to define life from very early ages but they
attractive destination for illegal migrants.
also struggled to prove that all living things are
endowed with souls. C) Although the government is continually trying to
control immigration, the United States is still an
D) Men of science and philosophers, who tried to
alluring destination for illegal migrants.
define life from very early ages, also tried to prove
that all living things have souls. D) There is a continuous flow of illegal immigrants
to the United States, despite the government’s
E) Apart from defining life from very early times, men
enthusiastic efforts to curtail it.
of science and philosophers have tried to prove
that all living things are endowed with souls, as E) The government’s intensive efforts to restrain
well. immigration seems futile, as the United States is
still a charming destination for illegal immigrants.
362
13. Çok küçük bir alanda büyük miktarda bilgi depola- 15. Baskın unsurlar olarak bilim ve mantığın ortaya
yabilen bilgisayarlar, bankalar tarafından muhase- çıkmasının yanı sıra uzun süreli savaşlar, gerçek-
be tutmak, hesap bilançolarının çıktısını almak ve çiliğin 1830’dan 1914’e kadar Batı’daki hâkimiyetini
işlemleri kontrol etmek için kullanılmaktadır. açıklar.
A) Banks keep accounts, print out statements and A) Long lasting wars, as well as the emergence
control transactions by computers, which can of science and reason as dominant elements,
store large amounts of information in a very limited explain the dominance of realism in the West from
space. 1830 to 1914.
B) Banks use computers, which store huge amounts B) The dominance of realism in the West from 1830
of information in a very small space, in order to to 1914 was mainly due to both long lasting wars
keep accounts, print out statements and control and the emergence of science and reason as
transactions. dominant elements.
C) Computers, which are capable of storing lots of C) In order to explain the dominance of realism in
information in a limitless space, are used by the the West from 1830 to 1914, we must study long
banks to keep accounts, print out statements and lasting wars apart from the emergence of science
control transactions. and reason as dominant elements.
D) Banks make use of computers, which are capable D) In addition to the emergence of science and
of storing plenty of information in an infinite space, reason as dominant elements, long lasting wars
so as to keep accounts, print out statements and explain the reason why realism became dominant
control transactions. in the West from 1830 to 1914.
E) Computers, which can store vast amounts of E) More than long lasting wars, the emergence of
information in a very small space, are used by the science and reason as dominant elements is what
DENİZ PINAR
banks to keep accounts, print out statements and made realism dominant in the West from 1830 to
control transactions. 1914.
14. Katı halden gaz haline, sıvı hale geçmeden 16. Yaşlandıkça, vücudun ürettiği sindirim enzim mik-
doğrudan geçebilmesi bakımından iyodun kendine tarı azalır ki bu da yiyeceğinizin sindirimini zorlaş-
has bir özelliği vardır. tırır.
A) Iodine can change directly from the solid to the A) The older you are, the more difficult to digest your
gaseous state without going through the liquid food will be, because the amount of digestive
state, which endows it with a unique characteristic. enzymes your body produces decreases.
B) Iodine has a unique property in that it can change B) As you age, the amount of digestive enzymes in
directly from the solid to the gaseous state without your body decreases, thus making it more difficult
going through the liquid state. for you to digest your food.
C) Iodine has its own characteristic, which is due to C) As you get older, the amount of digestive enzymes
the fact that it can change directly from the solid to your body produce decreases, which makes it
the gaseous state without going through the liquid more difficult to digest your food.
state. D) As you age, the amount of digestive enzymes your
D) The fact that it can directly change from the solid body produces increases, which could make it
to the gaseous state without going through the easier to digest your food.
liquid state makes iodine a unique element. E) The decrease in the amount of digestive enzymes
E) Iodine’s unique characteristic is that it can directly your body produces is directly proportional to age
change from the solid to the gaseous state without and it’s more difficult to digest your food as you
going through the liquid state. age.
363
17. Mahatma Gandhi’nin barışçıl öğretilerinden ilham 18. Toni Morrison’ın ilk romanı The Bluest Eye, ina-
alan Martin Luther King, 1950’ler ve 1960’larda, nılmaz derecede zor olan hayatının ancak gözleri
ABD’de Afro-Amerikalılar’a yasal eşitlik elde etmek mavi olsaydı daha iyi olacağına inanan Pecola
için şiddet karşıtı bir hareketin liderliğini yapmıştır. Breedlove adında Afro-Amerikalı bir kız etrafında
A) Drawing inspiration from the peaceful teachings dönmektedir.
of Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King led a A) Toni Morrison’s most famous novel, The Bluest
nonviolent movement in the late 1950’s and ‘60s Eye, tells the story of an African- American girl,
to achieve legal equality for African-Americans in named Pecola Breedlove, who believes her
the United States. incredibly difficult life would be better if only she
B) Martin Luther King drew inspiration from the had blue eyes.
peaceful teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, who led a B) The Bluest Eye, a novel by Toni Morrison, is
nonviolent movement in the late 1950’s and ‘60s centred around an African-American girl, Pecola
to achieve legal equality for African-Americans in Breedlove, who believes her difficult life would be
the United States. better if only she had blue eyes.
C) Martin Luther King, who drew inspiration from the C) Toni Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye, is
peaceful teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, tried to centred around an African-American girl, Pecola
lead a nonviolent movement in the late 1950’s and Breedlove, who believes her incredibly difficult life
‘60s to obtain equality for African-Americans in the would be better only if she had blue eyes.
United States before the law. D) Toni Morrison, in her first novel, The Bluest
D) Drawing inspiration from the peaceful teachings Eye, focuses on an African-American girl, Pecola
of Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King led a Breedlove, who believes her incredibly difficult life
nonviolent movement in the late 1950’s and ‘60s would be better if only she had blue eyes.
DENİZ PINAR
so that he could have legal rights for African- E) Toni Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye, is
Americans in the United States. centred around an African-American girl, Pecola
E) Martin Luther King was able to lead a nonviolent Breedlove, who thinks that her extremely difficult
movement in the late 1950’s and ‘60s to achieve life would be much easier if only she had blue
legal equality for African-Americans in the United eyes.
States by drawing inspiration from the peaceful
teachings of Mahatma Gandhi.
364
3. Sağlık politikası kararı alma, alınması için güçlü

SET 2 kanıtsal destek gerektiren karmaşık ve dinamik bir
süreçtir.
1. - 18. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümleye anlamca en ya-
kın İngilizce cümleyi bulunuz. A) Health-policy decision making is a complex
and dynamic process, which requires strong
evidentiary support.
1. Bilim insanlarının buluşları arasında en büyüleyici,
B) Strong evidentiary support is required to take
aynı zamanda en korkutucu olanları kendi vücudu-
healthpolicy decision, which is a complex and
muzdakiler olmalı.
dynamic process.
A) Scientists have been discovering many fascinating
C) Being a complex and dynamic process itself,
but terrifying facts about our own bodies.
healthpolicy decision making requires strong
B) One of the most mesmerizing and terrifying
evidentiary support.
breakthroughs of scientists must be the one in our
D) Health-policy decision making is a complex and
own bodies.
dynamic process, for which strong evidentiary
C) Of the breakthroughs of scientists, the most
support is required.
mesmerizing, as well as the most terrifying ones
E) Health-policy decision making requires strong
must be those in our own bodies.
evidentiary support, therefore is a complex and
D) The most terrifying as well as fascinating
dynamic process.
breakthrough having been achieved by scientists
so far must be our own bodies.
E) Of all the breakthroughs of scientists, the most
mesmerizing, as well as being terrifying one is
DENİZ PINAR
definitely the one in our own bodies.
2. Bir iş yaparken yoğunlaşmakta sıkıntı çekmenin, 4. Çoğumuzun Madam Curie olarak bildiği tarihteki
dikkatin kolayca dağılmasının ve işleri sürekli en kayda değer bilim kadınlarından biri olan Marie
ertelemenin kişilikle bağlantılı olabileceği tahmin Curie, iki Nobel kazanan 4 bilim insanından biridir.
edilmektedir. A) Marie Curie, also known as Madame Curie by
A) Many speculate that having trouble in concentrating most of us, is one the most noteworthy female
while working and getting distracted easily and scientists in history and is one of the four scientists
putting works off constantly may be linked to who won the Nobel Prize twice.
personality. B) One of the most noteworthy female scientists in
B) It is speculated that having trouble in focusing history, Marie Curie, whom most of us know as
while working and getting distracted easily and Madame Curie, is one of the four scientists who
delaying chores constantly has nothing to do with won the Nobel Prize twice.
personality. C) Being the most noteworthy female scientist of all
C) It has been discussed that having trouble in time, Marie Curie whom we also know as Madame
focusing while working and getting distracted Curie is one of the four scientists who won the
and putting chores off continuously is related to Nobel Prize twice.
personality. D) One of the four scientists who won the Nobel Prize
D) According to many, it can be personality affecting twice, Marie Curie, also known as Madame Curie
the fact that we have trouble in concentrating and by most of us, is one the most noteworthy female
get distracted easily and delay chores constantly. scientists in history.
E) It is presumed that having trouble in concentrating E) One of the most noteworthy females in the world
while working and getting distracted easily and of science, Marie Curie, whom most of us know as
putting chores off constantly may be related to Madame Curie, is one of the four scientists who
personality. claimed the Nobel honours twice.
365
5. Son günlerde, rüzgar ve güneş enerjisi gibi 7. 2005 yılında Küçük Prens, Toba adında bir kuzey
yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının perakende Arjantin diline çevrildi ve o zamana kadar Toba
elektrik fiyatlarında artışa yol açıp açmadığı diline çevrilmiş olan diğer tek kitap İncil’di.
üzerine bir tartışma olmuştur. A) The Little Prince was translated into a language of
A) A recent discussion has come up about if such Northern Argentina called Toba in 2005 and before
renewable energy sources as wind and solar that the only book translated into that language
energy have something to do with the increase in was the Bible.
retail electricity prices. B) The Little Prince was translated into a language of
B) Recently, a discussion that renewable energy Northern Argentina called Toba in 2005 and up to
sources such as wind and solar energy may have that point the only other book translated into Toba
resulted in increase in retail electricity prices has was the Bible.
arisen. C) Apart from the Bible The only book translated into
C) Whether renewable energy sources such as wind Toba, a language of Northern Argentina, was the
and solar energy may have led to escalation in Little Prince.
retail electricity prices or not has been the subject D) In 2005 the Little Prince was translated into a
of a recent discussion. language of Northern Argentina called Toba being
D) Lately, a discussion has arisen whether renewable the only book translated into Toba after the Bible.
energy sources such as wind and solar energy E) Up to 2005 in which the Little Prince was translated
have led to escalation in retail electricity prices. into a language of Northern Argentina called Toba,
E) Lately, a discussion has been brought up whether the only book translated was the Bible.
wind or solar energy has more impact on the
increased retail electricity prices.
DENİZ PINAR
8. Shakespeare üzerine yazma fikri, Shakespeare’e

dair bir film senaryosu yazmanın daha ilk aşama-
larında olan Marc Norman’la yaptığımız bir sohbet
esnasında ortaya çıktı.
6. Krakatoa yanardağının 1883 yılındaki patlaması A) The idea of writing on Shakespeare came out
o kadar şiddetli olmuştur ki yanardağ Londra’da during a conversation we had with Marc Norman,
olsaydı patlama Ankara’dan duyulabilirdi. who was in the very first stages of writing a film
script about Shakespeare.
A) Had the Krakatoa volcano been situated in
London, the severity of 1883 eruption would have B) During a conversation with Marc Norman, who
been felt in Ankara. was in the very first stages of writing the film script
about Shakespeare, we came up with the idea of
B) Krakatoa volcano erupted in 1883 so severely that
writing on Shakespeare.
it could have been heard even from London and
Ankara. C) It was during the conversation we had with Marc
Norman, who was at the beginning of writing the
C) The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa volcano was so
film script of Shakespeare, that we decided to
drastic that if the volcano were situated in London,
write on Skaespeare.
the eruption could have been heard from Ankara.
D) We had a conversation with Marc Norman, who
D) If the eruption of Krakatoa volcano in 1883 had
was in the very first stages of writing a film script
been quite drastic, it would have been heard from
about Shakespeare, and decided to write on
London or Ankara.
Shakespeare.
E) In 1883 there occurred such a drastic eruption
E) The idea of writing on Shakespeare came out
of Krakatoa that if the volcano were situated in
during a conversation with Marc Norman, who was
Ankara, it could have been heard from London.
writing a film script about Shakespeare.
366
9. Elizabeth dönemi toplumlarında birçok ince 11. Kerkük petrol sahalarından gelen boru hattının
sınıflandırma vardı ancak ana bölünme soylu denize ulaştığı İskenderun önem kazanmaya
takımı ile aşağı tabaka arasındaydı. başlıyor.
A) During the Elizabethan time, there were many A) The pipeline coming from the Kirkuk petroleum
classifications in the society, but the main fields will gain importance when it reaches the sea
separation was between the nobles and the lower in Iskenderun.
class. B) Iskenderun begins to gain importance as the
B) There were so many delicate classifications in the pipeline coming from Kirkuk petroleum fields
societies of the Elizabethan period that the main reaches sea.
separation was between the nobles and the lower C) Kirkuk, from which the pipeline coming from the
class. petroleum fields reaches the sea in Iskenderun, is
C) The separation between the nobles and the lower gaining importance.
class was different from the other classifications D) Iskenderun, where the pipeline coming from the
during the Elizabethan period. Kirkuk petroleum fields reaches the sea, is starting
D) The main separation was between the nobles and to gain importance.
the lower class in the Elizabethan period, even so E) The fact that the pipeline coming from the Kirkuk
there were many classifications in the society. petroleum fields reaches the sea in Iskenderun is
E) There existed many delicate classifications in the very important.
societies of the Elizabethan period; however, the
main separation was between the nobles and the
lower class.
DENİZ PINAR
12. Burns Night, pek çok İskoç tarafından İskoçya’nın

ulusal şairi olarak bilinen 18. yüzyıl şairi ve söz
yazarı Robert Burns’ün doğumunu anmak için
düzenlenen bir geleneksel İskoçya festivalidir.
A) Burns Night is a traditional Scottish feast held to
mark the birth of the 18th century poet and lyricist
Robert Burns, who is regarded by many Scottish
people as the Scotland’s national poet.
B) Robert Burns is an 18th century poet and lyricist
10. Anayasa Mahkemesi, hükümetin karbon salınımla- who is regarded by many Scottish people as the
rını azaltmak için yeterince uğraşmadığı kararına Scotland’s national poet whose birth is celebrated
vardı. in a traditional Scottish feast called Burns Night.
A) According to the supreme court, the goverment is C) Burns Night is a traditional feast held to mark the
not doing enough to reduce carbon emissions. birth of the 18th century poet and lyricist Robert
B) The government is not doing enough to reduce Burns, who is regarded by Scottish people as the
carbon emissions, which bothers the supreme Scotland’s national poet.
court. D) To mark the birth of the 18th century poet and
C) The supreme court has ruled that the government lyricist Robert Burns, who is regarded by most
is not doing enough to reduce carbon emissions. Scottish people as the Scotland’s national poet, a
D) The supreme court has ruled that the government traditional Scottish feast is held every year.
is not doing their best to reduce carbon emissions. E) Scottish people celebrate the birth of the 18th
E) The supreme court has decided that the century poet and lyricist Robert Burns, who
government is not doing well to reduce carbon is regarded by many Scottish people as the
emissions. Scotland’s national poet during the traditional
Scottish feast, Burns Night.
367
13. İşyerinde ne kadar çok dikkatli olursan o kadar az 15. Yaygın bir inanış, eğer hükümeti daha kapsamlı ve
kaza olur. daha hızlı reform yapabilseydi Hindistan daha hızlı
A) If you are more careful at work the possibility of büyüyecekti şeklindedir.
accident reduces. A) It is commonly believed that India would have
B) The more careful you are at work, the fewer grown faster if its government had been able to
accidents happen. reform more expansively and quickly.
C) Be careful while working; otherwise, accidents B) A common belief is that India would have grown
may happen. faster had its government been able to reform
more comprehensively and rapidly.
D) Were you more careful, you would be less likely to
have accidents at work. C) According to a common belief, India could have
grown faster if its government had reformed more
E) You should be more careful to reduce the risk of
broadly and fast.
accident.
D) A widespread assumption is that India couldn’t
grow fast enough as its government failed to
reform more enthusiastically and rapidly.
E) It is widely believed that India could have had a
faster growth rate if its government had reformed
more meticulously and swiftly.
DENİZ PINAR
14. Kuşların kısa, yuvarlatılmış kanatları ve uzun kuy- 16. Son yirmi yılda, Hindistan iş politikalarında ve
rukları onların aniden yön değiştirmelerine izin sosyo-ekonomik gelişmede köklü değişikliklere
verir ve güçlü bacakları ve ayakları tutunma gücü tanıklık etmiştir ki bu da girişimcileri Hindistan’da
sağlar. iş kurmaya teşvik etmiştir.
A) Birds have short, rounded wings and long tails, A) Over the last two decades, India has witnessed
which allow them to abruptly change direction, and sweeping changes in business policies and socio-
their clinging power is due to their strong legs and economic development, which has encouraged
feet. entrepreneurs to start a business in India.
B) Birds’ short, rounded wings and long tails enable B) Within the last two decades, entrepreneurs have
them to change their direction suddenly, and their been heartened to set up a business in India due
clinging power is thanks to their strong legs and to the fundamental changes in business policies
feet. and socio-economic development.
C) Birds’ short, rounded wings and long tails assist C) For the last two decades, India has seen
them to quickly change direction and they have structural changes in business policies and socio-
strong legs and feet, which provide them with economic development, which has discouraged
clinging power. entrepreneurs from starting a business in India.
D) Birds have the ability to change direction abruptly D) In the last two decades, entrepreneurs have been
owing to their short, rounded wings and long tails inspired to start a business in India as they have
and their strong legs and feet provide clinging witnessed sweeping changes in business policies
power. and socio-economic development.
E) Birds’ short, rounded wings and long tails allow E) During the last two decades, India, which has
them to abruptly change direction and their strong urged entrepreneurs to set up a business in
legs and feet provide clinging power. India, has witnessed radical changes in business
policies and socio-economic development.
368
17. Biz haklı olarak başarılarımızla gurur duyuyoruz ve 18. Toksafen esas olarak böcek ilacı olarak kullanıl-
başarılarımızın şevk, bağlılık ve sürekli işbirlikçi maktaydı ancak insan ve hayvan sağlığı üzerindeki
gelişimden kaynaklandığına inanıyoruz. yıkıcı etkilerinden dolayı 1982’de resmi olarak ya-
A) We believe that it is our right to be proud of saklandı.
our achievements and that our successes stem A) Toxaphene was mainly used as an insecticide, but
from enthusiasm, commitment and continuous in 1982, it was banned as it had destructive effects
collaborative development. on human and animal health.
B) We are rightly proud of our achievements and it is B) Although toxaphene was principally used as an
our belief that success results from enthusiasm, insecticide, but in 1982, it was forbidden due to its
commitment and continuous collaborative damaging effects on human and animal health.
development. C) Toxaphene was originally used as an insecticide,
C) We are justly proud of our achievements and but in 1982, its production was stopped owing to
believe that our successes are due to enthusiasm, its adverse effects on human and animal health.
commitment and continuous collaborative D) Toxaphene was primarily used as an insecticide,
development. but in 1982, it was officially banned because of its
D) It is our right to be proud of our achievements destructive effects on human and animal health.
and we believe that they are due to enthusiasm, E) Farmers essentially used toxaphene as an
commitment and continuous collaborative insecticide, but it was officially outlawed in 1982,
development. which was due to the destructive effects it had on
E) We believe that we are right to be proud of human and animal health.
our achievements, and we owe our success
to enthusiasm, commitment and continuous
DENİZ PINAR
collaborative development.
369
3. Aborijinler, yılın zamanına ve bölgesel çevre ko-

SET 3 şullarına göre çeşitlilik gösteren genellikle karma
ve bol miktarda bitkisel ve hayvansal gıdalardan
oluşan bir beslenme türüne sahipti.
kın İngilizce cümleyi bulunuz.
A) Aborigines generally enjoy a mixed and abundant
1. Yedi yıl boyunca, Frenkler Amsterdam’da huzur diet of plant and animal foods that varied according
ve refah içinde yaşadı, ama 1940’da Naziler to time of year and local environmental conditions.
Hollanda’yı istila edip ele geçirince şartlar değişti. B) Aborigines always had a mixed and abundant
A) For seven years, the Franks lived peacefully and diet of plant and animal foods that are various
prosperously in Amsterdam, but things changed according to time of year and local environmental
when the Nazis invaded and occupied Holland in conditions.
1940. C) Aborigines generally enjoyed a mixed and
B) For seven years, the Franks’ lives in Amsterdam abundant diet of plant and animal foods that varied
were peaceful and prosperous, but things changed according to time of year and local environmental
when the Nazis invaded and occupied Holland in conditions.
1940. D) Aborigines never had an abundant diet of plant
C) For seven years, the Franks lived in peace and and animal foods that varied according to time of
prosperity in Amsterdam, but things changed year and local environmental conditions.
when Holland was invaded and occupied by the E) Aborigines generally enjoyed a mixed and
Nazis in 1940. abundant diet of plant and animal foods that were
D) During the seven years they were in Amsterdam, found easily according to time of year and local
the Franks lived in peace and quiet, but the environmental conditions.
conditions got worse with the invasion and
DENİZ PINAR
occupation of Holland by the Nazis in 1940.

4. AB, yeni bir sınır ve kıyı muhafız sistemine sahip
E) The Franks lived a peaceful and prosperous
olan sınır kapılarındaki güvenliği geliştirmektedir
life in Amsterdam throughout seven years, but
ve böylece AB’ye kaçak yollardan girmeye çalışan
the conditions changed with the invasion and
insanlarla başa çıkmakta ve yasal yollardan gir-
occupation of Holland by the Nazis in 1940.
mek isteyenler için güvenli yollar sunmaktadır.
A) The EU is improving security at borders with a
2. Yeni bir araştırmaya göre, sigarayı birden new border and coast guard system, thus tackling
bırakanların başarılı olmaları sigara içmeyi aşamalı people who try to smuggle and offering safe ways
olarak azaltanlardan daha olasıdır. for those who want to legally enter the EU.
A) According to a new study, people who cut down B) The EU has improved security at borders which
on cigarettes gradually are more likely to be have a new border and coast guard system,
successful than those who quit smoking all at and as a result, it prevents people who make
once. an attempt to smuggle and offers safe ways for
B) A new study shows that people who quit smoking people to legally enter the EU.
all at once are more likely to be successful than C) The EU will improve security at borders with a new
those who cut down on cigarettes gradually. guard system, thus it will arrest people smuggling
C) According to a new study, people who are addicted and offer safe ways for people to legally enter the
to smoking are more likely to be successful than EU.
those who quit smoking cigarettes slowly. D) The EU, which is improving security at borders
with a new border and coast guard system, tackles
D) According to a new study, people who quit smoking
people who try to smuggle and offers safe ways for
all at once are more likely to be successful than
people who want to legally enter the EU.
those who cut down on cigarettes gradually.
E) Improving security at borders with a new border
E) New research demonstrates that people who
and coast guard system, the EU not only tackles
quit smoking all at once are more likely to be
people who want to smuggle but also offers safe
successful than those who cut down on cigarettes
ways for people who try to legally enter the EU.
in a gradual manner.
370
5. Anorexia nervosa en sıklıkla ergenlik döneminde 7. Beyzbol, herkes için daha iyisini, demokrasiyi,
başlasa da gittikçe artan sayıda çocuk ve ileri şeffaflığı, özgürlüğü, adil oyunu ve fırsat eşitliğini
yaşlardaki yetişkinlere de bu hastalığın tanısı kon- temsil eden Amerikan Rüyası’nın özellikleriyle
maktadır. uzun zamandan beri ilişkilendirilegelmiştir.
A) Anorexia nervosa frequently begins during A) Baseball is associated with the characteristics of
adolescence, but an increasing number of children the American Dream, which means hope for the
and older adults are also being diagnosed with it. better, democracy, transparency, freedom, fair
play, and equal opportunity for everyone.
B) Although anorexia nervosa most frequently begins
B) Baseball has long been associated with the
during adolescence an increasing number of
characteristics of the American Dream, which
children and older adults are also being diagnosed
represents hope for the better, democracy,
with it.
transparency, freedom, fair play, and equal
C) Much as anorexia nervosa most frequently begins
opportunity for all.
during adulthood, a great number of children and
C) Baseball, having long been associated with the
teenagers are also being diagnosed with it.
characteristics of the American Dream, embraces
D) Anorexia nervosa most frequently begins during hope for the better, democracy, transparency,
adolescence, nevertheless, a large number of freedom, fair play, and equal opportunity for all.
children and older adults are also being diagnosed D) Baseball has been associated with the
with it. characteristics of the American Dream for years,
E) It is a well known fact that anorexia nervosa most which used to represent hope for the better,
frequently begins during adolescence; even so, democracy, transparency, freedom, fair play, and
an increasing number of children and older adults equal opportunity for all.
are also being diagnosed with it. E) The American Dream has long been associated with
DENİZ PINAR
the characteristics of baseball, which personifies

hope for the better, democracy, transparency,
freedom, fair play, and equal opportunity for all
6. Ankete katılan İtalyan’ların neredeyse yarısı
people.
Euro’yu ülkeleri için kötü olarak değerlendirse de,
ortak para birimine veda etmek ekonomileri için
8. Atmosferdeki sürekli olarak yeni rekorlar kıran kar-
zararlı sonuçlara yol açabilir.
bondioksit seviyeleri göz önüne alındığında, iklim
A) Almost half of Italians polled value the euro as üzerindeki insan kaynaklı eylemlerin etkisi gittikçe
“bad” for their country, but leaving the common daha bariz hale gelmiştir.
currency could have damaging consequences for A) When the high levels of carbon dioxide in the
their economy. atmosphere constantly breaking new records are
B) Despite almost half of Italians polled regarding considered, the influence of human activities on
the euro as “bad” for their country, bidding the climate has become more and more evident.
common currency farewell might lead to damaging B) Given the levels of carbon dioxide in the
consequences for their economy. atmosphere consistently breaking new records,
C) Although almost half of Italians polled believe the the influence of human activities on climate has
euro as “bad” for their economy, saying goodbye become more and more evident.
to the common currency may cause damaging C) If we take seriously the increasing levels of carbon
consequences for their country. dioxide in the atmosphere continuously breaking
new records, the effect rising from human activities
D) Half of Italians polled regard the euro as “bad”
on climate is becoming more and more obvious.
for their country;, however, bidding farewell to
the common currency could have damaging D) It is obvious that the levels of carbon dioxide in the
consequences for their economy. atmosphere are consistently settting new records,
which shows that the influence of human activities
E) While half of Italians polled regard the euro as
on climate has become more and more noticeable.
“bad” for their country, saying goodbye to the
E) With the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
common currency could bring about damaging
continually setting new records, the influence of
consequences for their economy.
human activities on climate has become evident.
371
9. Enerji yoğunluğunu artırmanın ve enerji depolama- 11. “Stres” kelimesini genellikle, herşeyin neredeyse
da maliyetleri kısmanın ulaşım ve enerji üretimin- katlanılmaz hale geldiğini hissettiğimizde, aşırı
den kaynaklanan sera gazı salınımını azaltmada yük yüklendiğimizde ve üzerimizdeki baskılarla
önemli adımlar olduğu son zamanlarda yapılan gerçekten başa çıkabilip çıkamayacağımızı merak
araştırmalarla ispat edilmiştir. ettiğimiz zaman kullanılırız.
A) Important steps such as improving energy density A) The word “stress” is generally used when we feel
and cutting costs in energy storage have recently that everything has become almost unbearable,
been taken toward reducing greenhouse gas and we are overloaded and wonder whether we
emissions resulting from transportation and energy really can cope with the pressures placed upon us.
production.
B) We generally use the word “stress” when we
B) Improving energy density and cutting costs in
feel that everything seems to have become too
energy storage are important steps that have
much, we are overloaded and wonder whether the
been taken in reducing greenhouse gas emissions
pressures on us can really be overcome.
arising from transportation and energy production
C) The word “stress” is used by people when they feel
and these measures have been proven with
that everything is becoming almost unbearable,
research having recently been carried out.
we are overloaded and wonder whether we really
C) It has been proven that that improving energy
can cope with the pressures on us.
density and cutting costs in energy storage are
important steps in reducing greenhouse gas D) We generally use the word “stress” when we feel
emissions resulting from transportation and energy that everything seems to have become too much,
production. we are overloaded and wonder whether we really
D) Research having recently been conducted has can cope with the pressures on us.
proven that improving energy density and cutting E) “Stress” occurs when everything seems to have
DENİZ PINAR
costs in energy storage are important steps in become almost intolerable, we are overloaded
reducing greenhouse gas emissions resulting from and wonder whether we really can cope with the
transportation and energy production. pressures placed upon us.
E) It has been proven through recently-conducted
research that improving energy density and cutting
12. Yaklaşık kırk yıldır, Birleşik Devletler ve Küba
costs in energy storage are important steps in
arasındaki ilişkiler, iki ülkenin rejimleri arasındaki
reducing greenhouse gas emissions resulting from
bariz farklılıklardan dolayı donduruldu.
transportation and energy production.
A) The reason why relations between the United
10. Cadılar Bayramı, 31 Ekim’de Samhain denen bir States and Cuba have been frozen for nearly forty
günü kutlayan ve İrlanda’ya yerleşen Keltliler ile years is due to the apparent differences between
binlerce yıl önce başlamıştır. the regimes of the two countries.
A) Halloween began a thousand years ago by the B) It was about forty years ago that relations between
Celts, who inhabited Ireland and celebrated a day, the United States and Cuba were frozen because
called Samhain on October 31. of the obvious differences between the regimes of
B) Halloween was created thousands of years ago by the two countries.
the Celts, a group of people inhabiting Ireland and C) It has been around forty years since relations
who celebrated a day, called Samhain on October 31. between the United States and Cuba were frozen
C) Halloween began thousands of years ago with the owing to the differences between the regimes of
Celts, who inhabited Ireland and celebrated a day the two countries.
called, Samhain on October 31. D) For almost forty years, relations between the
D) The Celts started Halloween thousands of years United States and Cuba have been frozen due to
ago, who inhabited Ireland and celebrated a day, the apparent differences between the regimes of
called Samhain on October 31. the two countries.
E) It was the Celts, who created Halloween thousands
E) For over forty years, relations between the United
of years ago, a group of people inhabiting Ireland
States and Cuba have been frozen, as there are
and who celebrated a day, called Samhain on
obvious differences between the regimes of the
October 31.
two countries.
372
13. Öfke ve hüzün gibi negatif duygular hayatın önemli 15. Plastik torbaların yasaklanmasına yönelik sırf
bir parçasıdır ve yeni bir araştırma bu tür duyguları elverişliliklerini temel alan birçok itiraz söz
yaşamanın ve kabul etmenin akıl sağlığımız için konusudur, ancak onların çevreye olan zararlarının
hayati olduğunu göstermektedir. kontrol edilmesi gerekmektedir.
A) Negative emotions like anger and sadness are an A) There is lots of opposition to the banning of plastic
important part of life, and new research shows that bags just because they are really convenient, but
experiencing and accepting such emotions are their damage on the environment is supposed to
vital to our mental health. be controlled.
B) Negative emotions including anger and sadness B) The fact that there are many complaints about
are an important part of our lives, and it is known the ban on plastic bags due to their convenience
that experiencing and accepting such emotions shouldn’t prevent us from controlling their damage
are vital to our mental health. on the environment.
C) Anger and sadness, although being regarded as C) There are many objections to the banning of
negative emotions, are an important part of life, and plastic bags based solely on their convenience,
new research shows that experiencing and accepting but their damage to the environment needs to be
such emotions are vital to our mental health. controlled.
D) As negative emotions such as anger and sadness are D) Just based on their convenience many people are
an important part of life, experiencing and accepting complaining about the banning of plastic bags, but
such emotions are vital to our mental health. their damage on the environment needs to be kept
E) Anger and sadness are among common under control.
negative emotions and are an important part E) Although there are several objections to the banning
of life; furthermore, new research shows that of plastic bags based on their convenience, their
DENİZ PINAR
experiencing and accepting such emotions are damage to the environment must be controlled.
vital to our mental health.
16. Hükümet, durgunluktan dolayı gelir kaybını telafi

etmek için belli bazı programlarda kesintiye gitmek
zorunda kalacağını söyledi.
A) The government has said it will have to cut back
14. Günümüzde karşı karşıya olduğumuz çevresel
on certain programs to make up for the due to the
problemler içerisinde, en yıkıcı etkilere muhteme-
recession.
len küresel ısınma yol açacaktır.
B) The government has said they have had to
A) Among the environmental problems facing us
diminish certain programs to compensate for the
today, global warming is likely to cause the least
revenues lost owing to the recession.
destructive effects.
C) It has been said that the government will reduce
B) Global warming will probably have a more
the expenditure on certain programs to make up
disastrous effect than the other environmental
for the revenues lost due to the recession.
problems we are facing these days.
D) According to the government, they cannot
C) Nowadays, we are facing several environmental
compensate for the revenues lost on account of
problems, and among them, global warming has
the recession unless they cut back on certain
the most devastating effects.
programs.
D) No other environmental problem we are facing
E) The government said that it would invest in
today is as destructive as global warming.
certain programs to make up for the revenues lost
E) Of all the environmental problems we face
because of the recession.
today, global warming is likely to cause the most
devastating effects.
373
17. Ülkeler daha endüstriyel hale geldikçe daha fazla 18. Venedik Komisyonu’nun görevi, üye devletlerine
alan ve tedarik sağlamak için gittikçe artan sayıda yasal tavsiye sağlamak ve kurumsal yapılarını
orman kesilmiştir. Avrupa standartları ile uyumlu hale getirmeyi iste-
A) Because countries became more industrial, more yen devletlere yardımcı olmaktır.
forests were cut down so that they could provide A) The role of the Venice Commission is to provide
more room and supplies. legal advice to its member states and to help
B) As countries became more industrial, more and states bring their institutional structures in line with
more forests were cut down in order to provide European standards.
more room and supplies. B) The main duty of the Venice Commission is the
C) The number of forests cut down to provide provision of legal advice to its member states and
more room and supplies increased gradually as to help states that wish to improve their institutional
countries became more industrial. structures to reach European standards.
D) The more industrial countries became, the more C) The Venice Commission was set up with the aim
forests were cut down in an attempt to provide to provide legal advice to its member states and
more room and supplies. to help states that wish to adapt their institutional
structures to European standards.
E) There has been an increase in the number of
forests cut down to provide more room and D) The Venice Commission has a crucial task, which
supplies as countries became more industrial. is to supply its member states with legal advice
and to help them to adjust their institutional
structures to European standards.
E) The role of the Venice Commission is to provide
legal advice to its member states and to help
DENİZ PINAR
states wishing to bring their institutional structures

in line with European standards.
374
3. Günde dört yüz miligramdan fazla kahve kilo

SET 4 kaybında bir farklılık yaratmayacaktır, ancak
uykusuzluk, baş ağrıları, anksiyete gibi istenmeyen
yan etkilere sebep olabilir.
A) More than four hundred milligrams of caffeine per
1. “Ön yargı” kelimesi yaygın bir biçimde, farklı bir day is not enough to make a difference in weight
etnik sosyal çevreden gelen insanlara yönelik loss, but it may cause unwanted side effects such
olarak onları gerçekten tanımadan sıkça sahip as insomnia, headaches and anxiety.
olduğumuz düşmanca tavırlara işaret eder. B) Although four hundred milligrams of caffeine per
day cannot make a difference in weight loss, it
A) The word “prejudice” generally refers to the
may result in unwanted side effects, including
antagonistic attitudes that we habitually have
insomnia, headaches and anxiety.
towards people who come from a different ethnic
C) More than four hundred milligrams of caffeine per
background although we really don’t know them.
day won’t make a difference in weight loss, but
B) The word “prejudice” widely refers to the hostile
it could lead to unwanted side effects such as
attitudes that we frequently have towards people
insomnia, headaches and anxiety.
who come from a different ethnic background
D) Over four hundred milligrams of caffeine per day
without really knowing them.
won’t make any difference in weight loss; even so,
C) Those who are prejudiced are the ones who have it has the potential to cause undesired side effects,
the antagonistic attitudes towards other people including insomnia, headaches and anxiety.
E) Less than four hundred milligrams of caffeine per
without having much information about them. day does not a difference in weight loss, but it
D) The word “prejudice” broadly points to the hostile leads to undesired adverse effects like insomnia,
DENİZ PINAR
attitudes that we frequently have towards those headaches and anxiety.

without having much information about them.
4. Bu insanlar daha iyi bir yaşam arayışında ana
E) The hostile attitudes that we commonly have vatanlarını terk ettiklerinde, zengin mirasları,
towards people who are from a different ethnic gelenekleri, kültürleri ve dinleri gibi birçok şeyi
background without really knowing them are yanlarında getirdiler.
widely described as “prejudice”. A) These people left their homeland to find a better
life elsewhere, and along with them, they brought
many things such as their rich heritage, traditions,
2. Makalenin yazarı, gelecekte insanların eninde cultures and religions.
sonunda kendi teknolojilerinin mahkûmları
B) When these people left their homeland in their
olacağına güçlü bir şekilde inanmaktadır.
quest for a better life, the things they brought
A) According to the writer, human beings will surely with them included their rich heritage, traditions,
be the victims of their own technology in the future. cultures and religions.
B) The writer of the article strongly believes that in the C) These people left their homeland so that they
future, human beings will eventually become the could find a better life elsewhere and they brought
prisoners of their own technology. several things like their rich heritage, traditions,
C) What the writer of the article strongly believes cultures and religions along with them.
is that human beings have finally become the D) When these people left their homeland in search
prisoners of their own technology. of a better life, they brought many things along
D) The writer of the article is of the opinion that in the with them such as their rich heritage, traditions,
future, human beings will sooner or later become cultures and religions.
the prisoners of their own technology. E) When these people left their homeland with the
hope of finding a better life, among the many
E) The writer of the article firmly believes that human
things they brought along with them were their rich
beings will undoubtedly become the victims of
heritage, traditions, cultures and religions.
their own technology in the future.
375
5. Birinci Balkan Savaşı, Balkan Birliği üyeleri 8 7. Petrol fiyatı son yıllarda özellikle Bafra
Ekim 1912’de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’na saldırınca Körfezi’ndeki istikrarsız siyasi koşullardan ve
patlak verdi ve yedi ay sonra 30 Mayıs 1913’te gelişen pazarlardan gelen artan uluslararası
Londra Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasıyla sona erdi. talepten dolayı son derece değişken oldu.
A) The First Balkan War broke out when the members A) In recent years, the price of petroleum has
of the Balkan League attacked the Ottoman been quite stable despite the unstable political
Empire on 8 October, 1912 and ended seven
conditions, notably in the Persian Gulf, and
months later with the signing of the Treaty of
increasing international demand from emerging
London on 30 May, 1913.
markets.
B) The members of the Balkan League attacked
B) In recent years, the price of petroleum has been
the Ottoman Empire on 8 October, 1912, which
extremely changeable owing to the unstable
triggered the First Balkan War, and it ended seven
months later with the signing of the Treaty of political conditions, especially in the Persian
London on 30 May, 1913. Gulf, and decreasing international demand from
C) The First Balkan War broke out when the Ottoman emerging markets.
Empire was attacked by the members of the C) The volatility of the price of petroleum in recent
Balkan League on 8 October, 1912 and ended years has mainly been due to the unstable
seven months later after they signed the Treaty of political conditions in the Persian Gulf and growing
London on 30 May, 1913. international demand from emerging markets.
D) The First Balkan War started when the members D) In recent years, the price of petroleum has been
of the Balkan League launched an attack on the highly volatile particularly due to the unstable
Ottoman Empire on 8 October, 1912 and ended political conditions in the Persian Gulf and
seven months later when they signed the Treaty increasing international demand from emerging
of London on 30 May, 1913.
DENİZ PINAR
markets.
E) The First Balkan War broke out with the attack
E) The unstable political conditions in the Persian
of the members of the Balkan League on the
Gulf and growing international demand from
Ottoman Empire on 8 October, 1912 and ended
emerging markets have been the main reasons
seven months later when the Treaty of London
for the high volatility of the price of petroleum.
was signed on 30 May, 1913.
6. Şehir, sera gazı salınımlarını azaltmak ve böylelikle

değişen iklime katkısını düşürmek için şimdiye
8. Bazı insanlar ve toplumlar daha esnek ve yeni olan
kadar kararlı ve azimli bir şekilde hareket etti.
şeyleri denemeye daha hazırken, bazıları değişime
A) The city has so far been successful in reducing
oldukça sert bir şekilde karşıdır.
its emissions of greenhouse gases and thereby
lowering its contribution to the changing climate A) While some people and communities are flexible
thanks to its decisive and deliberate acts. and ready to try out new things, some others are
B) Up to now, the city has acted in a decisive adamantly opposed to change.
and deliberate manner so that it can lessen B) Some people and communities are rather slightly
the emission of greenhouse gases and their against change, while others have more flexibility
contribution to the changing climate. and are eager to try out new things.
C) To date, the city should have acted reasonably and C) While some people and communities are
resolutely to lessen its emissions of greenhouse seemingly against change, there are some others
gases and curtail its contribution to the changing who are quite flexible and willing to try out things
climate, as a consequence. which are new.
D) The city has so far acted decisively and determinedly
D) Some people and communities are rather rigidly
to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases and
opposed to change, while others are more flexible
thereby lower its contribution to the changing
and more ready to try out what is new.
climate.
E) So far, the city has acted rationally and tactfully to E) Some people and communities are rather reluctant
reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases and its to change, whereas others are flexible enough to
contribution to the changing climate, as a result. try out what is new.
376
9. İklim değişikliğinin karasal ekosistemler üzerindeki 11. 2005 yılında kuruluşundan beri organizasyon,
etkileri gelecekte muhtemelen yoğunlaşacaktır ve bölgedeki on sekiz binden fazla çocuk ve ergen
bu etkiler hem iklim değişkenliğinden hem de için sağlık ve eğitim şartlarını iyileştirmek için
ekstrem iklim olaylarının sonucunda meydana gayretli bir şekilde çalışıyor.
gelmektedir. A) Since its foundation in 2005, the organization has
A) The impacts of climate change on terrestrial been working arduously in order to improve health
ecosystems are expected to deepen in the future, and educational conditions for over eighteen
and these impacts take place as a result of either thousand children and adolescents in the region.
climate variability or extreme climate events. B) The organization was found in 2005 with the aim
B) The effects of climate change on terrestrial of improving health and educational conditions
ecosystems will probably intensify in the future, for approximately eighteen thousand children and
and these impacts are generally due to both adolescents in the region.
climate variability and extreme climate events.
C) The organization has been working laboriously
C) The impacts of climate change on terrestrial to enhance health and educational conditions for
ecosystems are sure to intensify in the future, and about eighteen thousand children and adolescents
these impacts have nothing to do with climate in the region, since it was established in 2005.
variability or extreme climate events.
D) The organization has been working painstakingly
D) The effects of climate change on terrestrial so that it can improve health and educational
ecosystems will probably deepen in the future, conditions for more than eighteen thousand
and both climate variability and extreme climate children and adolescents in the region, since it
events pave the way for these impacts. was established in 2005.
E) The impacts of climate change on terrestrial E) The organization has been working diligently
DENİZ PINAR
ecosystems are likely to intensify in the future, and enough to develop health and educational
these impacts occur as a result of both climate conditions for over eighteen thousand children
variability and extreme climate events. and adolescents in the region since it was founded
in 2005.
10. Kurum, yeni fikirleri kendinden emin ve ikna edici
şekilde sunabilsinler diye genç insanların kendi-
lerini geliştirmesine yardım etmede önemli bir rol
oynamıştır.
A) The institution has played a critical role in helping 12. Neyse ki, üniversite eğitimini daha uygun fiyatlı
young people develop themselves so that they can ve daha erişilebilir yapmak için tasarlanmış birkaç
be self-confident and persuasive when presenting burs ve kredi programı var.
new ideas. A) We are lucky enough to have a few scholarship
B) In order to help people improve themselves and credit programs which are designed to make
and thereby express themselves powerfully and university training lower-priced and attainable.
confidently, the institution has played an important B) Luckily, there are a number of scholarship and
role. credit programs designed to make university
C) The institution has played an important role in training more reasonably priced and attainable.
helping young people improve themselves so C) It is fortunate that there are scores of scholarship
that they can present new ideas confidently and and credit programs that are intended to make
eloquently. university training cheaper and more accessible.
D) The role played by the institution is such that they D) Fortunately, there are several scholarship and
have helped young people improve themselves so credit programs that are designed with the aim
that they can present new ideas in a self-assured of making university training more affordable and
and fluent way. accessible.
E) The institution has played an important role in the E) Luckily enough, several scholarship and credit
development of young people so that they can programs have been designed to make university
present new ideas confidently and persuasively. training more affordable and within reach.
377
13. Her ne kadar kağıt para fikrinin Avrupa’da benim- 15. Sürekli düşük toplam doğurganlık oranlarından
senmesi bir bin yıl daha almış olsa da tarihteki ilk dolayı Japonya ve Avrupa Birliği’nin yakında nü-
banknotlar yedinci yüzyılda Çin’de piyasaya sürül- fuslarında önemli azalmalar yaşayacakları tahmin
müştü. edilmektedir.
A) Even though it took 1,000 years for the Europeans A) One can expect that Japan and the European
to adopt the idea of paper money, the first Union will soon experience an increase in their
banknotes in history were issued in China in the populations in spite of comparatively low total
th
7 century. fertility rates.
B) The first banknotes in history were issued in China B) It is foreseen that Japan and the European Union
th
in the 7 century, but it took about 1,000 years for might experience remarkable decreases in their
the idea of paper money to be adopted in Europe. populations due to relatively low total fertility rates.
C) Although the first ever banknotes were issued C) It is predicted that Japan and the European Union
th
in China in the 7 century, another 1,000 years will soon experience considerable decreases in
were necessary for the idea of paper money to be their populations due to persistently low total
adopted in Europe. fertility rates.
D) China was the first country to issue banknotes in D) According to predictions, Japan and the European
th
the 7 century, and it took another 1,000 years Union will be facing substantial decreases in their
before the idea of paper money was adopted by populations owing to alarmingly low total fertility
the Europeans. rates.
E) The first ever banknotes were issued in China in E) The fertility rates in Japan and the European
th
the 7 century, though it took another 1,000 years Union, which are always low, are claimed to be the
before the idea of paper money was adopted in main reason for the significant decrease in their
DENİZ PINAR
Europe. populations.
14. Anlaşmazlıklardan dolayı, iyi ilişkileri ayakta tut-

mak her zaman mümkün değildir, ancak iyi bir
ilişki sürdürmeyi kolaylaştıran belli bazı faktörler
vardır.
16. Kömür genel olarak imalat endüstrisi için hayati
A) Due to disagreements, it is not always easy to
bir öneme sahiptir ve demirin eritilmesinde ve
sustain good relationships, but there are certain
imalatında özellikle önemlidir.
factors that make it easier to maintain a good
relationship. A) Coal is crucial for the manufacturing industry
in general, but it is even more important for the
B) Disagreements make it difficult to sustain good
smelting and manufacturing of iron.
relationships, but there are some factors that
make it easier to preserve a good relationship. B) Coal generally has a critical role in the
manufacturing industry, but is extremely important
C) Because there could be disagreements, it is not
for the smelting and manufacturing of iron.
always easy to build good relationships, but there
are various factors that enable a good relationship. C) Coal is of vital importance for the manufacturing
industry in general and is particularly important for
D) Owing to disagreements, one will always have
the smelting and manufacturing of iron.
problems in keeping relationships going, but there
are a variety of factors that make it easier to D) Nothing is as important as iron for the manufacturing
maintain a good relationship. industry, as it is crucial for the smelting and
manufacturing of iron.
E) Although it is not always easy to keep good
relationships in existence due to disagreements, E) In general, coal holds a privileged place in the
maintaining a relationship can be made easier manufacturing industry, and it is especially used in
thanks to certain factors. the smelting and manufacturing of iron.
378
17. Hastanın sağlık durumunu tam olarak anlamak 18. En kötü ekonomik koşullar boyunca sürdürülebi-
için sadece şikâyet bölgesinin değil aynı zamanda lir büyümeyi devam ettirebilmesi için bir sürecin
bir bütün olarak vücudun kapsamlı bir incelemesi sahip olması gereken en önemli niteliklerinden
yapılır. birisi ölçeklenebilirliktir.
A) In order to really understand the patient’s condition, A) One of the most important qualities a process must
a comprehensive investigation of the area of have in order to be able to maintain sustainable
complaint as well as the body as a whole is taken. growth through the worst economic conditions is
B) A detailed investigation of both the area of scalability.
complaint and the body as a whole is conducted in B) During the worst economic conditions, a process
order to understand the patient’s overall condition. needs to have an important quality known as
C) Not only the area of complaint but also the scalability so as to continue long-term growth.
body as a whole goes through an exhaustive C) Scalability is the most important quality that a
investigation so that the patient’s condition can be process is supposed to have over the course of
fully understood. the worst economic conditions in order to maintain
D) In order to fully understand the patient’s condition, sustainable development.
a thorough investigation of not only the area D) Among the most important qualities a process
of complaint but also the body as a whole is needs to have so as to carry on unprecedented
conducted. development during the worst economic conditions
E) Besides the area of complaint, the body as a is scalability.
whole undergoes a meticulous investigation in E) One of the most important qualities a process
order that the patient’s condition can be truly needs to have so that it can keep on gradual
understood. growth during the worst economic conditions is
DENİZ PINAR
scalability.
379
3. ABD tarihinde bir kilometre taşı olan Boston

SET 5 Katliamı, bir grup İngiliz askeri ile onlara kartopu,
taş ve sopa fırlatan vatansever bir kalabalık
arasında 5 Mart 1770’de meydana gelen bir sokak
kavgasıdır.
1. Bazı eleştirmenler kurgusal olmayan eser türünün A) The Boston Massacre was a milestone in U.S.
yüzyıllardır piyasada olduğunu ileri sürse de, history and was a street fight that occurred on
Truman Capote, “Soğukkanlılıkla” isimli 1996 yı- March 5, 1770, between a squad of British soldiers
lında yazdığı suç romanıyla bu türü ortaya çıkaran and a patriot mob, throwing snowballs, stones,
kişi olduğunu iddia etmiştir. and sticks at them.
B) A milestone in U.S. history, the Boston Massacre
A) Although some critics reiterate that nonfiction has
was a street fight that occurred on March 5, 1770,
been known for centuries, Truman Capote claimed
between a squad of British soldiers and a patriot
to have been the creator of this genre with his
mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks at
1966 crime novel, In Cold Blood.
them.
B) Truman Capote claimed to have been the creator
C) The Boston Massacre, a milestone in U.S. history,
of this genre with his 1966 crime novel, In Cold
was only a street fight that occurred on March 5,
Blood, but some critics argue that nonfiction has
1770, between a patriot mob, throwing snowballs,
been around for centuries.
stones, and sticks, and a squad of British soldiers.
C) While some critics argue that the genre, nonfiction,
D) Occurring on March 5, 1770, between a patriot
has been around for centuries, Truman Capote
mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks, and
claimed to have been the creator of this genre with
a squad of British soldiers, the Boston Massacre,
In Cold Blood, the crime novel he wrote in 1966.
a milestone in U.S. history, was only a street fight.
DENİZ PINAR
D) Some critics argue that nonfiction has been

E) The Boston Massacre was a street fight that
around for centuries, nonetheless, Truman Capote
occurred on March 5, 1770, between a squad
claimed to have been the creator of this genre with
of British soldiers and a patriot mob, throwing
In Cold Blood, the crime novel he wrote in 1966.
snowballs, stones, and sticks, and it was a
E) While some critics argue that nonfiction has been
milestone in U.S. history.
known for centuries, Truman Capote is claimed to
have created this genre with his 1966 crime novel,
4. Bugün bilinmektedir ki, kişi yaşlandıkça, beynin
In Cold Blood.
kronik açlığı Alzheimer hastalığına yol açan
biyokimyasal sürecin ana tetikleyicisi olabilmektedir.
2. Kakaonun faydalarının listesi çeşitleri kadar A) The chronic starvation of the brain is known today
uzundur ve muhtemelen bu yüzden İnkalar çiğ to be the main trigger of a biochemical process
kakaoyu “tanrıların içeçeği” olarak düşünürdü. that causes Alzheimer’s disease.
A) The list of cocoa benefits is as long as it is varied B) It is known today that the chronic starvation of
and perhaps this is why the Incas considered raw the brain as one ages is the main trigger of a
cocoa to be the ‘drink of the gods’. biochemical process that leads to Alzheimer’s
B) Cocoa benefits are so many and varied that disease.
perhaps raw cocoa was considered the ‘drink of C) It is known today that the chronic starvation of the
the gods’ by the Incas. brain as one ages may be the main trigger of a
C) The list of cocoa benefits is believed to be as long biochemical process that may cause Alzheimer’s
as it is varied and perhaps this is why the Incas disease.
considered raw cocoa to be the ‘drink of the gods’. D) Alzheimer’s disease is known to be caused
D) The list of cocoa benefits is so long and varied that by a biochemical process in which the chronic
perhaps this is why the Incas believed raw cocoa starvation of the brain may be seen as one ages.
to be the ‘drink of the gods’. E) It is known today that the chronic starvation of
E) The list of cocoa benefits is as long as it is varied the brain as one ages may be the main trigger of
and this is why raw cocoa was considered the a biochemical process that causes Alzheimer’s
‘drink of the gods’ by the Incas. disease.
380
5. İnternet’in öngörülemeyen doğası sebebiyle bazı 7. Kuş gribinden etkilenmiş insanların, bu hastalığa
ülkeler yanlış bilginin ve dezenformasyonun ya- kuş gribi virüsünü tükürükleri ve dışkıları yoluyla
yılmasını önleyebilmek için İnterneti filtrelemeyi yayan hasta kümes hayvanlarıyla doğrudan temas
tercih etmiştir. yüzünden yakalanmış oldukları düşünülmektedir.
A) Because of the unpredictable nature of the A) It is thought that those who were suffering from the
Internet, some countries have chosen to filter it so avian flu may have caught the avian flu from direct
that they can stop the spread of false information contact with infected birds which spread the bird
and disinformation. flu virus via their saliva or feces.
B) Some countries have filtered the Internet so that B) The affected people are known to have caught the
they can stop the spread of false information avian flu due to direct contact with infected poultry
and disinformation, for they are afraid of the which spread the bird flu virus via their saliva or
unpredictable nature of it. feces.
C) Due to the fact that the Internet has an unpredictable C) The affected people said they caught the avian
nature, many countries have preferred to filter it in flu from direct contact with infected birds which
order to stop the spread of false information and spread the bird flu virus via their saliva or feces.
disinformation. D) Those who are affected by the bird flu are said
D) Because of the unpredictable nature of the Internet, to have come down with the avian flu because
most countries have filtered it so as to stop the of direct contact with infected poultry’s saliva or
spread of false information and disinformation. feces.
E) The changeable nature of the Internet has forced E) The affected people are thought to have caught
some countries to filter it in order that they can the avian flu due to direct contact with infected
prevent false information from spreading. poultry which spread the bird flu virus via their
DENİZ PINAR
saliva or feces.
8. Beklentilerin aksine, Norveç ve Finlandiya gibi

çevre dostu ülkelerde dahi, sadece küçük bir azınlık
küresel ısınmanın temelde bizim eylemlerimizden
6. Çocuk felci yeryüzünden yok edilmek üzere ol-
kaynaklandığının farkındadır.
masına rağmen, aşı olarak uygulanan virüsün bir
A) In contrast to common belief, in eco-friendly
değişikliğe uğrama ve bir çok kişiye tehdit arzetme
countries such as Norway and Finland, a majority
olasılığı vardır.
of people realize the fact that global warming is
A) Much as polio is about to be wiped out from the
largely because of our actions.
face of the earth, there is a possibility that the virus
B) In contrast to what people would expect, even
employed as a vaccine may undergo a change
in such eco-friendly countries as Norway and
and pose a threat to many.
Finland, only a minority of people are aware of the
B) Polio is about to be wiped out altogether, but
fact that global warming is largely because of our
there is a possibility that the virus employed as
actions.
a vaccine will undergo a change and become
C) In contrast to expectations, even in such eco-
dangerous.
friendly countries as Norway and Finland, a
C) Although polio is on the brink of being eradicated majority of people are not aware of the fact that
completely, the virus applied as a vaccine will global warming is mainly because of our actions.
undergo a change and pose a danger to many.
D) In contrast to expectations, even in such eco-
D) Polio was believed to have been eliminated across friendly countries as Norway and Finland, only a
the world; even so,it is possible that the virus used minority of people are aware of the fact that global
as a vaccine could undergo a change and pose a warming is mainly because of our actions.
threat to all.
E) Unlike what is expected even in such eco-friendly
E) Though polio is about to be wiped out, it is countries as Norway and Finland, only a minority
possible that the virus employed as a vaccine of people realize that global warming is totally
might undergo a change pose a danger to some. caused by actions.
381
9. 19 yıl önce, tüm dünyada nefes kesen fotoğrafla- 11. Son dönemlerde, özellikle genç yetişkinler arasında,
rıyla ünlü fotoğrafçı Irenaeus Herok, Dubai’de ter- üniversite hastanelerinin devlet hastanelerinden ya
kedilmiş bir film setine benzeyen bir yere rastladı. da özel hastanelerden daha iyi olduğu yönünde
A) Photographer Irenaeus Herok, who is famous gittikçe artan yanlış bir düşünce vardır.
across the world for his breathtaking photos, found A) There has been a growing misconception in recent
a place which looked like an abandoned movie set years among the young adults that university
in Dubai some 19 years ago. hospitals are much better than state or private
B) Famous across the world for his breathtaking hospitals.
photos, photographer Irenaeus Herok accidentally B) There has been a misconception in recent years,
found a place that used to be an abandoned movie especially among the young adults, that university
set in Dubai 19 years ago. hospitals are worse than state or private hospitals.
C) 19 years ago, photographer Irenaeus Herok, C) Especially the young adults are of the opinion that
famous across the world for his breathtaking university hospitals should be better than state or
photos, stumbled upon an abandoned movie set private hospitals.
in Dubai. D) University hospitals have wrongly been believed
D) Photographer Irenaeus Herok, who is famous by the young adults in recent years to be better
across the world, stumbled upon what looked like than state or private hospitals.
an abandoned movie set in Dubai 19 years ago. E) There has been a growing misconception in recent
E) 19 years ago, photographer Irenaeus Herok, who years, especially among the young adults, that
is famous across the world for his breathtaking university hospitals are better than state or private
photos, stumbled upon what looked like an hospitals.
abandoned movie set in Dubai.
DENİZ PINAR
10. Teknolojideki son yenilikler üretim sektöründe

üretkenliği artırmış olabilir fakat aynı zamanda tek- 12. Tıpkı banknotun yüzlerce yıl önce piyasaya gir-
nik yeteneklerden yoksun kişileri istihdam etmek mesinin ticarette devrim yapması gibi, bugün ge-
gibi önemli sorunlara da yol açmıştır. liştirilmekte olan teknolojiler de ticaret ve yatırım
A) Latest innovations in technology may have raised yapma tarzımızı değiştirecektir.
productivity in the manufacturing sector, but they A) The introduction of paper money hundreds of years
also have led to significant issues like hiring of ago revolutionized commerce, so the technologies
those who lack the technical skills. being developed today will alter the way we trade
B) Latest innovations in technology not only have and the way we invest.
raised productivity in the manufacturing sector, but B) Just as the introduction of paper money hundreds
they also have led to significant issues like hiring of years ago revolutionized commerce, the
of those who lack the technical skills. technologies being developed today will alter the
C) Not only have latest innovations in technology way we trade and the way we invest.
raised productivity in the manufacturing sector, but C) Because the introduction of paper money
they also have led to significant issues like hiring hundreds of years ago revolutionized commerce,
of those with no technical skills. the technologies being developed today will
D) Recent breakthroughs in technology might have change how we trade and invest.
raised productivity in the manufacturing sector, but D) The introduction of paper money revolutionized
they could also have led to significant issues like commerce one hundred years ago, accordingly,
hiring of those who have no technical skills. the technologies being developed today may
E) Latest breakthroughs in technology may have change the way we trade and how we invest.
raised productivity in the manufacturing sector, E) Just as the introduction of paper money hundreds
but they at least have not caused issues of great of years ago revolutionized the way we trade, the
importance like the employment of people who technologies being developed today might alter
lack the technical skills. commerce and the way we invest.
382
13. Araç kullanırken mesaj yazmak, kazalarda korkunç 15. Yetiştirme ve sosyokültürel süreçler gibi
ölümlere ve ciddi yaralanmalara yol açan önemli faktörlerin dini inanışlarda içgüdüden daha büyük
bir halk sağlığı sorunu haline gelmiştir. rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir.
A) Those who text while driving can cause horrible A) It has been established that factors, such as
deaths and serious injuries in accidents, which has upbringing and socio-cultural processes, play a
become a significant public health issue. greater role than intuition in religious beliefs.
B) Texting while driving is a significant public health B) Factors, such as upbringing and socio-cultural
issue and leads to horrible deaths and grave processes, are more likely to play a greater role
injuries in crashes. than intuition in religious beliefs.
C) Texting and driving at the same time have recently C) It has been discovered that factors, including
become a significant public health issue which upbringing and socio-cultural processes, can play
has led to numerous deaths and serious injuries in a much greater role than intuition in religious
crashes. beliefs.
D) Texting while driving has become a significant D) Factors, including upbringing and socio-cultural
public health issue which leads to horrible deaths processes, are known to play a greater role than
and grave injuries in crashes. intuition in religious beliefs.
E) Texting while driving has become a significant E) It is known that such factors as upbringing and
public health issue which may lead to fatalities and socio-cultural processes are more likely to play a
serious injuries in car accidents. greater role than intuition in religious beliefs.
DENİZ PINAR
16. Roma’nın açık ara en kalabalık nüfuslu ve en güçlü

14. Psikologlar insanların yalan söylediklerinde, Latin devleti olarak yükselişi diğer Latin devletleri
kültürel geçmişlerine bağlı olarak dillerinin ile değişken ilişkilere neden olmuştur.
değiştiğini fark etmiştir. A) The fact that Rome rose as by far the most
A) It has been discovered by psychologists that populous and powerful Latin state was due to its
people changes their languages when they lie volatile relations with the other Latin states.
depending on their cultural background. B) The rise of Rome as a populous and a very strong
B) Psychologists have realized that people’s Latin state brought about a series of volatile
languages do not change even when they lie relations with the other Latin states.
about their cultural background. C) The rise of Rome as by far the most populous and
C) Psychologists have discovered that changes in powerful Latin state led to volatile relations with
people’s languages when they lie depend on their the other Latin states.
cultural background. D) Rome rose as by far the most populous and
D) Psychologists have discovered that people’s powerful Latin state, which was the reason why it
languages change when they lie depending on had volatile relations with the other Latin states.
their cultural background. E) The rise of Rome as by far the strongest Latin
E) It has been discovered by psychologists that, state, which had the most crowded population,
depending on their cultural background, people caused volatile relations with the other Latin
change their languages when they lie. states.
383
17. Kadınların tarih boyunca kullanageldikleri tüm 18. Yalnızca şekil olarak değil aynı zamanda renk ola-
aksesuarlar arasında, ayna sosyal statülerine ve rak da güzel olan kuş tüyleri eski zamanlardan bu
yaşlarına bakmaksızın, muhtemelen onların en yana insanlar tarafından süsleme için kullanılmak-
sevdiği şey olmuştur. tadır.
A) Women have used many accessories throughout A) Feathers are so beautiful in pattern and in colour
history, but the mirror is probably what they have that people have used them since ancient times
liked best regardless of their social status or ages. for adornment.
B) Of all accessories that women have used B) People have used the feathers for a very long
throughout history, it must have been the mirror time to adorn themselves not just because of
that they have liked best regardless of their social their beautiful colours but also because of their
status or ages. patterns.
C) Women, regardless of their social status or ages, C) Feathers have been used by people since ancient
have used many accessories throughout history, times due to their colours and patterns for the
but probably they have liked the mirror best. purpose of adorning.
D) For women, of all the accessories they have used D) Being not only beautiful in pattern but also in
throughout history, it must have been the mirror colour, feathers have been used by people since
that they have liked best, depending on their social ancient times for adornment.
status or ages. E) Feathers which are both beautiful in pattern and
E) Of all accessories that women have used in colour have been used by people since ancient
throughout history, the mirror is probably what they times.
have liked best regardless of their social status or
ages.
DENİZ PINAR
384
.
DPELS FINDING THE IRRELEVANT SENTENCE STRATEGIES
ilk cümlede ortaya atılan iddia tespit edilmelidir. Eğer

FINDING THE IRRELEVANT SENTENCE
paragrafın devamında ilk cümlede sunulan konunun
STRATEGIES
farklı bir boyutuna geçiliyorsa yani kalan cümlelerde
“Irrelevant sentence” (ilgisiz cümle) nedir? “Irrelevant ortaya atılan iddiayı desteklemeyen bir cümle veril-
sentence” yeri geldiğinde en büyük dostumuz, gö- mişse bu cümle büyük olasılıkla ilgisiz olan cümledir.
zümüzden kaçtığında da en büyük düşmanımızdır. Ana fikri tespit etmek için bu bölümde de ilk cümleye
“Irrelevant sentence”, paragrafta anlam bütünlüğünü iki soru sorarız: Konu ne? (topic) ve nesi? (main
ve akışını bozan cümledir. YDT’de 5 adet ilgisiz cüm- idea). (Detaylı açıklama için bkz. paragraph bölümü)
leyi bulma sorusu bulunmaktadır.
Paragraf Bütünlüğü Nedir?

Paragraf bütünlüğü, bir paragrafın giriş cümlesin-
den (topic sentence) itibaren gelişme, örnekleme,
kurgulama ve destekleme aşamalarının bir bütün
halinde yer alması; amacı doğrultusunda bir sonuç
ÖRNEK SORU:
ya da çıkarıma ulaşmasıdır. Şu halde dikkat etmemiz
(I) In 1839, 53 illegally purchased African slaves
gereken cümle bütünlüğü ile beraber bir düşünce ya
being transported from Cuba aboard the Spanish-
da fikir bütünlüğünün de sağlanabilmesidir. İngilizce
built vessel Amistad staged a successful mutiny.
paragraf bütünlüğü ancak bu şekilde sağlanabilir.
(II) They were later intercepted by an American
Belirli bir merkez ya da fikir üzerine kurgulanan
ship off the coast of Long Island and thrown
DENİZ PINAR
paragraf, bu merkez ve doğrusal gelişim yönünde

in jail. (III) While President Martin Van Buren
ilerler. Dolayısıyla, bu yönün ya da konunun dışına
favored extraditing the Africans to Cuba, a
çıkılacaksa farklı bir paragrafa geçilmelidir. Şu halde,
federal district court judge ruled they were not
adayın yapması gereken ilk şey, paragrafın ana fikrini
liable for their actions. (IV) The appeal was then
anlamaktır. Paragraflar genellikle belli bir konu ve
brought before the U.S. Supreme Court, which
o konunun özel bir yönü üzerinde yoğunlaşırlar ve
eventually determined the Africans to be free
anlamsal açıdan bir bütünlük arz ederler. Paragraftaki
men. (V) Amistad was a 1997 American historical
bu konu bütünlüğüne “UNITY” denir. İlgisiz cümle
drama film based on the true story of the events
ise paragraftaki konu bütünlüğünü bozan cümledir.
in 1839 aboard the slave ship, La Amistad.
Aşağıda ilgisiz cümleyi bulma bölümünde adaylara
yardımcı olacak ve onlara hız kazandıracak bir takım A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
stratejiler verilecektir. Ancak sınavda bazen bu stra-
tejilerin birkaçını veya hepsini aynı soru üzerinde ÇÖZÜM:
uygulamamız gerekebilir. Parça, "1839’da illegal olarak satın alınan 53 kölenin
Küba’dan İspanyol yapımı Amistad isimli bir gemiye
STRATEJİ 1 bindirilirken başarılı bir isyan hareketi sergiledikleri
MAIN IDEA / ANA FİKİR yönünde" bir iddia cümlesiyle başlamıştır. Okuyucu
olarak beklentimiz bu tarihi olayın etkileri ve ardından
Paragraf bölümünde de ele aldığımız haliyle genel gerçekleşen olay örgüsünün aktarılmasıdır. Beşinci
olarak İngilizce sınav paragrafları ilk cümlede belli bir cümleye kadar verilen açıklamalarda bu beklenti ger-
iddia/sav öne sürerek paragrafa hakim olacak konuyu çekleşmiştir. Ancak son cümlede parçanın genelinde
başlatırlar ve geri kalan cümleler de başlatılan konu- aktarılan tarihi gerçekten farklı bir biçimde “Amistad”
yu desteklerler. Diğer bir deyişle, yazar bütün parçayı filminden söz edilerek akış bozulmuştur. Doğru yanıt
bu ana fikrin üzerine inşa eder. Bu durumda öncelikle E seçeneğidir.
387
FINDING THE IRRELEVANT SENTENCE STRATEGIES DPELS
ÖRNEK SORU:
STRATEJİ 2
(I) Pangolins are scaly, ant-eating mammals that İLK CÜMLE
live in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. (II) Their
scales are in high demand in the illegal wildlife Bazı paragraflarda birinci cümle, anlam akışına ters
trade, valued for use in traditional Chinese düşebilir. Bu da adayların yanıt vermekte genelde
medicine, and two species–Indian pangolin and zorlandığı bir soru türüdür. Burada yapılması gere-
the Chinese pangolin–live in the northeastern ken, öncelikle birinci ve ikinci cümleleri dikkatli oku-
Indian state of Assam. (III) Across India, nearly maktır. Çünkü paragrafın desteklemesi gereken iddia
6,000 pangolins were seized between 2009 and bu cümlelerden birinde yer alır. Eğer ilk iki cümlede
2017, according to a 2018 estimate by Traffic, iki farklı iddia göze çarpıyorsa, geri kalan cümlelere
the wildlife trade monitoring organization. (IV) (özellikle üçüncü cümleye) bakarak paragrafın geri
The traffic in India is so chaotic that a foreigner kalanında ilk cümledeki düşünce mi yoksa ikinci
would never cross a street without help. (V) cümledeki düşünce mi destekleniyor belirlenmelidir.
Traffic also counted 90 seizures of illegal pangolin Paragrafın kalanı, ikinci cümledeki iddiayı destekli-
products over that period, with more than a third yorsa birinci cümle ilgisizdir dolayısıyla akışı bozar.
taking place in the northeastern state of Manipur, İlk cümle şu bağlaçlarla başlayamaz:
near Assam. x “Bu nedenle, sonuç olarak” anlamı veren sonuç
bağlaçlarıyla ve geçiş sözcükleriyle
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
(Therefore, Thus, Hence, As a result, So, Thereby,
Whereby, As a conclusion, Consequently)
ÇÖZÜM:
x İstisna: “-in sonucu olarak” anlamına gelen, “As
DENİZ PINAR
Parçada, kabuklu bir karıncayiyen türü olan pango-

a result of” ve “As a consequence of” sonuç
linden söz edilmektedir. İlk cümle parçanın ana fikri
bağlaçlarıyla başlayabilir.
olarak kabul edilecek olursa, diğer cümlelerde de
anlam bütünlüğünü bozmayacak şekilde bu parçanın x Dahası, ayrıca, buna ek olarak anlamına gelen
konusu olan pangolinden söz edilmesi beklenir. İlk destek bağlaçlarıyla ve geçiş sözcükleriyle
cümle "pangolinin Asya ve Sahra altı Afrika’da yaşa- (Moreover, Furthermore, Further, What’s more,
yan, kabuklu karıncayiyen bir memeli olduğundan"; Also, Besides + SVO, In addition)
ikinci cümle, "kabuklarının illegal ticaretinin yapıldı- x İstisna: “-e ek olarak / -in yanı sıra” anlamı veren
ğından, çok talep gördüğünden, geleneksel Çin tıp “In addition to” ve “Besides+Ving/Noun Phrase”
alanında çok değerli olduğundan ve iki türünün (Çin ile başlayabilir.
ve Hint pangolininin) Hindistan’ın kuzeydoğusundaki x Ancak, ne var ki, bununla birlikte ve yine de
Assam eyaletinde yaşadığından" söz etmektedir. anlamına gelen zıtlık bağlaçlarıyla ve geçiş
Üçüncü cümlede ise "Traffic adındaki yabani hayvan sözcükleriyle
ticaretini denetleyen bir örgütün verilerine göre, 2009- (However, But, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Yet,
2017 yılları arasında tüm Hindistan’da yaklaşık 6000 Still, All the same, ve buna rağmen anlamına
pangolinin ticaretinin yapıldığından" söz edilmekte- gelen Even so)
dir. Son cümlede "Traffic örgütünün, bu dönemde x Vurgu amaçlı kullanılan, “Gerçekten de”, “Aslına
90 illegal pangolin ürününü ele geçirdiği ve Assam bakılacak olursa” gibi anlam veren, “In fact,
yakınlarındaki kuzeydoğu eyaleti olan Manipur’da Indeed, In effect, As a matter of fact” bağlaçlarıyla;
bunun üçte birinden daha fazlasının yakalandığı" “Diğer bir deyişle” anlamına gelen “In other
bilgileri verilmiştir. Dördüncü cümle ise, parçanın ana words” geçiş sözcüğüyle; Örnekleme gösterirken
fikriyle ilgili değildir. Bu cümle, "Hindistan’daki trafiğin kullanılan ve “Mesela, Örnek olarak” anlamlarını
ne kadar karmaşık olduğunu ve bir yabancının bu veren “For instance, For example, To illustrate,
ülkede bir caddenin karşı tarafına yardım olmaksızın As an illustration, That’s to say, Namely” geçiş
geçemeyeceğini" anlatan bir cümledir. Bu nedenle sözcükleriyle; Benzetme ve kıyas sözcükleriyle
doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
388
“Likewise, Similarly (Bunun gibi, Benzer şekilde) sıcaklık ilişkisinden" söz etmektedir. Bu durumda,
ve Comparatively (Buna kıyasla)”; “Bunun yerine” belirleyici olan, üçüncü cümle olacaktır. Bu cümle
anlamına gelen “Instead” bağlacıyla ve “These, incelendiğinde ise, "sıcaklığın yüksekliğinden ve bilim
That, His, Such…” gibi daha öncesinde aynı insanlarının aniden yumuşayan karın içinde dizlerine
isimlerden söz edilmesini gerektiren reference kadar battığından" söz edildiği görülmektedir. Üçüncü
(atıfta-göndermede bulunma) sözcükleriyle de ilk cümle "sıcaklık yükselmesi ve getirdiği sonuca" odak-
cümle başlamaz. lanmıştır. Bu durumda, doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
x İkinci cümle, bu bağlaçlardan veya yapılardan
herhangi biriyle başlıyorsa, ilk cümle elenmez. ÖRNEK SORU:
Çünkü, aksi halde bu bağlaçlardan/yapılardan (I) Lewis Carroll was an English writer,
biriyle başlayan ikinci cümle ilk cümle haline gelir mathematician, logician, and photographer. (II)
ki kurala göre böyle bir cümle ilk cümle olamaz.
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, written by
Lewis Carroll, belongs to the genre of children
ÖRNEK SORU:
fiction. (III) It tells the story of a girl named Alice,
(I) Ice melting in Antarctica was causing sea levels who is the main character of it. (IV) It includes
to rise at a massive rate and the frozen continent elements from a fantasy world where one can
lost about 3 trillion tons of ice in the last 25 travel to this world through a rabbit hole. (V)
years. (II) For a few days in July of 2012, it was so Moreover, it is a book that consists of magical
hot in the Arctic that nearly the entire surface of items like a bottle of liquid to make one shrink.
the Greenland ice sheet turned to slush. (III) It
DENİZ PINAR
was so uncharacteristically warm that scientists

sank up to their knees in the suddenly soft snow,
ÇÖZÜM:
and then, that snow started melting. (IV) One river
near the edge of the ice sheet was so swollen Parçayı incelediğimizde, ilk cümlenin “Lewis Carroll’ın
İngiliz bir yazar, matematikçi, mantıkçı ve fotoğrafçı
that it swept away a bridge that had been there
olduğunu” anlatan bir cümle olduğunu görüyoruz.
for decades. (V) So much water spilled out of
Beklentimiz, bütün parçanın bu ilk cümle üzerine inşa
the guts of the ice sheet that year that global sea
edilmesi ve Lewis Carroll’ı odak noktası almasıdır.
levels rose by over a millimeter.
İkinci cümle ise “Lewis Carroll tarafından yazılmış
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V olan Alice’in Harikalar Dünyası’nın çocuk romanları
türüne ait olduğundan” söz etmektedir. Yani, ilk
ÇÖZÜM: cümlede odak noktası olan Lewis Carroll iken ikinci
cümlede Alice Harikalar Diyarı adlı çocuk romanıdır.
Parçanın ilk cümlesi, "Antarktika’daki buzul erimesi-
Üçüncü cümledeki "it" zamirinin kendisinden önceki bu
nin su seviyelerinin devasa boyutlarda yükselmesine
romana atıfta bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır ve bu cümle
yol açtığından ve Antarktika kıtasının son 25 yılda
“bu romanın, ana karakter olan Alice adında bir kızın
yaklaşık 3 trilyon ton buz kaybetmiş olduğundan" söz
hikayesini anlattığını” vurgulamaktadır. Dördüncü
etmektedir. Beklentimiz, diğer cümlelerin bu cümlenin
cümlede “romanın fantezi dünyasının unsurlarını
üzerine inşa edilerek Antarktika’daki buzul erimesinin
içerdiğinden ve bu dünyaya bir tavşan deliğinden
yol açtığı olumsuz sonuçlardan bahsetmesidir. Ne var
geçilerek seyahat edildiğinden” söz edilmekte ve
ki, ikinci cümlede, "2012 Temmuz’unda birkaç gün
beşinci cümle de aynı şekilde romana odaklanarak,
Arktika’da havanın son derece sıcak olduğu ve bunun
“romanda, içince insanı küçülten sıvı gibi sihirlerin
da Grönland buzul tabakasının yüzeyinin neredey-
kullanıldığından” söz etmektedir. Dolayısıyla, ilk
se tamamının erimesine sebep olduğu" anlatılıyor.
cümle dışındaki bütün cümleler birbiriyle bağlantılı ve
Dolayısıyla, ilk cümle ile ikinci cümle buzul erimesiyle
bir bütünlük içindeyken, ilk cümle paragrafın akışını
ilgili gözükse de aslında ilk cümle "Antarktika ve su"
bozmaktadır. Bu durumda, doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
seviyesindeki artıştan, ikinci cümle ise "Arktika ve
389
ÇÖZÜM:
STRATEJİ 3
REFERENCE / GÖNDERİMDE BULUNMA Parçada, üçüncü cümlede “these campaigns” ifade-
sini görmekteyiz. Kurala göre, “these” sözcüğünün
Zamirler, bir paragrafta isimlerin yerine kullanılan ve içini dolduracak çoğul isim -ki burada campaigns- bir
metinde anlam bütünlüğüne katkıda bulunan dil bi- önceki cümlede karşılığını bulmalıdır. Fakat, bu çoğul
rimleridir ve daha önce geçen sözcüklere gönderme isim, ikinci cümlede değil birinci cümlede verilmiştir.
yaparlar. Dolayısıyla, parçada geçen zamirlerin isim
(2016 election campaigns). Bu nedenle, ikinci cümle
karşılıklarının yani isim-zamir uyumunun olup olma-
anlam akışını bozmaktadır. Doğru yanıt B seçeneği-
dığına dikkat edilmesi büyük önem arz eder. Geçmiş
dir.
senelerde çıkan sınavlarda zamir uyumu ile çözüle-
bilen çok sayıda soruya rastlanmaktadır. Ayrıca diğer
bazı yapılar da kendisinden önceki cümleye ya da
cümle içindeki herhangi bir yapıya gönderme yapmak
ÖRNEK SORU:
suretiyle konu bütünlüğüne katkıda bulunurlar. (the,
a/an, some … others, another, … so, this, these, (I) On the evening of April 4, 1968, Martin Luther
such, the former…the latter..) King was assassinated. (II) He was fatally shot
Parçanın anlamlı bir bütünlük sağlaması için, gönder- while standing on the balcony of a motel in
me sözcüklerinin karşılığı olan tekil ya da çoğul bir Memphis, where King had traveled to support a
isim bir önceki cümlede bulunmalıdır. Ancak, burada sanitation workers’ strike. (III) Such a measure
şuna dikkat etmek gerekir. Eğer, bu zamirlerin içle- could have prevented him from carrying out that
rini dolduracak isim kendisinden bir önceki cümlede
DENİZ PINAR
project. (IV) In the wake of his death, a wave of

değil de iki önceki cümlede bulunuyorsa, bir önceki riots swept major cities across the country. (V)
cümle elenir. Şayet kendisinden ne bir önceki ne de President Johnson declared a national day of
iki önceki cümlede bulunuyorsa, bu durumda zamir mourning following this tragic event.
(gönderme sözcüğü) kullanılmış olan cümle elenir.
ÖRNEK SORU:
ÇÖZÜM:
(I) Republican Donald Trump’s team spent 44
Parçada 3. cümlede geçen “such a measure-böyle bir
million dollars on Facebook, with 175,000 different
tedbir/önlem” ifadesinin, parça ile anlamlı bir akışkan-
adverts during the 2016 election campaigns. (II)
lık ve bütünlük sağlaması için bir önceki cümlede ya
Facebook was harshly criticized for failing to
da iki önceki cümlede karşılığının olması gerekir. Ne
inform users whose data had been improperly
var ki, bu ifadenin içini dolduracak isim ne ikinci ne de
shared with the political consultancy. (III) In order
birinci cümlede verilmiştir. Bu nedenle, üçüncü cümle
to carry out these campaigns, the messages are
parçanın genel akışını bozmaktadır. Doğru yanıt C
sent out to Facebook users based on various
seçeneğidir.
factors, such as their gender, location or political
allegiance. (IV) What has been proven is that
this micro-targeted advertising on social media
was highly effective in persuading undecided
voters to support Trump. (V) It further increased
the probability that a non-aligned voter would
decide to vote for candidate Trump by at least five
percentage points.
390
ÖRNEK SORU:
STRATEJİ 4
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER / KRONOLOJİK SIRA (I) The Imperial Japanese Navy made its attack on
Pearl Harbor on the morning of December 7, 1941.
Parçada söz edilen olay/durum özellikle bir tarihe (II) The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Oahu,
göndermede bulunuyorsa, dikkat edilmesi gereken
Hawaii, was aimed at the Pacific Fleet of the
şey kronolojik sıra olmalıdır ve bu sıra günümüze
United States Navy and its defending Army Air
doğru gelmelidir. Diğer bir deyişle, olay örgüsü, geç-
Corps and Marine defensive squadrons. (III) The
mişe doğru değil ilk verilen tarihten sonraki tarihe
decision to wage war on Japan was immediately
doğru bir sıra izlemelidir. Bir zıtlık ifadesi yardımıyla
geçmiş / gelecek kıyası yapmaksızın; geçmişle ilgili made and the history of the world was changed by
verilen bir tarihten, daha da geçmişe / geriye dönük the events that would take place in the following
bir olayın anlatıldığı cümle akışı bozar. years. (IV) In 1937, having made further progress
in constructing a large and modern navy and
ÖRNEK SORU: army, Japan began a large-scale invasion of
mainland China. (V) The U.S. public was angered
(I) Divisions over slavery in territory gained in
by the attack and rallied in support of the the U.S.
the Mexican-American War were resolved in the
Government’s decision to enter World War II,
Compromise of 1850. (II) It consisted of laws
initially against Imperial Japan.
admitting California as a free state, creating Utah
and New Mexico territories with the question A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
of slavery in each to be determined by popular
DENİZ PINAR
sovereignty. (III) Slavery was first abolished ÇÖZÜM:

by the French Republic in 1794, but Napoleon Parçada, ilk cümlede bir tarih verilmiştir ve "7 Aralık
revoked that decree in 1802. (IV) It further settled 1941’de Amerika’nın Pasifik’teki Pearl Harbor lima-
a Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute in the nına yapılan Japon saldırısından" söz edilmektedir.
former’s favor. (V) The compromise thus ended Beklenen, bu tarihten sonra gerçekleşen olayların
the slave trade in Washington, D.C., making it anlatılmasıdır. Dördüncü cümleye kadar olayların bu
easier for southerners to recover fugitive slaves. şekilde gerçekleştiği görülmektedir fakat dördüncü
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V cümlede kronolojik sıraya dikkat edilmemiş ve tarih
1937’ye dönmüştür. Ayrıca, bu cümle, diğer cümleler-
ÇÖZÜM: de bahsedilen, "Japonya’nın Pearl Harbor saldırısıyla
Parçada, ilk cümlede bir tarih hemen göze çarpmak- ve arkasından gelişen olaylarla değil, Japonya’nın
tadır. 1850 yılında gerçekleşen bu olay, Meksika- askeri gücünü geliştirerek Çin’i işgal etmesiyle" ilgi-
Amerika Savaşı sonunda elde edilen topraklarda lidir. Bu nedenle dördüncü cümle akışı bozmaktadır.
kölelik hakkındaki görüş ayrılığının bir uzlaşmayla Sorunun doğru yanıtı D seçeneğidir.
çözüme kavuşturulmasıdır. Üçüncü cümlede ise, bir
zıtlık ifadesi olmaksızın 1850’den önceki bir yıla,
1794 ve 1802’ye dönüş yapılmıştır. Yani, kronolojik
sıra bozulmuştur. Ayrıca, ikinci, dördüncü ve beşinci
cümleler, Amerikan topraklarındaki kölelik kurumu
üzerinde gerçekleşen olay örgüsünden söz ederken,
üçüncü cümlede parçanın genelinden kopuk bir bi-
çimde Fransa ve Napolyon konuları ele alındığından
üçüncü cümlenin parçanın diğer cümleleriyle ilişkisi
bozulmuştur. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
391
motorlu bir balonu Paris üzerinde uçuran Jules Henri

STRATEJİ 5
Giffard tarafından gerçekleştirildiği" past tense’de ve-
TENSE AGREEMENT / ZAMAN UYUMU
rilen bir ifade ile anlatılmaktadır. İlk iki cümlede iki ayrı
Cümlelerde kullanılan zaman akışı oldukça önemlidir. iddia ortaya atılmıştır. Üçüncü cümle düğümü çözer.
Sınavlarda kullanılan paragraflar genellikle bilim- Üçüncü cümlenin hem zaman olarak (present) hem
sel alanda yayımlanan makaleler olduğundan tense de anlam olarak parçanın birinci cümlesi ve geri ka-
kullanımına dikkat etmek adayın yararına olacaktır. lanıyla örtüştüğü görülmektedir. Parçanın zamansal
Genel gramer kuralları çerçevesinde; paragrafta, olay ve anlamsal akışını bozan bir ifadenin verildiği ikinci
örgüsü present time ile aktarılırken, bir cümlede past cümle ilgisizdir. Doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
time kullanıp aynı açıklama ya da olay örgüsü üze-
rinden gidilmesi anlam bozukluğuna yol açar. Bu açı-
dan cümleler arasında anlamlı bir tense agreement
(zaman uyumu) olması önemlidir. Ancak şuna dikkat ÖRNEK SORU:
etmek gerekir: Örneğin; present time kullanılmış bir (I) According to legend, a carpenter named Nestor
cümleden sonra, "present time-past time" geçişine built the Transfiguration Church with only his
izin verecek bir zıtlık bağlacı kullanılmışsa, bu durum- axe. (II) Coptic churches have been rebuilt and
da akış bozulmayacaktır. restored time and again over the centuries. (III)
Upon its completion in 1714, he threw the axe
into the lake, declaring that there would never be
ÖRNEK SORU: another church like it. (IV) During Peter the Great’s
DENİZ PINAR
(I) Researchers from Cornell University have reign in the 18th century, the church standing
flown a plane with no moving parts for the first today was erected on the site of older ones
time. (II) The first powered flight was by Jules that were destroyed by lightning. (V) While the
Henri Giffard, who flew a balloon propelled by structure was originally constructed exclusively
a steam engine over the city of Paris. (III) It is from wood, their modern preservation requires
powered by an “ion drive” which uses high the use of additional materials such as nails and
powered electrodes to ionize and accelerate air metal rods.
particles, creating an “ionic wind.” (IV) This wind
drives a five-meter-wide craft across a sports hall.
(V) Unlike the ion drives which have powered
ÇÖZÜM:
spacecrafts for decades, this new drive uses air
Parçanın ilk cümlesi, bir efsaneye atıfta buluna-
as the accelerant.
rak, "Nestor isminde bir marangozun Transfiguration
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V Kilisesi’ni sadece baltasını kullanarak inşa ettiğinden"
söz etmektedir ve cümle “past tense”de verilmiştir.
ÇÖZÜM: İkinci cümle ise "Koptik kiliselerinin yüzyıllar içinde
İlk cümle bir ön kabulle bütün parçanın ana fikri ola- zaman zaman yeniden inşa edilerek restore edilmiş
rak kabul edilecek olursa; present formda verilen bu olduğundan" söz ederek başka bir konuya geçmiştir
cümlede, "Cornell Üniversitesi’nden araştırmacıların ve present tense ile verilmiştir. Üçüncü cümlede yeni-
hareketli parçalar olmadan bir uçağı ilk kez uçurabil- den past time’a bir geçiş vardır ve bu cümlede Nestor
diklerini" anlatan bir ifade kullanılmıştır. Parçanın geri ismindeki marangozdan söz edilmeye devam etmek-
kalanındaki cümleler, bu bilgi üzerine kurulmalı ve bu tedir. Diğer cümlelerde de aynı durum söz konusu
ifadeyle ilgili olmalıdır. İkinci cümlede ise, "motor gü- olduğundan, akışı bozan cümle, zaman değişiminin
cüyle hareket eden ilk uçuşun, buhar gücüyle çalışan yapıldığı ikinci cümledir. Doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
392
yüz rekonstrüksiyonu tekniği kullanılarak oluşturul-

STRATEJİ 6
duğu" anlatılmaktadır. Üçüncü cümle incelendiğinde,
CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS
bu cümlenin "Rum rahibin (Aziz Nikola’nın) bedenin-
BAĞLAÇLAR VE GEÇİŞ SÖZCÜKLERİ
den geriye kalanların nerede olduğuyla ilgili bilimsel
Conjunctions (bağlaçlar) ve Transitions (Geçiş söz- tartışmanın günümüze kadar geldiğinden" söz ettiği
cükleri), cümleler arasındaki anlam bütünlüğünü, görülmektedir. İlk üç cümle, Aziz Nikola’yı odak nokta-
dolayısıyla cümlelerden oluşan paragrafın bütün- sı olarak alan cümleler oldukları için birbirleriyle bağ-
lüğünü sağlarlar. Bağlaçlarla ilgili daha geniş açık- lantılıdırlar. Dördüncü cümlede ise, başka bir konuya
lama, ‘paragraf tamamlama stratejileri’ bölümünde geçilerek, "Şükran Günü’nün ABD’de Kasım ayının
verilmekle beraber dikkat edilmesi gereken en önemli dördüncü perşembesinde kutlandığı" anlatılmakta-
nokta özellikle zıtlık / örnekleme / destekleme / kar- dır. Beşinci cümleye, bir zıtlık bağlacı olan “But” ile
şılaştırma içeriği bulunan bağlaçların metinsel anlam başlandığı görülmektedir. Bu bağlacın, kendisinden
bütünlüğünü bozmayacak şekilde kullanılmasıdır. Şu önceki cümleyle bir zıtlık ilişkisi kurması beklenir.
halde dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta, bu anlam bütün- Beşinci cümlede, "geleneksel olarak, Aziz Nikola’nın
lüğünü (coherence) bozan/destekleyen bağlaçları ya kemiklerinin 11. Yüzyılda İtalyan denizciler tarafından
da geçiş sözcüklerini içeren cümleyi tespit etmektir. çalındığına ve bu kemiklerin İtalya’nın güneydoğu
kıyısında bulunan San Nikola Basilikası’nın bodru-
muna taşındığına inanıldığı" anlatılmaktadır. Yani, bu
ÖRNEK SORU: cümlede de odak noktası yine Aziz Nikola’nın kendi-
sidir. Ayrıca, “But” bağlacını içeren bu cümle, üçüncü
(I) Images of St. Nicholas vary considerably, but
DENİZ PINAR
ve beşinci cümleleri akışı bozmayacak ve bir zıtlık

none of them look much like the red-cheeked,
ilişkisi kuracak şekilde bağlamaktadır. Bu nedenle,
white-bearded old man seen everywhere today.
dördüncü cümle anlam akışını bozmaktadır. Doğru
(II) One of the most compelling views of the
real St. Nicholas was created not by ancient
artists but by using modern forensic facial
reconstruction. (III) Scholarly debate over where
the remains of the Greek bishop rest continues
ÖRNEK SORU:
to this day. (IV) Thanksgiving is celebrated on the
fourth Thursday of November in the U.S. (V) But (I) Prior to the Industrial Revolution, manufacturing
traditionally, it was believed that the bones of St. was often done in people’s homes, using hand
Nicholas were stolen by Italian sailors during the tools or basic machines. (II) Representing
11th century and taken to the crypt of the Basilica positive developments, industrialization marked
di San Nicola on the southeast coast of Italy. a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery,
factories and mass production. (III) The iron and
textile industries, along with the development
of the steam engine, played central roles in the
ÇÖZÜM:
Industrial Revolution. (IV) It resulted in often
Parçada, ilk cümlede "Aziz Nikola’nın (Noel Baba’nın) grim employment and living conditions for the
farklı görünüşlerinin olduğundan ancak hiçbirinin poor and working classes. (V) Furthermore,
bugün her yerde görüldüğü şekliyle kırmızı yanaklı industrialization brought about an increased
ve beyaz sakallı yaşlı adam tipine benzemediğinden" volume and variety of manufactured goods and
söz edilmektedir. İkinci cümlede ise, "gerçek Aziz an improved standard of living for masses.
Nikola’yla ilgili en ikna edici görüşlerden birinin antik
dönem sanatçıları tarafından değil, modern adli tıp
393

Parçada, genel olarak Sanayi Devrimi’nin pozitif yön- (I) Estimated 10 million Filipinos–roughly a tenth
lerinden söz edilmiştir. Son cümlede, bir destek geçiş of the country’s population–work overseas as a
sözcüğü kullanılmıştır. Furthermore, “ayrıca/dahası” way of escaping unemployment, low wages, and
anlamına gelmektedir ve kendisinden önceki cümleyi limited opportunities at home. (II) The money
destekleyen bir yapıdır. Bu cümlede "sanayileşme- sent back by overseas Filipino workers (known
nin büyük bir ürün çeşitliliğine ve kitlelerin yaşam as OFWs) amounts to $31 billion a year–about
standardında gelişmeye sebep olduğu" aktarılmıştır. 10 percent of the Philippines’ gross domestic
Bu nedenle, kendisinden önceki cümlede de sana- product. (III) Indeed, the country’s leading export
yileşmenin olumlu bir özelliği vurgulanmış olmalıdır. markets are China, the US, Japan, Singapore and
Ancak, dördüncü cümlede "sanayileşmenin büyük Germany. (IV) Filipinos are domestic workers in
bir işsizlik getirdiği ve fakirlerle işçi sınıfı için düşük Angola and construction workers in Japan. (V)
yaşam standardına yol açtığı" şeklinde olumsuz They staff the oil fields of Libya, are nannies to
sonuçlardan bahsedilmektedir. Beklenen olumluluk, families in Hong Kong, sing on the stages of far-
üçüncü cümlede verilmiştir. Bu soruda, “Furthermore” flung provinces in China, and help run hotels in
geçiş sözcüğünün önemi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Doğru the Middle East.
ÇÖZÜM:
DENİZ PINAR
İlk cümlede anlam genel olarak “Tahmini 10 milyon

Filipinli’nin yani ülke nüfusunun kabaca 10’da 1’inin
ülkedeki işsizlik, düşük ücretler ve sınırlı fırsatlardan
kaçarak deniz aşırı ülkelerde çalıştığı” şeklindedir.
Bu cümlede ana fikir verilmiştir. Okuyucu olarak
beklentimiz, parçada konu bütünlüğünün sağlanma-
sı açısından geri kalan cümlelerde de ilk cümlede
ortaya atılan bu iddianın desteklenmesidir. İkinci
cümlede, "yurtdışında çalışan işçilerin ülke ekonomi-
sine katkısından" söz edilmekte ve "yılda 31 milyar
dolara denk gelen bir para girdisi sağladığı bunun da
STRATEJİ 7 Filipinler’in gayrı safi yurtiçi gelirinin yaklaşık %10'u
ADVERBS of EMPHASIS / VURGU ZARFLARI kadar olduğu" anlatılmaktadır. Üçüncü cümledeki
“Indeed” ifadesinden beklenen ikinci cümlede anla-
“Doğrusu, Gerçekten de, Aslına bakılacak olursa” gibi
tılan “gurbetçi” Filipinli çalışanların kendi ülkelerine
anlamlara gelen ve "adverbs of emphasis" (vurgu
yaptıkları katkıdan söz etmeye devam etmesi ve
zarfları) olarak bilinen “In fact, Actually, Indeed,
bu anlamı vurgulamasıdır. Ne var ki, üçüncü cümle
As a matter of fact” ile başlayan cümlelere dikkat
Filipinler’in kendisine odaklanmış ve ihracatını hangi
edilmelidir. Bu zarfların kendisinden önceki cümleyi
ülkelere yaptığını anlatmıştır. Bu durumda, üçüncü
destekleyici ve cümlenin anlamını pekiştirici bir katkı-
cümle akışı bozmaktadır. Doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
da bulunması beklenir ancak YDT sınavlarında bazı
cümlelerde bu ifadeler önceki cümleye gerçekten
vurgu yapmayabilirler.
394
ÖRNEK SORU:
STRATEJİ 8
(I) The impact of obesity and overweight on OLUMLU / OLUMSUZ ANLAM
the U.S. economy has eclipsed $1.7 trillion, an
amount equivalent to 9.3 percent of the nation’s “Topic sentence” ve “supporting sentences” boyunca
gross domestic product. (II) Diabetes, as a matter yani paragrafın genel gidişatında anlamın olumlu mu
of fact, is the fourth leading cause of death in most yoksa olumsuz bir seyir mi izlediği önemlidir. Tüm
developed countries including the U.S. (III) The paragraf konuya pozitif bir yaklaşım sergilerken bir
estimate includes $480.7 billion in direct health- cümlenin aynı konuya negatif bir bakış açısı taşıması
care costs and $1.24 trillion in lost productivity anlam bütünlüğünü bozacaktır. Ya da tam tersi;
as documented in a recent study. (IV) The study paragrafın genelinde konuya karşı negatif bir bakış
draws on research that shows how overweight açısı varken, bir cümlede pozitif yargı kullanılması
and obesity elevate the risk of diseases such as anlam akışını bozabilir.
breast cancer, heart disease, and osteoarthritis.
(V) It also estimates the cost of medical treatment ÖRNEK SORU:
and lost productivity for each disease. (I) The “migrant caravan” that has been dominating
the news lately reminds us that human life is at
stake at the U.S.-Mexica border. (II) The health
of entire ecosystems that humans depend on is
ÇÖZÜM:
also negatively affected. (III) Scientists are united
Parçanın ilk cümlesi, ana fikir olarak kabul edilecek
in their assessment that a 30-foot high solid
DENİZ PINAR
olursa, bu cümlede "obezitenin ABD ekonomisi üze-

wall across the nearly 2,000-mile expanse of the
rindeki etkisinin ülkenin gayrı safi yurt içi gelirinin
border, along with the new lighting, roads and
%9.3 üne denk gelecek şekilde 1.7 trilyon doları geç-
Border Patrol base camps that would accompany
tiği" anlatılmaktadır. İkinci cümlede ise diyabetten söz
it, would threaten land and plant life as well as
edilmektedir ve “as a matter of fact” zarfı kullanıldığı
animals in this fragile and biodiverse place.
için, bu yapının kendisinden önceki cümleyi vurgu-
(IV) And most important, it would fail to deter
layıcı/pekiştirici bir anlam taşıması beklenmektedir.
migrants fleeing violence and seeking security.
Ancak, bu iki cümlenin odak konusunun birbirinden
(V) The wetlands are springing back to life in the
farklı olduğu görülmektedir. Üçüncü cümle ince-
Colorado River Delta located mostly in Mexico.
lendiğinde ise, bu cümlede yine rakamsal ifadeler
kullanılarak "yapılan harcamalar" aktarılmış ve bu A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
vasıtayla "obeziteye ve aşırı kilolu olmaya" dair örtük
bir göndermede bulunulmuştur. Dördüncü ve beşinci ÇÖZÜM:
cümlelerde de "her iki hastalığın da yol açtığı mad- Parçanın ana fikrinin verildiği cümle, son zamanlarda
diyat ve sağlıkla ilgili zararlardan" söz edilmiştir. Bu haberleri meşgul eden “göçmen karavanı”nın insan
nedenle parçanın genelinden kopuk bir biçimde diya- hayatını ABD-Meksika sınırında tehlikeye attığından
bet hastalığından söz eden ikinci cümle anlam akışını söz eden ve olumsuz anlam veren bir cümledir.
bozmaktadır. Doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir. Beklenen, bu olumsuzluğun diğer cümlelerde de
devam etmesidir. İkinci cümlede de bu olumsuzluk
sürdürülmektedir ve bu cümle, "insanların bağlı ol-
duğu ekosistemlerin tamamının da negative yönde
etkilendiğini" vurgulamaktadır. Üçüncü ve dördüncü
cümle de aynı şekilde "yaklaşık 2000 mil uzunluğun-
daki sınırda inşa edilecek duvarın, duvar boyunca
395
yapılacak ışıklandırması, yolları ve devriye gücünün melerin sınırları aşacak şekilde iş/ticaret yürütmeyi
sınırdaki faaliyetleri de işin içine girdiğinde son de- kolaylaştırdığından" söz etmektedir. Birinci, ikinci,
rece hassas biyoçeşitliliğe sahip o bölgedeki bitki ve üçüncü ve beşinci cümleler küreselleşmenin olumlu
hayvan yaşamını tehdit edeceğinden ve en önemlisi yanlarını anlatırken, dördüncü cümle, "küreselleşme-
de bu duvarın inşaasının şiddetten kaçan ve güvenlik nin önemli bir sosyal yönünün, ulaşım yoluyla salgın
arayışında olan bu göçmenleri caydıramayacağın- hastalıkların yayılma tehlikesi olduğundan" (konunun
dan" söz etmektedir. Bu nedenle, ilk dört cümle negatif bir yönünden) söz etmektedir. Bu nedenle,
ana fikre bağlı kalarak, konunun olumsuz yönlerini dördüncü cümle parçadaki bütünlüğü ve akışı boz-
anlatmaktadır. Ancak, son cümle "sulak arazilerin, maktadır. Doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
büyük kısmı Meksika’da bulunan Colorado Nehir
Deltası'nda yeniden canlandığını" anlatan olumlu bir
cümledir. Burada hem konu değişmiş hem de parça-
nın genelinde olumsuzluktan söz edilirken olumlu bir
özellik anlatılmıştır. Bu durumda, beşinci cümle akışı
bozmaktadır. Doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir. STRATEJİ 9
GENERAL & SPECIFIC / GENEL & ÖZEL
ÖRNEK SORU:
Tüm paragraf bir konuyu “general” (genel) olarak ele
(I) Globalization is a really commonly used term alıp bir cümlede “specific” (özel) bir yaklaşım varsa
in the twentieth century. (II) It simply means ya da konu ilk cümledeki iddia itibariyle “specific”
that the world has become integrated in many boyutta ele alınıp bir cümlede genelleme yapılıyorsa
DENİZ PINAR
ways through the advances of technology, paragrafta anlam akışı bozulacaktır. Örneğin tüm pa-
transportation and communication. (III) ragraf “botanik bilimi’nden” genel olarak söz ederken
Globalization has contributed to the world’s bir cümlede özele inip “kaktüs bitkisi” hakkında bilgi
economies in myriad beneficial ways. (IV) One verilirse paragrafın konu bütünlüğünde bir bozulma
crucial social aspect is the risk and danger of gerçekleşir.
epidemic diseases through transportation. (V)
The advances in science and technology have
allowed businesses to easily cross over territorial ÖRNEK SORU:
boundary lines.
(I) Diabetes is a problem with your body that
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V causes blood glucose (sugar) levels to rise higher
than normal, which is also called hyperglycemia.
ÇÖZÜM: (II) Type 2 diabetes is the most common form
Parçada, genel olarak küreselleşmeye pozitif bir of diabetes. (III) If you have type 2 diabetes
yaklaşım sergilenmiştir. İlk cümle, yazarın parçayı your body does not use insulin properly, which
üzerine inşa edeceği genellikte bir küreselleşme is called insulin resistance. (IV) At first, your
ifadesiyle verilmiştir. İkinci cümle “It” zamiriyle özne pancreas makes extra insulin to make up for
takibi yapmıştır (Globalization → It). Bu durumda par- it, but over time it isn’t able to keep up and
çanın ana fikri ilk cümlede aktarılmıştır. İkinci cümle, can’t make enough insulin to keep your blood
"küreselleşmenin, dünyanın teknolojideki ilerlemeler, glucose at normal levels. (V) Uncontrolled type 2
ulaşım ve iletişim yoluyla entegre olması" anlamına diabetes can lead to chronically high blood sugar
geldiğinden; üçüncü cümle, "küreselleşmenin dünya levels, causing several symptoms and potentially
ekonomisine sayısız yönden katkıda bulunmasın- leading to serious complications.
dan"; beşinci cümle de "bilim ve teknolojideki geliş- A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
396
ÇÖZÜM: STRATEJİ 10
Parçada ilk cümle genel olarak diyabet hastalığını ANAPHORA & SUCCESSIVE REPETITION /
tanımlamıştır. Beklenen, diğer cümlelerin de bu bilgi ARTGÖNDERİM ve ARDIŞIK TEKRAR
üzerine yine diyabetten söz etmeye devam etme-
sidir. İkinci cümlede ise, özele inerek Tip 2 diyabet İngilizce’de bazen anlamı kuvvetlendirmek için aynı
hastalığı anlatılmış ve bu cümleye bir örnekleme özne arka arkaya cümlelerde tekrar edilir. Buna
geçiş sözcüğü olmadan girilmiştir. İlk bakışta ikinci anaphora ya da art gönderim denir. Ne var ki,
cümle bütünlüğü bozuyor gibi görünmektedir. Ancak, irrelevant sentence sorularını çözerken, aynı öznenin
üçüncü cümle de yine Tip 2 diyabet hastalığından söz arka arkaya tekrarlanması akışı ve bütünlüğü bozar.
ettiği için, esas akışı ve bütünlüğü bozan cümle genel Bu nedenle, aynı ismin tekrarı yerine zamirler tercih
olarak diyabetten bahseden ilk cümledir. Buna uygun edilmelidir.
olarak, dördüncü ve beşinci cümleler de Tip 2 diyabet
hastalığını anlatmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, parçanın ÖRNEK SORU:
genelinde daha “specific” (özel) bir konu olan Tip 2 (I) Saint Petersburg, the former imperial capital
diyabet açıklanırken birinci cümlede “general” (genel) of Russia, is a stunning cultural and artistic
bir konu olan diyabet hastalığı ile ilgili bilgi verilmiştir. powerhouse. (II) Saint Petersburg impresses
Bu nedenle doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir. also travelers with its grandiose size with a
cozy atmosphere. (III) It enjoys a rapid rhythm of
ÖRNEK SORU: government investments. (IV) The city’s somber
weather with frequent leaden skies has earned
(I) Organic food is produced according to legally
it a reputation of a melancholic city. (V) Its
regulated standards. (II) For crops, it means that
DENİZ PINAR
picturesque streets woven with canals, ornate

they were grown without the use of conventional
bridges and elaborate pastel-colored buildings
pesticides and artificial fertilizers and that they make it one of the most atmospheric cities in the
were processed without ionizing radiation or food world.
additives. (III) For animals, it means that they were
reared without the routine use of antibiotics and
without the use of growth hormones. (IV) Also, ÇÖZÜM:
at all levels, organic food is produced without Parçada, ilk cümlede "eski Rus İmparatorluğu’na baş-
the use of genetically modified organisms. (V) kentlik yapmış olan Saint Petersburg şehrinin büyüle-
Although soybeans are one of the most widely yici kültürel ve sanatsal özelliklerinden" söz edilmiştir.
grown crops in the U.S., few soybean farmers are İkinci cümleye de yine aynı isimle giriş yapıldığından
bir art gönderim/anaphora sözkonusu olmuştur ve bu
using organic practices.
durum -her ne kadar şehrin olumlu özelliğinden söz
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V edilmeye devam edilse de- akışı bozmaktadır. Bunun
yerine aynı ismin tekrarından kaçınılarak bir zamir
ÇÖZÜM: kullanılması bütünlüğü sağlardı. Ayrıca ikinci cümle-
de “also” ifadesinin (-de, -da, ayrıca, o da) kullanımı
Parçada, ilk cümlede "organik yiyeceklerin (genel)
birinci cümledeki anlamla örtüşmemektedir. Üçüncü
yasalara uygun standartlara göre üretildiği" iddiasını
cümlede ise cümleye “it” zamiriyle giriş yapılarak,
içeren bir ifade verilmiştir. İkinci, üçüncü ve dördüncü
Saint Petersburg şehrinin, hükümetin hızla gerçek-
cümlelerde genel olarak "organik yiyeceklerden" söz
leştirdiği yatırımlardan faydalandığı anlatılmaktadır.
edilmeye devam edilerek konu bütünlüğü korunmuş- Dördüncü ve beşinci cümleler de sırasıyla “the city’s”
tur. Ancak beşinci cümlede "soya fasulyesiyle (özel/ ve “its” ifadelerini kullanarak Saint Petersburg şehrine
organik yiyeceğin alt başlığı) ilgili" bir ifade verilmiştir. atıfta bulunmuşlardır. Parçada “anaphora” (isim tekra-
Beşinci cümle anlam akışını bozmaktadır. Bu nedenle rı) yaratan bir ifade içeren ikinci cümle anlam akışını
doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir. bozmaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
397
ÖRNEK SORU: tımlarımızda kullandığımız bir ifade olan “sahneye

yeni oyuncu çıkarmak”tır. Yeni oyuncu anlam akışını
(I) Pollutants can be naturally occurring
bozmuştur. Bu nedenle, hem “anaphora” (isim tekra-
substances or energies, but they are considered
rı) içermesi hem de sahneye yeni oyuncu çıkarıp bir
contaminants when in excess of natural levels.
daha bu oyuncudan söz etmemesi nedeniyle dördün-
(II) Any use of natural resources at a rate higher
cü cümlede yer alan ifade anlam akışını bozmaktadır.
than nature’s capacity to restore itself can result
in pollution of air, water, and land, which is called
environmental pollution. (III) Environmental
pollution is one of the most serious problems
facing humanity. (IV) Environmental pollution
is causing a lot of distress not only to humans
but also animals. (V) It affects people’s system
and vital organs, culminating in grave diseases.
ÇÖZÜM:
Parça, ilk cümleye "çevreyi kirleten maddeleri" ta-
nımlayarak giriş yapmıştır ve "bunların doğal olarak
oluşan maddeler ve enerjiler olabileceği ancak nor-
DENİZ PINAR
mal seviyelerden fazla olduğunda daha ciddi seviye

olan kontaminant olarak adlandırılacağından" söz et-
mektedir. İkinci cümlede, "doğal kaynakların doğanın
kendini tamir edemeyeceği seviyede kullanılmasıyla,
çevre kirliliği denen hava, su ya da toprak kirliliğinin
meydana geleceği" anlatılmaktadır. Üçüncü cümlede,
"çevre kirliliğinin insanlığın karşı karşıya olduğu en
ciddi problemlerden biri olduğu" vurgulanmaktadır.
Buraya kadar, cümleler arasında bir bütünlük söz
konusudur. Esasen, dördüncü cümlede de çevre kir-
liliğinin sadece insanları değil hayvanları da olumsuz
etkilediği anlatılmaktadır. Bu ilk bakışta akışı bozmu-
yor gibi gözükse de, özne konumunda bulunan aynı
isim ikinci kez tekrarlandığından bütünlüğü bozan bir
etki söz konusudur. Beşinci cümlede “it” zamiriyle
“environmental pollution” (üçüncü cümlede verilen)
ifadesine gönderme yapılmıştır. Çünkü bu cümlede
kirliliğin insanların hayati organlarını etkilediğinden
ve ölümcül hastalıklara yol açtığından söz edilmiştir.
Dördüncü cümlede insanların yanı sıra “animals”
(hayvanlar)’dan bahsedilmiştir, oysa ki parçada yeni
bir yan konudan söz edildiğinde parçanın devamında
da bu konuya atıfta bulunulmalıdır. Burada hayvan-
lardan söz etmek kabaca benzetirsek ders anla-
398
DPELS FINDING THE IRRELEVANT SENTENCE TESTS
4. (I) Two kinds of solutions for the unemployment problem

FINDING THE IRRELEVANT SENTENCE TESTS
have been attempted. (II) Mexico City has taken drastic
measures to reduce pollution by banning 20 percent of
SET 1
vehicular transportation in high populated areas. (III)
1. - 18. sorularda cümleler sırasıyla okunduğunda parça- One consists of providing relief or protection from
nın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi bulunuz. the financial hardships of unemployment. (IV) Since
earlier periods, such measures have consisted largely
1. (I) Microwave ovens started to alter life from the of local governmental assistance to the unemployed,
moment they began humming and heating in homes of together with private charitable aid. (V) The other type
the 1970s. (II) The sprinter to the conventional oven’s of solution for the unemployment problem consists of
cross-country runner, microwaves quickened the measures aimed at creating conditions that reduce the
process of cooking and reheating meals, saving time level of unemployment.
and increasing the potential for leisure over work. (III)
Employees are wrongly assuming that keeping active A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
during leisure time will protect them from the danger of
sedentary workplace behaviour. (IV) The mechanics of
the microwave were, from the very start, mysterious.
(V) It seems to be a magical metal box that spins and
5. (I) Dehydration occurs when you use or lose more fluid
heats food by invisible means rather than heating
than you take in, and your body doesn’t have enough
the air and everything around it by conduction from a
water and other fluids to carry out its normal functions.
flame.
(II) Anyone may become dehydrated, but the condition
is especially dangerous for young children and older
DENİZ PINAR
adults. (III) Dehydration can also occur in any age

2. (I) If you travel internationally, you most likely will need group if you don’t drink enough water during hot
to exchange your own currency for that of the country
weather. (IV) The most common cause of dehydration
you are visiting. (II) The amount of money you’ll get for
in young children is severe diarrhoea and vomiting. (V)
a given amount of your country’s currency is based on
Older adults, however, naturally have a lower volume
internationally determined exchange rates, which can
of water in their bodies, and may have conditions or
be either fixed or floating. (III) Fixed exchange rates
use a standard, such as gold or another precious take medications that increase the risk of dehydration.
metal, and each unit of currency corresponds to a
fixed quantity of that standard that should exist. (IV)
Another very similar system called the gold-exchange
standard became prominent in the 1930s. (V) A
floating exchange rate, on the other hand, means that
each currency isn’t necessarily backed by a resource. 6. (I) Shoes with high heels are the fashion choice for
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V many women around the world. (II) However, a new
study proves that wearing high heels over a long
period of time can permanently injure the body. (III)
3. (I) Extraction involves removal of an ailing tooth. (II) It
The results of the study send a warning to women
is usually done with the tooth that has decayed to an
who want to wear high heels that they risk permanent
extent that cannot be repaired. (III) Extraction is often
carried out on the request of the patient and is much damage to their knees. (IV) Osteoarthritis is the most
cheaper as compared to repairing of the decayed common form of arthritis, affecting millions of women
tooth. (IV) Patients, however, might also opt for tooth worldwide. (V) According to the results, high heels put
extraction when they are planning to get dentures. (V) knees in an awkward, bent position that makes them
Extractions and root canal treatments also come under function like aged or damaged joints, which increases
dental surgeries, which, however, can be conducted the risk of the condition, osteoarthritis.
by a dentist in a clinic only.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
399
FINDING THE IRRELEVANT SENTENCE TESTS DPELS
7. (I) A top technology analyst has warned that the world 10. (I) Adidas company has created a sports shoe from
might not yet be ready for what is called the Internet of garbage floating in the ocean. (II) The new trainer
Things. (II) Despite the Internet’s potential to improve is part of a project to raise awareness of the serious
the lives of people with disabilities, going online is a problem of ocean pollution. (III) These trainers are
stressful prospect for many. (III) This is the next stage among the most famous in the world, due to the
of the digital and technological revolution, which will careful thought that goes into their build, colours
greatly transform our lives via the interconnectedness and quality. (IV) The company has joined forces with
of all the devices, services and appliances we use in an organisation called Parley, which is dedicated to
our daily life. (IV) All of these things will communicate protecting and preserving the Earth’s oceans. (V)
with each other to make even simple decisions, like Their objective is to boost public awareness and
ordering a new carton of milk. (V) The fridge will simply to inspire new collaborations that can contribute to
contact the delivery service when it senses the stocks protect and preserve the oceans.
of milk need replenishing, and there will be no need to
go shopping. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
8. (I) A tough new smoking ban, which coincides with 11. (I) The metric system is a measuring system that uses
World No Tobacco Day and was welcomed by seven so-called “base units.” (II) One feature that
the World Health Organization (WHO), has been makes the metric system special is that it is based on
introduced in China’s capital city Beijing. (II) The ban the number 10. (III) They are part of the International
came into effect on June the 1st and is the toughest System of Units, which is called the SI system for
DENİZ PINAR
anti-smoking law to be implemented anywhere in short. (IV) The meter and kilogram are two base
China. (III) There are around 300 million smokers in units. (V) The others include the second (time), the
China, which is almost the same size as the population kelvin (temperature), the ampere (electric current), the
of the USA. (IV) It prohibits smoking in all indoor public candela (intensity of light) and the mole (numbers of
places, on public transport and in workplaces. (V) molecules).
Unlike other bans in China, this one is backed up by
heavy fines for anyone lighting up indoors in public. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
9. (I) Greenhouse gases absorb heat energy emitted

12. (I) Immigration is a very serious problem that almost
from Earth’s surface and send it back to the ground. (II)
every country faces these days. (II) People who have
In this way, they contribute to the greenhouse effect,
come from other countries to live in the UK have
which keeps the planet from losing all of its heat from
brought their own traditions and customs with them
the surface at night. (III) The concentrations of various
and added them to British culture. (III) It is possible to
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere determine how
find restaurants from all different ethnic backgrounds,
much heat is absorbed by the atmosphere and
especially in larger cities around the country. (IV)
sent back to the surface. (IV) Human activities—
Immigrants may also maintain their traditions by
especially fossil-fuel combustion since the Industrial
building places to practice their religion, such as
Revolution—are responsible for steady increases
mosques, temples and churches. (V) By continuing to
in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the
follow some of their customs and beliefs, immigrants
atmosphere. (V) As a result, increased evaporation led
can stay in touch with their past while also living a new
to a greater concentration of water vapour in the lower
life in a new country.
atmosphere.
400
13. (I) One of the most important reasons for adolescents 16. (I) Obesity may contribute to cardiovascular problems,
to use psychiatric drugs seems to be depression. such as heart disease or stroke which are the number
(II) They believe that making use of drugs can one causes of death for people in many countries.
cure their depression. (III) Indeed, there are several (II) Intentional weight loss is the loss of total body
drugs that make us feel much better and joyful. (IV) mass as a result of efforts to improve fitness and
Nevertheless, when used continuously, they can lead health, or to change appearance through slimming.
to serious health damage. (V) As a result, in time, the (III) Weight loss in individuals who are overweight
constant use cannot meet the increasing need of the or obese can reduce health risks, increase fitness,
user. and may delay the onset of diabetes. (IV) It could
reduce pain and increase movement in people with
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V osteoarthritis of the knee. (V) Weight loss can also
lead to a reduction in hypertension, however whether
this reduces hypertension-related harm is unclear.
14. (I) Tuscany is located in central Italy and stretches

from the Apennines to the Tyrrhenian Sea. (II) Its
landscape, artistic heritage and stand-out cities
- first among them Florence - make Tuscany an 17. (I) Elizabeth Tudor who ruled alone for nearly half
unquestioned protagonist of international tourism. (III) a century is considered by many to be the greatest
Florence is crown jewel, with its beautiful buildings, monarch in English history. (II) When she became
colourful history, priceless art and unique atmosphere. queen in 1558, she was twenty-five years old, a
(IV) Nature has many different facets, starting from the survivor of scandal and danger, and considered
DENİZ PINAR
coast that alternates long and sandy beaches, like the illegitimate by most Europeans. (III) During her reign,
Versilia beach, with rocky cliffs and steep headlands in a series of economic and military improvements
Tuscany. (V) The islands of the Tuscan Archipelago, were made. (IV) However, she lent her name to a
surrounded by Mediterranean vegetation, a crystal- glorious epoch in world history dazzling even her
clear sea and rich sea beds, are peerless. greatest enemies. (V) Until her death, she was
committed above all else to preserving English peace
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V and stability; her genuine love for her subjects was
legendary.
15. (I) Achilles, the son of Peleus and Thetis, was the
greatest of all Greek heroes who took part in the Trojan
War. (II) Knowing that her child was destined to either
die as a glorious warrior or live a long life in obscurity,
Thetis bathed Achilles as an infant in the waters of 18. (I) India is about one-third the size of the U.S.
the River Styx, thus making him all but immortal: only population, yet it is the second most populous country
the heel by which she held him remained vulnerable. in the World. (II) The gap of the population between the
(III) The River Styx was believed to have magical two countries is 746 million. (III) One of the cities, Uttar
properties and could make a person invulnerable. (IV) Pradesh alone has a population of 166 million which is
However, as prophesized, this proved costly, because almost equal to that of Brazil. (IV) According to the UN
Achilles eventually died from an arrow wound in that report, China will overtake India to become the world’s
heel. (V) Guided by Apollo, the fateful arrow was shot most populous country. (V) Similarly, Orissa has more
by Paris, the brother of Troy’s most celebrated hero, population than Canada and Chattisgarh has more
Hector. population than Australia.
401
4. (I) The fact that the brain is divided into a left and a
SET 2 right half is not a new discovery. (II) Despite a number
of interesting theories, there is no obvious advantage
1. - 18. sorularda cümleler sırasıyla okunduğunda parça-
in such a crossover. (III) Once the skull is removed
nın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
the division is obvious to the naked eye and it is a
1. (I) In ancient civilizations, perfumes were obtained common feature of brains throughout the animal
without alcohol or distillation and appeared in the form kingdom. (IV) What is interesting about this division
of oils, ointments, and incense, which emitted pleasant in man is that each half seems to have developed
smells while burning. (II) In addition, upper class ladies specialised functions. (V) The most obvious difference
used to wear lavender and violet essences or hid in functioning is that the left side of the brain receives
fragrant bags under their robes. (III) Their ingredients, sensations from and controls the right side of the body
sometimes difficult to identify today, were crushed, and vice versa.
mashed, mixed, and simmered. (IV) Also, Egyptian
papyrus and bas-reliefs ascribed a sacred function
to perfumes and spices as offerings destined for
gods, sovereigns, and the dead. (V) Therefore, the
production of perfumes was closely linked to religion
at the time.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 5. (I) For nearly a decade now, the manufacturing of
automobiles has been undergoing radical changes.
2. (I) A skyscraper is a continuously habitable highrise (II) The principle cause is the introduction of new
building that has over 40 floors and is taller than production and management techniques, originally
approximately 150 m. (II) For buildings above a engineered by Toyota and subsequently applied by
DENİZ PINAR
height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while other Japanese car manufacturers. (III) One of the
skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified new production techniques is "lean" production. (IV) In
as megatall. (III) Historically, the term first referred fact, lean production combines the advantages of craft
to buildings with 10 to 20 floors in 1880s. (IV) and mass production. (V) It implies no less a revolution
However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that in the process of car manufacturing than the mass
mimic conventional walls with a small surface area production Henry Ford introduced at the beginning of
of windows. (V) The definition shifted with advancing the century.
construction technology during the 20th Century.
3. (I) In one century of strenuous research a vast amount

of source material about Michelangelo has been
collected, reviewed, edited and annotated including
letters, poems, contracts, receipts and biographies. (II)
6. (I) Alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are harmful
Biographical and artistic data have been checked and
psychoactive drugs that are freely available in our
rechecked, sometimes corroborating and sometimes
society. (II) Their widespread use shows that they
correcting our previous ideas, and an abundance of
provide a common solution to the problems of vast
new facts has been revealed. (III) Despite his low
numbers of individuals. (III) The extent and the nature
opinion of painting, Michelangelo also created two
of their use is not, however, uniform but varies with
of the most influential works in fresco in the history
the particular sub-culture involved. (IV) They are much
of Western art. (IV) Long lost works have been
cheaper than many other drugs and legally obtainable.
rediscovered and every single known piece has
(V) To take alcohol, for example, there are wide
been studied in its formal and functional aspects. (V)
differences between the drinking habits and rituals
Thus, modern history of art has formed an image of
of merchant, seamen and businessmen, between
Michelangelo that is much nearer to truth than those
Italians and Jews.
presented by his first biographers.
402
7. (I) For many years after Mt. Everest had been shown 10. (I) Many new tools and technologies are being
to be the highest mountain in the world, political developed to make agriculture more sustainable. (II)
conditions in Nepal prevented mountaineers from However, among them, there is one tried and reliable
attending an ascent. (II) At last in 1921, the Tibetan method for testing on-site conservation practices
authorities gave permission and the first expedition that doesn’t get much attention: farmer networks.
organized was sent out to the North. (III) By 1939, six (III) Originally established by the Iowa Soybean
further expeditions had climbed on the northern face. Association, the innovative farmer network model
(IV) These were notable climbs, though the summit has since taken off. (IV) These networks consist of
was never reached. (V) It was finally established that growers within a region working directly with advisors,
Mt. Everest was indeed the world’s highest peak. and scientists to conduct on-farm trials. (V) The trials
can test the economic and environmental impacts of
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V changes in crop management, adoption of soil health
practices, or use of precision agriculture tools.
11. (I) There are nearly 1,300 plants and animals on the
endangered species list – more than 90 percent of
them have active recovery plans. (II) In fast-changing
8. (I) It is doubtless to say that Northern Norway is
rural America, existing tools for protecting wildlife can
amongst the most comfortable and interesting places
no longer preserve habitat on a large enough scale.
DENİZ PINAR
to see the northern lights. (II) Hundreds of thousands

(III) The Endangered Species Act has helped dozens
of people live in this huge geographical area. (III)
of other species recover – from the American bald
The northern lights are a part of life and a fertile
eagle to the black-footed ferret. (IV) It’s a necessary
source of art, mythology and legends. (IV) The region
emergency room for endangered wildlife, as it stops
offers a massive selection of activities, tours, cruises,
the bleeding and fights against immediate extinction.
restaurant and hotels. (V) Obviously, all these play an
(V) But as with humans, these species need more
important role in the Arctic experience as thousands of
preventive care, so they don’t have to rush to the
travellers visit there each year.
emergency room in the first place.
12. (I) About 58,000 American soldiers were killed during

the Vietnam War, and another 304,000 were wounded.
(II) Without a doubt, the war took a terrible toll on
the United States. (III) The widespread destruction
9. (I) Big cities have serious problems. (II) Every year of the farms and villages in the South Vietnamese
many newcomers move to the cities to find jobs, to countryside turned huge numbers of peasants into
study at good schools and to receive good medical homeless refugees. (IV) But since most of the fighting
care. (III) But unfortunately, they can’t find a job took place in Vietnam, the Vietnamese land and people
or a suitable place to live in. (IV) There are many paid a much heavier price for the war. (V) An estimated
interesting things to see and to do in a big city. (V) 4 million Vietnamese were killed or wounded on both
Before people move to a big city, they should think sides of the conflict, including as many as 1.3 million
about the problems of living there. civilians in South Vietnam.
403
13. (I) The Boston Tea Party was one of a long series 16. (I) While in a perfect world, the relationship between a
of conflicts between the American colonies and the child and his parents would be positive and supportive,
English government after the British victory in the the world today is not perfect. (II) In light of this, there
French and Indian War. (II) During the 1760s, the are many situations in which the relationship between
Parliament passed a series of acts designed to reduce the child and his or her parents is far from being
the British national debt and to finance the costs of perfect. (III) With this in mind, many young people
keeping regular soldiers on the American frontier. wonder just how they can divorce their parents. (IV)
(III) The most notorious of these was the Stamp Act If a person can legally divorce his or her spouse, then
(1765), which placed a tax on almost every public surely he must be able to divorce his parents, too. (V)
piece of paper in the colonies, including newspapers, Divorce rates are on the rise for younger couples and
pamphlets, diplomas, licenses, packs of cards, those who commit more time to technology than their
almanacs, and dice. (IV) The colonists fiercely resisted spouses.
these taxes, organizing public protests and intimidating
tax collectors. (V) The Stamp Act resistance was the A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
most widespread and best organized inter–colonial
protest before the tea crisis of the 1770s.
17. (I) Billions of people around the world who rely on

healthy oceans and fisheries for food and livelihoods
14. (I) Very few activities have as many legends and myths can see increases in fish, food and prosperity. (II)
surrounding them as do martial arts. (II) Hundreds of Many fish will respond to warming waters by shifting
practices are included under the title of martial arts, away from the equator, towards the poles and further
DENİZ PINAR
and some of these were passed down in secrecy offshore. (III) This means that equatorial nations will be
for many generations. (III) Furthermore, martial arts hardest hit. (IV) That’s because many of these nations
developed in countries that have been historically have developing economies and are highly dependent
isolated from the Western World. (IV) Martial arts on seafood as a source of food and income. (V)
cover a broad range of activities that involve fighting Therefore, we must anticipate these changes and
techniques, physical exercises, and methods of build in policies to protect the people who can least
mental discipline, among other skills. (V) Thus, there afford to deal with loss of nutrition and income.
are many conflicting theories and opinions concerning
the origins of martial arts.
18. (I) Coral reefs play an important role for marine

15. (I) Jurassic Park was filmed on the Hawaiian island
ecosystems and communities, including biodiversity,
of Kauai, which is the smallest but most beautiful
fishing, recreation and tourism. (II) They are a source
of the major islands in Hawaii. (II) The Jurassic
of livelihoods to communities all over the world. (IIII)
period is known for an increase in the numbers and
However, coral reefs worldwide face an uncertain
diversity of dinosaurs. (III) At the beginning of the
future, with many reefs reportedly shifting from being
period, dinosaurs such as the bipedal and carnivorous
dominated by corals, to being dominated by macro
theropods were small and lightly boned, feeding on
algae. (IV) Their beauty and ecological importance
insects or other small dinosaurs. (IV) By the close
inspire citizen scientists globally to get involved in
of the period, massive predators like Allosaurus and
reef health monitoring and projects that help ocean
Ceratosaurus had appeared. (V) These dinosaurs had
ecosystems. (V) This transition threatens all of those
heavy bodies, powerful hind legs, front limbs used for
who depend on healthy coral ecosystems around the
grasping and holding prey, and long, sharp teeth for
world.
spearing and stabbing.
404
4. (I) Sandalwood oil is a sort of oil that is extracted

SET 3 from aromatic plant of the Santalum genus and has
been used as part of several religious ceremonies for
thousands of years. (II) It has also been valued as a
popular ingredient in many herbal and natural remedies,
1. (I) Police officers’ ability to recognise and locate and is a favourite in commercial skin products. (III) The
individuals with a history of committing crime is vital most notable feature of sandalwood oil is the cooling
to their work. (II) It is possible that people who are sensation it creates when applied directly to the skin.
more likely to commit crimes tend to prefer areas with (IV) Sandalwood oil is sweet smelling and a pleasant
certain climates. (III) In fact, it is so important that ingredient for burning, however some studies have
officers believe possessing it is fundamental to the suggested that it may cause increased heart rate. (V)
craft of effective street policing, crime prevention and This makes it effective as a pain killer for numbing the
investigation. (IV) However, the total police workforce sensation of pain caused by rashes and skin irritation
has fallen by almost 20% since 2010 and recorded as well as headaches.
crime is rising too fast. (V) Therefore, police forces are
turning to new technological solutions to help enhance A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
their capability and capacity to monitor and track
individuals about whom they have concerns.
5. (I) In hand transplantation, there are multiple aspects

that need to be considered and various elements
2. (I) There are certain choices in life that take on
more importance than others and that have more far of the hand that need to be attached. (II) Hand
reaching consequences – like which degree to do transplantation is a procedure in which a hand is
DENİZ PINAR
at university, or which person you want to date, or physically transplanted from one person to another.
whether or not you should quit your job. (II) These (III) This procedure is used in cases where amputees
are the kinds of choices that can dictate the path that have had to lose their hands. (IV) It can then help them
the whole rest of your life takes. (III) And while these to regain use of fingers and full dexterity. (V) While
choices are what make us free and what make life hand transplantation was once a thing of science
what it is, they can also be incredibly stressful and fiction and a far off hope for many amputees, today it
upsetting. (IV) Making the wrong choice at a time like is a procedure that has been carried out with success
this could prevent us from living the life we want to, on numerous occasions.
or that could damage our relationships and career
prospects. (V) Life is full of choices, and indeed at A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
any moment you have thousands of choices you could
make.
6. (I) Aborigines used regional natural resources to

3. (I) Healthy relationships are based on mutual manufacture many kinds of tools and crafts. (II) They
understanding, respect and trust. (II) When the trust generally enjoyed a mixed and abundant diet of plant
within a relationship is lost you are left with a painful and animal foods that varied according to time of year
situation filled with hurt, despair and anger. (III) Much and local environmental conditions. (III) To obtain
of our social interactions are based on a give and desirable materials for making these items, groups
take system, and trust is a crucial part of this. (IV) It traded with each other over long distances. (IV) They
is these negative reactions and emotions that need to made simple spears, knives or sticks for hunting, but
be overcome before any attempt at rebuilding the trust later on they also learned how to make string spun
in the relationship can take place. (V) Building a level from vegetable fibre and animal fur to manufacture
of trust within a relationship takes time, patience and ropes, nets and bags. (V) Depending on available
understanding, but when that trust has been lost and resources they made these decorative objects from
needs to be rebuilt from scratch, it can be an even
shell, bone, animal teeth and tufts of feather.
longer and more painstaking process.
405
7. (I) Natural rubber represents a key industrial 10. (I) Ageing is a constant process that every individual
commodity of modern societies. (II) It is a component goes through as long as there is still life. (II) This
of thousands of products making everyday life process is an essential part of nature, as it ensures
easier, more comfortable, or safer. (III) The most that the homeostasis of the universe is kept constant.
prominent among them is definitely the vehicle tire (III) The inevitability of ageing has driven a whole lot
which consumes about two thirds of the global rubber of researches into finding out how and why ageing
production of currently more than 12 million tons per occurs. (IV) Ageing has been looked at from different
year. (IV) What makes natural rubber so remarkable perspectives, but particularly from the biological,
is not a specific property, but its combination of psychological and social points of view. (V) This is
properties, which is still unmatched by any type of why there has been several theories developed to help
synthetic rubber. (V) Synthetic rubber is a man-made understand the phenomenon of ageing.
rubber which is produced in manufacturing plants by
synthesizing it from petroleum and other minerals. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
11. (I) The first positive effect of having money is that you
will be able to spend it on things that you both need
and want. (II) Getting rich is basically a process, and
8. (I) Family supper, where kids and other family members
it doesn’t really matter how slow or fast the process
eat together and narrate stories about our lives, is an
may be – it is still a process. (III) People who are
important part of our tradition. (II) A Family Supper is
getting rich are the ones who are basically working
narrated from the point of view of the son, and can be
hard to earn their money. (IV) Even if they’re regular
DENİZ PINAR
classified, therefore, as a first person narration since

employees or people who own businesses, they go
the son is a participant in the action. (III) As a result,
through a process. (V) Sometimes there are struggles
the information the reader receives is not only limited
but then they manage to get over them, and when the
to the knowledge the son has, but also to the particular
time finally comes, all their hard work will be paid off
focus of attention the son opts for. (IV) The description
because they’re becoming rich.
of his father can consequently not be regarded as
objective. (V) Nor can we be sure whether he and his A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
sister were in fact close as children, as he says, or
whether his personal impression is false.
12. (I) The unfortunate events of 1912, when the original

Titanic sank, were brought to life on the big screen
thanks to Hollywood filmmaker James Cameron. (II)
The Titanic was a luxury British steamship that sank
in the early hours of April 15, 1912 after striking an
9. (I) One of the biggest influences in education was the iceberg, leading to the deaths of more than 1,500
development of the printing press. (II) With the arrival passengers and crew. (III) This was the first time
of the Industrial Revolution, society demanded a that this generation was able to fully grasp the
workforce that was educated. (III) Before the moveable magnificence of what came to be known as the ship
type, reading, writing and basic mathematics were of dreams, minus the love story aspect of the film, of
restricted to the few. (IV) Books were a rare commodity course. (IV) However, it has become very clear that
and very expensive and used as a status or symbol people are not ready to let go of the Titanic just yet. (V)
of a person’s wealth. (V) With the ability to mass According to reports, a replica of the ship that sailed
produce, books were now more affordable, which over a century ago is currently in development with a
allowed more people to access information. date of initial sail set in 2022.
406
13. (I) In the space of 50 years, the digital world has grown 16. (I) When the soil is moist, the bacteria are active,
to become crucial to the functioning of society. (II) The breaking down organic material and releasing some
revolution has proceeded at a rapid speed, and it has of it into the air as carbon dioxide. (II) During drought,
not finished yet. (III) Digitization is generally seen as a however, the bacteria stop growing and no longer
positive force. (IV) All new technologies are disruptive perform their important task in the ecosystem. (III)
in some sense, so the question is if digitalization Drought is a natural disaster of below-average
is more disruptive than other technologies. (V) precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged
The governments of countries such as Estonia, for shortages in the water supply. (IV) When rain eventually
instance, are embracing digital technology to become falls and the soil regains moisture, the bacteria begin
more efficient and transparent to their citizens. to work again. (V) The result is an immediate increase
in emissions of carbon dioxide into the air, but as the
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V bacteria recover very quickly, the fraction of carbon
released from the soil decreases.
14. (I) Some natural remedies may help to relieve a

cough. (II) However, it is important to remember that
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not
monitor herbs and supplements, so people who use
17. (I) A gene is a unit of hereditary information. (II)
them may be at risk of using low-quality products
Except in some viruses, genes are made up of DNA,
and impurities. (III) If a cough is severe or persists for
a complex molecule that codes genetic information
DENİZ PINAR
more than a few weeks, it is essential to seek medical

for the transmission of inherited traits. (III) Alleles are
advice. (IV) Thus, people who want to use natural
also genetic sequences, and they too code for the
remedies to treat their cough should research sources
transmission of traits, but there is a difference between
and brands. (V) They should also be aware that some
a gene and an allele. (IV) It is that the latter is a variant
herbs and supplements can interfere with medications,
form of the former. (V) An example of dominant allele
which may result in unwanted side effects.
expression is flower colour in pea plants.
15. (I) In 2017, Americans drank nearly 4 billion gallons

of tea, according to the Tea Association of the USA. 18. (I) Colour plays an important role as a brand’s trade
(II) This figure makes tea the second most consumed dress and can be an influential communicative device.
beverage in the world and second only to water. (III) (II) Colours like white and pink are not present in the
The association estimates that up to 18 percent of visible spectrum of light waves because they are the
those drinks were decaffeinated. (IV) To decaffeinate result of our eyes’ mixing wavelengths of light. (III)
tea, manufacturers often use supercritical carbon White is what we see when all wavelengths of light are
dioxide or hot water treatments. (V) However, these reflected off an object, while pink is a mix of the red
methods can affect the brew’s flavour and destroy and violet wavelengths. (IV) Black, on the other hand,
compounds in the tea associated with lowered is what our eyes see in a space that reflects very little
cholesterol, reduced risk of heart attack or stroke, and light at all. (V) That’s why, if you enter a room with the
other health benefits. lights turned off, everything is dark and black.
407
4. (I) Drawing is a key part of developing any art, craft

SET 4 or design work. (II) A number of different tools can be
used to create different effects with your drawings. (III)
It is an important method of researching, investigating,
developing and communicating ideas. (IV) To illustrate,
it can be used to record observations about a subject
1. (I) Composers often use ideas from the World around and experiment, or to develop the use of formal
them as a starting point for generating musical elements such as line and colour. (V) Besides that, it is
material. (II) Stories, pictures, abstract patterns, also a way of expressing emotions and abstract ideas.
news articles and the world of nature have inspired
composers working in a variety of musical genres. (III)
For some composers, a visual stimulus can be very
important. (IV) Stories can help to provide structures
for music and stimulate ideas for composition. (V)
For example, John Lennon, who initially studied at
Liverpool College of Art, used visual sources in some
of his masterpieces.
5. (I) The photographic process allows an image to be

reproduced using light. (II) This process has developed
over many years to now enable mass production and
sharing of images through magazines, posters, fine
art pictures, or advertising. (III) Whatever camera
you use, it’s useful to put on its manual setting rather
DENİZ PINAR
than using it in automatic mode. (IV) Photographic

2. (I) Not all people who believe in life after death would
techniques include traditional photography and digital
call themselves ‘religious’. (II) Life after death is a
photography. (V) Traditional photography uses light-
fundamental belief in most religions. (III) What form
sensitive film negatives and light-sensitive paper to
life after death takes is different in each religion and
create an image, while digital photography saves
sometimes there is a difference of belief between
images as files that can be manipulated on a computer.
members of the same religion. (IV) Some people
without a religious belief also believe in life after death. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
(V) However, there are also some others who believe
that there is no sort of existence after death.
6. (I) In the past, technology meant that photographs

3. (I) Earthenware is the oldest and most commonly-used were black and white. (II) On a digital camera, working
clay. (II) As it is highly plastic, it is very durable and in colour or black and white can be changed in the
easy to work with. (III) Earthenware clay contains iron settings. (III) Many people still choose to work in black
and other minerals that enable it to reach its optimum and white today, because it can produce different
hardness at lower temperatures. (IV) This results in effects to colour photography. (IV) Black and white
a softer, unvitrified and porous ceramic with rich clay images tend to show pattern, texture, shape and form
colours and a low shrink factor after firing. (V) Popular more clearly and to draw attention to lighting. (V)
types of clay include earthenware, stoneware and Experimenting with black and white photography can
porcelain. also be a useful way of concentrating on composition.
408
7. (I) A stimulus is something which interests an artist 10. (I) Untreated water can host plenty of harmful bacteria
or designer and gives them new ideas. (II) If your and viruses. (II) That’s why starting in the early 1900s,
stimulus is a piece of music, media or literature, you U.S. cities began disinfecting their drinking water with
are working from a secondary source. (III) A stimulus chlorine. (III) Afterward, rates of waterborne disease,
can be as simple as a word or as complex as a novel, such as typhoid, dropped sharply. (IV) Chlorine and
person, place or an entire culture. (IV) In design work, bromine can kill many dangerous waterborne germs.
carrying out market research might suggest possible (V) Typhoid, caused by a type of Salmonella bacteria,
starting points. (V) You may also work from a source used to sicken one in every 1,000 people in 1900, but
of inspiration or from a design problem as a stimulus by 2006, the rate was down to one in every million.
to help you generate ideas.
8. (I) Industrial chemicals known as PFAs present

11. (I) Wind turbines and solar panels that create electricity
two challenges. (II) Only the larger molecules are
are examples of environmentally friendly technology.
effectively removed by activated carbon, the filtering
(II) Wind turbines can change how air moves. (III) As
substance in many household water filters, and the
DENİZ PINAR
winds move through the spinning blades of a turbine,

smaller ones will remain in the water. (III) Considered
some of their power is converted to electricity. (IV) This
to be one of the oldest means of water purification
weakens those winds. (V) Turbines may also change
carbon has been used to filter water for hundreds of
the path of the winds, directing some share of them
years. (IV) What’s more, filtering isn’t a simple solution
around the outside of the wind farm.
for these pollutants. (V) After all, once removed, they
still are hard to break down for safe disposal. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
9. (I) The higher the energy of the UV light, the better

job it does at killing germs. (II) New light bulbs that 12. (I) Homo sapiens, our species, arose in Africa roughly
will eliminate odours and keep you healthier by killing 300,000 years ago. (II) Later, members of our species
germs are now on the market. (III) But it is difficult left Africa and spread across the world. (III) Scientists
to generate light at such high frequencies in the used to estimate that those migrations began about
ultraviolet spectrum. (IV) The only way to generate 60,000 years ago. (IV) But recent finds on the Arabian
high-energy UV radiation is by using light bulbs that Peninsula have suggested that those migrations might
contain mercury vapour. (V) But, this method is not have begun much earlier. (V) The Arabian Peninsula
without downsides, for in addition to being large and is the part of south-western Asia that includes Saudi
heavy, these bulbs also need a lot of power. Arabia and other countries.
409
13. (I) In The Rhinoceros, one of the most recognisable 16. (I) The immune system works to keep the body from
Renaissance works of art, Albrecht Durer uses lines harm. (II) It does this by destroying dangerous bacteria
to describe how he imagines the animal would look and chasing down viral invaders, but the brain is
and feel. (II) It is a beautiful and amazing animal yet protected from most of this activity. (III) Diseases
one of the endangered species. (III) Thin contour lines can also occur when the immune system fails to
show the overall form and the outline of sections of distinguish healthy cells from unhealthy cells. (IV) It is
armoured shell. (IV) More detailed lines that are close carefully placed behind a barrier to give it extra armour
together combine to show hard ridges, spikey hair and and prevent germs from getting in. (V) However, that
areas of smooth and rough texture. (V) The overall extra barrier means that while most germy threats
effect is that the shell looks heavy, hard and bulky can’t invade, the body’s immune system also can’t get
even though it is a drawing on a flat page. in.
14. (I) The Old Guitarist was painted by Picasso between 17. (I) Once every year, engineers measure the Leaning
1903 and 1904, during his Blue Period. (II) During this Tower of Pisa’s unstable tilt. (II) Last week, they
period, Picasso was isolated from the rest of the world announced that the tower had been self-correcting
DENİZ PINAR
because of the war which devastated his psyche. for more than a decade and had finally stopped. (III)
(III) It features cool colours including dark blues, light They also attached metal rings around the fifth floor
blues, some turquoises and greens. (IV) The mood of the tower, which had cracked during repair. (IV)
seems sad or even miserable. (V) The only warmth The surprise gain straightened the landmark by four
comes from the brown of the guitar, which suggests a centimetres. (V) Although that may seem small, it is a
single source of comfort and warmth in the man’s life. welcome gift after centuries of worry that the building
would simply collapse.
15. (I) Bilateral symmetry is where an image, object or

design is mirrored equally through a vertical line. (II) 18. (I) Until agriculture was developed around 10,000 years
Ancient buildings such as the Parthenon in Athens are ago, all humans got their food by hunting, gathering,
early examples of the use of bilateral symmetry. (III) and fishing. (II) Urban farming was viewed as a
In bilateral symmetry, the visual weight and the actual responsibility of all the household members. (III) As
weight of the structure are perfectly balanced, and the farming emerged, nomadic hunter-gatherers gradually
building is physically very stable. (IV) The downside to were pushed off prime farmland. (IV) Eventually they
symmetry is that it lacks variety and can seem boring became limited to the forests of the Amazon, the arid
unless the design is made to be visually interesting. grasslands of Africa, the remote islands of Southeast
(V) Buildings with bilateral symmetry can seem not Asia, and the tundra of the Arctic. (V) Today only a
only very solid and permanent, but also grand and few scattered tribes of hunter-gatherers remain on the
formal. planet.
410
4. (I) The primary component of natural gas, methane

SET 5 is released into the atmosphere from equipment
leaks and malfunctions in oil and gas operations
and infrastructure. (II) Methane emissions represent
lost product for the oil and gas industry. (III) When
captured, this resource can be sold, leading to an
1. (I) Commercial fishing remains the deadliest job in increase in the amount of gas available to power
America, according to data released by the Department American homes, factories, and more. (IV) Methane is
of Labour today. (II) It is inherently dangerous but it’s a greenhouse gas over eighty times more damaging
still important to look at the several ways to make than carbon dioxide. (V) That is to say, reducing
it safer. (III) Unfortunately there is no silver bullet to methane emissions pays back the previously lost
make fishing a safe job. (IV) Inspections, the use of revenue for the industry.
safety gear and training can all make a difference. (V)
So can the way fishing regulations attempt to address
overfishing.
5. (I) There is no safe level of lead exposure in children.

(II) Lead exposure is likely to impair children’s
2. (I) Hot weather, flooding and other extreme weather normal brain development, contribute to learning and
events damage infrastructure. (II) The oceans are behavioural problems, and lower IQs. (III) Despite
getting hotter because they absorb 90 percent of the decades of progress in reducing children’s exposure
DENİZ PINAR
extra heat in the climate. (III) This shift causes the to lead, America continues to have a toxic legacy of
oceans to expand, contributing to higher sea levels, lead. (IV) Paint remains the most significant source
and strips corals of their vivid colours. (IV) Meanwhile, of lead exposure in homes. (V) In 2011, Centers for
nearly a third of carbon dioxide emissions end up in Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), estimated that
the oceans, triggering a chemistry change that makes approximately 500,000 children have elevated blood
the water more acidic, dissolving the shells of sea lead levels.
creatures. (V) The ocean is almost 40 percent more
acidic than it used to be.
6. (I) Marmots are found north of Mexico and in Eurasia

3. (I) Energy storage systems help ensure that we get from the European Alps through north-central Asia, the
the energy we need when we want it. (II) In this way, it Himalayas, and north-eastern Siberia to the Kamchatka
makes it easier to use renewable energy in our homes Peninsula. (II) They inhabit open country in mountains
and on the power grid by balancing out the effects of and plains, preferring montane meadows, steppes,
a cloud moving over a solar panel or the wind dying tundra, and forest edges. (III) Marmots are active
down. (III) In 2016, energy storage jobs surged 235 during the day and are almost entirely vegetarian.
percent from the previous year to reach 90,800 jobs. (IV) All live in burrows that they excavate, and most
(IV) Meanwhile, efforts to create a more modern power mountain species construct burrows beneath boulder
grid have created more than 55,000 jobs. (V) The fields, rocky slopes, and crevices in cliff faces. (V)
energy consumption issue in distributed computing This terrain provides protection from predators such
systems raises various monetary, environmental and as grizzly bears, which are aggressive diggers and a
system performance concerns. significant predator of the Alaska marmot.
411
7. (I) When Pasteur began investigating anthrax in 1879, 10. (I) The Ottoman Empire ruled over expansive regions
an anthrax epidemic in France and in some other parts for ages and so worked in collaboration with many
of Europe had killed a large number of sheep, and the cultures and nations in terms of cuisine. (II) Therefore,
disease was attacking humans as well. (II) German in a way, Ottoman cuisine is not only the cuisine of
physician Robert Koch announced the isolation of the Ottoman Empire but its successors in Anatolia,
the anthrax bacillus, which Pasteur confirmed. (III) Balkans, and much of the Middle East as well. (III)
Koch and Pasteur independently provided definitive Unfortunately, this marvellous cuisine has lost most
experimental evidence that the anthrax bacillus was of its unequalled variety nowadays. (IV) The blend
indeed responsible for the infection. (IV) This firmly of cultures enriched the Ottoman cuisine melting all
established the germ theory of disease, which then differences in a bowl. (V) Such variety of cuisines
emerged as the fundamental concept underlying derived from Anatolia, Middle East, and Balkans
medical microbiology. (V) However, Pasteur did not became the chief contributors to the Ottoman cuisine.
have enough time to explore all the practical aspects
of his numerous theories. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
8. (I) Deforestation means that a forest landscape is

cleared and permanently converted to another use.
11. (I) Penicillin is one of the first and most widely used
(II) It has been devastating for wildlife and nearly
antibiotic agents, derived from the Penicillium mold.
150,000 critically endangered Bornean orangutans,
(II) Acetaminophen, also called paracetamol, is a drug
for example, perished from 1999 to 2015. (III) It
used in the treatment of mild pain, such as headache
also exacerbates climate change—nearly half of
DENİZ PINAR
greenhouse gas emissions in some countries come and pain in joints and muscles, and to reduce fever.
from deforestation and other land-use changes-as (III) It is the major metabolite of acetanilid and
well as acute air pollution. (IV) The haze from forest phenacetin, which were once commonly used drugs,
fires, many of which deliberately set to clear land for and is responsible for their pain-relieving effects. (IV)
industrial uses, caused at least 12,000 premature Acetaminophen relieves pain by raising the body’s
deaths in 2015 alone. (V) Forests need to be protected pain threshold. (V) Moreover, it reduces fever by its
to safeguard both the huge number of species that live action on the temperature-regulating centre of the
in them and the vast amounts of carbon they store. brain.
9. (I) Republican Donald Trump’s team spent 44 million

dollars on Facebook, with 175,000 different adverts
during the 2016 election campaign. (II) Facebook
was harshly criticized for failing to inform users 12. (I) Aesthetics is the philosophical study of beauty and
whose data had been improperly shared with the taste. (II) Philosophy has advanced into the realm
political consultancy. (III) In order to carry out these of post-structuralism as the information society has
campaigns, the messages are sent out to Facebook continued to evolve. (III) It is closely related to the
users based on various factors, such as their gender, philosophy of art, which is concerned with the nature
location or political allegiance. (IV) What has been of art and the concepts in terms of which individual
proven is that this micro-targeted advertising on social works of art are interpreted and evaluated. (IV) To
media was highly effective in persuading undecided provide more than a general definition of the subject
voters to support Trump. (V) It further increased the
matter of aesthetics is immensely difficult. (V) Indeed,
probability that a non-aligned voter would decide to
it could be said that self-definition has been the major
vote for candidate Trump by at least five percentage
task of modern aesthetics.
points.
412
13. (I) During the last decades, civil aviation has become 16. (I) The ancient Greeks were a proud people who
an important economic, logistical and strategic industry believed in living and enhancing their lives in a variety
in a world increasingly more dynamic and globalized. of ways. (II) Greek pottery was invariably made on the
(II) However, such advances bring with them some potter’s wheel and usually made in separate horizontal
side effects such as the aircraft noise growth. (III) sections. (III) These sections were then joined together
This generates environmental impacts, economic and with a clay ‘slip’ after drying and it is possible in many
operational limitations, taxation and even fines. (IV) cases to see the prints of the potter impressed on the
Moreover, technological challenges appear such as inside of the vessel. (IV) The piece was then put back
new paradigms in design and conception of new on the wheel to smooth the join marks and add the
aircrafts. (V) In other fields of technology you can final shaping. (V) Therefore, all vases were unique
easily see the improvement in it but aviation has hardly and the small variations in dimensions reveal that the
changed. use of simple tools and not cut-out templates was the
norm.
14. (I) Between 1900 and 1915, 3 million Italians immigrated

17. (I) Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available
to America, which was the largest nationality of
water resources to meet the demands of water usage
“new immigrants.” (II) Though the majority of Italian
within a region. (II) It already affects every continent
immigrants were labourers, a small population of
and around 2.8 billion people around the world at least
craftsmen also immigrated to the United States. (III)
one month out of every year. (III) While the concept
They comprised less than 20% of all Italian immigrants
DENİZ PINAR
of water stress is relatively new, it is the difficulty of

and enjoyed a higher status than the others. (IV)
obtaining sources of fresh water. (IV) Water scarcity
An interesting feature of Italian immigrants to the
can be a result of two mechanisms: physical water
United States between 1901 and 1920 was the high
scarcity and economic water scarcity. (V) The latter is
percentage that returned to Italy after they had earned
found to be more often to be the cause of countries or
money in the United States. (V) The majority of the
regions experiencing water scarcity, as most countries
craftsmen were from the South and could read and
or regions have enough water to meet household,
write, and they included carpenters, brick layers,
industrial, agricultural, and environmental needs, but
masons, tailors, and barbers.
lack the means to provide it in an accessible manner.
15. (I) In most cases, the data that behavioural advertising 18. (I) The Japanese tea ceremony known as chanoyu
companies collect about you is not tied to your (hot water for tea) evolved from tea drinking rituals
personal information. (II) Online advertising companies practiced by Zen Buddhist monks. (II) During the war
specialize in promoting businesses by buying and years at the end of the Kamakura period, the Zen
placing ads for them on websites. (III) That is to say, monks were responsible for preserving Japanese
they don’t know your name, your home address, or education and culture. (III) The tea ceremony is much
your phone number. (IV) Instead, these companies more than an elaborate ritual to prepare tea. (IV) It is a
identify you by a random ID number and try to make quiet interlude during which the host and guests strive
guesses about your interests and characteristics for spiritual refreshment and harmony with nature.
based on your online activity. (V) The data they retain (V) The essence of the Japanese tea ceremony is
could include your inferred age group, gender or reflected in its 4 main principles: harmony, respect,
purchase interests. purity, and tranquility.
413
4. (I) In the animal kingdom, scents emitted from a body

SET 6 often signal information about an individual’s mental or
physical state. (II) For example, stressed rodents have
been shown to excrete distinctive odours. (III) Human
body odours also have this function, emitting a wide
1. (I) Literary nonfiction is a type of prose that employs array of odour and non-odour related chemicals called
the literary techniques usually associated with fiction or volatile organic compounds. (IV) These compounds
poetry to report on persons, places, and events in the are emitted from different areas of the human body
real world. (II) The genre of literary nonfiction is broad and vary with age, diet, sex, and possibly genetic
enough to include travel writing, nature writing, science background. (V) It has been observed that humans
writing, and so on. (III) It puts emphasis on the precise have a keen sense of smell, able to detect diluted
and skilled use of words and tone. (IV) Sometimes odours.
the subject of literary nonfiction may not at the onset
be of great interest to the reader, but the character of
the writing may lure the reader into that subject. (V)
Literature, in its broad terms, is any written work, and
it can refer to an individual work itself or a categorical
understanding of literature. 5. (I) Food is undergoing constant change. (II) In the
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V meantime, new technologies raise ongoing questions
for consumers looking to make “safe” choices for their
long-term health. (III) A new Pew Research Center
2. (I) Cubism is a highly influential visual arts style of the
report shows that the American public is closely
20th century that was created principally by the artists
divided over additives and genetically modified (GM)
DENİZ PINAR
Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in Paris between

crops. (IV) The Pew Research Center is an American
1907 and 1914. (II) The Cubist style emphasized the
research firm that conducts research related to social
flat, two-dimensional surface of the picture plane,
issues, demographics, social trends, and more. (V) 51
rejecting the traditional techniques of perspective.
percent believes eating foods with additives is risky,
(III) Cubist painters were not bound to copying form,
while 48 percent say potentially threatening additives
texture, colour, and space. (IV) In early 20th century
exist in such small amounts that there is no serious
Paris, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were
health risk.
equally well known after they created the Cubist style
of painting. (V) Instead, they presented a new reality in A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
paintings that depicted radically fragmented objects.
3. (I) The Great Depression was the worst economic

downturn in the history of the industrialized world,
6. (I) At over 1,145sq km, and up to a depth of 450
lasting from 1929 to 1939. (II) The term depression
metres in places, Indonesia’s Lake Toba is actually
was derived from the Latin verb deprimere, “to press
more like an ocean. (II) It is the world’s largest crater
down”. (III) It began after the stock market crash of
lake as well as being the largest lake in Southeast
October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic
Asia and one of the deepest in the world. (III) Crater
and wiped out millions of investors. (IV) Over the next
lakes are most often formed in a caldera, or crater, left
several years, consumer spending and investment
by a volcanic eruption. (IV) It has a magical almost
dropped, causing steep declines in industrial output
otherworldly quality and seems far-removed from
and employment as failing companies laid off workers.
the usual hubbub of Indonesia. (V) Its laidback vibe
(V) By 1933, when the Great Depression reached
contributes to it being extremely easy to get around
its lowest point, some 15 million Americans were
whether by car or bike and a day trip provides plenty
unemployed and nearly half the country’s banks had
of opportunities to explore.
failed.
414
7. (I) Kültepe, located 18 kilometres northeast of 10. (I) Salts that de-ice roads, parking lots and sidewalks
Kayseri, was part of the network of trading settlements keep people safe in winter. (II) New research shows
established in central Anatolia by Assyrian merchants salts are contributing to a sharp and widely rising
from northern Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium problem across the U.S. (III) At least a third of the
BC. (II) This period was called the “Assyrian Trading rivers and streams in the country have gotten saltier in
Colonies Period“. (III) The site is composed of two the past 25 years. (IV) And by 2100, more than half of
parts, the lower town Karum and the upper mound them may contain at least 50 percent more salt than
Kanesh. (IV) During this time, the Assyrians were very they used to. (V) Increasing salinity will not just affect
active in international trading. (V) Assyrian merchants freshwater plants and animals but human lives as
sold tin and textile products in exchange for precious well—notably, by affecting drinking water.
metal like gold, silver and copper.
8. (I) Although children had been servants and 11. (I) Traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy,
apprentices throughout most of human history, child radiation and immunotherapy have their limitations. (II)
labor reached new extremes during the Industrial Cancer research and treatments have made great
Revolution. (II) Children often worked long hours in strides over the last few decades. (III) Chemotherapy
dangerous factory conditions for very little money. (III) can be very effective and is still the standard of care,
Children were useful as laborers because their size but it shuts down the immune system in the process
allowed them to move in small spaces in factories or
DENİZ PINAR
and recurrence is often likely, among many other

mines. (IV) The employment of children under twelve concerns. (IV) Most types of radiation cannot reach
years of age was prohibited in manufacturing and all parts of the body, and therefore cannot be used for
mining. (V) Child laborers often worked to help support cancers that have spread. (V) Finally, immunotherapy
their families, but were forced to forgo an education. is still only 20 to 30 percent effective in some cancers,
and completely ineffective in others.
9. (I) The myth of Adonis is a legendary love story that

combines tragedy and death on the one hand, and the
joy of coming back to life on the other. (II) The story 12. (I) Human language follows certain regularities. (II)
of the impossibly handsome Adonis and his lover the For instance, a plural noun must be accompanied by
goddess Aphrodite originally dates back to the ancient a plural verb, as in the following sentence: “The kids
civilizations of the Near East. (III) It was popular from the neighborhood are playing.” (III) As a result,
among the Canaanites, and very well-known to the relationships arise where information at the beginning
people of Mesopotamia and Egypt as well, though of a sentence is relevant at the end of the same
referred to by different names in each civilization. (IV) sentence. (IV) In German, for example, subordinate
Much of what scholars know about the Canaanites clauses can be inserted, before a sentence is complete
comes from records left by the people they came into -- such structures are called embeddings. (V) Due to
contact with. (V) It is the legend of the god of beauty its central location in Europe and its growing number
who faced death when he was young, but came back of growing influences, the German people are very
to life for the sake of his beloved Aphrodite. used to foreigners.
415
13. (I) The 19th century was a period of great change 16. (I) The Global Carbon Project found that global carbon
and rapid industrialization. (II) The iron and steel dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels increased
industry spawned new construction materials, the by about 2.7 percent in 2017. (II) It also suggested
railroads connected the country and the discovery that the climate efforts by nations was inadequate and
of oil provided a new source of fuel. (III) Since its did not match the Paris Agreement climate targets.
founding in 1960, OPEC has consistently sought to (III) Indeed, the report suggests that current Paris
bring stability to the oil market. (IV) The discovery of commitments would need to increase fivefold to reach
the Spindletop geyser in 1901 drove huge growth in its target in 2030. (IV) This poses a huge threat to the
the oil industry. (V) Within a year, more than 1,500 oil planet’s low-lying islands which mostly populate the
companies had been chartered, and oil became the Indian and Pacific Oceans. (V) Both the Indian and
dominant fuel of the 20th century and an integral part Pacific Oceans exhibit prominent decadal time scale
of the American economy. variations in sea surface temperature.
14. (I) Iron is extracted from ores such as haematite and 17. (I) Pain can be defined as the recognition by the brain
magnetite by mixing it with carbon and heating it to of an unpleasant sensation arising from actual or
1500 degrees Celsius. (II) Getting enough iron is of potential tissue damage. (II) Chronic pain used to be
vital importance to the body. (III) It is essential for the defined as pain that has lasted 6 months or longer.
DENİZ PINAR
production of the proteins involved in oxygen transport (III) It is now defined as pain that persists longer than
and in the regulation of cell development. (IV) However, the normal course of time associated with a particular
an estimated 80% of the world population is iron type of injury. (IV) Chronic pain is essentially caused
deficient, according to the World Health Organization, by the bombardment of the central nervous system.
and as many as 30% may have anaemia due to iron (V) It subsequently provokes changes in the behavior
deficiency. (V) Nevertheless, it is also important to of the patient.
remember that too much iron intake can be toxic and
may result in death.
18. (I) For millions of years, whales have swum in the

15. (I) For most of the past century, U.S.-Mexican relations great oceans of the World and only recently have
were conducted at arm’s length. (II) That began to they had to contend with a predator: man. (II) In the
th
change, however, after the 1994 North American 18th and 19 centuries, many countries had fleets of
Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) spurred greater ships which set out to bring back whales. (III) The 20th
bilateral economic engagement and cooperation. (III) century saw the development of factory ships which
NAFTA is the trade agreement between the United were capable of killing and processing thousands of
States, Canada and Mexico. (IV) Mexico’s democratic whales. (IV) From this, the whale is able to work out
transition has further eased the wariness of some what is around it and can respond accordingly. (V) It
skeptics in Washington. (V) Still, the U.S.-Mexican wasn’t until 1986 that a moratorium was agreed to stop
relationship is far from perfect and new bilateral whale hunting, and scientists hope that the number of
policies are required. whales will recover.
416

Strateji Kitabı Deniz Pınar

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Strateji Kitabı Deniz Pınar

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

“Gerçek başarı, başkalarını başarılı kılmaktır.

Dizgi, Grafik, Tasarım

ISBN: 978 - 605 - 031 - 062 - 7

PART II CLOZE TEST STRATEGIES

PART III SENTENCE COMPLETION

PART V DIALOGUE COMPLETION

PART VII SITUATIONAL RESPONSE

PART VIII PARAGRAPH COMPLETION

PART IX ENGLISH - TURKISH / TURKISH - ENGLISH TRANSLATION

PART X FINDING THE IRRELEVANT SENTENCE

öznesi “kişinin sosyal becerilerinin gelişimi” nesnesine

ÖRNEK SORU: E) curbed

Taking part in problem solving, decision-making

ÖRNEK SORU: ÇÖZÜM:

Sovereignty: bağımsızlık, egemenlik; domination,

Impressive: etkileyici; imposing

incelenmelidir. Bu soruda zarfımız predict (tahmin

Soru kökünü incelediğimizde The team (ekip)

Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz: WHERE

Noun (Sıfatlardan sonra noun clause)

ÖRNEK SORU: ÖRNEK SORU:

4. Every organization is affected by change

9. - 15. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerle-

C) by / through D) from / with

10. Fraud is any form of deceit ---- which one

A) through / with and the moons move around the system’s

15. Financial flexibility is very important for

4. Cities are increasingly gaining population;

2. Since they were well adapted to desert

3. The line between dinosaurs and birds has

B) must be accused / to be supplied A) unless B) even if

C) can be accused / to have supplied C) in case D) since

D) has been accused / supplying E) once

E) should be accused / to supply

13. Using the now-complete Cassini data

of playing sports, and this also includes B) a number of / far

A) by / off B) of / in D) many / more

14. Large fields of methane hydrates are

thoughts, activities and memories. combined.

A) in / along B) for / into A) either / or B) whether / or

C) of / to D) by / with C) both / and D) so / that

11. The southern and eastern countries of the

4. An advocate for democracy and world peace,

3. The dust that collects on tables, shelves, and

13. ---- can deny the fact that agriculture has

9. ---- the main causes of the eventual market B) Someone / none

collapse in 1929 were low wages, the C) Something / every

A) on / within B) down / into D) such / as

C) onto / from D) about / across E) whether / or

15. The New York Stock Exchange was founded

4. Amid mounting losses of bird species,

2. Our hands, one of the most intricate parts of

the human body and especially our thumbs,

3. It is impossible to say ---- when humans

B) received / contributing A) unless B) in case

C) have been receiving / being contributed C) as soon as D) once

D) have received / to contribute E) since

E) would receive / having been contributed

13. Almost ---- patient can inspire a research

C) under / towards D) for / with

14. ---- the Eastern Mediterranean region

15. ---- the importance of tourism to the country,

5. Marlon Brando became the second performer

uncooperative and hostile attitude. D) had found / will seem