LABORATORY MANUAL

Lab course name Digital Electronics Laboratory

Lab course number 32050502
Department Electrical Engineering
Lab instructor Dr./ Mohamed Mostafa Ibrahim
Email: m.ibrahim@bu.edu.sa
Academic semester Second Semester
Room number 2508
Credit hours 4 (3, 2, 0) (Lecture, Lab, Tutorial) (5 Contact Hours)

1
 Table of Experiments

Expt No. Title Page

1 Experiment (1): CMOS Inverter 3

2 Experiment (2): CMOS NAND 5

3 Experiment (3): CMOS NOR 7

4 Experiment (4): CMOS XOR 9

5 Experiment (5): TTL Inverter 11

6 Experiment (6): TTL OR 13

7 Experiment (7): TTL AND 15

8 Experiment (8): TTL XOR 17

9 Experiment (9): Parallel (Flash) ADC 19

10 Experiment (10): Successive approximation ADC 21

11 Experiment (11): Digital to Analog Conversion DAC 23

12 Experiment (11): The R-2R Ladder DAC 25

Appendix I General laboratory safety rules 27

Appendix II General laboratory reports rules 29

Appendix III Lab report template 30

2
 Experiment (1): CMOS Inverter

1.1 Objective:
1- Analyze the operation of CMOS Inverter.
2- Connect CMOS Inverter according to the logic diagram
3- Compile the truth table for CMOS Inverter
4- Describe the operation of CMOS Inverter

1.2 Circuit diagram:

Figure 1: Circuit diagram of CMOS Inverter.

1.3 Hardware equipment

 Power supply.
 Switch module
 Q 2SJ49 P-channel
 Q BUZ11 n-channel
3
1.4 Experimental procedure

1. Construct the circuit according to layout and logic diagram.

2. By using the switch module, set any possible input signal combination and record the results in the
truth table.
3. Describe the operation of the inverter-gate.

Table 1: Truth table of the CMOS Inverter

1.5 Analysis of experimental data

The inverter (NOT circuit) performs the operation called inversion or complementation. The inverter
changes one logic level to the opposite level. In terms of bits, it changes a 1 to a 0 and a 0 to a1. The
logical expression is X =A= A C.

1.6 Conclusion

From the previous circuit and after implementing we could build the truth table and then find the circuit
type from, the results the results were 5V and 0V for the inputs (0) and (1) respectively. From this results
and truth table, we found out that the circuit represents the “Inverter ".

4
 Experiment (2): NAND- GATE

1.1 Objective:
1- Analyze the operation of a NAND-gate
2- Connect a NAND-gate according to the logic diagram
3- Compile the truth table for a NAND-gate
4- Describe the operation of a NAND-gate
1.2 Circuit diagram:

Figure 2: Circuit diagram of CMOS NAND gate.

1.3 Hardware equipment

 Power supply.
 Switch module
 Q 2SJ49 P-channel
 Q BUZ11 n-channel

5
1.4 Experimental procedure

1. Construct the circuit according to logic diagram.

2. By using the switch module, set any possible input signal combination and record the results in the
truth table.
3. Describe the operation of the NAND-gate.

Table 2: Truth table of CMOS NAND

1.5 Analysis of experimental data

A NAND gate produces a LOW output only when all the inputs are HIGH. When any of the inputs is
LOW, the output will be HIGH. The logical expression is¿ A . B .

1.6 Conclusion

This operation is opposite that of the AND in terms of the output level. In a NAND gate, the LOW level
(0) is the active or asserted output level.

6
 Experiment (3): NOR - GATES

1.1 Objective:
1- Analyze the operation of a CMOS NOR
2- Connect a CMOS NOR according to logic diagram
3- Compile the truth table for a CMOS NOR-gate
4- Describe the operation of a CMOS NOR-gate

1.2 Circuit diagram:

Figure 3: Circuit diagram of an NOR gate.

1.3 Hardware equipment

 Power supply.
 Switch module
 Q 2SJ49 P-channel
 Q BUZ11 n-channel
7
1.4 Experimental procedure

1. Construct the circuit according to the logic diagram.

2. By using the switch module, set any possible input signal combination and record the results in the
truth table.
3. Describe the operation of the CMOS NOR-gate.

Table 3: Truth table of the CMOS NOR-gate

1.5 Analysis of experimental data

The NOR gate, like the NAND gate, is a useful logic element because it can also be used as a universal
gate; that is, NOR gates can be used in combination to perform the AND, OR, and inverter operations.
The logical expression is¿ A+ B .

1.6 Conclusion

A NOR gate produces a LOW output when any of its inputs is HIGH. Only when all of its inputs are
LOW is the output HIGH.

8
 Experiment (4): CMOS XOR

1.1 Objective:
1. Analyze the operation of CMOS XOR
2. Connect CMOS XOR circuit according to logic diagram
3. Compile the truth table for CMOS XOR
4. Describe the operation of CMOS XOR

1.2 Circuit diagram:

Figure 4: Circuit diagram of CMOS XOR gate.

1.3 Hardware equipment

 Power supply.
 Switch module
 Q 2SJ49 P-channel
 Q BUZ11 n-channel
9
1.4 Experimental procedure

1. Determine the logic function according to the logic diagram.

2. Compile the truth table by using the logic function.
3. Construct the circuit according to the logic diagram and record the results in the truth table.
4. By using the switch module, set all given input signal combinations.

Table 4: Truth table of the CMOS XOR-gate

1.5 Analysis of experimental data

For an exclusive-OR gate, output X is HIGH when input A is LOW and input B is HIGH, or when input
A is HIGH and input B is LOW; X is LOW when A and B are both HIGH or both LOW. The logical
expression is¿ A ⨁ B .

1.6 Conclusion

The XOR gate has only two inputs. The exclusive-OR gate performs modulo-2 addition. The output of an
exclusive-OR gate is HIGH only when the two inputs are at opposite logic levels.

10
 Experiment (5): TTL Inverter

1.1 Objective:
1- Analyze the operation of TTL Inverter.
2- Connect TTL Inverter according to the logic diagram
3- Compile the truth table for TTL Inverter
4- Describe the operation of TTL Inverter

1.2 Circuit diagram:

F
igure 5: Circuit diagram of TTL Inverter.

1.3 Hardware equipment

 Power supply.
 Switch module
 Q 2N1711 n-p-n
 Q 2N2905 p-n-p
11
1.4 Experimental procedure

1. Construct the circuit according to layout and logic diagram.

2. By using the switch module, set any possible input signal combination and record the results in the
truth table.
3. Describe the operation of the inverter-gate.

Table 5: Truth table of the TTL Inverter

1.5 Analysis of experimental data

The inverter (NOT circuit) performs the operation called inversion or complementation. The inverter
changes one logic level to the opposite level. In terms of bits, it changes a 1 to a 0 and a 0 to a1. The
logical expression is X =A= A C .

1.6 Conclusion

From the previous circuit and after implementing we could build the truth table and then find the circuit
type from, the results the results were 5V and 0V for the inputs (0) and (1) respectively. From this results
and truth table, we found out that the circuit represents the “Inverter ".

12
 Experiment (6): OR- GATE

1.1 Objective:
1- Analyze the operation of TTL OR-gate
2- Connect TTL OR -gate according to the logic diagram
3- Compile the truth table for TTL OR -gate
4- Describe the operation of TTL OR -gate

1.2 Circuit diagram:

Figure 6: Circuit diagram of TTL OR gate.

1.3 Hardware equipment

 Power supply.
 Switch module
 Q 2N1711 n-p-n
 Q 2N2905 p-n-p
13
1.4 Experimental procedure

1. Construct the circuit according to the logic diagram.

2. By using the switch module, set any possible input signal combination and record the results in the
truth table.
3. Describe the operation of the TTL OR-gate.

Table 6: Truth table of the TTL OR-gate

1.5 Analysis of experimental data

An OR gate can have two or more inputs and performs what is known as logical addition, the logical
expression is X =A + B.

1.6 Conclusion

The out of an OR gate produces a HIGH on the output when any of the inputs is HIGH. The output is
LOW only when all of the inputs are LOW. Therefore, an OR gate determines when one or more of its
inputs are HIGH and produces a HIGH on its output to indicate this condition.

14
 Experiment (7): TTL AND- GATE

1.1 Objective:
1- Analyze the operation of TTL AND-gate
2- Connect TTL AND-gate according to the logic diagram
3- Compile the truth table for TTL AND-gate
4- Describe the operation of TTL AND-gate

1.2 Circuit diagram:

Figure 7: Circuit diagram of TTL AND gate.

1.3 Hardware equipment

 Power supply.
 Switch module
 Q 2N1711 n-p-n
 Q 2N2905 p-n-p
15
1.4 Experimental procedure

1. Construct the circuit according to the logic diagram.

2. By using the switch module, set any possible input signal combination and record the results in the
truth table.
3. Describe the operation of the TTL AND-gate.

Table 7: Truth table of the TTL AND-gate

1.5 Analysis of experimental data

The AND gate is one of the basic gates that can be combined to form any logic function. An AND gate
can have two or more inputs and performs what is known as logical multiplication. The logical expression
is X =A . B

1.6 Conclusion

The output of an AND gate produces a HIGH output only when all of the inputs are HIGH. When any of
the inputs is LOW, the output is LOW. Therefore, the basic purpose of an AND gate is to determine when
certain conditions are simultaneously true, as indicated by HIGH levels on all of its inputs, and to produce
a HIGH on its output to indicate that all these conditions are true.

16
 Experiment (8): TTL XOR

1.1 Objective:
1. Analyze the operation of TTL XOR
2. Connect TTL XOR circuit according to logic diagram
3. Compile the truth table for TTL XOR
4. Describe the operation of TTL XOR
1.2 Circuit diagram:

Figure 8: Circuit diagram of TTL XOR gate.

1.3 Hardware equipment

1. Power supply.
2. Switch module
3. Q 2N1711 n-p-n
4. Q 2N2905 p-n-p
5. 7404 Inverter
17
1.4 Experimental procedure

1. Determine the logic function according to the logic diagram.

2. Compile the truth table by using the logic function.
3. Construct the circuit according to the logic diagram and record the results in the truth table.
4. By using the switch module, set all given input signal combinations.

Table 8: Truth table of the TTL XOR-gate

1.5 Analysis of experimental data

For an exclusive-OR gate, output X is HIGH when input A is LOW and input B is HIGH, or when input
A is HIGH and input B is LOW; X is LOW when A and B are both HIGH or both LOW. The logical
expression is¿ A ⨁ B .

1.6 Conclusion

The XOR gate has only two inputs. The exclusive-OR gate performs modulo-2 addition. The output of an
exclusive-OR gate is HIGH only when the two inputs are at opposite logic levels.

18
 Experiment (9): Parallel (Flash) ADC

1.1 Objective:

1- Studying the Flash analog-to-digital conversion circuit.

2- Taked advantage of the resistors in the internal voltage distribution on the comparisons.
3- Compare a bookmark with an analog signal.
1.2 Circuit diagram:

Figure 9: Circuit diagram

1.3 Hardware equipment
 Power supply.
 IC 4532.
 Op-amp 741
 Resistor
19
1.4 Experimental procedure

1. Construct the circuit according to the logic diagram.

2. Connect the analog input to the non-inverting input of OP-amp.
3. Connect the Vcc to the series R network and the inverting input of OP-amp.

1.5 Analysis of experimental data

Parallel (Flash) ADC is one method of analog to digital converter, which use an OP-amp as a
comparator.

1.6 Conclusion

The comparator gives digital output using two analog inputs. The first is a reference whose value
is divided by resistors. The other signal is required to be converted. When the reference voltage
value after the resistance is greater than the analog signal, the output is Low. If the signals are
equal or the analog signal is greater than the reference, the output is High.

20
 Experiment (10): Successive approximation ADC

1.1 Objective:
1. Studying the successive approximation analog-to-digital conversion circuit.
2. Compare the performance of successive approximation ADC to the flash ADC.

1.2 Circuit diagram:

Figure 10: Circuit diagram

1.3 Hardware equipment

 Power supply.
 Resistors
 ADC 0804.
 Capacitors.

21
1.4 Experimental procedure

1. Construct the circuit according to the logic diagram.

2. Connect the analog input to the pin (6) of the ADC.
3. Connect the Vcc to the IC ADC.

1.5 Analysis of experimental data

Successive approximation ADC is one method of analog to digital converter, which use a
resistors and capacitors connection.

1.6 Conclusion

22
 Experiment (11): Digital to Analog Conversion (DAC)

1.1 Objective:
1. Studying the Digital to analog Conversion DAC.
2. Using an OP-amp as a comparator.

1.2 Circuit diagram:

Figure 11: Circuit diagram

1.3 Hardware equipment

 Power supply.
 An OP-amp.
 Voltammeter connected at the output.
23
1.4 Experimental procedure

1. Construct the circuit according to the logic diagram.

2. Compile the truth table.
3. Connect the voltmeter to measure the output analog voltage.
4. Compare the measured values and the calculation values.

Table 9: Truth table

1.5 Analysis of experimental data

Using a Comparator (an OP-amp) and using the binary weighted for each input of digital
Input according to its position and verify that the output analog voltage is proportional to the
digital input.

1.6 Conclusion

We checked the measured values using the calculations, which is proportional to the decimal
Values according the truth table. The circuit is a Digital - to - Analog converter (DAC)

24
 Experiment (12): The R-2R Ladder DAC

1.1 Objective:

1. Studying the R-2R Ladder DAC.

2. Comparing the theoretical results with the practical results.

1.2 Circuit diagram:

Figure 12: Circuit diagram

1.3 Hardware equipment

 Power supply.
 An OP-amp.
 Voltammeter connected at the output.

25
1.4 Experimental procedure

1. Construct the circuit according to the logic diagram.

2. Compile the truth table.
3. Connect the voltmeter to measure the output analog voltage.
4. Compare the measured values and the calculation values.

Table 9: Truth table

1.5 Analysis of experimental data

The R-2R Ladder DAC is one method of Digital to Analog converter, which use an OP-amp and
a resistor.

1.6 Conclusion

A ladder circuit is an electrical circuit made from repeating units of resistors a string resistor
ladder and an R-2R ladder. An R-2R ladder is a simple and inexpensive way to perform digital to
analog conversion.
26
 APPENDIX I: General Laboratory Safety Rules

The following general rules and precautions are to be observed at all times in the laboratory.
These rules are for the benefit of the experimenter as well as those around him. Additionally,
rules and precautions may apply to a particular laboratory, as following:

1. There must be at least two people in the laboratory while working on live circuits.

2. Shoes must be worn at all times.

3. Remove all loose conductive jewelry and trinkets, including rings, which may come in
contact with exposed circuits. (Do not wear loose clothing around machines.)

4. Consider all circuits to be "hot" unless proven otherwise.

5. When making measurements, form the habit of using only one hand at a time. No part of a
live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.

6. Keep the body, or any part of it, out of the circuit. Where interconnecting wires and cables
are involved, they should be arranged so people will not trip over them.

7. Be as neat a possible. Keep the work area and workbench clear of items not used in the
experiment.

8. Always check to see that the power switch is OFF before plugging into the outlet. Also, turn
instrument or equipment OFF before unplugging from the outlet.

9. When unplugging a power cord, pull on the plug, not on the cable.

10. When disassembling a circuit, first remove the source of power.

11. "Cheater" cords and 3-to-2 prong adapters are prohibited unless an adequate separate ground
lead is provided, the equipment or device is double insulated, or the laboratory ground return
is known to be floating.
27
12. No ungrounded electrical or electronic apparatus is to be used in the laboratory unless it is
double insulated or battery operated.

13. Report damages to equipment, hazards, and potential hazards to the laboratory instructor.

14. If in doubt about electrical safety, see the laboratory instructor. Regarding specific
equipment, consult the instruction manual provided by the manufacturer of the equipment.
Information regarding safe use and possible-hazards should be studied carefully.

28
 APPENDIX II: General Laboratory Reports Rules

A. Lab Reports: The department requires formal lab reports which must satisfy the following
format rules:
1. Title page: This must include a title, group member names, course and section name and
date.
2. Introduction: Explain the background and objective of the lab indicating requirements
and desired results.
3. Discussion: Discuss the underlying applicable theory and concepts that support the
measurements. Indicate and discuss the measurement set-up and equipment used.
4. Measurement data and/or Results: Present measurement results in tabular, graphical or
numeric form. Present results from required lab exercises.
5. Discussion of Measurements: Discuss measured data in context of comparison to
expectation, accuracy, difficulties, etc.
6. Summary and Conclusions: Discuss findings, explain errors and unexpected results;
summarize and indicate conclusions.
7. Correct spelling, grammar and punctuation is required.
8. Report must be typed; figures, drawings and equations may be handwritten.
9. Format of references must conform to IEEE (transactions) standards.

B. Prelab Assignments: Before you enter the laboratory each week, you are expected to
thoroughly read and understand the corresponding lab writeup in this lab reader. Each lab has
a prelab assignment. This assignment must be completed and turned in to the lab instructor
before you will be permitted to start the lab. Each of your prelab assignments must contain:
1. Answers to the specific questions given in the “Prelab Assignment” portion of the lab
reader for that lab,
2. A paragraph describing what you are supposed to do during the lab,
3. A paragraph describing expected results.

29
APPENDIX III: Lab Report Template

Conver page

Electrical Engineering Department

College of Engineering
Albaha University

Lab Course Name & number:

Experiment No. & title:

Student name:

Student ID:

Submitted to:

Lab instructor name:

Report submission date: day/month/year

30
 Table of Contents (MUST BE AUTOMATED)

1. OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................1

2. BACKGROUND THEORY (or INTRODUCTION) .........................................................1

3. EQUIPMENT and COMPONENTS USED ...................................................................... 2

4. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND PROCEDURE ........................................................ 3

a. Part 1 ........................................................................................................................... 3

b. Part 2 ........................................................................................................................... 4

5. RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 4

6. DATA DISCUSSION......................................................................................................... 7

7. PROBLEMS/QUESTIONS................................................................................................ 7

8. CONCLUSIONS ...............................................................……………………………….7

9. REFERENCES...............................................................………………………………….9

31