Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
EDU-G-4-0141-16
MARCH 2020
i
DECLARATION
This research project is my original work and has never been presented for a Degree in any other
Institution.
Signature: Date
Supervisor
This project has been submitted for review with our approval as the university supervisor.
Signature: Date:
School of Education
GRETSA UNIVERSITY
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I give all the thanks to the Lord Almighty for giving me the strength and the energy to move on
with my research project since the day I started. I appreciate my supervisors Mr Oduli Alex for
giving me the needed advice and direction on how to tackle and work out my research proposal,
Mr. Muna Edwin for being there for me and giving me the support and the guidance I really
needed for my project to be successful. I thank all the students who volunteered to fill all my
questionnaires giving me the feedback which turned out to be useful. For the parents and the
teachers who were ready to give their time and allow their students to participate, I really give
you thanks. To my dearest sisters and friends Esther Lavender, Gloria Prisca and Golder Natalia
who have walked with me throughout my studies. It could not have been made easier without the
discussions and phone calls. I am grateful. May the Lord bless God bless you.
iii
DEDICATION
My special dedication goes to my family members for the financial and moral support they gave
me.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................. iii
DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................vii
ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................................................viii
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... x
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 12
v
3.2 Research Design......................................................................................................................12
4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 15
4.2 DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................................25
5.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................28
5.2 SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................28
5.3 CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................... 30
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................................30
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................32
vi
LIST OF TABLES
vii
ABBREVIATIONS
MoE-Ministry of Education
MoH-Ministry of Health
viii
DEFINITION OF OPERATIONAL TERMS
Menstruation- it is the period of discharging of the menses, the flow of blood on cells from the
Menses- it is the discharge of blood mixed with pieces of cellular tissues from the uterus of a
female through her vagina. Occurs roughly every month. Pre-menstrual phase- is the period
Adolescent- this is literally a teenager from 13-19 years who undergoes the transitional period of
physical and psychological development between childhood and maturity. Menarche- is the
period.
Sanitary napkins- these are the pads worn by the girls during menstruation.
Endometrium- the mucous membrane that lines the uterus in mammals and in which fertilized
Endocrinological- is the process of the study of the endocrine glands of the human body, the
Corpus luteum-is a mass of cells that forms in an ovary and is responsible for the production of
the hormone progesterone during early pregnancies. Its role depends on whether or not
fertilization occurs.
ix
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted on menstrual hygiene all over the world. However, Menstrual
Hygiene Management remains the problem amongst the adolescents especially in the rural low-
income countries like Kenya, particularly in its relation to school absenteeism. This study
examined the effect of menstruation on academic performance among teenage girls within
Funyula constituency, Busia County. The study focused on three specific objectives namely, to
assess the effects of menstrual crumbs on the academic performance of the girls, to determine the
hygiene management skills in relation to academic performance and lastly to explore the social
and infrastructure support system about menstruation that affect their academic performance. A
simple random sampling method was employed in which three purposively selected rural public
primary schools namely: Moody Awori primary school, Bumulimba primary school and
Bujwan‟ga primary school, both are mixed oriented schools. The sampled data consisted of 40
female students aged between 9-11 and 110 students aged between 11-15 using a structured
questionnaire. The SPSS was used to analyze the data with the aid of descriptive analysis to
analyze the qualitative data collected. The study found out that at menarche it was so challenging
considering some did not understand the changes. Some experienced fear and embarrassment
since they lacked early training, lack of support system, money to purchase sanitary towels and
lack of accurate information about menstruation both at home and in school. The study
recommends that there should be early education to inform the girls. The girls should be
empowered to appreciate their natural girlhood because it is their human nature. It further
recommends that there should be an urgent need of breaking the silence on menstruation.
x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
objectives, research questions, significance of the study, scope and also limitations of the study.
periodic discharging of the menses: the flow of blood and cells from the lining of the uterus in
females of human. At its best it is only messy but at its worst it is greatly a limiting agent in
which severe pain or heavy bleeding inflicts restrictions on teenagers‟ studies and social life.
Menstruation also has got the most studied menstrual cycle known as pre-menstrual phase; the
Adolescence goes hand in hand with menstruation and it is said to be a special period in life
cycle mostly in the girl child‟s life. This period of adolescence is marked with the onset of
menarche; the onset of menstruation, beginning of menstrual period. This onset is therefore
linked with other funny practices like use of sand, leafs, dirty piece of clothes e.t.c which at some
point result to adverse health outcomes bringing effects as well on their academic performance.
countries according to Tjon (2007). United Nations International Children‟s Emergency Fund
(UNICEF 2005) observes that one in 10 schools, African adolescent girls miss school during their
menstruation or even opt to drop out of school at puberty due to lack of private sanitation facilities in
schools, Ngugi and Nyaura (2014) Chebii (2014). The knowledge that menstruation is a normal
process healthy occurrence and also knowing how to manage it, can increase these teenagers‟
confidence and self- esteem. Teachers, parents and fellow students should encourage a
1
more supportive environment to these adolescents UNICEF (East Asia and Pacific Regional
A school environment should comprise of school buildings with all its indoor and outdoor
facilities and services which are placed in a given social and environmental context, this is
according to Pol and Morale (1991). Sommer (2013) discovered that more than half of schools in
low- income countries lack sufficient pit latrines for menstruating girls hence the situation
making it very challenging for the girls to privately observe their personal hygiene amounting to
ignoring their human dignity. He states that there are some structural factors in schools which
affect the teenage girls academic success. These factors include: availability of sanitation
systems, basic water, curriculum, dormitories, disposal paths, cloths, beliefs about menstruation
Menstruation therefore is managed by the adolescents differently across the world according to
the cultural, social and economic context, McMohon (2011). In the Zimbabwean set-up, culture
was found to be an influence on pre-menstrual and menstrual experiences where their women
reported to have accepted these menstrual changes, McMaster, Cormie and Pitts (1997).
Adolescents usually hid the onset of their menstruation from other people and chose to miss
school due to fear and embarrassment of menstrual leak, Winker and Roaf (2013). UNICEF
(2016 ) reported that girls continue to be subjected to several challenges while attempting to
manage their menstrual periods because of the things like taboos, norms and practices which
In a Kenyan context it shows that adolescent girls from Funyula constituency, Busia county are
a golden opportunity to teach them how to take care of their bodies, and also that they
2
have the potential to determine their future without feeling ashamed or
Menstrual cycle is actually an important sign of a woman‟s / girls‟ reproductive health. So this
study was carried out to assess the effects of menstruation on young girls academic performance.
taboos and misconceptions of social-cultural factors that usually prevent women from
The issue of sanitary towels has to be put into consideration since it is now a challenge. In India,
according Chinta Kumar( 2018) it was studied that the young teenage girls were using reusable
cloths during their menses period unless they were given pads in schools. Some of them could
not access them due to shyness to buy the pads in the shops, financial constraints and non-
availability of the pads in the interior areas hence making the teenagers in school feel
uncomfortable and lack concentration on their academics. Several studies have been conducted
ranging from provision of free sanitary towels, awareness about menstruation to focusing on the
structural and environmental factors in connection to the girls academic performance. Some
conducted on the adolescent girls‟ health, disposal facilities, attitudes and perceptions on
menstruation. The studies were conducted in several developing countries including Kenya,
Nepal, India, Tanzania, Bangladesh, Uganda, Pakistan, Nigeria, Zimbabwe and unfortunately too
much is missing including the family role in educating these teenage girls. Although some
mothers try to educate their daughters on menstruation management. Kirk and Sommer (2006)
report that menstruation resulted to many challenges e.g social-cultural and economic constraints
which do interfere with the ability of the girls‟ attendance in school and active participation in
3
class. Lack of sanitary products and menstruation related challenges according to Oster and
Thorn (2011) were barriers to the girls‟ schooling leading to academic performance. Moreover
popular media has reported that menstruation is limiting school attendance, Mawathe (2006),
BBC News (2010). It is therefore for the reasons that the study sought to examine the effects of
Busia county.
The study aimed at investigating the several effects of menstruation on teenage girls‟ academic
performance. The study also sought to recommend the proper hygiene methods and practices to
4
1.4 Conceptual Framework
5
1.5 Objectives of the study
To examine the effects of menstruation on the teenage girls in school between the age of 9-15
years.
academic performance.
iii. To explore the social and infrastructure support systems about menstruation towards
academic performance.
ii. What are the hygiene management and facilities available in school?
iii. What are the social and infrastructure support systems about menstruation provided
The study findings were also essential towards the formulation of interventions by the
government which are necessary to help and to curb the cases that are resulting from
menstruation related issues. Finally, the study will provide a background for advanced
knowledge to researchers who may carry out a similar research hence this paper will be an
Due to climate changes in the afternoon hours, the researcher conducted the research in the
morning hours since it was the conducive time for the respondents‟ availability.
6
1.9 Limitations of the study
The researcher conducted the study in a specific selected region and it was done with utmost
a. There are fewer girls-only rural public primary schools that are structurally well-
equipped and address the menstrual needs of adolescent girls. The researcher
ensured that the teenage girls get civic education on how to handle menstruation
process.
b. Security and access to some of the rural public primary schools were a limiting
and challenging factor. The researcher sought security and permission from the
c. Health challenge experienced by the researcher. the researcher prepared for the
7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter reviews literature on menstruation and explains the extent to which menstruation
affects teenage girls‟ education so as to know how these effects can be dealt with.
as physiological process in which its onset brings very serious changes in a young woman‟s life
and therefore it is one of the most important changes occurring among our teenage girls during
the adolescent stage. Mostly the first menstruation, menarche occurs between the age of 9 -15
years. In Indian society at some point it is regarded as unclean and dirty due to some religious
and societal factors. It is now increasingly known that social and cultural activities are important
Menstruation causes Kenyan adolescents to skip learning days per month. Faced with complete
lack of pads, means that girls can miss school for a considerable period of time which has a
certain impact on the quality of learning they receive. Constant discomfort brought by
menstruation while in class affected negatively the girls‟ participation and their academic
performance. All these lead to interrupted attendance in school, insufficient learning and
therefore poor results in the long run and can eventually lead to drop outs, Muvea (2011). United
Nation, Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization (UNESCO) estimates that one in 10
African teenage girls miss school during menstruation period and thereafter drop out of school
due to menstruation related issues such as the social taboos connected to menstruation,
inadequate sanitary provision and the culture of silence that revolves around it, All Africa
2017discovered that sanitary provision when coupled together with the sensitization of
8
reproductive health education and sexual facts could reduce absenteeism. MoE further explains
that many Kenyan girls miss school during their periods and this lowers their academic
performance and self- esteem widening a gap of gender dis[arities in educational achievement.
Many girls are unable to access sanitary towels and this resorts to unhygienic solutions such as
use of soil, feathers, old cloths and leaves. Programs have been put in place to make an effort of
distributing pads to schools, such a program started in 2012 by the government as a part of free
education for all campaign, Scott (2009). The MoE launched the National Sanitary Towels
Program (NSTP) in public primary schools in 2012 with the aim of giving opportunities to the
poor girls, to reduce absenteeism among girls, improve self-esteem and participation during
instruction. The researcher quotes, “Limited access to safe affordable, convenient and culturally
appropriate methods for dealing with menstruation has far reaching implications for rights and
physical, social and mental well-being of many women and adolescent girls in Kenya. It
undermines sexual and reproductive health and well-being and has been shown to restrict access
provision of sanitary towels increased their performance and reduced level of absenteeism.
Citizen Television stated how adolescents in Marigat Baringo county had to opt for desperate
and unhygienic measures such as the use of rags, hides and feathers since pads were not
available. These actions do not only expose them on the risk of getting infections but also many
of them have to skip school when they had their periods or simply drop out of school completely,
(Citizen TV). Many studies show that girls begin menstruation at the time they do not even
difficult for the girls to speak about it in public. Some parents find it difficult to speak of
sensitive topic s like menstruation and sexual facts with their children. McMahon (2011) says
that parents should admit that it is their responsibility to educate their girls as well as the schools
9
have a central role in puberty education. According to O‟Connor and Kovacs (2003, menarche
with its associated physical developments, its hygienic needs and its increased social pressure to
move into adulthood has effects on the teenage girls academic performance.
Psychological Trauma
According to Brehm, (2002), there is need for self-esteem. She says that people who are healthy,
happy, productive and confident have a positive self -image while those with a negative self-
image turn out to be depressed and confused. The absence of pads makes the girls‟ sense of
interaction with others be lowered down. They feel very uncomfortable being together with boys
for the fear of messing their clothing and getting embarrassed hence damaging their self-esteem
slowing their academic progress. The school girls interviewed for the various studies described
concentration in class, Stella Chebii (2012). Menstruation is surrounded by stigma which tend to
damage psychological appearance of the girls who are not properly taught about menstruation
and this hinders their access to education. According to Kotoh (2008) menstrual blood is
considered dirty and harmful. Girls who are menstruating are restricted from participating in
some activities for fear that they may contaminate others and things they come in touch with.
Long school days that increase the risk of menstrual leaks with some frequent harassment from
boys in and around toilet add to the shame and embarrassments experienced. Where there are
difficulties in the change of pads and the odour smell of menstrual blood being detected by
others, girls suffer discomfort and stigmatization as a result, Muito (2004). It is not surprising
that many adolescent view menstruation as the most social stressor and a barrier to schooling and
The culture of silence and secrecy towards menstruation increases the adolescents‟ perception
that menstruation is something shameful that needs to be hidden and not to be talked about in the
10
public. Kirk and Sommer (2006) says that same curriculum should be provided for both girls and
boys, there should be sensitization. This is because boys have too little knowledge about
menstruation hence this being the root of teasing and bullying in schools. Therefore, educating
boys and male teachers should be aimed at creating less stigmatization. Lack of understanding
likely going to increase the teasing and shaming that is widely common in schools and
elsewhere, (Haver,2013)
A theory is a set of ideas which are properly argued upon and are intended to explain a
phenomenon. This is a structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study. It
introduces and describes the theory that explains why the research problem under study exists
(USCLibraries).
The studies which have been conducted during the past quarter of a century have served to
elucidate many of the events of the menstrual cycle. It is now fully appreciated that there are
morphological changes in the ovaries and uterus which bear a definite relation to one another; it
is known that the endometrial changes are controlled by endocrinological factors arising in the
ovaries; and it has been established that the hormonal activity of the ovaries themselves is not
autonomous, but is regulated by the anterior hypophysis. However, it is yet necessary to explain
the mechanism by which menstruation and its accompanying hemorrhage are brought about.
It was long considered that the menstrual flow must be attributed to some toxic substance which
produces a hemorrhage by direct action on the endometrium. Fraenkel believed that such a factor
was elaborated by the corpus luteum, and recently Hartman et al. (1) suggested that the bleeding
11
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter focuses on the specific methods the researcher employed during the research for an
effective outcome. The chapter highlights the methodological details which were appropriate to
the study. They include the study area, research design, and target population, sampling
technique, measurable variables and the research instruments.
3.2 Research Design
Across-sectional study was carried out by the researcher to determine the amount of knowledge
these teenage girls have when it comes to menstruation which was the issue at hand and the only
The researcher specifically based the study in Funyula constituency Busia county.
Population refers to the larger group from which the population sample is derived
(Kombo & Tromp, 2013). The researcher targeted girls in the age bracket of between9-15 years
old who were students in regular primary schools in Funyula constituency Busia county picked
The researcher employed purposive, simple random sampling. Purposive method because
schools in interior Funyula constituency suffer the largest percentage of hygiene and sanitation
related to menstruation. Simple random sampling because this particular method helped to give
an equal chance to everyone who was selected and became the subject. A sample size of 150
pupils as respondents in total and selected proportionately, participated in the study. These
mainly comprised of girls from classes five, six, seven and eight who had started their menses.
12
3.6 Measurable Variables
respondents in order to give them freedom to express their view about menstruation. The
respondents were able to express themselves freely making the project a success. The study used
which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure. Mugenda and Mugenda (2003),
inferences which are based on the research results. Therefore, Validity was ensured by having
measures the concept. It has to do with the accuracy and precision of a measurement procedure.
The researcher measured the reliability of the questionnaire to determine its consistency in
testing what they are intended to measure. The test re-test technique was used to estimate the
reliability of the instruments. This involved administering the same test twice to the same group
13
of respondents who had been identified for this purpose by administering the test to the
respondents for the first time, after 2 days administer the test a second time
Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The SPSS was used to run the statistics such as frequency
and percentage so as to present quantitative data in form of tables and pie charts on the major
describing the study and the activities involved for the study were prepared. The consent from
the parents was sought by the help of the area sub-chief and the assent of the girls was obtained
before the study. The survey questionnaire had no names on it. The questionnaires were
14
CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents classified and summarized data of the research findings. It displays the
findings giving the analysis of the data collected from different respondents who filled the
5 50 50.0
6 40 40.0
Valid 7 20 20.0
8 40 40.0
Most of the respondents were from class 5 which recorded a percentage of 50% then followed by
the pupils from class 6 and 8 with a 80% outcome. The remaining 20% was from class 7 and
therefore these findings show that menstruation on the teenage girls in funyula constituency
begins mostly when they are in class 5 in which they usually have no idea of what is happening
to them.
15
TABLE 2 4.1.2: KINDLY INDICATE YOUR AGE
Frequency Percent
9-11 40 40.0
11-15 110 110.0
Valid
above 15 00 0.00
Total 150 150.0
The researcher found out that the girls aged between 9-11 years as seen above were 40%,those
ones aged between 11-15 years were 110. Those ones aged from 15 years and above were not
Yes 50 50.0
.Valid No 100 100.0
50% of the students are aware of the menarche onset hence they do get prepared and knows what
is to be done, the remaining 100% are not aware of what menarche is and therefore they find it
difficult to deal with the situation and this leads them to opting to unhygienic solutions which are
16
TABLE 4 4.1.4: IF YES, WHAT WAS THE SOURCE OF INFORMATION BEFORE
MENARCHE?
Frequency Percent
Sister 10 10.0
Teachers 30 30.0
Valid
Others 110 110.0
Total 150 150.0
The researcher found out most of the students who claim to be aware of the menarche onset get
to know it through other different sources apart from the known ones, maybe from books, friends
or even their pastors, 30% get the information from their teachers whom they say do offer them
with life skill lessons regarding menstruation, how to take care of themselves or handle
themselves during this period. Some 10% of them said that they happened to know it through
17
TABLE 5 4.1.5: IS YOUR HEAD TEACHER MALE OR FEMALE?
Frequency Percent
Male 80 80.0
Valid Female 70 70.0
80% of the respondents reported that their head teachers were male teachers making them feel
more uncomfortable to express themselves freely. They fear to explain themselves to the head
teacher since they know that menstruation cannot be told a male gender. 70% reported that
though their head teacher is a female gender, most of them do not open up or clearly tell them
18
TABLE 6 4.1.6: HOW OFTEN DO YOU CHANGE YOUR PAD?
Frequency Percent
once 70 40.0
twice 50 40.0
Valid
not at all 30 20.0
Total 150 150.0
Change of pads is a hygiene act that has to be observed strictly if not it leads to many
complications. 120% of the respondents are not sure at what time or how long one has to stay in
a sanitary towel, many claim that they are not taught on such issues because it is like a taboo.
30% of them do not change or rather do not use the pads because it is rarely found since they are
19
TABLE 7 4.1.7: HOW DO YOU TAKE CARE OF YOUR UNDERWEAR?
Frequency Percent
The researcher found out that 100% wash their inner wears and hide them since they are afraid to
expose out for people might see in which the stains do remain on them. Some decide to hide
them because they feel shy when people get to know that they have started menstruating. 30%
prefer to hide and discard later since they cannot afford to wash them and the remaining 20%
know how to handle the situation by washing and exposing the pants under the sun for the
bacteria to die.
20
TABLE 8 4.1.8: IS IT IMPORTANT TO MAINTAIN MENSTRUAL HYGIENE?
Frequency Percent
Many of them know and understand the importance of maintaining menstrual hygiene hence they
do observe it appropriately. 50% of them need to be taught because they do not take hygiene as a
serious act. This is because the area they come from one is not supposed to talk about
menstruation in public, you are not supposed to share the items used by others like soap, basin,
cans e.t.c hence there is no one to teach them what directions to take.
21
TABLE 9 4.1.9: WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE DIFFICULTIES FACED DURING
MENSTRUATION?
Frequency Percent
60 50.0
support
Total 150 150.0
The researcher found out that 60% of the respondents were in need of the moral support during
the menstruation period. They stated that lack of moral support makes them feel isolated and
lonely, they need to have somebody to turn to and explain how they feel about it. 70% of them
are unable to access the sanitary towel due to many reasons like the pads are inadequate, there is
lack of money to buy the pads and also some parents do not advise them to use the pads since
they believe that they have some chemicals which can affect them, seems like a taboo. 20% of
them complained about the change of moods at one point or another in which one feels like not
talking to anyone, another feels angry the whole day and therefore these are some of the
22
TABLE 10 4.1.0: WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT PREVENT YOU FROM MAINTAINING
MENSTRUAL HYGIENE?
Frequency Percent
improper toilet
70 70.0
facilities
Valid Cost 50 50.0
Elaborate 30 30.0
The researcher found out that 70% of the respondents were complaining of the poor conditions
of the toilets which are one of the main factors contributing to the poor hygiene acts. The toilets
do not have the bins for the proper disposal of the used pads hence giving the young girls a hard
time. The toilets do not have proper doors for privacy, they do not have clean water for the girls
to clean up and change their pads.50% of the respondent‟s talk of the cost factors in which the
sanitary towels are sold on a high price which they cannot afford hence they prefer using other
ways like using the piece of clothing. The remaining 30% elaborated further on what hinders
23
Frequency Table
TABLE 11 4.1.11: WHAT ARE THE ITEMS USED FOR MENSTRUAL HYGIENE?
Frequency Percent
Valid Cloths
re-usable pads 30 30.0
30 30.0
Valid parts
fear and worries 20 20.0
24
4.2 Discussion
For this particular analysis, the research sought out only the girls who reported to have started
menstruating. The researcher tabulated the results for the regular schools by state regarding the
following themes; awareness about menarche, the source of information about menarche,
absorbent, ways of discarding the used sanitary towels and finally the barriers or those that
hinders and the facilitators of menstrual management at the school level. The following factors
were explored using the univariate analysis: age, class, gender, menstrual items used, life skill
Out of the hundred (150) girls who participated in the activity reported to have started
menstruating and therefore they were all included in this analysis. These particular girls attended
the regular schools randomly selected by the researcher. 50% of the girls were from standard five
(5), 80% were from standard six (6) and eight (8) then the remaining 20% were from standard
seven (7) as shown in table 1. The girls‟ average age was 15 years of age.
100% of the girls reported that they had not heard about menstruation until their first period
begun and they had to deal with it themselves. 50% of these menstruating girls had at least
received information about the menstruation as shown in table 3. Teachers and others (parents,
guardians, books, pastors etc.) table 4, were the major sources with the sibling‟s mostly older
sisters being the next reported source. These girls should also be directed on the need to clean
their inner wears, 80% of the girls do wash and hide their panties for the fear of other people
seeing them table 7, most of them find a hard time to clean them nicely hence the panties get
stained. They should be told on the need to observe hygiene by thoroughly cleaning the pants
25
and exposing them under the sun. Some of them prefer to hide the inner wears and discard them
These young girls should be given moral support and be directed through what should be done.
Overall 60% used disposable sanitary towels. 60% used piece of cloths and 30% used the re-
usable pads. A lesser number of 50% girls reported that they usually go to school during
menstruation, 100% reported missing school during the menstruation period. They went ahead
and explained that concentration problems in class were common. They frequently mentioned
that they have pain (stomach, head, hips, and limbs), fear of staining, smell or even losing the
pad or cloth in the view of others making them a laughing stalk. Most of the schools in Funyula
constituency Busia county are mixed schools so they fear the boys seeing them. Others feel dizzy
and weak, only the girls who were using the disposable pads were able to attend classes during
menstruation.
This study explored the current developmental programs put in place by World Health
Organization (WHO), the government and the external agencies to reduce the barriers
menstruation causes for the young schooling girls in Busia hence identified where the actions
Menstruation was not only seen to impact the absenteeism characteristics but also it affected the
performance and the quality of the school results. Close a three-quarter complaining of the
inability to attend school while in the menstruation period and about 20% complaining of pins
and others complaining about fears and worries of staining, smell or feeling unwell. Mostly all of
these complains were due to the type or the kind of the menstrual items used.
Status of the sanitary facilities were reported to be in poor conditions and inadequate hence
compromising the young girls‟ ability to manage themselves. At a point these young girls not
26
only need the supply of the sanitary towels. Simply what the researcher is insinuating is
providing sanitary pads would clearly resolve or rather give a solution to these girls‟ menstrual
issues, there is a need to come up with interventions so as to address the different cultural and
geographical challenges for example; in the areas where cloths are used routinely, the girls only
Most of the girls were not aware of menarche and the restrictions to be observed while
menstruating. However other sources like (parents, books, pastors) were the main sources of
information about menarche and therefore there should be an effort to equip families with the
27
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings of the research, the discussions and the conclusions drawn
5.2 Summary
Menstruation is a woman‟s cycle, when the lining of the uterus is shed and it occurs throughout a
woman‟s reproductive life with each monthly cycle. To summer up the researcher found out that
many students are affected by the menstruation period. Many complained of the abdominal
pains, swollen and painful nipples, painful pimples (larger than the normal ones), some feel
dizzy and tired as some become bored. Some of them also complained of losing appetite hence
menstruation becoming a burden to them. The change of moods was also observed in which
some feel angry and not in the mood to mingle and talk to others.
All these challenges led to absenteeism among these teenage girl as seen it had a larger
percentage. Many teenage girls preferred to skip school during this menstruation period for the
fear of staining theirs uniforms and being laughed at by others (especially those in mixed
school), some feared that either the cloth or the pad might fall or even have an odour smell
making them not to express themselves freely. Many of the schools reported to have poor toilet
facilities an disposal facilities, the providence of the disposal bins and the incinerators were not
enough so many of them were disposing them in the pit latrines. The cost of the pads also turned
out to be quite expensive for the teenage girls to purchase hence many used the pieces of cloths
available. Many schools were from interior and therefore to access the sanitary towels was a
problem.
Schools should offer painkillers to help the girls ease their pain. The toilet facilities should be
improved with the disposal bins for the hygiene observation purposes. The bins help the bacteria
28
not to spread and also aids in hiding the pads in which the sight of the used pads is irritates, the
environment should be kept clean. The disposal and the burning of the pads ought to be done in
the incinerators to avoid the pollution of the environment. Those who fear and worry about the
falling of the pads and the odour smell should be given a general education on matters entailing
the hygiene of a menstruating girl that is; how to maintain cleanliness, how often is one supposed
to change the pads and which types of pads are suitable for each and every girl, for example
those with heavy and light menses. The MOH should ensure that there is providence of pads
29
5.3 Conclusions
In conclusion, my study further strengthens the need for the Government of Kenya to put
emphasis on the investments in menstrual hygiene management by schools. Budget support for
menstrual hygiene and focused government policies would facilitate schools to improve this in a
sustainable way. Sufficient gender specific private toilets facilities with running water for
washing and changing would help reduce the girls‟ absenteeism behaviors in schools during
menstruation period. Also the provision of pain relief pills may further help to facilitate care in
schools.
5.4 Recommendations
Early training should be done to empower young girls for them to appreciate their natural
potential health concerns for adulthood and immediate actions to be put in place.
Once girls begin menstruating, clinicians should ask at every preventive care of comprehensive
visit for the patient‟s first day of her last menstruation period and the pattern of her menses
Hospitals should also come up with consultation facilities for the young teenage girls
experiencing menarche to easily access them and learn more about effects of menstruation and
the ability to differentiate between normal and abnormal menstruation and the skills to know
30
The nurses and the clinicians should educate our girls and their guardians as well as their
caretakers about what to expect of a menstrual period and the range formal cycle length of
subsequent menses.
Black women may have higher prevalence and more severe symptoms resulting from fibroids
31
REFERENCES
Adhikari P, Kadel B, Dhungel S, Mandal A. (2007) Knowledge and practice regarding menstrual
Adler, M. J. (1952, October 10). The Dignity of Man and the 21st Century. A SpeechDelivered to
Adler, M. J. (1961). Great Ideas from the Great Books. Washington D.C.: Washington Square
Press.
C.R. Kothari (2004). Research Methodology Methods and Techniques: Measurement and Scaling
Chebii, S. J. (2014). Menstruation and Education; How a Lack of Sanitary Towel Reduces
Dasgupta, A. and Sarkar, M., 2008. Menstrual hygiene: How hygienic is the adolescent girl?
Haver, J. et al. (2013). WASH in Schools Empowers Girls‟ Education in Masbate Province and
House, S. et al. (2012). Menstrual hygiene matters. A resource for improving menstrual hygiene
Kumar A, Srivastava K. (2011). Cultural and social practices regarding menstruation among
Kenya Ministry of Education (2012). Sanitary Towels Programme. Retrieved on October, 18th
2017.
32
Kirk, J., and Sommer, M. (2006). Menstruation and body awareness: linking girls‟ health with
girls‟ education. Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Special on Gender and Health, pg. 1-
22.
McMahon, S., Winch, P., Caruso, B., Obure, A., Ogutu, E., Ochari, I., Rheingans, R., 2011. „The
girl with her period is the one to hang her head‟. Reflections on menstrual
McMaster, J., Cormie, K., & Pitts, M. (1997). Menstrual and Pre-menstrual experiences of
Muito, M., 2004. Gender equality in the classroom: reflections on practice. Paper presented at
pedagogic strategies for gender equality and quality education in basic schools 2004.
60
expert=Felix_Muvea.
(FAWE).
O‟Connor, V., and Kovacs, G. (2003). Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women‟s Health. Cambridge
University
Oster, E., & Thornton, R. (2011). Menstruation, Sanitary Products and School Attendance:
33
Otieno, F. A. (2007). Without sanitary towels: The experiences of primary school girls in
Scott, L., Dopson, S., Montgomery, P., Dolan, C., and Ryus, C. (2009). Impact of providing
sanitary pads to poor girls in Africa. Working Paper. SAID Business School,
University of Oxford
Sommer, M. (2013). Overcoming the Taboo: Advancing the Global Agenda for Menstrual
Sommer, M., Kjellen, M., & Chibesa, P. (2013). Girls' and women's unmet needs for
Sommer, M. and Ackatia-Armah, T. 2012. The gendered nature of schooling in Ghana: Hurdles
Stella Chebii (2012). Menstruation and Education: How a lack of sanitary towels reduces school
http://www.osisa.org/buwa/regional/menstruation-and-education-how-lack-sanitary-
towels-reduces-school-attendance-kenyan-s
UNESCO (2014). Good Policy and Practice in Health Education, Booklet 9: Puberty Education
http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/theoreticalframework
WHO and UNICEF (2013). Progress on sanitation and drinking-water - 2013 update. Geneva,
WHO. 61
34
APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE
5.1.1Background information
............................
Yes. ( ) No. ( )
3. If yes, what was the source of the information before Menarche (use a tick ✓to indicate)
I) Mother ii)
Sister iii)
Friend iv)
Teachers v)
Others
I) Once ii)
Twice iii)
Not at all
....................................................
I) pit toilet
35
ii) Refuse bin iii) Flush in toilet
I) wash and expose to sun ii) Wash and hide iii) Hide and discard
5. What are the factors which prevent you from following proper Menstrual
a) Disposable pads
b) Cloths
c) Re-usable pads
a) Absenteeism
36