MINISTRY OF HEALTH

MBALIZI INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY

RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO INCREASE NUMBER OF

ORPHANS IN THE COMMUNITY AT IFISI VILLAGE, 2022/2023

AUTHOR’S NAME: AGATHA E MWALE

NACTVET REG. NUMBER: NS0757/0001/2018

SUPERVISOR’S NAME: JUMA KOMBO

RESEARCH PURPOSE: “A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF ORDINARY
DIPLOMA OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY AT IFISI VILLAGE INSTITUTE OF
HEALTH SCIENCES

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022/2023

 CERTIFICATION
The undersigned certify that I have read the research proposal entitle “Factors contributing to
increase number of orphans in the community in Ifisi village. From November 2022 to
January 2023” for student who has registered for award of ordinary diploma in Nursing and
midwifery (Pre service) and hereby recommend for acceptance by Mbalizi institute of health
science.
Name of supervisor: Juma Kombo Signature of supervisor…………… Date……………

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 DEC LARATION
I Agatha E Mwale declare that this research proposal about “factors contributing to increase
number of orphans in the community in Ifisi village from November 2022 to January 2023” is
my own work that has not been presented to any other academic institution for an ordinary
diploma award. I am therefore presenting it for acceptance to proceed with report writing for
the award of ordinary diploma in nursing and midwifery never been at Mbalizi institute of
Health science.

Signature …………………………… Date……………………………

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 ACKNOWLADGEMENT
Firstly, feel pressure to give my special thanks to GOD who keeps me alive, gives me health
and still protecting me and guiding my life to each and every minute of life.
Secondly, Thanks to my institute,Mbalizi Institute of Health Sciences for giving me reading
books which helped me a lot to do this work.
Thirdly, my special heartful thanks to Nursing Department Staffs who were the directors of
this work and gives the directions on how to perform the work

Fourthly feel fully obliged to express my sincere gratitude for the support and cooperation
from my Supervisor Juma Kombo who walked with me in each and every step of my work.
His support, Advice and encouragement not only during the writing dissertation but also
throughout my study is highly recognizable

Fifthly, I would like to tha my course coordinator Nassoro Said for his support on the module
of operational research..

Lastly. My warmly special honorable thanks to my dear Parents who supported me

Emotionally by their wisely advice and financial support throughout the work and all studies.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION........................................................................................................................................i
DEC LARATION........................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLADGEMENT...........................................................................................................................iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................vi
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................1
1.1Background information...................................................................................................................1
1.2Statement of the problem.................................................................................................................3
1.3Research objectives...........................................................................................................................5
1.3.1Broad objective..............................................................................................................................5
1.3.2Specific objectives.........................................................................................................................5
1.4 Research questions...........................................................................................................................5
1.5 Significance of the study..................................................................................................................5
1.6 Conceptual framework.....................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................7
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER THREE:..................................................................................................................................13
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................13
3.1Study area.......................................................................................................................................13
3.2Research design..............................................................................................................................13
3.3Study population.............................................................................................................................13
3.4Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria...........................................................................................13
3.4.1 Inclusion criteria..........................................................................................................................13
3.4.2 Exclusion criteria........................................................................................................................13
3.5Sample size......................................................................................................................................14
3.6Sampling technique.........................................................................................................................14
3.7Data collection method...................................................................................................................14
3.8Data collection tool.........................................................................................................................14
3.9Methods for ensuring validity and reliability...................................................................................14
3.9.1Data validity.................................................................................................................................15
3.9.2Data reliability..............................................................................................................................15
3.10Data analysis methods..................................................................................................................15
3.11Ethical considerations...................................................................................................................15

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3.12Plans for dissemination of research results...................................................................................15
3.13Research work plan.......................................................................................................................15
3.14Research budget and budget justification.....................................................................................16
REFERRENCES.......................................................................................................................................17
APPENDICES.........................................................................................................................................20
APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ORPHANS IN IFISI VILLAGE VILLAGE.............................................20
APPENDIX 2: SIGNED ETHICAL CLEARANCE LETTER..............................................................................24
APPENDIX 3: CONSENT FORM (ENGLISH VERSION)..............................................................................25
APPENDIX 4: CONSENT FORM (SWAHILI VERSION)..............................................................................26
APPENDIX 5: RESEARCH WORK PLAN FROM NOVEMBER OF 2022 TO JANUARY OF 2023...................28
APPENDIX 6: RESEARCH BUDGET AND JUSTIFICATION........................................................................29

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CCI Charitable Children’s Institutions
FBO Faith Based Organization

FGD Focused Group Discussion

IDP Internally displaced person

NGO Non-governmental organization

NYS National Youth Service

PEV Post-election violence

TAG Tanzania Assemblies of God

UNCHS United Nations Human Settlements Program

UNDP United Nations Development Program

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

WHO World Health Organization

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 ABSTRACT
Background: A million of children around the world have been orphaned in the past few
decades, largely due to the AIDS crisis. Estimated that the total number of orphans in sub-
Sahara Africa by the year 200 was approximately 39.2millions in Tanzania an estimated
1,300,000 children are orphans due to AIDS. Orphans are vulnerable children are some of
many problems in country. Some of contributing factors to increase of number of orphans are
socioeconomic factors, lack of opportunities, high rates of population growth, unemployment,
uneven distribution of wealth and resources outdated social customs and norms and plethora
of factors.

Research Objectives: This study will intend to determine factors that contributing to increase
number of orphans at Ifisi village, to determine the effects facing the community due to the
increase of orphans.

Research Methods: The study will be conducted in Mbeya region at Ifisi village. This
research is based in community it is cross section of study design to determine the knowledge
and factors associated with orphans. This study will involve both male and female orphaned
in the community. The sample size of this study will be 200 respondent children on factors
contributing to increase number of orphans. The sampling method of research is non
probability sampling method because it provides accurate information about the study and
involve people whose are available in the community. The data collection method will be
administering questionnaire and data collection tool will be questionnaire, after data
collection then data analyzed.

Significance of the study This study acknowledges existence of orphans in Ifisi village. It
aims at obtaining information on the factors influencing the high growth rate of orphan which
could help in policy development. This information will help the families, communities,
organizations, civil societies and the government to make appropriate decisions intensify
efforts and plan for better strategies on how to reduce the number of orphan in our towns and
cities

Expected results Improve health status among Orphans by providing adequate housing
condition, provide nutrition, health education to the community on how to care and live with
orphans. Also prevent mortality and morbidity rate, since most of disease, and high mortality
rate are factors that contributing to increase number of orphans at Ifisi village, to determine
the effects facing the community due to the increase of orphans

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background information

Global information

Globally, there were nearly 140 million orphans globally in 2015 including 61million in Asia,
52 million in Africa, this large figure represents not only children who have a surviving
mother or have lost a mother but have surviving further. A million of children around the
world have been orphaned in the past few decades, largely due to the AID'S crisis. Obtain
exact figure is challenging medicine (2010) argued that one of the slipperiest elements of
orphan advocacy is the statistics of the quoted to describe the number have been UNICEF
estimated 145million in Africa the children on Brink report in (UNICEF 2004) estimated that
the total number of orphans in sub- Sahara Africa by the year 200 was approximately 39.2
million.

Orphan is any boy or girl who has not reached adulthood, ( in the broadest sense of the word,
including unoccupied dwellings, wasteland, etc) has become his or her habitual abode and/or
sources of livelihoods, and who is inadequately protected, supervised or directed by
responsible adults.(Inter NGO, 2010). Orphan is a term for children experiencing poverty,
who are living in either the streets or home and they also develop their own ways to overcome
such difficulties.

There are two orphan. The first group is ‘(children who are homeless, and streets in the urban
areas are their source of livelihood, where they sleep and live). The second group is ‘orphan.
They work and live on the streets in the day time but return back home at night where they
sleep, although some of them sleep occasionally on the streets (UNCHS, 2000).

Orphans share some common characteristics such as; difficulties in obtaining food, clean
water, healthcare, toilet and bath facilities, and lack of adequate shelter. They also suffer from
absence of parental protection, and also lack moral and emotional support.

Sub Saharan Africa information

In Sub-Saharan Africa. The impact of HIV/AIDS is affecting almost everybody in every

society. One of the growing social problems associated with the impact of the epidemic is
the rapid increase of orphans and vulnerable children. The number of orphans and
vulnerable children has increased rapidly during the last decade in sub Saharan The

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increase of orphans and vulnerable children has been causing severe social and economic
crisis (Arnold B, Colford J.,2007).

The majority of orphan are boys (Lugalla and Mbwambo, 2019; Le Roux and Smith, 2). Due
to cultural sanctions, females are less represented, as females are more controlled by their
families. The average age at which street children start living on the

streets is between 9 to 12 years old and keep living on the streets until they reach age 15 to
16. Then they start looking for stable jobs. (Rizzin et ,al, 2004)

In AFRICA study estimated 250000 orphann in Kenya today and over 60,000 are in the major
cities. Rapid and unsustainable urbanization in the post-colonial period which led to
entrenched urban poverty in cities such as Nairobi, Kisumu and Mombasa is an underlying
cause of child homelessness. Rural urban migration broke up extended families which had
previously acted as a support network, taking care of children in cases of abuse, neglect and
abandonment as reported by UNICEF (2019).

Most orphans sniff glue and that is the street culture even in Ifisi village and the majority of
orphan in the slum are habitual solvent users. Glue sniffing is functional to the orphan it tends
to dull the senses of the hardship of life in the street and also provides a link to the support
structure of the street family as a potent symbol of a shared experience.

Tanzania information

In Tanzania an estimated 1,300,000 children are orphans due to HIV, they have lost either one
or both of their parents because of disease due to AIDS, and the number of child headed
household in Tanzania has increased significantly in recent year. Orphan are vulnerable
children are some of main problem in country

In Tanzania is estimated to have two million children identified as most vulnerable who
are approximately 10 percent of children less than 18 years of age. Over 40 percent of
orphan hood is estimated to be due to AIDS, and many additional children are vulnerable
due to a chronically ill-parent who is unable to provide proper care. It is also estimated
that about 40 percent of all children under age 18 are living in households at or below the
national poverty level. Besides, over 50 percent of orphans and vulnerable children live in
households with grandparents aged over 60 years as their primary guardian whereas about
30 percent live with other relatives or caregivers, and 12 percent are in child-headed
households of which only one percent gets support from relatives. ( Clasen T,
Roberts.,2006)

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the problem of most vulnerable children (orphans) is not new in Tanzania. In Tanzania,
the vulnerable children have been in existence from the time of independence. These
children were all taken care of, supported and protected by their close relatives and
neighbors. There were strong community safety nets such as extended family to absorb
these children. These safely nets are vanishing with time due to severe household income
poverty, effects of globalization, and socio-economic changes. In recent years, the number
of orphans and other vulnerable children has grown beyond the capacity of households
and communities to handle.

Local area information

In response to the rapid increase number of the orphans in Tanzania, the government
through the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare developed the National Costed Plan of
Action (NCPA 2007-2010) that was to be used as a planning tool for services related to
orphans in the country. The NCPA planned to provide and scaling-up protection, care, and

support for orphans. To effectively implement the NCPA, the Ministry of Health and
Social Welfare designed the tool called the Most Vulnerable Children Identification
Process Guide (MIPG) for identifying the orphans who are eligible for protection, care,
and support. The guideline requires the local government authorities (LGAs) such as
districts, ward and village/mtaa governments and implementing partners to use the
standardized guideline to carry out the identification of the orphans. The criteria for the
identification of orphans emphasizes the application of community based participatory
approach in planning and executing effective activities that responds to the needs of
vulnerable children in their different context.

Apparently, both the MIPG and the NCPA have been emphasizing the use of community-
based approach in identifying the orphans. There are two main reasons for choosing a
community-based selection procedure: first, it strengthens the ability to identify the
children who are most in need, and second, it strengthens community ownership of the
intervention. Community-based identification of beneficiary eligibility often works better
in rural than in urban areas, mainly because people are likely to know each other better,
there is a stable population and a certain level of group solidarity.

1.2 Statement of the problem

1.2.1 Nature of problem

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Orphans has been defined in various ways depending with the nature of lifestyle lived by
these children. According to Glauser (2008), Ermu (2008), Mwaura (2002); orphans are
increasingly recognized by sociologists and anthropologists to be a socially constructed
category that in reality does not form a clearly defined, homogeneous population or
phenomenon. Amnesty international (2001) has categorized orphans nto two main categories
in efforts to define them: First, Children on the streets as those engaged in some kind of
economic activity ranging from begging to vend with most of them going home at the end of
the day and they contribute to their family earnings. Because of the economic fragility of the
families, these children may eventually opt for a permanent life on the streets. Secondly, are
orphans who actually live on the streets (or outside a normal family environment).

1.2.3. Scope of problem

The study will only cover Ifisi village. This is mainly due to limited resources in terms of
time and funds required in undertaking the study on a large scale. The selected key issues are
political factors, social factors, economic factors and cultural factors. Data will mainly be
from past information, either as recorded (books, journals, articles, sites) or as remembered
by the respondents. Hence, findings may be facing the limitation of memory lapses.

1.2.3. Effect of problem

Despite the existing guidelines, the NCPA evaluation report has shown that there were a
number of problems in identifying vulnerable children, ending up in efforts in targeting
the less vulnerable children. The findings from the NCPA evaluation report called for
study find out why orphans identification process has been unsuccessful. However, since
the Orphans identification process started being conducted, apart from the evaluation
report, no systematic assessment has been carried out to evaluate to what extent the
process has been effective, efficient and consistent at the district level.

1.2.4. Gaps and proposed solution

In addition, literature on evaluation of factors contributing orphans at the district level in

Tanzania is scanty; therefore, this study intends to provide community information that
would contribute to the existing literature by generating information on the challenges of
orphan’s factors contributing to orphans in the selected district councils. The findings will
be employed to increase understanding and contribute to the on-going debate with
regarding to practicability of the MVC identification process in the district.

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1.3 Research objectives

1.3.1 Broad objective

To determine factors that contributes to increase number of orphans at Ifisi village

1.3.2 Specific objectives

1. To identify factors that contributes to increase number of orphans at Ifisi village.
2. To determine the effects facing the community due to increase of orphans

1.4 Research questions

1. What are the demographic characteristics of orphans at Ifisi village ?
2. What are the challenges that affecting the orphans at Ifisi village?
3. What are the risk factors of increasing the number of orphans at Ifisi village?

1.5 Significance of the study

This study is conducted to identify factors contributing to increase number of orphans .so as
to provide input into developing feasible and sustainable community based intervention to
control the increase of orphans and improve health status among orphans.

1.6 Conceptual framework.

Increase of orphans can be due to various factors as shown in sketch below

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 Conceptual framework

Cultural factors

 Witchcraft
 Family structure

Social factor Economic factor

INCEASE OF
 Alcoholism ORPHAN  Unemployment
 Domestic violence  Insufficient income

Political factor

 Poor government policy

 Post-election violence

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.

2.1 Introduction

This chapter contains the literature either directly or indirectly as related to the study. The
chapter focuses on what the researchers, scholars, and educationists have found out and said
about orphans. First the study examines the historical perspective of orphans and their
emergence in Ifisi village, chronological review by different authors and it further looks at the
factors/causes of increase of orphans., economic factors, social factors, political factors and
cultural factors.

Orphans as been defined in various ways depending with the nature of lifestyle lived by these
children. According to Glauser (2020),Mwaura (2002); Orphans are increasingly recognized
by sociologists and anthropologists to be a socially constructed category that in reality does
not form a clearly defined, homogeneous population or phenomenon. Amnesty international
(2011) has categorized orphans into two main categories in efforts to define them: First,
orphans as those engaged in some kind of economic activity ranging from begging to vend
with most of them going home at the end of the day and they contribute to their family
earnings. Because of the economic fragility of the families, these children may eventually opt
for a permanent life on the streets. Secondly, orphans who actually live on the streets (or
outside a normal family environment). Here family ties may exist but are tenuous and are
maintained only casually or occasionally. UNICEF (2008) defines orphans as a concept of
boys and girls aged less than 18 years (including unoccupied dwellings and wastelands) has
become home and a source of livelihood, and who are inadequately protected or supervised.
This definition has reduced the contention in the many definitions held by various authors,
practitioners and policy makers who have for many years raised questions on the true
definition of orphan

Wangenge G. Ouma (2004), shares the Amnesty international definition in his categorization
as to include, orphans with the former being those who work in the streets by day and return
home at night. He continues to say that genuine orphans are; . According to WHO (2020)
orphans may be a Child of the streets, has no home but the streets. The family may have
abandoned him or her or may have no family members left alive. Such a child has to struggle
for survival and might move from friend to friend, or live in shelters such as abandoned

7
buildings. . The child might even return every night to sleep at home, but spends most days
and some nights on the street because of poverty, overcrowding, sexual or physical abuse at
home. A part of a poor family: Some children live on the sidewalks or city squares with the
rest of their families. Families displaced due to poverty, natural disasters, or wars may be
forced to live on the streets. They move their possessions from place to place when necessary.
Basically, orphans from the definitions explained above share the similar views as to those on
the streets and those children of the streets. The two categorize Tanzanian orphans into four
main categories as below: Some children who work and live on the street full-time, living in
groups in temporary shelters or in dark places, corridors or dark alleys. The second category
is children who work on the streets by day but go home to their families in the evenings.
Many of the orphans in the country fall in this category. The third category is children who
are on the streets occasionally, such as in the evenings, weekends, and during school holidays.
The fourth category is known as street families. The history of the orphans is not a new
phenomenon. In Tsarist Russia, 17th century sources described destitute youths roaming in
the streets and the phenomenon survived every attempt at eradication thereafter. In 2016,
Lord Ashley referred to more than 30,000 naked, filthy, roaming lawlessness and deserted
children in and around London. By 2012, there were at least 7 million children in Russia as a
result of nearly a decade of devastation of war and the Russian civil war. These children
formed gangs and engaged in petty theft and prostitution. Prior to the coming of Europeans
African communities were strongly interwoven together. There were no welfare institutions
like orphanages and children ‘s home but the social structure of the society had a strong
system of taking care of all children and the other members of the society who were in need.
With the coming of the white man ‘s cash economy, the strong social fabric has slowly
broken and gradually children with no care are increasing day by day. The de-stabilization of
the colonial impact also led to many children left stranded through neglect, disease, death and
poverty. Relating to the colonial ties, Tanzania has been facing a severe and chronic and
disturbing moments of orphans with approximately 300,000 of ages five to seventeen living
and working in the street

Ahmedullah Mia (2020), showed the problems of otphans in Bangladesh. In his study, 1.8
million children in the age group of 15-18years were present I 2010, he postulated an increase
to three million by 2000which would constitute 64% of the urban poor.

D’lima, Gosalia (2021), highlighted the probable sites where most of the orphans were found.
He observed that orphans are mostly found in the vicinity of railway stations, street junctions,
bridges; half-way dug pavements and market places. Symonds (2003) observed indulgence of

8
orphans in delinquent behaviors and are more aggressive. He argued that such children
become withdrawn, hyperactive and have night terrors while others run away from home.

Kevin J Lalor (2008) highlights the widespread abuse of orphans. He reported that more than
half of the orphans questioned in his study admitted to being regularly physically attacked.
Girls were often sexually abused i.e., rape or sexually attacked. Justice Ananth Mane (2003)
observed that orphans around the world suffer appalling abuses. Too often, orphans are killed
or tortured by police. Boys as young as 7years are recruited to serve as soldiers. Sometimes as
young as six, are forced to work under extremely difficult conditions, as laborers or in forced
prostitution. Refugee children separated from their parents and families are vulnerable to
exploitation, sexual abuse or domestic violence. Ironically, within the care of the state,
children are often subject to abuse and mistreatment-orphaned and abandoned children are
housed in appalling institutions where they suffer from cruelty and neglect.

UNICEF (2008) reported that, the present condition of the urban child, particularly orphans a
cumulative consequence of rural landlessness and unemployment, rural-out migration,
municipal incapability, eroding spirituality, values and support structures, and criminality.
Increasing proportions of children are born and growing up in urban, low-income
environments, joining the poverty cycle due to their limited options for future, and thus
threatening their own development as well as that of the community and country as a whole.
Therefore, urbanization is a child rights issue.

UNESCO (2014) “Being a orphans means going hungry, sleeping in insalubrious places,
facing up to violence and sometimes becoming an expiatory victim: it means growing up
without companionship, love and protection, it means not having access to education or
medical services, it means losing all dignity and becoming an adult before even been a child.”

2.3Literature review on Factors/causes leading to increase of orphans

2.3.1Literature review on Economic factors that lead to increase of orphans

Economic poverty is a factor cited by many different scholars as pushing orphans to the
streets ( Scheper-Hughes and Hoffman 2018).

In Bombay, 50.000 children are illegally employed by 11750 hotels, restaurants, canteens, tea
shops and food joints, Bose A.B (2005). Children lack protection from the family and the law,
and employers often exploit them, making them virtual prisoners, sometimes withholding pay
and abusing them, Patel, Sheela (2005).

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A recent UNDP-government policy paper in Bangladesh points out poverty as the driving
force for increasing number of orphans in street. It also suggests that the influx of migration
could be stopped if sufficient income earning activities are created in rural areas through
massive poverty alienation, Arise (2001).

Bourdillon (2011), sees the predicament of orphans living and working on the streets in urban
and slum areas as a recent phenomenon in Kenya. Prior to independence in 1963, it was
almost impossible for children to work in the streets as car washers, beggars or parking boys.
The municipal by-laws were strict and brutally enforced. With independence, muchini (2000),
notes that such enforcements became slack and unpredictable leading to increased number of
street children.

As orphans must provide for themselves, work is a very important aspect of their lives.
Chatterjee (2012). Working conditions for orphans are often poor because they are confined
to working in the informal sector unregulated by the government policies.

2.3.2Literature review on Social factors leading to increase number of orphans

Patel (2021) after interviewing 1500 children in his study in Bombay, he claimed that the
major reason for increasing number of orphans was not poverty but family violence. Another
Indian study showed that although poverty was a significant aspect of the children being on
the streets, family discord was the major problem, Sondhi and subrahmanyarng, (2010).

Family structure, ill-treatment by parents or guardian, disobedience and laziness, family

disputes and evictions from home, parental neglect, irresponsible and indifferences are some
of the social factors accredited to the rising number of street children.

A case in Zimbabwe presents sexual abuse, family violence and frequent beatings leading to
increasing number of orphans. Parental neglect not only causes children to drop out of school,
but it also makes them realize early on that they have to feed themselves, Sondhi and
subrahmanyarng,(2010)

Overcrowding in homes was seen to be also a contributing factor to orphans going to the
streets. In the report of Simukai and Thuthuika Orphans program (2000), they acknowledge
that orphans who leave their homes for reasons other than economic pressure tend to be more
difficult to rehabilitate than those forced to the streets by poverty. Those on the streets as a
result of poverty are easy to reform, as once their basic needs are met, they are satisfied.

Behavioral reasons among the orphans such as desire to have money and negative peer
influence are ranked intermediate by both groups. Orphans are sometimes attracted by their

10
peers wearing the most converted consumer items such as American caps or jeans. Orphan
also have a desire for adventure. Some of the children have been attracted by new
experiences, Sondhi and Subrahmanyarng,(2018)

2.3.3 Literature review on Political factors leading to increase of orphans

There are very many Orphans in the streets who could be the future leaders of this country
Tanzania but they do not get ample opportunities to grow up as responsible citizens. Poverty,
illiteracy, child labor, early marriages and malnutrition are the major obstacles in fulfilling
our expectations. On top of that, they are being involved in political activities such as rallies
and political gathering. They are used for picketing, breaking cars, setting fire on cars or even
for hurling bombs. These activities are illegal in the eyes of law. This causes serious harm to
them. Sometimes it becomes the cause of their premature deaths.

Sometimes they fall victim to serious injuries and lose limbs. Orphan’s involved in political
violence have a bad impact on their tender minds. They become inspired to indulge in violent
activities. They are introduced to different political leaders who use them to serve their own
purposes. The leaders give them weapons and in this way a child becomes a miscreant. In
other words their engagement in political violence will ultimately destroy our future
generation.

Veale (2012), in a comparative study of orphans in mid-19 th century Ireland and the current
Tanzanian orphans wrote that civil unrest was the reason for the origins of orphans in most
countries. Civil unrest dating from Mau Mau struggle for independence has been connected to
the origins of Tanzanian orphans (Nowrojee, 2019). There are also many orphans in counties
like South Africa where the high numbers have been linked with country’s violent political
problems Swart (2008). In all of Latin America, Colombia has had one of the most violent
popular uprisings. Indeed, its current violence has been linked to the high incidence of
orphans (Apterkar, 2019).

2.3.4 Literature review on Cultural factors leading to increase of orphans

Hostility towards orphans in East Africa and Latin America might pertain to family structure.
The elite and the masses in Latin America raise their children in different ways. In the elite
Latin American homes, fathers are present and powerful. Boys learn to respect the father’s
authority. By contrast among the poor in Latin America, it is common to have women at the
Centre of families, and boys are raised not so much to respect authorities to gain an early
independence from home. Orphan inadvertently press the issues of adult authority at a time
when traditional authorities are in jeopardy (Aptekar, 2013).

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 CHAPTER THREE:

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study area

The study will be conducted at Ifisi village in s situated 20km east of Mbeya, one of the
largest cities in Tanzania, in southwestern highlands. The region covers an area of 35,954
km2 (13,882 sq mi) and 33 26 59.99 E latitude 8 53 59 99 E. The region is comparable in size
to the combined land area of the nation state of Guinea Bissau. Mbeya region contain tribble
such as Nyakyusa, Safwa, Malila, Sangu and Ndali Mbeya Region is bordered to the east by
Singida Region, Iringa Region and Njombe Region. The region is bordered to the south by
Malawi and Lake Nyasa.To the north the region borders southern Tabora Region. Lastly,
Mbeya is bordered to the west by Songwe Region. The regional capital is the city of Mbeya.
According to the 2022 national census, the region had a population of 2,343,754(National
beural of statistic 2022) is the city of Mbeya. According to the 2022 national census, the
region had a population of 2,343,754(National beural of statistic 2022

3.2 Research design

Cross-sectional research design will be used in determining the factors contributing to
increase of orphans in the community prevalence, awareness at Ifisi village using a
quantitative approach, where by a structured questionnaire will be used for data collection
from the sample of the study population. This design will be appropriate to this study,
because it will involve collection of information about the state of a problem in a particular
point in time to give a picture or results of the existing health condition.

3.3 Study population

The study population of this study that conducted is involved all male and female are
orphaned in the community

12
3.4 Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria

3.4.1 Inclusion criteria

This study will include all children who have lost one or both parents aged below
18 years old.

3.4.2 Exclusion criteria

This study will exclude all children who have both parents and people aged above 18 years
old. Also my study will exclude all orphan children who do not belong to ifisi village.

3.5 Sample size

The estimated sample size will be calculated using the Kish formula which was formulated
1965 (Kish, 1965)
n=Z2P (1-P)

e2

Where by

n= Desired sample size

Z= standard deviation (1.96) which correspond to 95% confidence interval

P= prevalence of orphans’ children in Tanzania = 11.1% (National Bureau of

Statistics, 2016) e= maximum error (5%)
From literature study,
p=11.1% Now, From,

n=Z2P(1-P)

e2
n= 1.962 x 0.111(1-0.111) 0.052 n=151.63 therefore, approximately sample size is 152

3.6 Sampling technique

Randomly sampling technique will be used select randomly living to Ifisi village

3.7 Data collection method

Structured questionnaire as a primary data collection method will employ in data

collection; questionnaires will be used because a lot of information’s will be
collected within a short period of time with minimal resources.

13
3.8 Data collection tool
Am expecting to collecting research data by using questionnaire

3.9 Methods for ensuring validity and reliability

Pretesting of the research instruments will be done at Ifisi village to ensure

clarity, validity and reliability involving 16 respondents which is 10% of the total
7sample size. This will be done to ensure proper adjustments and standardization
of the research instruments which will be performed before the actual data
collection exercise. This will be done one week before starting data collection.

Cross-sectional research design will be used in determining the factors

contributing to increase

3.9.1 Data validity

The research will compile all completely answered questionnaire and any questionnaire
within complete answer will be discarded and only one question will be used per each
participant who fit for the research study

3.9. 2 Data reliability

A pre-test of data collection tools will be done to some examples of research

participants to check if the set questionnaire easily understandable by
participants

3.10 Data analysis methods

Complete filled questionnaire will be coded, compiled and data entry, and analysis will be
done by SPSS Version 28

3.11 Ethical considerations

Ethical clearance to conduct the study will be obtained from Mbalizi institute of
health science. Each of the respondents will be explained to on the purpose of the
study, benefits of the study and that there will be no any risk during participation.
Respondents will be informed their right to voluntary participation. Informed
consent will be signed from each respondent by the written signature or thumb
print on voluntary basis with an assurance of confidentiality. Children who will
be below not signed or used thumb print on the assent form before proceeding to
participate in the study. Participants’ names will not be included on the
questionnaire for confidentiality purposes with only letters being used for
accountability and the data collected will be shared with only authorized people.

14
Also, the participants will be allowed to ask questions for more clarifications.

3.12 Plans for dissemination of research results

The findings of this study will be first disseminated to Mbalizi village institute of
health science Research administration, thereafter the results will be
disseminated in Ifisi village office at where the study will be conducted. Also,
people will get information about the research finding through books, journal
article, and copy of research report will remain at Mbalizi institute if health
science

3.13 Research work plan

This research will be conducted from November 2022 to January 2023

3.14 Research budget and budget justification

This research will cost the total budget of 208,950/=Tsh

15
 REFERRENCES.

Agnelli, s. (1986). Street children; A growing Urban Tragedy. Weidenfeld and N icolson
printing press. London.

Auret, D. (1995). Urban Housing. A National Crisis. Mambo Press, Gweru.

Basu, K. (1999) child Labour; cause, consequences and Cure with Remarks on international
Labor Stardards, Journal of Economic literature 37: 1083-119

Bourdillon, M. (1991). Services Available to Street Children in Zimbabwe. Mambo Press

Gweru.

Cosgrove. J (1990). A working definition of street children of the cities. Florence Publishers,
Italy.

Kayongo D. and Onyango P, (1986). Sociology of African family, Longman publishers,

London.

Filho, G and Neder G (2001) Social and Historical Approaches Regarding street Children in
Rio de janeiro (Brazil) in the context of the Transition to Democracy, childrenhood.

Fallon, P. and Z. Tzannotos (1998) Child Labour Issues and Direction for the World Bank
Washngton Dc: World Bank.

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Felsman, K (1989). Risk and Resiliency in Childhood. The lives of street children. Int Dugan
and R. Coles (eds), New York.

Grotaert, C and H.A. Patrinos, eds (1999) The Policy Analysis of Child Labor: A
Comparative Study; World Bank, Washington Dc.

Ilo (2002), A Future Without Child Labor Global Report Under the Follow-up the:ILO
Declaration on Foundamental Principles and Rights at work: Geneva: ILO.

Klees, S.J,I.Rizzini and A. Dewees (2000) A New Paradigm for Social Change; Social
Movement and the Transformation of Policy for Street and Working New York.

Le Rous, J and C.s Smith (1998) Causes and Characteristics of the Street Child Phenomenon;
A Global Perspective; Adolescent.

Lusk,M. (1992). Street Children; A Concept in Search of an Object, University of Fribourg,

Switzerland.

Midgley, J. (1995) Social Welfare. The Development Perspective in Social Welfare Thousand
Oaks CA Sage Publications.

Action for Children in Conflict in Kenya (2008). Innovation in Crisis Annual Report: 1 April
2008-31 March 2009.

Ansell, N. (2005).Children, youth and development. London.

Alderson, P. (1995). Listening to Children: Ethics and social Reaserch. IIford:

Barnaardo’s.

Aptekar, L. (1994). Street Children in the developing World: A Review of their

Condition.Cross-cultural Research, 28(3).

Ataov, A. and Haider. J. (2006). From participation to empowerment: Critical reflections on a

participatory action research project with street children in Turkey. Children, Youth and
Environment.

Atauz, S. (1990). Ankara ve Sanliurfas da Sokak cocuklan. Ankara: UNICEF Yayinlari.

Awori, M. A.A. (2007). Statement by his Excellency the Vice president of the republic of
Kenya and Minister of Home Affairs-Report on the Convention of the Rights of the Child,
Geneva, Switzerland, 16th January 2007.

Ayaya, S. and Esami, F. O. (2001). Health problems of street children in Narok Town. East
African Medical Journal. 78: 624-629.

17
Ayieko, J. S. (2007). Improving non-formal education for street children at rescue center
Narok. Second regional research seminar of UNESCO forum for regional scientific for
committee Africa. Accra, Ghana.

Bourdillon, M. F. C. (1992). Poor, Harassed but very much Alive. Gweru Mambo
Press.Harare

Bourdillon, M. F. C. (1994). Street Children in Harare. Africa LXIV 516 - 532

UNICEF (2005). State of the World’s Children 2006: Excluded and Invisible. New York:

UNICEF / Save the Children (2011). The Chronic Urban emergency in Rift Valley Kenya: A
Generation out of Place Report from Profiling Children Connected to the Streets in Rift
Valley Province.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ORPHANS IN IFISI VILLAGE.

My name is Agatha E Mwale student at the Mbalizi institute of health science undertaking my
studies in the Diploma in nursing and midwifery. I am undertaking a study on the causes of
increased number of orphan in Ifisi village . You have been chosen to participate in the study
and any information provided will be treated with the utmost confidentiality it deserves.

Instructions.

You are requested to respond to the questions faithfully and honestly.

Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Use a Tick for the questions with choices in the
appropriate box.

SECTION A: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA.

1. Gender [ ]
A. Male
B. Female.
2. Age [ ]
A. 0-3years
B. 4-8 years
C. 9-13 years
D. 14-18 years.

18
3. For how long have you been staying on the streets; [ ]
A. below 1 year
B. 1-3 years
C. 3-5 years
D. over 5 years
4. What is your level of education? [ ]
A. No formal education
B. Attending primary school
C. Completed primary school
D. Attending secondary school
5. Where were you born............................................................................?
6. In which village do you currently live...................................................?

7. Are you an orphan? [ ]

A. Yes
B. No
8. If yes what is your orphan status? [ ]
A. Double Orphan
B. paternal orphan
C. maternal orphan
9. Whom do you stay with? [ ]
A. Parents and step parents
B. Relatives
C. Siblings
D. Friends
E. foster parents
F. No guardian
SECTION B: OCCUPATION.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

19
9.
10. Do you work in the street? [ ]
A. Yes
B. No
11. If yes what is your occupation.........................................................................?
12. What is your approximate income per day........................................................?
13. What are your parent’s main sources of income............................................................?
14. What is your parent’s approximate income per month.................................................?
15. How do you spend your money?
A. Buy basic necessities
B. Buy household goods
C. Buy alcohol and Drugs
D. Pay for protection
E. any other use
SECTION C: EDUCATION

16. Do you go to school? [ ]

A. Yes
B. No
17. If yes which level are you? [ ]
A. Primary
B. Secondary
17. If primary which class are you……………………..?
18. If secondary you are in form? [ ]
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
19. If not going to school, why don’t you go to school……………….?
SECTION D: PARENTS

20. Does your mother drink alcohol? [ ]

A. Yes
B. No
21. How often? [ ]
A. Daily
B. 2-3 days per week

20
 C. 4-6 times a week
22. Does your father drink alcohol? [ ]
A. Yes
B. No
23. How often? [ ]
A. Daily
B. Twice per week
C. More than 3 times per week
23. Do your parents/guardians fight? [ ]
A. Yes
B. No
23.
24. How often? [ ]
A. Daily
B. twice per week
C. more than 3 times per week
24.
25. Reasons for fighting. [ ]
A. Over money
B. Drunkenness
C. No apparent reason
D. don’t know
E. other reasons
26. How many people live in your home? [ ]
A. 1-3
B. 4-6
C. 7-9
D. more than 10

21
APPENDIX 2: SIGNED ETHICAL CLEARANCE LETTER
AGATHA E MWALE,
P.O. BOX 6117,
MBEYA.
DECEMBER 2022.

CHAIRPERSON,
IFISI VILLAGE VILAGE
P.O. BOX 6117
MBEYA.
U.F.S
PRINCIPAL,
IFISI VILLAGE INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCE,

22
P.O. BOX 6117,
MBEYA.

REF: APPLICATION TO CONDUCT RESEARCH ON FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO

INCREASE NUMBER OF ORPHANS IN THE COMMUNITY AT IFISI VILLAGE, 2023.

Refer to the heading above

I Agatha Edgar Mwale, a third year student of Nursing and Midwifery at Mbqlizi institute of
Health Science. I requesting to you to conduct a research on factors contributing to increase in
number of orphans in the community at Ifisi village and the study is required as a partial full
fulfillment for ordinary diploma in nursing and midwifery.
I hope my request will be considered.
Yours faithful
.................................
AGATHA E MWALE

APPENDIX 3: CONSENT FORM (ENGLISH VERSION)

I: INFORMATION

Introduction: My name is Agatha Mwale. I am student of Mbalizi Institute of health

science. I invite you to participate in a study on factors contributing to increase of orphans
in community at Ifisi village.
Aim: To determine factors that contribute to increase number of orphans at Ifisi village
Participation: Specifically, I’m going to ask you some questions about on how the increase
of orphans affecting your society.
Benefits and risks: By participating in this study, you will contribute to knowledge on how
to counteract the increase of numbers of orphans in the society. You will help community
health team to provide specific interventions in order to manage the increase of number of
orphans.

23
Confidentiality: The information that you will provide during the study will be kept
confidential. Only the researcher will have access to the questionnaires. Even in reporting
or publication there will be no where your identity or name displayed.

Right to withdrawal: Your participation in this study is voluntary. You have the right to get
out of the study anytime if you change your mind even after you have signed the consent
form. You won’t lose your health or social rights of which you are entitled even if you
decide not participate.
II: Certificate of consent

I have read the above information (has been read for me). I have asked (had opportunity to
ask) questions and have been answered. I have understood the aim of the study. I
understand the benefits, risks and my rights to withdrawal from the study. I hereby consent
to participate in this study.

24
APPENDIX 4: CONSENT FORM (SWAHILI VERSION)

FORM YA IDHINI YA KUSHIRIKI

I: TAARIFA

Utangulizi: Salamu! Kwa majina naitwa Agatha Mwale ni mwanafunzi wa

taasisi ya sayansi za afya Mbalizi .Ninakualika kushiriki katika utafiti unaohusu mambo
yanayohusiana na sababu zinazopelekea ongezeko la watoto yatima katika jamii.

Dhumuni: Kutambua visababishi vinavyopelekea omgezekomla watoto yatima katika kijiji

cha Ifisi.

Ushiriki: Nitakuuliza maswali kuhusu ni kwa namna gani jamii yako inaathirika na
ongezeko la watoto yatima.

Faida na hatari: Kwa kushiriki kwako katika utafiti huu utasaidia katika kukuza na kuongeza
maarifa na uelewa juu ya ni jinsin gani ya kukabiliana na ongezeko la watoto yatima katika
jamii. Utasaidia watunga sera na wapanga mipango kusimamia ongezeko la watoto yatima.

Usiri: Taarifa utakazotoa katika utafiti huu ni siri. Mtafiti pekee ndiye atakayeweza kuziona
taarifa hizi. Hata katika utoaji wa taarifa au uchapishaji wa taarifa za utafiti jina lako
halitatajwa sehemu yoyote.

Haki ya kujitoa: Ushiriki wako katika utafiti huu ni hiari. Una haki ya kujitoa wakati wowote
ukibadili mawazo hata kama ulisaini fomu ya idhini ya kushiriki. Hautopoteza haki yako
yoyote ya kiafya au ya kijamii hata pale utakapoamua kujitoa kushiriki katika utafiti huu.

Endapo utapata madhara: Hakuna madhara yoyote kwako au familia yako yanaweza kutokea
kutokana na ushiriki wako katika utafiti huu.

Kwa mawasiliano: Endapo utakua na swali lolote linalohusu utafiti huu, wasiliana na
wafuatao:0623218522

25
Kwa maswali kuhusu haki zako kama mshiriki, unaweza kuwasiliana na Mwenyekiti wa kitengo
cha utafiti, Chuo cha Afya na sayansi shirikishi Mbalizi, S. L. P 6717, Mbalizi.

II: IDHINI YA KUSHIRIKI

Nimesoma (nimesomewa) taarifa hii kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu. Nimeuliza (endapo ulipata
nafasi ya kuuliza ) maswali na nimejibiwa. Nimeelewa dhumuni la utafiti huu. Nimeelewa faida,
athari na haki yangu ya kujitoa katika utafiti wakati wowote. Ninakubali kwa hiari yangu
kushiriki katika utafiti huu.

26
APPENDIX 5: RESEARCH WORK PLAN FROM NOVEMBER OF 2022 TO JANUARY OF
2023
S/N ACTIVITY TOOLS TIME SCHEDULE RESPONSIBLE
PERSON

1 Development of Pen and plain paper 11-13 November 2022 Researcher

research title with
broad and specific
objectives

2 Collecting of Plain paper 14-17 November 2022 Researcher

research titles to
module teacher

4 Collection of Written research title 18-24 November 2022 Researcher, supervisor

research title with it’s objectives

5 Writing of research Personal computer 25/11/2022-09/12/2022 Researcher

proposal

6 Submission of Book 12 December 2022 Researcher

research proposal

7 Collection of Research proposal 13-16 December 2022 Researcher, supervisor

research proposal

8 Data collection Questionnaire 17-23 December 2022 Researcher

9 Research report Personal computer 02-13 January 2023 Researcher

writing

10 Submission of Research report 16 January 2023 Researcher

Research report

27
 APPENDIX 6: RESEARCH BUDGET AND JUSTIFICATION
NO ITEMS JUSTIFICATION QUANTIT UNIT COST TOTAL AMOUNT
Y IN TSH. (TSH)

1 Printing for research Submission for 35 500@ 10500/=

proposal acceptance

Spiral For binding of 2 2500@ 2500/=

research proposal and
report

2 Flash disk 8 GB Storing of data 1 20,000@ 20,000/=

3 Photocopy questionnaire For data collection 50 100@ 50,000/=

4 Correction fluid Correcting errors 1 2,000@ 2,000/=

5 Scientific calculator Calculating sample 1 25,000@ 25,000/=

size

6 Stapler and stapler pins Pinning my work 1 7,000@ 7,000/=

7 Pens Writing work 1box 5,000@ 5,000/=

8 Pencil Drawing conceptual 1 box 1,000@ 1,000/=

frame work

10 Spring file Storing paper 1 6000@ 6000/=

9 meals For two week 14days 5000@ 70,000/=

Sub-total 199,000/=

11 Emergency For uncertainty cost 5% of sub - 9,950/=

total

Grand total 208,950/=

28