Samuel

A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND
PREVENTIVE PRACTICES OF HOUSEHOLDS TOWARDS COVID-19 IN

COMMUNITY BLOCK 7 GURIE JUBA.
SAMUEL KENYI KALA KALA
REG NO: CO/D/343/2020.
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN CLINICAL
MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH AT JUBA HEALTH SCIENCE
INSTITUTE.
November 2022
A Study to Determine the Knowledge, Attitude and Preventive Practices of
Households towards Covid-19 in Community Block 7 Gurei Juba.
A Research Proposal Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for

the Award of Diploma in Clinical Medicine and Public Health at Juba Health
Science Institute
South Sudan
Samuel Kenyi Kala Kala
Reg No.Co/D/343/2020.
November 2022
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge God the almighty father for gift of life and for his guidance
throughout the three years of my studies. For my time at school I feel a deep sense of gratitude
and I would like to express my love and my gratitude to the following people for their support
and contribution;
To my beloved mum and dad thanks a lot for your patience, I really appreciated you so much for
having made my future bright and comfortable.
To my dearest bro Taban Emmanuel Moses, am certain that god personally sent you to my life
by paying my school fees to keep me running with my education. I couldn’t imagine having got
you through this year of my studies without you I couldn’t have made it.
To my research tutor and my supervisor for their professional knowledge and skill that help us
(students) able to go through this proposal writing.
To my dearest friends may God touch your hearts and reward you abundantly thanks for being
strong friends, a strongest advisor, for encouraging me and reminding me of what I deserve, you
are more than friends dear.
To all the entire team of Juba health science Institute more especially lecturers and my dear
classmates, it has been a very wonderful time hope to meet again, God bless you all.
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this research dissertation is my original work that part of it has not been
presented for any award of diploma in this college or other institute in the country.
Candidate’s Name ………………………
Signature…………………………………..Date……………………………….
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CERTIFICATION:
I hereby certify that the preparation and presentation of this research work was supervised in
accordance with the guidelines on supervision of research work laid down by juba health science
institute.
Supervisors Name………………………………………
signature………………………………………date……………
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DEDICATION;
This research is dedicated to my beloved parents, may God keep you longer because you opened
for me the door of success as well as happiness. I thank you very much dad and mum.
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ABSTRACT;
The recently emerged novel coronavirus, (SARS-CoV-2), caused a highly contagious disease
called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus was first reported from Wuhan city in
china in December, 2019, which in less than three months spread throughout the globe and was
declared a global pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 th of March, 2020. So
far, the ongoing pandemic severely damaged the worlds most developed countries and is
becoming a major threat for low and middle income countries. The poorest continent, Africa
with the most vulnerable populations to infectious diseases, is predicted to be significantly
affected by the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. The purpose of this study is to determine the
knowledge, attitude and preventive practices towards COVID-19 in community block 7 Gurei.
Methods:
In this research study, the researcher will use quantitative and qualitative descriptive survey
design to describe the knowledge, altitude and the preventive practices towards COVID-19 in
community block 7 Gurei. Also the researcher will use questionnaires and key informant
interview to interview community members of block 7 Gurei.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................9
1.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................9
1.1 Background of the study...............................................................................................................10
1.3 Conceptual framework..................................................................................................................14
1.4 Justification....................................................................................................................................15
1.5 Significances of the study..............................................................................................................15
1.6 Research questions........................................................................................................................16
1.7 Research broad objective..............................................................................................................16
1.7.1 Specific objective.....................................................................................................................16
Chapter two.............................................................................................................................................17
Literature review.....................................................................................................................................17
2.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................................17
2.1 Knowledge on covid-19 prevention..............................................................................................17
2.2 Attitude towards covid-19.............................................................................................................20
2.3 Practices toward Covid-19............................................................................................................22
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................................25
3.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................................25
3.1 Study Design...................................................................................................................................25
The area of the study i...........................................................................................................................25
3.2 Study Area......................................................................................................................................25
3.3 Study Population............................................................................................................................25
3.4 Sample Size Determination...........................................................................................................25
3.5 Sampling Procedure/Technique....................................................................................................26
3.6 Study Variables..............................................................................................................................27
3.7 Data Collection Tools/Research Instrument................................................................................27
3.8 Data Collection Techniques..........................................................................................................27
3.9 Data analysis and presentation.....................................................................................................27
3.10 Ethical Considerations................................................................................................................27
3.11 Study Limitations........................................................................................................................28
3.12 Dissemination...............................................................................................................................28
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APPENDICES.........................................................................................................................................33
APPENDIX 1: RESEARCH WORK PLAN......................................................................................33
APPENDIX II: RESEARCH BUDGET.............................................................................................34
QUESTIONNAIRE.................................................................................................................................35
SECTION A: Background information.............................................................................................35
SECTION B: Knowledge on covid-19 prevention among the community members......................35
SECTION C: Attitudes on covid-19 preventive measures among the community members.........36
SECTION D: Practices among the community members on covid-19 preventive methods. The
researcher will use the observation checklist below on issues regarding respondents ‘practices
towards covid-19 prevention...............................................................................................................37
Chapter four............................................................................................................................................39
4.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................................39
4.1 Findings on the social demographic characteristics of the respondents....................................39
4.2 Findings on the knowledge of the respondents towards covid-19 prevention in Gurei block 7
...............................................................................................................................................................42
4.3: Findings of attitudes of the respondents on covid-19 preventive measures among the
community members...........................................................................................................................46
4.4 Findings on practices among the community members on water purification methods..........49
CHAPTER FIVE.....................................................................................................................................52
DISCUSSIONS........................................................................................................................................52
5.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................52
5.1: Findings on the socio demographic data of the community members......................................52
5.2: Findings on the knowledge on covid-19 prevention measures among community members..52
5.3: Findings on the attitude of the respondents in gurie block 7 community................................54
This study found out that 27 (54%) of the respondents agreed that maintaining social distance in
public places could prevent covid-19. Similar to (Goshiye et al, 2020), reported that about 58.0% of
participants had a favorable attitude towards covid-19 with 94.6% accepted to keep distances to
prevent covid-19. However, almost half of the respondents 23 (46%) agreed that this method cannot
prevent the spread of covid-19. Respondents were seen having meals in closed contact, hugging and
interacting in a short distance with friends and family members. The cost of using boda boda, makes
it difficult for members to avoid public means. , this shows that majority of the community members
had negative attitude towards maintaining social distance in public or when with friends/family
members............................................................................................................................................54
More than half 34 (74%) of the respondents agreed that wearing facemask in public places could
prevent covid-19. Many of the respondents had a good knowledge on how the virus spreads (via
respiratory droplets), they believed this method is capable of preventing the virus. Similar to a
research by (Joveini et al, 2021), about 64.5% of the participants agreed that everyone should wear a
mask when leaving home. Only 13 (26%) of the respondents didn’t agreed that wearing facemask
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could prevent covid-19 instantly, but rather mentioned other methods like drinking alcohol with a
believed that only alcohol can kill a virus..........................................................................................54
Furthermore, majority 42 (84%) of the respondents agreed that regular hand washing with water and
soap can prevent covid-19 and other diseases like cholera and typhoid, they said it’s not their first
time to hear about this method. In absence of soap they were able to mentioned ashes, this shows
that majority of the respondents had a positive attitude towards regular hand washing and good
knowledge on hand washing practice. Similar to report by (Puspitasari et al, 2020) a study on health
and non-health students from Jordan indicated that 99.7% of the participants agreed that hands
should be regularly washed for personal hygiene. At least 8 (16%) disagreed to regular hand
washing, with claim that this method wastes water and it’s expensive to afford soap on regular basis.
...........................................................................................................................................................54
More than half 36 (72%) of the members thought that the used of regular hand sanitizer can limit
covid-19 spread. majority of members were aware of the mode of transmission of the virus and the
practice of hand hygiene like, regular hand washing with water and soap. Some believed in absence
of hand washing basis, the use of hand sanitizer is basic. This shows that majority of the respondents
had positive attitude towards the use of hand sanitizer. Similar to a report by (Bukata et al, 2022),
shows that majority of respondents had a good attitude toward frequent hand washing with soap and
water, use of sanitizers and wearing a mask outside the house as a preventive measure against covid-
19. Despite that, 14 (28%) didn’t agreed to the used of hand sanitizer, the workload of carrying hand
sanitizer from place to place and the cost of buying it gave them negative attitudes toward the use of
regular hand sanitizer.........................................................................................................................55
On behalf of washing hand and use of hand sanitizer, more than half 27 (54%) of the participants
thought that avoidance of hand shaking practice limits covid-19 spread. Due to cultural norms
practice on daily basis, hand shaking is one of the cultural norms practice within community to show
respect to others. Almost half 23 (46%) didn’t agreed to avoidance of hand shaking. They believed
it’s impossible to avoid hand shaking. This shows that almost half of the respondents had negative
attitude towards avoidance of hand shaking......................................................................................55
5.4: Findings on the practices among the community members on covid-19 prevention...............55
Chapter Six..............................................................................................................................................58
Conclusion and Recommendation......................................................................................................58
6.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................58
6.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................58
6.2 Recommendations..........................................................................................................................58
6.2.1 Government (Ministry of Health)..........................................................................................58
6.2.2 Health workers........................................................................................................................59
6.2.3 Local administrators...............................................................................................................59
6.2.4 Community members.............................................................................................................59
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CHAPTER ONE.
1.0 Introduction.
This chapter discusses background of the study, problem statement, and justification of the study
significance of the study, research questions and objectives of the study.
1.1 Background of the study

According to (Wu, Chen and Chan, 2020) In late December 2019, an outbreak of a mysterious
pneumonia characterized by fever, dry cough, and fatigue, and occasional gastrointestinal
symptoms happened in a seafood wholesale wet market, the Hunan seafood wholesale market in
Wuhan, Hubei, China. The initial outbreak was reported in the market in December 2019 and
involved about 66% of the staff there. The market was shut down on January 1, 2020, after the
announcement of an epidemiologic alert by the local health authority on December 31, 2019.
However, in the following month (January) thousands of people in China, including many
provinces (such as Hubei, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Henan, Hunan, etc.) and cities (Beijing and
Shanghai) were attacked by the rampant spreading of the disease. Furthermore, the disease
travelled to other countries, such as Thailand, Japan, Republic of Korea, Viet Nam, Germany,
United States and Singapore.
The first case reported in China was on January 21, 2019. As of February 6, 2020, a total of
28,276 confirmed cases with 565 deaths globally were documented by WHO, involving at least
25 countries. The pathogen of the outbreak was later identified as a novel beta-coronavirus,
named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). In 2003, a new coronavirus, the etiology of the
mysterious pneumonia, also originated from southeast china, especially Guangdong province,
and was named SARs coronavirus that fulfilled the Koch’s postulate.
The mortality rate caused by the virus was around 10%-15%. Through the years, the medical
facilities have been improved; nevertheless, no proper treatment or vaccine is available for the
SARs. The emergence of another outbreak in 2012 of novel coronavirus in Middle East shared
similar features with the outbreak in 2003. Both were caused by coronavirus but the intermediate
host for MERS is thought to be the dromedary camel and the mortality can be up to 37%. The
initial clinical manifestations for both SARs and MERS are usually nonspecific except that the
majority of patients presented with fever and respiratory symptoms. Unprotected hospital staff
who were exposed to patients droplets or through contact prone to be infected and nosocomial
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infections ensue. Furthermore, cases associated with travel had been identified for SARs, MERs,
and COVID-19. COVID-19 has a mean incubation of 5.2 days (95% confidence interval, 4.1-
7.0). The infection is acute without any carrier status.
Symptoms usually begin with nonspecific syndromes, including fever, dry cough and fatigue.
Multiple systems maybe involved, including respiratory (cough, short of breath, sore throat,
rhinorrhea, hemoptysis, and chest pain), gastrointestinal (diarrhea, nausea and vomiting),
musculoskeletal (muscle ache), and neurologic (headache or confusion). More common signs
and symptoms are fever (83%-98%), cough (76%-82%), and short of breath (31%-55%). There
were about 15% with fever, cough, and short of breath. Conjunctival injection was not reported
in the early series and cases with age under 18 were few. After onset of illness, the symptoms are
somehow mild and the median time to first hospital admission is 7.0 days (4.0-8.0). But the
disease progresses to short of breath (8 days), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (9
days), and to mechanical ventilation (10.5 days) in about 39% patients with fatal disease develop
ARDS and worsened in short period of time and died of multiple organ failure. The mortality
rate in the early series of hospitalized patients was 11%-15%, but the later statistic was 2%-3%.
Currently there is no validated treatment for COVID-19. The main strategies are symptomatic
and supportive care, such as keeping vital signs, maintaining oxygen saturation and blood
pressure, and treating complications, such as secondary infections or organ failure.
According to (Lone and Ahmed, 2020) COVID-19 is majorly affecting many countries all over
the world, whereas Africa is the last continent to be hit by the pandemic. However, Africa is
expected to be most vulnerable continent where COVID-19 spreading will have a major impact.
The continent confirmed its first case of COVID-19 in Egypt on 14th of February, 2020, and
from sub-Saharan Africa the first case was reported in Nigeria on 27th of February, in an Italian
patient who flew to Nigeria form Italy on 25th of February, 2020. As of 18 th April 2020,
10:00am CEST; Africa CDC reported, 19,895 confirmed cases, including 1,017 deaths and 4,642
recoveries, from 52 African countries, while two countries (Comoros and Lesotho) were still
virus free. Interestingly, most of the identified cases of COVID-19 in Africa have been imported
from Europe and the United States, rather than from the original COVID-19 epicenter Chine.
The continents weak health care system and a large immune-compromised population owing to
high prevalence of malnutrition, anemia, malaria, HIV/AIDs, tuberculosis and poor economic
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discipline, make it distinct form the other continents that have experienced COVID-19 to date.
Experts also anticipated that under these circumstances the pandemic in Africa could be
challenging to control, and the consequences could be dismal. On the hand, there is no
drug/vaccine currently available to treat COVID-19; therefore, implementation of precautionary
measures to contain the spread of this virus is being practiced throughout the globe; which
includes socio distancing, isolation and quarantine, community containment, national lockdowns,
and travel restrictions. So far, these measures are helping to control and reduced the spread of
COVID-19; but subsequently hit the global economy and thereby pushing the nations towards
recession. African economies were already struggling when the COVID-19 hit the continent;
which could further amplify the economic crisis. (S.A. Lone and A. Ahmad, 2020)
According to (Wiens et al, 2020) South Sudan confirmed its first COVID-19 case in the capital,
Juba, on April 4, 2020, and saw its first wave reported cases during May-July 2020. By August
31, 2020, a total of 1,873 virologically confirmed SAR-CoV-2 infections (47/10,000 residents)
had been reported from 18,156 reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) tests conducted in Juba. RT-
PCR testing in south Sudan, including Juba, has remained limited willingness to be tested and
logistic challenges. Thus, as in much of sub-Saharan Africa, the true extent of SARS-CoV-2
spread in the population remains unknown. Understanding SARS-CoV-2 spread is particularly
important for guiding COVID-19 mitigation efforts in light of south Sudan’s complex
humanitarian and public health context. South Sudan has experienced years of conflict, leading
to 1.61 million internally displaced persons (IDP). Severe food insecurity affects more than half
the population: 6 million people, including 1.3 million malnourished children. In Juba, 28.7% of
households indicated that they were unable to access health care services when needed in the
first 6 months of the pandemic; this number increased to 43.2% among residents in the lowest
wealth quintile. These underlying vulnerabilities may increase risk of SARS-CoV-2 spread and
may themselves be compounded by direct and indirect effects of the epidemic.
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1.2 Problem Statement
Globally, several socioeconomic and livelihood activities have been disrupted by lockdown
measures to control corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) spread since it was declared a global
pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020. This disruptions have further
strained the already weak health systems of many low and middle-income economics. In Africa,
Sudan was among the first countries to report covid-19 cases in early march 2020. Sudan is the
second largest country in Africa by land mass, with a population of over 40 million people. It is a
refugee hosting country for thousands of refugees from South Sudan, Somali, Eritrea, Central
African Republic, Syria, chad, Yemen and Ethiopia. Despite high covid-19 case fatality rate,
Sudan has had limited national capacity to effectively manage patients in need of advanced
respiratory support and critical care. An inter-agency assessment report in May 2020 in the
internally displaced people’s camp found overcrowding, poor water supply, inadequate
medicines and limited health workers in the state which are risk factors for covid-19 spread.
Rural areas in Africa such as south kordofan, which makeup the largest part the continent have
been given less attention in the fight against covid-19 compared to urban areas. With such little
attention, this areas continue to face challenges such as; poor road network, insecurity,
inadequate health workers, health facilities and inadequate covid-19 diagnostic service.
The limited testing and screening services in Sudan risks a high number of undetected cases. A
recent report showed that between April and September 2020, about 16090 deaths were
undetected in Khartoum and the fatality rates are expected to increase in the second wave
compared to the first wave. As per 22 march 2021, Sudan had registered 29662 confirmed cases
and 2028 deaths with a case fatality rate of 6.8%. Although Khartoum state, the capital, accounts
for majority of the cases, most of the covid-19 related deaths have been reported from other
states. Between November and December 2020, Sudan registered a surge in covid-19 cases, with
a rapid increase from 10 cases per day at the beginning of November to about 200-300 cases a
day in December. However, since end of December 2020, daily covid-19 numbers begun to
steadily decline to a daily average of about 25 cases from the beginning of February 2022.
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1.3 Conceptual framework
knowledge
knowledge,
attitude and
preventive
practices
attitudes
preventive
practices
Figure 1: showing conceptual frame work
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1.4 Justification
It is justify that the virus was first identified and reported from Wuhan city of china in
December, 2019. The SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious, spread globally in a short period of
time and was declared a global pandemic by the world health organization on March 11, 2020.
As of 18th April, 2020, 10:00am CEST; WHO reported more than 2.1 million confirmed cases of
COVID-19,including 142229 deaths in 213 countries, areas or territories. The most affected
countries with more than 30000 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 are the United States of
America, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, China, Iran, Turkey, Belgium, the
Russian Federation, Canada and Brazil. However, the number of cases continue to increase by
time.
1.5 Significances of the study

This study was significant to the researcher since it is leading to the award of diploma in clinical
medicine and public health of Juba Health Science Institute, South Sudan.
According to (Mashige et al, 2021), the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had
significant health and economic impacts largely as a consequence of the key preventive measures
adopted by most countries to minimize the spread of the virus. These measures include partial or
complete lockdowns of economies resulting in temporary closures of airports, businesses,
schools, and social services. The pandemic was a profound shock to societies and economies and
underscores society’s reliance on women both on the front line and at home. The pandemic
simultaneously exposed structural inequalities in health, economy, security and social protection,
and intensified gender inequality in Africa with many women having to work harder than before
while earning even less than they normally would.
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1.6 Research questions
i. What is the knowledge level of household members of block 7 gurie community Juba on
covid-19 prevention?
ii. What are the attitudes of community members of block 7 gurie Juba on covid-19
prevention?
iii. What are the preventive practices of households towards covid-19 in community block 7
gurie Juba?
1.7 Research broad objective

The purpose of the study is to determine the knowledge, attitude and preventive practices of
households towards covid-19 in community block 7 gurie Juba.
1.7.1 Specific objective

i. To assess the knowledge of households towards covid-19 prevention in community block
7 gurie Juba.
ii. To determine the attitudes of households towards covid-19 prevention in community
block 7 gurie Juba.
iii. To find out the preventive practices of households on covid-19 in community block 7
gurie Juba.
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Chapter two
Literature review
2.0 Introduction
This chapter presents information from acknowledged studies related to the study at hand. This
information will be reviewed in relation to the study specific objectives that include; assessing
the knowledge of households towards covid-19 prevention, to determine the attitudes of
households towards covid-9 prevention and to find out the preventive practices of the households
towards covid-19.
2.1 Knowledge on covid-19 prevention

A study carried out on the KAPs toward covid-19 among international students in china by (Wu
et al, 2021), found out that 96% of the respondents had known the mode of spread of the covid-
19 virus. About 96% indicating their awareness of it being highly contagious disease, 93.7% of
the respondents were aware of the fatal risks associated with covid19. 96% showing knowledge
about symptoms of the disease. About 90% of the respondents demonstrating that they held no
misconception; about 72% believed that the virus can be killed by sun, 90% believed that the
virus can be killed by drinking alcohol, 80% believed that the virus cannot infect young people,
with 82% believing that the virus cannot kill people with special genes and only 62% believed
that the virus can contaminate the atmosphere.
According to prabhu et al, (2022) about 83.4% of the candidates in this study agreed that the
infection is spread by virus. Modes of transmission of the spread of the virus is familiar among
participants, including air/droplet spread, via an asymptomatic carrier, shaking hands with an
infected person and from one person to another in the family. Majority of the participants 96.8%
believed that people in crowded places are more vulnerable to covid-19 infection, 87% believed
that senior citizen above 65 years of age are more vulnerable to covid-19 infection. About 74%
of the participants were aware of the availability of vaccine in the market.
According to Raquib et al, 2022, over 89.87% of the participants had positive knowledge on the
symptoms of covid-19; fever 93.5%, dry cough 85.5%, respiratory signs 85.97 and 39.3% on
diarrhea. Majority of the participants 92.1% were aware of the fact that covid-19 can be
18
transmitted through respiratory droplets. 79.5% of the participants knew that covid-19 had no
specific treatment.
According to Ahmed et al, 2020. Utmost 98.8%of the participants believed that covid-19 is a
viral disease and most of them 98.8% agreed that the covid-19 can be transmitted from an
infected to non-infected one regardless of their age, gender or qualification. The majority
reported accurate information on mode of transmission; respiratory droplets 87%, 25.2% on
fecal-oral route. About 67.6% agreed that a covid-19 positive asymptomatic person can transmit
the infection. Most of the participants 96.4% mentioned lungs as a major body part affected by
covid-19. Dry cough 83.6%, shortness of breath 82.4% and fever 83.3% were the major
symptoms selected. Whereas, 24% post graduate knew that all of the given symptoms, dry
cough, shortness of breath, fever, headache, body ache, body rash, sneezing, conjunctivitis and
sore throat were the manifestation of covid-19.
According to Chacon et al, 2021. Found out that 75.3% of the patients agreed that the most
frequent recognized transmission mechanism was by droplets and secretion, 56.7% believed it is
by physical contact with infected person. The most mentioned preventive measures were;
wearing facemasks in public places 79.5%, frequent hand washing practices 66.7%and self-
quarantine 50.7%. More than half of the interviewers 53% believed that Venezuela lacks enough
resources to control the covid-19 infection. 96.7% agreed that quarantine compliance could
decrease the number of cases. 83.3% of the patients agreed the national quarantine should
continue in Venezuela. 83.3% felt that doctors should not work without personal protection
equipment.
According to Abazid et al, 2021. About 89.6% of the participants believed that covid-19 exist,
13.7% but not in the seriousness of the disease, 37% did not believed that covid-19 pandemic is a
biological weapon. About 78.2% believed that covid-19 can affect children. 52.5% do not know
the effect of antihypertensive and 46.5% on hydroxychloroquine on covid-19 infection. 80%
believed that the symptoms of covid-19 might disappear in some cases. More than 78% of the
participants don’t use a mask for more than one time, 14.6% do wear a mask for more than one
time. 89.9% know that the isolation period is 14 days of infected patients. 85.6% of the
participants know most vulnerable group of people to be infected and about 89.5% know
methods of transmission of covid-19 virus.
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According to Bekele et al, 2020. 91.8% of the respondents had heard about covid-19. Though
majority of the respondents thought to avoid touching nose, eye and face with unwashed hands
protect from getting of covid-19, 14% of the respondents do not agreed with this preventive
measure. About 83.9% of the respondents thought that wearing face mask can protect them from
getting the infection of covid-19. Majority of three-fourth of the respondents reported avoiding
hugging with people can protect them from getting the infection of covid-19. More than 93% of
the respondents thought maintaining social distance can protect from getting covid-19 and about
90% of the respondents believed frequent hand washing for 20 seconds can protect from getting
infection of the covid-19 virus. About 26.7% out of all the respondents believed that drinking a
lot of water can protect from getting covid-19.
According Emara et al 2022. In this study, 98.6% of the participants reported droplets as a mode
of transmission of the covid-19. About 97.5% of the participants reported avoiding over crowded
places and avoiding public transportation as a preventive measure to covid-19. The majority of
the respondents were aware of the major clinical symptoms of covid-19.
According to Mustapha et al, 2020. In this study, about 89.6% of the respondents agreed to have
heard about covid-19. About 14% of the respondents claimed to have met infected persons, 2%
claimed to have close relative infected with covid-19. About 88% of the respondents had
knowledge of the symptoms of covid-19, 92% had knowledge of covid-19 mode of transmission.
A study carried out in three urban settings of Yambio, Juba and Maridi in South Sudan by Okaro
et al, 2020. Found out that, about 70% of the respondents agreed that anybody can be infected by
the covid-19 virus, while the rest identified other categories such as; elderly 23%, travelers 16%
and pregnant women 12%. Common symptoms that were identified by the respondents; cough
65%, fever 52% and tiredness 11%. Symptoms like aches and pain 14%, sore throat 21%,
diarrhea 35%, headache 58%, rashes 4% and loss of taste or smell 18% were Lesly identified by
the participants. In terms of serious symptoms, only 31% reported difficulty in breathing and
14% on pain. About 83% of the respondents identified wash your hand regularly with soap and
water, 53% maintain at least 1-2 meter distance between people, avoid shaking hands 56%, and
avoid touching your face 39% and 15% avoid unnecessary travel and staying away from large
groups of people as the preventive measures to covid-19 infection. About 4% of them mentioned
use of hand sanitizer and 6.2% scrub or clean surface.
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2.2 Attitude towards covid-19.
According to Puspitasari et al, (2020), approximately 85% health workers were afraid of being
infected while working, while 60% experienced anxiety when in isolation rooms and intensive
care units. A study on hospital staff in Italy proposed that more than 41% of the respondents
avoided crowded places as a precautionary measure. More than half of the participants (dentist)
55.2 % in Jordan revealed that the symptoms of covid-19 can be resolved over time and thus do
not require special treatment. A total of 74.7% dentist agreed that implementing social distancing
among patients in the clinic and wearing a mask in the waiting room can prevent the spread of
the virus during dentist appointment. However, 21.7% respondents believed that such measures
are not important and do not cause excessive panic. About 82.6% of the dentist reported that they
refrain from handling patients that display covid-19 symptoms, whereas 43.8% dentist preferred
patients with symptoms to visit hospital instead of clinics. 4.6% of the dentist refused to treat
patients with covid-19 symptoms and advised them to leave the clinic. 49.5% dentists confirmed
that they will treat the patient but advise them to visit hospital afterward.
A study on health and non-health students from Jordan indicated that 99.7% of the participants
agreed that hands should be regularly washed for personal hygiene. About 68.4% of the
participants expressed that using masks can prevent viral infection, 81.8% and 79.4% of the
participants agreed that smoking and antibiotics cannot prevent covid-19 respectively. 94.6%
cited that they will divulged if infected with the virus and 93.6% agreed to visit the hospital if
infected.
The study in china on residents as respondents found out that, the residents in general hold an
optimistic attitude toward covid-19 pandemic. 90.8% were hopeful that covid-19 will be
successfully controlled and 97.1% are confident that china will win against the virus.
According to Hathurusinghe et al, (2021), Majority of the participants 81.4% reported a positive
attitude towards the role of health education on covid-19. 72.2% showed an agreeable attitude
towards restricting travel to and from the covid-19 disease –affected areas and 88.8% of them
agreed that the appropriate authorities should be ready to lockdown the city if covid-19 cases
increase. 52.8% of them agreed that mild cases of covid-19 could be treated at home.
According to Bhagavathula et al, (2020), about 89% of the participants reported that they
avoided crowded places to prevent getting covid-19. Sub group analysis found out that medical
21
students 99%and the general population 88% had a positive attitude towards covid-19. More than
95% of the health workers 97.6% and general public 95.9% opinioned that covid-19 patients
should be isolated.
According to Joveini et al, (2021), about 64.5% of the participants agreed that everyone should
wear a mask when leaving home. Moreover 50.7% disagreed that people who were once infected
with coronavirus no longer needed to follow preventive measures. About 46.2% of the
respondents agreed that could stay at home. Also 49.9% of the participants agreed that they
could avoid crowded places.
According Alhajjaj et al, (2020), the vast majority of the participants agreed and supported the
government regulations and the protective measures taken for covid-19 infection control, 94.9%
of them agreed that higher authorities should be informed in case of suspected cases.
According to Goshiye et al, (2020), about 58.0% of participants had a favorable attitude towards
covid-19 with 94.6% accepted to keep distances to prevent covid-19, only 70.5% of the
respondents thought that covid-19 can cause massive fatality in Ethiopia.
According Yesuf et al, (2021), More than half, 63.3% of the participants agreed that handling
covid-19 will be difficult if people or the community are not keeping up with the information
related to prevention.
According to Bukata et al, (2022), Most of the residents 53.4% had poor attitude towards the
implementation of preventive measures against the covid-19 pandemic. About 77.5% and 66.7%
of the respondents had negative attitude towards wearing masks and cannot spreading the virus
to others if they did contracted covid-19 respectively. The majority had a good attitude toward
frequent hand washing with soap and water, use of sanitizers and wearing a mask outside the
house as a preventive measure against covid-19. More than half 79.0% of the study participants
perceived that Ethiopia can win the battle against covid-19. The finding indicated that 46.6% of
the participants had good attitude towards the prevention and control of the covid-19 pandemic.
According to Nwagbara et al, (2021), a study conducted in Cameroon, 73.1% of the participants
believed that they could be infected by health care workers. About 72.0% of the participants
were willing to undergo a voluntary covid-19 test, and 47% of the participants preferred
22
obtaining medical care from house instead of the hospital if tested positive, due to the fear of
being infected in the hospital.
According to obi et al, (2022), about 92.1% of the respondents believe covid-19 is real with
93.9% of the respondents stating that if they protect themselves, they can avoid getting infected.
91.5% of the respondents believed Africa will win the fight against covid-19. 72.3% of the
respondents believed covid-19 is under reported in Africa with 42.1% of the respondents
believing it is as a result of low testing.
2.3 Practices toward Covid-19

According to Alrasheedy et al, (2021), Over 86.6% of the participants did not go out to any
crowded places during these days and 66% reported wearing masks when leaving home.
Moreover, the vast majority of the participants 91% reported that they were following the
strategies recommended by the authorities.
According to Salman et al, (2020), about 37% reported not always covering their nose and mouth
with a tissue during sneezing or coughing, 34.7% reported of not disposing contaminated tissues
into dustbin and about 61% of the health professionals reported of not coughing or sneezing in
the upper sleeve. Around 39% of the participants reported they did not avoid touching their face
with contaminated hands after sneezing or coughing. 56% of the participants reported that they
always washed their hands with soap and water quickly after coughing or sneezing or touching
contaminated objects like tissue papers. 45% of the health professionals reported that they were
using face masks during working hours and crowded places.
According to Zhong et al, (2020), Majority of the participants 96.4% had not visited any
crowded places and 98% of the participants wore masks when going out. Only 3.6% of the
participants had visited crowded places and 2.0% had not worn masks when leaving home.
According to Aravindhan et al, (2021), Most of the participants always practicing enforced
preventive measures. 97.2% of the participants always wears mask, 89.8% of them donot
practice hand washing and 82% maintaining social distance. However, only 61.8% and 49% of
the participants always practice hand washing and seeks medical attention respectively.
According to Naseef et al, (2022), about 97.0% of the respondents washes hands and uses proper
hygiene, 95.9% practices cough etiquette, 93.5% avoided public places and 79.1% maintained
23
safe distance. Furthermore, a study in Saudi Arabia, indicates that the residents are very cautious.
Almost 95% of the respondents refrained from attending social events, 94% avoided crowded
places and 88% avoided shaking hands. The respondents adopted good and safe practices, as a
result of Saudi Arabia’s health authorities providing education and outreach materials to increase
public understanding of the disease and influence behavioral change.
According to Teferi (2021) about 65.5% of the study participants reported that they washed their
hands with soap and water frequently, 71.7% of the respondents had avoided hand shaking,
36.6% of the participants used facemask , 38.1% attending overcrowded places, 55.2% didn’t
clean frequently touched surfaces and object, 29.9% didn’t practice physical distance. 40.9% had
gone to crowded places and 63.3% didn’t used facemask when leaving their home. 75.0%
respondents used sterilizers before and after touching inanimate object.
According to Wamugi et al, (2021) a study carried out in Kenya, nearly all the respondents 99%
avoided unnecessary travel, 98% wash hands frequently and 97% avoided crowded places.
Among those that reported they donot always wash hands with soap and water more frequently
n=397, the main barriers were; cannot afford extra water 21.4% or there was no water in
community 16.4% or in house 16.1%. Apparently 192 of them reported no barrier at all,
representing 48%. About98% reported wearing masks while going out. When asked about the
type of mask they owned, 42% reported using surgical mask with more female reporting using
such mask compared to men p=0.009 while majority 67% uses cloth masks.
According to Asemshagn, (2020), about 62% of the health workers had good prevention practice
towards covid-19. 82% of the health workers regularly practice hand washing or alcohol-based
sanitizer and 80% wearing masks. Similarly, 68% of the health workers frequently cover their
mouth and nose while sneezing and about 58% of them disposed of the covering materials they
used during sneezing properly to the dustbin. 58% avoided handshaking, 56% avoided shoulder
kissing and 54% avoided touching mouth/nose/eye with unwashed hands. 29% of the health
workers always uses disinfectants.
According to Ngwewondo et al, (2020) all the respondents uses masks 100%. 94.5% of the
respondents washes hand and use sanitizers, 83, 8% practices social distancing or donot go to
crowded places, while 52% of the respondents wears face masks outside. About 74.6% eat citrus
fruit and take vitamin c tablets as what they eat as preventive measure and about 35.9% resort to
24
traditional concoctions, auto medications like chloroquine 4, 4% and 5.6% paracetamol and
ibuprofen. 60.8% of respondents were taking good practices, like avoiding crowded places,
wearing masks, washing hands and using sanitizers, taking vitamin c and citrus fruit.
According to UNICEF (2020), hand washing, covering mouth and nose while
coughing/sneezing, avoiding close contact with suspected cases are good practices exhibited by
the respondents in South Sudan. About 86% of the respondents in this study visited crowded
places, markets are the most visited places followed by health centers. Among the elderly
population; visits to church/mosque and wedding/funerals are higher compared to national
average. 65% respondents donot have a facemask, 83 % indicates wearing a face mask as they
own it seen among vulnerable population with lower uptake among ignorant communities. Other
studies indicate significantly lower uptake of wearing facemasks among venders in markets and
service providers compared to the general population in South Sudan. 43% men own a facemask
compared to 29% women.
25
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter consists of the methodology of the study with a specific focus on the study
design/type (state and justify the chosen design), study area, study population, sample size,
sampling techniques, quality control/pre-test, data analysis and presentation, ethical
consideration and study limitations.
3.1 Study Design

The area of the study i
The study design will be descriptive cross-sectional research design, to determine knowledge,
attitude and preventive practices towards covid-19, which involves both quantitative and
qualitative study methods that shall be used to collect and represent data to give information on
the study topic.
3.2 Study Area

s Gurei Block 7. It is located in the western part of juba city along Mundri road. It is 6 kilometers
from Juba town. The area has two seasons in a year i.e. Wet and dry season, normally dry season
starts from November up to march while wet season from April to October. The community in
this area is from whole of South Sudan but most of them are from the Bari community. The most
common spoken language is Juba Arabic though some few speaks their various local languages.
Most of the people are Christians though some few are from Islamic region.
3.3 Study Population

The study is designed to recruit a population of households living in Gurei block 7
3.4 Sample Size Determination

This study will use Fischer formula to determine the sample size of the study and is calculated
using the formula
2
Z pq
n= 2
d
26
Where n= desired sample size
z= standard normal deviation 1.96 at confidence level of 95%
p= the proportion in the target population to have characteristic being measured 0.5
d= degree of accuracy desired usually set at 0.05
q= 1.0-p =0.5
Hence n= (1.96)2x0.5x0.5
0.052
n= 384.16 = 384
Since population is less than 10,000, the following method was adopted.
n
nf =
1+(n/ N )
Where n= desired sample size less than 10,000; =58
nf= desired sample size less than 10,000
384
nf =
1+(384 /58)
nf= 50 respondents.
Due to limited resources the researcher decided to use 50 respondents only in the interview.
3.5 Sampling Procedure/Technique

The researcher will use simple random sampling technique in order to avoid sampling biases that
result from sampling the size of the investigation.
27
3.6 Study Variables
Dependent variables Independent variables
Study to determine the The knowledge towards covid-19 prevention.
knowledge, attitude and
The attitude towards covid-19 prevention.
preventive practices towards
covid-19 in community block The preventive practices towards covid-19.
7 Gurie Juba.
Table 1: showing study variables
3.7 Data Collection Tools/Research Instrument.

The researcher will use questionnaires as data collection tools. The researcher will adopt a
questionnaire with both closed ended and open ended questions for the purpose of the collecting
data.
3.8 Data Collection Techniques

Data collection process will take one week. Data was collected by the researcher himself and
facilitated by use of questionnaires. They were distributed to the required respondents where the
researcher explain the purpose of the study before answering any question and their respondents
were assured of confidentiality of the information they will give.
3.9 Data analysis and presentation.

Data analysis such as totals and percentage will be used for analysis.
MS Excel 2007 will be used to perform calculations and then transferred to word document. The
results will be given in general outline of findings and according to specific objectives.
Presentations will be given in tables, graphs and charts.
3.10 Ethical Considerations.

Permission to carry out the research was granted by the national ministry of health, through the
principal of JHSI Juba, the researcher will explain to the respondents about the research and that
the study was made for academic purposes only. It will be made clear that the participation is
voluntary and the respondents are free to decline or withdraw any time during the research
period. Respondents will not be forced in to participating in the study. The participants will be
inform to make their choice to participate or not. They will be guaranteed that their privacy will
be protected by strict standard of anonymity.
28
3.11 Study Limitations.
 Attitude of rejecting to participate by some respondents.
 Language barrier is another limitation that can hinder the performance of the research since
south Sudanese have many different languages.
 Bad weather condition.
3.12 Dissemination.
After report writing, four copies will be produce. The distribution will be as follows; one copy to
be summited to JHSI, the second copy to the supervisor, and the third copy will be given to the
state ministry of health, while the fourth copy will be retained by the researcher for personal
reference.
29
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among Jimma town residents: a community-based cross-sectional study. Front. Public
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2519. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2021.169.
12. Goshiye et al (2020). Knowledge, attitude and practice towards covid-19 among mothers
in Dessie town, Northeast Ethiopia, 2020. Hindawi interdisciplinary perspectives on
infectious diseases. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4377460
13. Hathurusinghe et al, (2021), a study on knowledge, attitude and practices towards the
covid-19 pandemic among the non-covid-19 patients at outpatient department in a
teaching hospital, Northern Sri Lanka. J family Med prime care 2021; 10:3772-9.
https://doi.10.4103/jFmpc-552-21
14. Joveini et al, (2021). Investigating Iranians attitude, practice and perceived self-efficacy
towards covid-19 prevention behaviors: 1874-9445/22: https://doi.10.2174/18749445-
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the youth in Kenya. Research square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-34861/v3
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novel corona virus (covid-19) in Yobe state, Northeast Nigeria: international journal of
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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008700
31
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of urban communities in South Sudan: Amref health Africa. www.amef.org
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among health professionals of Punjab province of Pakistan. The journal of infection in
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pandemic in Ethiopia: Arc chin microbial vol.12 No.2:145. https://www.acmicrob.com
27. UNICEF South Sudan (2020). Covid-19 knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) survey
exploratory analysis. https://enketo.ona.10/x/HQnkjas0c
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IgG in Juba, south Sudan, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol.27, No.6 June 2021.
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29. Wu et al (2021), knowledge, attitude and preventive practices towards covid-19 among
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http://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.s291199
32
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toward covid-19 among preparatory school students in Southwest Ethiopia, 2021. PLoS
ONE 17(1):e0262907. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262907.
31. Zhong et al, (2020). Knowledge, attitude and practice towards covid-19 among Chinese
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https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45221
33
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: RESEARCH WORK PLAN
S/No. Activity June Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March Apri May
&
July
1 Topic selection
2 Topic approval
3 Proposal
writing
4 Proposal
submission
5 Proposal
marking
6 Data collection
7 Analysis and
supervision
8 Discussion and
supervision
9 Conclusion
and
supervision
10 Dissertation
and
submission
34
Table 2: showing research work plan.
APPENDIX II: RESEARCH BUDGET.
Item/Activity Qty Rate Amount (ssp)
Stationary
Ream of papers ruled 1 3,500 3,500
Pens 4 150 600
Eraser 1 200 200
Printing 65 50 3,250
Ream of Photocopying papers 1 3,500 3,500
Internet charges ___ ___ 40,000
Photocopying 65 40 2,600
Typing 65 200 13,000
Literature search 15,000
Library Charges 30 500 15,000
Lap top 1 125,000 125,000
Travelling Fare ___ ___ 15,000
Flash disk 1 3,500 3,500
Miscellaneous Expenses __ __ 40,000
Totals 283,550 ssp
35
Table 2: showing research budget
QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Respondent
Am SAMUEL KENYI KALA, a student of Juba Health Science Institute pursuing a diploma in
clinical medicine and public health? As a requirement for the course a research study is supposed
to be carried out to fulfill the course. You are invited to participate in the study entitled,
―Knowledge, Attitude and preventive Practices towards covid-19 among households of
community block 7 Gurie. The information you provide will be confidential and strictly used for
research purposes only. Your time and cooperation will be highly appreciated.
SECTION A: Background information

1. What is your gender? a) Male b) Female
2. How old are you? A) 18-25 years b) 26-36 years
c) 37-45 years d) 46 years and above
3. What is your current Marital Status? a) Married b) Unmarried c) Separated

d) Divorced e) Widowed f) Others, (specify)
……………………….
4. What is your occupation? a) House wife b) Civil servant c)

Self-employed d) Student e) Unemployed
f) Others, (specify)…………………………
5. What is your level of education? a) No formal education b) Primary

c) Secondary d) Tertiary education e) Others, (specify)
…………………………………………………………………………….
SECTION B: Knowledge on covid-19 prevention among the community

members
1. Have you ever receive any formal training on covid-19 preventive measures?
a) Yes (b) No
36
If yes from where
a. Family member
d. NGO
c. Friends
d. Media
e. Health worker
f. Any other
2. Do you know that wearing a face mask in the public can protect you from getting infected
with covid-19?
(a) Yes (b) No
3. Do you know that avoiding crowded places can protect you from getting exposed to covid-19?
(a)Yes (b) No
4. Do you know that regular hand washing can prevent one from getting covid-19?
(a) Yes (b) No
5. Do you know that avoiding handshaking can protect one from getting exposed to covid-19?
(a) Yes (b) No
6. Do you know that avoiding unnecessary travelling can limit spread of covid-19?
(a) Yes (b) No
7. Do you know that the use of hand sanitizer can prevent one form getting infected with covid-
19?
(a) Yes (b) No
SECTION C: Attitudes on covid-19 preventive measures among the

community members
1. Do you think that maintaining social distance was a good health practice in preventing covid-
19?
37
(a) Agreed (b) don’t agreed
2. Do you think wearing a face masks in the public can protect from getting covid-19?
3. Do you think regular hand washing was a good health practice against covid-19?
4. Do you think the used of regularly hand sanitizer can limit covid-19 infection?
5. Do you think avoidance of hand shaking limits covid-19 spread?
(a) Agreed (b) don’t agreed .
SECTION D: Practices among the community members on covid-19

preventive methods. The researcher will use the observation checklist below
on issues regarding respondents ‘practices towards covid-19 prevention.
1. Do you wear a mask in crowded or public places?
(a) Always (b) sometimes (c) don’t know
2. Do you keep a distance (physical distance) in a crowded or public places?
3. Do you use hand sanitizer in a crowded or public places?
4. Do you wash your hands after going to a crowded or public places?
(a) Always (b) sometime (c) don’t know
5. Do you change your clothes after going to a crowded or public places?
6. Do you carry out a campaign to prevent the spread of covid-19 through social media?
38
39
Chapter four
4.0 Introduction
In this chapter, the study presented and discussed the characteristics of the sample selected,
finding of the study based on the data collected from the respondents linking it with the review
of the related literature. In presenting the findings, percentages and tables were used to quantify
and present the findings. The findings were presented under several headings.
The purpose was to present information on how research data were analyzed and what
information was obtained. Only fifty (50) respondents participated in the study.
4.1 Findings on the social demographic characteristics of the respondents.
Gender
Male; 48%
Female; 52%
Figure 4.1.1 showing social demographic characteristics of the respondents.

Majority of the respondents were females 26(52%) compared to males 24(48%).
40
Table 4.1.2: shows the age of the respondents.
Variables Frequency Percentage
18-25 years 15 30
26-36 years 20 40
37-45 years 10 20
46 years and above 5 10
Total 50 100
Source: field data 2022/2023
The majority of the respondents were between the age of 26-36 years with 20(40%) followed by
18-25 years with 15(30%) and the least is 46 years and above with 5(10%).
frequency percentage Column1

26
18
5
52%
36%
10%
1
2%
m ar r i ed u n m ar r i ed d i v o r c ed w i d o w ed /w i d o w er
Figure 4.1.3 showing marital status of the respondents
The majority of the respondents were married 26(52%) followed by 18(36%) were unmarried
while the least 1(2%) divorced.
Table 4.1.4: Shows the occupation of the respondents.

41
House wives 16 32
Civil servants 5 10
Self-employed 23 46
Unemployed 3 6
Student 3 6
Others 0 0
Total 50 100
Source: field data 2022 / 2023
The majority of the respondents were self-employed 23(46%) followed by 116(32%)
unemployed while the least 3(6%) were unemployed and students respectively.
respondents level of education
10%
secondary
36% primary
22% no formal education
tertiary
32%
4.1.5 Showing respondents levels of education.

The majority of the respondents had secondary Education 18 (36%), followed by primary
education 16(32%) and the least had tertiary education 5(10%)
42
4.2 Findings on the knowledge of the respondents towards covid-19 prevention
in Gurei block 7
respondents formal training about

covid-19 prevention
34%
66%
Figure 4.2.1 showing respondent’s formal training about covid-19 prevention
The majority of the respondents had formal training on covid-19 prevention 33 (66%) while 17
(34%) had no formal training about covid-19 prevention.
Table 4.2.2: Shows the respondents source of information on formal training on covid-19
prevention.
Family member 7 14
Non-governmental organization 8 16
Friend 3 6
Media 3 6
Health worker 10 20
Any other 2 4
Total 50 100
Source: field data 2022-2023
The majority of the respondents got the information from health workers 10 (20%) followed by
non-governmental organization 8(16%) and the least got from other sources 2(4%).
43
Table 4.2.3: Shows respondents knowledge on facemask wearing in public
Yes 39 78
No 11 22
Total 50 100
Source: field date 2022/2023
The majority of the respondents had knowledge on facemask wearing 39(78%), while 11(22%)
didn’t knew that facemask wearing can prevent covid-19
respondents knowledge on avoiding crowded places
44%
56%
yes no
Figure 4.2.4 showing whether respondents had known avoiding crowded places
The majority of the respondents knew that avoiding crowded places can prevent exposure to
covid-19 28(56%) while 22(44%) didn’t knew that avoiding crowded places can prevent covid-
19.
Table 4.2.5: Shows respondents knowledge on regular hand washing.

Yes 32 64
No 18 36
Total 50 100
Source: field data 2022-2023
44
The majority the respondents knew that regular hand washing can prevent covid-19 32 (64%),
while 18 (36%) didn’t knew that regular hand washing can prevent covid-19
respondents knowledge on avoiding

handshaking
yes
42%
2nd Qtr
58%
Figure 4.2.6: Showing the respondent’s knowledge on avoiding handshaking.

The majority of the respondents knew that avoiding handshaking can prevent covid-19 29(58%),
while 21(42%) didn’t know that avoiding handshaking can prevent covid-19
Table 4.2.7: Shows whether the respondents knew that avoiding unnecessary travel can
prevent covid-19
Yes 42 84
No 8 16
Total 50 100
Source: field data 2022/2023
The majority of the respondents knew that avoiding unnecessary travel can prevent covid-19 42
(84%), while 8(16) didn’t knew that avoiding unnecessary travel
45
respondents knowledge on the use of hand
sanitizer
yes
24% no
76%
Figure 4.2.8 showing respondents knowledge on the use of hand sanitizer

The majority of the respondents knew that the used of hand sanitizer can prevent covid-19 38
(76%), while 12 (24%) didn’t know that the used of hand sanitizer can prevent covid-19.
46
4.3: Findings of attitudes of the respondents on covid-19 preventive measures
among the community members.
respondents attitude towards maintaining

social distance
agreed
don’t agreed
46%
54%
Figure 4.3.1 showing respondents attitudes towards maintaining social distance

The majority of the respondents had positive attitudes towards maintaining social distance
27(54%) while 23(46%) had negative attitudes.
Table 4.3.2: Shows respondents attitude toward wearing facemask in public

Agreed 37 74
Don’t agreed 13 26
Total 50 100
Source: Field data 2022 / 2023
The majority of the respondents had positive attitudes toward facemask wearing in public
37(74%) while 13(26%) had negative attitude.
47
attitude towards regular hand washing
16%
agreed
don’t agreed
84%
Figure 4.3.3 showing respondents attitudes towards regular hand washing

The majority of the respondents had positive attitude towards regular hand washing 42(84%)
while 8(16%) had negative attitude.
Table 4.3.4: Shows respondents attitude towards used of hand sanitizer

Agreed 36 72%
Don’t agreed 14 28%
Total 50 100
Source: Field data 2022/ 2023
Majority of the respondents had positive attitudes towards the used of hand sanitizer 36(72%)
while 14(28%) had negative attitudes.
48
attitudes towards avoidance of hand shaking
agreed
don’t agreed
46%
54%
Figure 4.2.5 showing respondents attitudes on avoidance of hand shaking.
Majority of the respondents had positive attitude on avoidance of hand shaking 27(54%) while
23(46%) had negative attitude.
49
4.4 Findings on practices among the community members on water
purification methods.
whether respondents wears facemask in crowded places

70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
always sometime don’t know
Figure 4.4.1 showing if respondents do wear facemask in public places.
The majority of the respondents wear facemask occasionally 32(64%), followed by 15(30%) that
always wears facemask, the least 3(6%) don’t put on facemask.
Table 4.4.2: Shows whether respondents maintained physical distance in public places
Always 28 56
Sometimes 20 40
Don’t 2 4
Total 50 100
The majority of the respondents always maintained physical distance 28(56%), followed by
respondent that sometimes maintained physical distance 20(40%), and 2 (4%) don’t maintained
physical distance.
50
respondents that used hand sanitizers
8%
always
36% sometimes
don’t
56%
Figure 4.4.3 shows if the respondents had used hand sanitizer in public
The majority of the respondents had sometime used hand sanitizer in public places, while 36% of
the respondents always uses hand sanitizer in public places, only 8% of the respondents don’t use
hand sanitizer.
Table 4.4.4: Shows whether respondents washed hands regularly with soap and water
Variables Frequency Percentages
Always 25 50
Sometimes 20 40
Don’t 5 10
Total 50 100
Majority of the respondents always washed hands with water and soap 25(50%), followed by
20(40%) sometimes washed hands with water and soap, 5(10%) don’t wash hands with water
and soap.
51
respondents that changes clothes after going
out
20% always
sometimes
don’t
50%
30%
Figure 4.4.5 shows respondents that changes clothes after going out
The majority of the respondents don’t change clothes after going out 25(50%), while about
15(30%) sometimes changes clothes, and 10(20%) always changes clothes after going out as a
preventive practice
Table 4.4.6: Shows whether respondents do carry out campaign on covid-19 prevention on
social media.
Always 32 64
Sometimes 8 16
Don’t 10 20
Total 50 100
Source: Field data 2022/ 2023
The majority of the respondents always do carryout campaign on social media on covid-19
prevention 32(64%), 8(16%) sometimes do carryout campaign while about 10(20%) of the
respondents don’t carry out campaign to prevent covid-19 on social media
52
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSIONS
5.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the discussions of results. They are based on study findings in relation to
the study specific objectives.
5.1: Findings on the socio demographic data of the community members

This study found out that most 26 (52%) of the respondents were females and 20 (40%) were
between 26-36 years. This implied that they were old enough to provide knowledge about covid-
19 preventive measures. There were 26 (52%) of the respondents who were married and 18
(36%) were unmarried. Most of the respondents are self-employed 23 (46%) and 11 (22%) were
unemployed. Respondents had secondary Education as reported by 18 (36%) and 16 (32%) of
the respondents had primary Education. This could have affected their level of understanding the
different information disseminated through the different channels.
5.2: Findings on the knowledge on covid-19 prevention measures among

community members.
The findings of this study demonstrates that out of the 50 respondents interviewed, the majority
of the community members had heard formal training about covid-19 prevention as reported by
33(66%) of the respondents thought the respondents sources of information on covid-19
prevention were; 10 (20%) health worker, 8 (16%) non-governmental organization, 7(14%)
family members while 2(4%) any other. About 39(78%) of the community members understood
that wearing facemasks in public helps so much to prevent covid-19 since it spreads through
respiratory droplets, they believed this method was easier than avoiding crowded places. In
contrary to a study carried by (Bekele et al, 2020) reported that 286 (83.9%) of the respondents
thought that wearing face mask can protect from getting the infection of covid-19. Despite that,
11(22%) of the community members have little knowledge on the use of facemask, they
understood that wearing facemasks makes breathing difficult.
More than half of the members 28 (56%) understood that avoiding crowded places could protect
covid-19 as compared to (prabhu et al, 2022), reported that 96.8% of the participants believed
that people in crowded places are more vulnerable to covid-19 infection. Despite that, almost
half 22 (44%) of the community members didn’t have the right knowledge on avoiding crowded
53
places, with majority reported going out to market places as it was reported earlier that majority
of the participants were self-employed 23(46%) and market was the only source of getting food.
some reported attending funerals and gathering while eating when at home. This shows that the
respondents have little understanding on avoiding crowded places.
Regular hand washing with soap and water or ashes was the mostly known method reported by
the community members as reported by 32 (64%) of the respondents similar to research by
(Kedote et al, 2020) reported that hand washing with soap and water was the most reported
preventive measure by 87.5% of cases and 90.87% of controls. This method was practiced
during the outbreak of cholera in 2014, the community members had at least used this method
before the outbreak of covid-19. Due to scarcity of water in juba 16(36%) of the members
believed this method wastes water and money and believed this method can’t kill the virus. This
shows that a quarter of respondents had poor knowledge on regular hand washing with soap and
water.
Furthermore, 29 (58%) of the members understood that avoidance of handshaking could prevent
exposure to covid-19, although 21(42%) of the participants understood that shaking hand is
common norm practiced within the community as a way of showing respect, this shows that
almost half of the participants had low understanding on avoiding hand shaking similar to
(Kedote et al, 2020) reported that 7.69% and controls (13.95%) often shook hands.
Majority of the respondents 42 (84%) reported that avoiding unnecessary travel can limit the
spread of covid-19. This data shows that people are informed about covid-19. However, due to
lack of covid-19 cases and morbidity, some believed that their area is free from the disease thus
limits their movement to other places of high cases and morbidity. Similar to report by (Okaro et
al, 2020) a study carried out in three urban settings of Yambio, Juba and Maridi in South Sudan.
Reported that 15% of the members avoided unnecessary travel and staying away from large
groups of people as the preventive measures to covid-19 infection.
In absence of hand washing practice, 38 (76%) understood that the use of regular hand sanitizer
could prevent covid-19 infection.
54
5.3: Findings on the attitude of the respondents in gurie block 7 community
This study found out that 27 (54%) of the respondents agreed that maintaining social distance in
public places could prevent covid-19. Similar to (Goshiye et al, 2020), reported that about 58.0%
of participants had a favorable attitude towards covid-19 with 94.6% accepted to keep distances
to prevent covid-19. However, almost half of the respondents 23 (46%) agreed that this method
cannot prevent the spread of covid-19. Respondents were seen having meals in closed contact,
hugging and interacting in a short distance with friends and family members. The cost of using
boda boda, makes it difficult for members to avoid public means. , this shows that majority of the
community members had negative attitude towards maintaining social distance in public or when
with friends/family members.
More than half 34 (74%) of the respondents agreed that wearing facemask in public places could
prevent covid-19. Many of the respondents had a good knowledge on how the virus spreads (via
respiratory droplets), they believed this method is capable of preventing the virus. Similar to a
research by (Joveini et al, 2021), about 64.5% of the participants agreed that everyone should
wear a mask when leaving home. Only 13 (26%) of the respondents didn’t agreed that wearing
facemask could prevent covid-19 instantly, but rather mentioned other methods like drinking
alcohol with a believed that only alcohol can kill a virus.
Furthermore, majority 42 (84%) of the respondents agreed that regular hand washing with water
and soap can prevent covid-19 and other diseases like cholera and typhoid, they said it’s not their
first time to hear about this method. In absence of soap they were able to mentioned ashes, this
shows that majority of the respondents had a positive attitude towards regular hand washing and
good knowledge on hand washing practice. Similar to report by (Puspitasari et al, 2020) a study
on health and non-health students from Jordan indicated that 99.7% of the participants agreed
that hands should be regularly washed for personal hygiene. At least 8 (16%) disagreed to
regular hand washing, with claim that this method wastes water and it’s expensive to afford soap
on regular basis.
55
More than half 36 (72%) of the members thought that the used of regular hand sanitizer can limit
covid-19 spread. majority of members were aware of the mode of transmission of the virus and
the practice of hand hygiene like, regular hand washing with water and soap. Some believed in
absence of hand washing basis, the use of hand sanitizer is basic. This shows that majority of the
respondents had positive attitude towards the use of hand sanitizer. Similar to a report by (Bukata
et al, 2022), shows that majority of respondents had a good attitude toward frequent hand
washing with soap and water, use of sanitizers and wearing a mask outside the house as a
preventive measure against covid-19. Despite that, 14 (28%) didn’t agreed to the used of hand
sanitizer, the workload of carrying hand sanitizer from place to place and the cost of buying it
gave them negative attitudes toward the use of regular hand sanitizer.
On behalf of washing hand and use of hand sanitizer, more than half 27 (54%) of the participants
thought that avoidance of hand shaking practice limits covid-19 spread. Due to cultural norms
practice on daily basis, hand shaking is one of the cultural norms practice within community to
show respect to others. Almost half 23 (46%) didn’t agreed to avoidance of hand shaking. They
believed it’s impossible to avoid hand shaking. This shows that almost half of the respondents
had negative attitude towards avoidance of hand shaking.
5.4: Findings on the practices among the community members on covid-19

prevention.
The result of the study indicates that majority 32 (64%) of the respondents do not always wears
facemask in public or when leaving their homes which was not right because this was a key
preventive measure to contain the spread of the virus in the instance that people need to leave the
home, and is therefore concerning that the use is not as widespread as the awareness of the
disease with only 15 (30%) of the respondents who reported to at least have worn facemask
when leaving home during the pandemic. 3 (6%) of the respondents reported to have not worn
facemask when leaving home, when asked why? They said they don’t have it. Some said it was
costly to afford it, facemasks distributed for free by some non-governmental organization were
seen in the market places been sold to people. Similar to report by (Teferi, 2021) shows that
36.6% of the participants uses facemasks when leaving home, majority of the respondents 63.3%
didn’t used facemask when leaving their home.
56
Although, more than half 28(56%) of the respondents reported to have at least maintained social
distance when in crowded places. Similar to a report by (Ngwewondo et al, 2020) shows that 83.
8% of the participants practices social distancing or donot go to crowded places. almost half of
the respondents 20 (40%) reported that sometimes they practiced social distance when in
crowded places, still some were seen having close interaction, hugging and having meals in close
contact with friends and when at home and 2(4%) neither kept physical distance in public places.
On the use of hand sanitizer in crowded places, 18(36%) of the respondents always uses hand
sanitizer similar to a research by (Asemshagn, 2020), reported that 82% of the health workers
regularly practice hand washing or alcohol-based sanitizer. more than half of the respondents
28(56%) do not use hand sanitizers regularly, with reports suggesting that many do not own hand
sanitizers but uses it when available and about 4 (8%) never used hand sanitizer, with reports
suggesting that it was expensive to afford but rather prefer hand washing with water and soap.
Nonetheless, access to water sources continued to be hindered by the increases in water prices.
Given the water requirements for sanitation as a key covid-19 prevention method, this could
have hindered household’s capacity to adopt to these strategies in survey locations. Of which 20
(40%) could report at least three of the six critical times to wash hands, this shows that they
don’t practiced hand washing regularly. Similar to water access, sufficient access to soap was
predominantly hindered by financial constraints. Half 25 (50%) of the respondents reported
washing their hands, similar to report by (Wamugi et al, 2021) shows those that reported they
donot always wash hands with soap and water more frequently n=397, the main barriers were;
cannot afford extra water 21.4% or there was no water in community 16.4% or in house 16.1%.
Apparently 192 of them reported no barrier at all, representing 48%. This method was practiced
during the outbreak of cholera in 2014, the community members had at least had used this
method before covid-19 outbreak.
Furthermore, 10(20%) of respondents reported that they changes clothes after going out to avoid
getting exposed to the infection, with believed that the virus can be found on clothes especially
when gotten exposed to someone with the infection. This might be right but not an identified
cause of covid-19 reported by the ministry of health or WHO. Half 25 (50%) of the respondents
reported that they don’t change clothe after going out to crowded places, they reported practicing
other methods reported by the ministry of health, like; regular hand washing, avoiding shaking
57
hands, avoiding close contact, etc. 15 (30%) of the members reported that they change clothes
only when gotten in touch with anyone after going out or when gotten in touch with someone
they suspect to have the infection, mainly people that had (flu, cough and sneezes) a lot was
their main suspect.
Majority of the respondents 32 (64%) had at least carried out campaign to prevent covid-19 via
social media platforms mainly Facebook, this is the main social media platform used by many
within the country. During the lockdown period, many uses this platform to pass out information,
interact with family members and friends within and abroad. This shows that 32 (64%) of the
members uses this platform as well to carry out campaign against covid-19, other platform used
were; whatsapp, twitter, messenger. 8 (16%) of the members reported to carry out the campaign
to prevent covid-19 via social media platform sometimes when they were ready. Rate of
charging phone, airtime and limited asses to charging places during the lockdown period
hindered their time to carry out the campaign to prevent covid-19, rather prefer to teach people
on how to contact themselves during the pandemic period. 10 (20%) of the respondents don’t
carry out campaign on social media to prevent covid-19. This was seen in an aged group of (46
and above) reported by people without phones or with small phone, many at this age group were
illiterate.
58
Chapter Six
Conclusion and Recommendation
6.0 Introduction
This chapter includes; the major findings of the study and the suggested solutions to the
problems found in the study.
6.1 Conclusion
The study concluded that the majority of the respondents were females, 26-36 years, and
married, self-employed with low levels of education. It has also demonstrated that most of the
respondents had received formal training about covid-19 prevention through health workers.
They were also aware of the ideal of wearing facemasks when leaving their homes. Most of
respondents knew that avoiding unnecessary travel and avoiding crowded places would prevent
the spread of the virus. Also most knew about regular hand washing with soap and water, and
use of hand sanitizer.
The respondents also believed maintaining social distance will limit the spread of the virus, the
community members had good attitude towards wearing facemask because they believed it block
the virus from entering the respiratory airway, they also believed that it is ideal to always wash
hands with soap and water. Majority of the respondents believed that the use hand sanitizers
prevent the spread of the disease.
The community members practice wearing facemask when leaving home. Most of the
respondents kept a distance when in crowded places. Majority uses hand sanitizer, in absence of
hand sanitizer, may practice washing hands with soap and water. There were poor practices
among the community members on changing clothes after going out to crowded places because
they had not believed this can prevent the virus. About carrying out campaign to prevent covid-
19 via social platform, majority of the respondents uses Facebook to carryout campaign against
covid-19.
59
6.2 Recommendations
6.2.1 Government (Ministry of Health)
 Should emphasize education talks on the preventive measures towards covid-19. This should
emphasize the way of contact, hand hygiene, presences of the vaccine and vaccine uptake.
This should be done over the different media channels such as radios, televisions and
newspapers that are accessible to the general community.
 They should avail preventive measures to the community at cost friendly terms. They should
provide facemasks at lower costs and provide hand washing containers at public places for
free.
6.2.2 Health workers

 Should educate the community members about the way how the virus spreads and clearly
identify to them the best methods to use.
 Should make reports to the Ministry of health and the central government so that efforts are
done to avail preventive methods to the people.
 Should carry out community outreaches on the preventive methods of covid-19. They
should educate them on the safety of avoiding large groups and the dangers of hand shaking.
6.2.3 Local administrators

 Should pioneer education talks to the community members on how to prevent covid-19,
because they have better access and authority to them than any administrator in the
central government.
 Should penalize community members who still stays in large groups.
6.2.4 Community members

 Community members should equally seek medical help in cases of illness
 Should change their perception that their areas are free from covid-19 and decline the
preventive measures.
 Should engage in the maintenance of physical distance when in public places.
 Should be able to provide hand washing containers around home.
 Should always wears facemask when leaving home.
 Should change the habit of hand shaking to waving.
 Should always report suspected cases immediately to the ministry of health, by calling 6666
toll free line.
60
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A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND

PREVENTIVE PRACTICES OF HOUSEHOLDS TOWARDS COVID-19 IN

SAMUEL KENYI KALA KALA

REG NO: CO/D/343/2020.

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

A Research Proposal Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for

Samuel Kenyi Kala Kala

Candidate’s Name ………………………

1.1 Background of the study

Figure 1: showing conceptual frame work

1.5 Significances of the study

1.7 Research broad objective

1.7.1 Specific objective

2.1 Knowledge on covid-19 prevention

2.3 Practices toward Covid-19

3.1 Study Design

3.2 Study Area

3.3 Study Population

3.4 Sample Size Determination

z= standard normal deviation 1.96 at confidence level of 95%

d= degree of accuracy desired usually set at 0.05

Where n= desired sample size less than 10,000; =58

nf= desired sample size less than 10,000

3.5 Sampling Procedure/Technique

3.7 Data Collection Tools/Research Instrument.

3.8 Data Collection Techniques

3.9 Data analysis and presentation.

3.10 Ethical Considerations.

APPENDIX II: RESEARCH BUDGET.

Item/Activity Qty Rate Amount (ssp)

Ream of papers ruled 1 3,500 3,500

Pens 4 150 600

Eraser 1 200 200

Ream of Photocopying papers 1 3,500 3,500

Internet charges ___ ___ 40,000

Typing 65 200 13,000

Literature search 15,000

Library Charges 30 500 15,000

Lap top 1 125,000 125,000

Travelling Fare ___ ___ 15,000

Flash disk 1 3,500 3,500

Miscellaneous Expenses __ __ 40,000

Totals 283,550 ssp

SECTION A: Background information

2. How old are you? A) 18-25 years b) 26-36 years

c) 37-45 years d) 46 years and above

3. What is your current Marital Status? a) Married b) Unmarried c) Separated

4. What is your occupation? a) House wife b) Civil servant c)

5. What is your level of education? a) No formal education b) Primary

SECTION B: Knowledge on covid-19 prevention among the community

(a) Yes (b) No

(a) Yes (b) No

(a) Yes (b) No

(a) Yes (b) No

SECTION C: Attitudes on covid-19 preventive measures among the

(a) Agreed (b) don’t agreed

(a) Agreed (b) don’t agreed

(a) Agreed (b) don’t agreed

5. Do you think avoidance of hand shaking limits covid-19 spread?

(a) Agreed (b) don’t agreed .

SECTION D: Practices among the community members on covid-19

(a) Always (b) sometimes (c) don’t know

Internet charges _ _ 40,000

Travelling Fare _ _ 15,000

Miscellaneous Expenses 40,000