DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY

COLLEGEOF HEALTH SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MIDWIFERY

ASSESSMENT OF PARENT-ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION ON

SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MATTERS AMONG
TEWODROS SECODARY AND PREPARATORY SCHOOL IN DEBRE
TABOR TOWN, NORTH-CENTRAL ETHIOPIA, APRIL, 2022

BY: TOYBA YASIN

ADVISOR:
 ANTENEH MENGIST (BSc, MPH)

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSTY,

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, AND MIDWIFERY DEPARTMENT IN
PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUEMENT FOR THE BACHELOR
DEGREE IN MIDWIFERY.
 APRIL,
2022
DEBRETABOR, ETHIOPIA

Acknowledgement
I am very grateful to God who always helps me in all conditions I pass. I am indebted to extend
my earnest thanks to Anteneh (BSC, MSC), my advisors, for his enriching and critical comments
and suggestions for the preparation of this research proposal. I am very glad to extend my thanks
to Debre Tabor University collage of health science for giving a chance to do this study.

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................ii
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................................iii
List of tables....................................................................................................................................v
List of figures...................................................................................................................................v
Abbreviations and acronyms...........................................................................................................v
Summary........................................................................................................................................vii
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background..........................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem...................................................................................................2
2 Literature review...........................................................................................................................5
2.1Knowledge on selected sexual and reproductive health issues.........................................5
Adolescents’ knowledge..............................................................................................................5
2.2. Magnitude of parent-adolescent communication on SRH..............................................6
2.5. Gender differences in parent-adolescent communication.....................................................7
1.3 Significance of the study.......................................................................................................7
3. Objective of the study..................................................................................................................8
3.1General objective:.................................................................................................................8
3.2 Specific objectives:................................................................................................................8
4. Methods.......................................................................................................................................9
4.1 Study area and period design:................................................................................................9
4.2 Study design:........................................................................................................................9
4.3 population.............................................................................................................................9

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 4.3.1 Source population:............................................................................................................9
4.3.2 Study population;............................................................................................................9
4.4 Sample size...........................................................................................................................9
4.5 Sampling technique...........................................................................................................10
4.6 Variables.............................................................................................................................12
4.7 Data collection technique..................................................................................................12
4.8 Data quality control...........................................................................................................12
4.9. Data analysis procedure...................................................................................................12
4.10 Operational definitions....................................................................................................13
4.11 Ethical considerations:....................................................................................................13
5. Work pan...................................................................................................................................14
5.1 Budget and plan.......................................................................................................................15
References......................................................................................................................................16
7 Annex..........................................................................................................................................20
Consent form.............................................................................................................................20
Questionnaires..........................................................................................................................21

iv
List of tables
Table 1 Work plan for research proposal......................................................................................14
Table 2 Budget for research proposal............................................................................................15

List of figures
Figure 1.1 1Diagrammatic description of sampling techniques....................................................14

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Abbreviations and acronyms
ABC- Abstinence, Being faithful and Condom use
AIDS-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ARH-Adolescent Reproductive Health
CI-Confidence Interval
CSW-Commercial Sex Worker
DTU-Debre Tabor University
FGD- Focus Group Discussion
FLE-Family Life Education
HIV- Human Immune Deficiency Virus
IUD- Intra Uterine Device
LGV- Lympho Granuloma Venerum
RH- Reproductive Health
SD- Standard Deviation
SG- South Gondar
SPSS- Statistical Package for Social Science
SRH- Sexual and Reproductive Health
SRH- Sexual Reproductive Health
STD- Sexually Transmitted Disease
STI- Sexually Transmitted Infections
USA- United States of America
WHO- World Health Organization

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Summary
Introduction- Sexual and reproductive health problems of adolescents in Ethiopia are rising
from time to time. Different researches done in different countries showed that good family
communication regarding sexual risk behavior has been positively associated with a delay in
sexual activity. However, most parents in Ethiopia do not discuss about changes in adolescence,
sexuality and contraception with their children, so adolescents could be vulnerable to different
reproductive health problem.
Objective- To assess parent-adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive health
matters among Tewodros secondary and preparatory school in Debre Tabor town, North-central
Ethiopia.
Methods: An institution based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from April, 2022
–May 2022. Data was collected by using structured questionnaires from Tewodros secondary
and preparatory school. The data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 26.
Work plan: The study was conducted from March, 2022 to October 20, 2022.

Budget: The total budget required to carry out this study is 7,412 Ethiopian birr.

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1. Introduction
1.1 Background

Adolescence is a transitional period from childhood to adulthood, characterized by significant

physiological, psychological and social changes. WHO define adolescents as those in the age
group of 10-19 years (1,2). Our world currently cares for a historic highest number of
adolescents; about 1.2 billion adolescents need proper education, health and other life skills to
ensure a better future for themselves and their countries. Of these, about 85% live in developing
countries (1,2). The adolescent population in Ethiopia has been increasing during the last few
decades. Currently, adolescents constitute about 24% of the total population (3).

Adolescence is a time when many young people experience critical and life-defining challenges
such as their first sexual experience, marriage, pregnancy, and parenthood. Of all challenges,
those associated with sexual maturation are the most distinctive as well as the most problematic.
Neglecting this population has a major implication for the future since sexual and reproductive
behaviors during adolescence have far-reaching consequences for people’s lives as they develop
into an adult. The vast majority of sexual intercourse during the adolescence period is
unprotected, and therefore, the risk of unwanted pregnancy, unsafe abortion, and sexually
transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV\AIDS is very high. (6)

Adolescent communication is a fundamental process through which parents convey ideas,

values, beliefs, expectations, information and knowledge to their children. It refers to their
communication on a daily basis (5). Parent adolescent communication is a significant feature that
manipulates adolescent risk behavior.(6) These risk behaviors include the use of condoms,
limiting substance abuse, delaying sexual activity, and reducing the number of sexual partners.
(14)

Parent child communication promotes strong parent child relationships and facilitates child self-
acceptance. Children who have high self-regard and strong relationships with their parents are
likely in making themselves more transparent to their parents (6). On the other hand, Teenagers
of authoritative parents were less likely to engage in risky substance use, including alcohol and
tobacco, and more likely to use condoms during intercourse. (14)
Having “the talk” with children can be difficult and uncomfortable. However, recent behavioral
research indicates that having this conversation, and having it often, is important for raising
sexually healthy adolescents. (14)

1.2. Statement of the problem

At present, due to changing the conditions due to civilization, urbanization and life style, the
health of adolescents is increasingly at stake. Sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS and other
reproductive health problems are the greatest threats to their well-being. However, despite the
growing needs, there is no adequate health service or counseling specifically suitable for this
specific age group unlike children, mothers or adults (8). In addition, adolescents often engage in
a wide range of high-risk sexual behaviors that can result in adverse health, social, and economic
consequences for themselves and their families. Early sexual intercourse is a serious adolescent
risk behavior (9).
Globally, one-third of the 340 million new STIs each year occur in people under 25 years of age.
Each year, more than one in every 20 adolescents contracts a curable STI. More than half of all
new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections occur in people between the ages of 15
and 24 years. (10) Particularly, adolescents in the Sub-Saharan region have low family planning
utilization rates and limited knowledge about RH and services, and they account for a higher
proportion of the region’s new HIV infections, maternal mortality ratios, and unmet need for RH
information and services (11).
Sexual and reproductive health problems of adolescents in Ethiopia are rising from time to time,
this is may be associated with early sexual initiation. Adolescents in Ethiopia are also exposed to
various risks such as unprotected sex, early marriage, early pregnancy and STIs/HIV/AIDS.
Studies have shown that in Ethiopia 60% of adolescent pregnancies are unwanted or unintended
(12).
Several strategies have been employed to provide adolescent with knowledge, positive attitudes
and skills to prevent HIV infection. These include sex-based sex education programs,
establishment of counseling service outlets, media campaigns and family communication about
sexuality. Out of these, parent and child communication about sexuality regarded as an effective
way to reduce risky sexual behavior and HIV infection among adolescents (14). However for

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many parents all over Africa, one of the challenges in child upbringing is answering a child’s
questions about sexuality (15). Equally, a lot of children find it uncomfortable having a
conversation about sexuality with their parents because the subject is a taboo topic in most
homes. Communication between parents and their children about sexual issue and impact of this
communication on adolescents’ sexual behavior has been one important research area; which
will help in improving the prevention and education program that meet the needs and concerns of
adolescence (19).

Parent-adolescent communication about sexual issues remains a challenging issue in many sub-
Saharan African countries as the social milieu in many traditional communities still limit such
communication. Moreover, when adolescents feel unconnected to home, family, and school, they
may become involved in activities that put their health at risk. (5)

A series of multifaceted barriers currently prohibits good sexual and reproductive health for
adolescents. Various societal, cultural, and religious factors create an inhibitive environment for
discussion of ASRH as many societies hold a deeply embedded sense of disapproval of
adolescent sexual activity; this is often demonstrated through the stigmatization of sexual health
concerns, in particular STIs/HIV.(7)

Different researches done in different countries showed that good family communication
regarding sexual risk behavior has been positively associated with a delay in sexual activity.(21).
However In Ethiopia, a lot of adolescents often lack strong and stable relationships with their
parents or other adults which are necessary to openly discuss reproductive health concerns.
Therefore, many teenagers do not have access to reliable information regarding their RH needs.
(8)

Studies conducted in Ethiopia show that cultural factors including cultural taboos, shame, lack of
communication skill, embarrassment, fear of parents, non-responsiveness of parents, and
unwelcoming nature of parents to accept young people constrained by lack of adequate
knowledge, sociocultural norms, and parental belief that discussion of such issues promote
premarital sexual practice were reasons that hinder communication between parent and
adolescents. (6)

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Studies found that community-based workshops promoting conversations between parent and
child greatly decreased the incidence of teenage pregnancy and helped the teen learn important
lessons about sexuality. Parent Peer Education workshops were successful in educating parents
about how to talk to their children about these sensitive topics. (14)

The issue of parent-adolescent communication on SRH is very crucial but little research has been
done in Ethiopia on parent-adolescent communication on SRH. Although the findings of this
study were based upon high school and preparatory adolescents, are not generalizable to out-of-
school adolescents, in-school adolescents represent a demographically significant segment of the
population of adolescents in Ethiopia and learning more of the factors that affect parent-
adolescent communication and the effect of parent adolescent communication on different
adolescent sexual reproductive health issues in this segment of the population is of considerable
strategic significance to national efforts to prevent adolescent pregnancy, and sexually
transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS. So this research is done to fill the research gap on this
issue and identification of factors which will help those who are working on ASRH programs to
focus on parent-adolescent communication on SRH.

2. Literature review

2.1 Knowledge of respondents on selected sexual and reproductive health issues

An institutional based cross sectional study was done among secondary school students in
Woreta town, Northwest Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to assess Adolescent-parent
communication on sexual and reproductive health issues and associated factors. According to the
study, two hundred thirty five (65.3%) of the respondents were knowledgeable about sexual and
reproductive health issues. Two hundred sixty eight (74.4%) of the respondents knew about
STIs. HIV/AIDS was found to be the most commonly known STI 194 (53.9%). Two hundred
sixty two (72.8%) knew when first menstrual period started. Around 110 (30.6%) and 152
(42.2%) of males and females respectively knew when first menstrual period started. Two

4
hundred sixty seven (74.2%) of the respondents knew contraception methods for youth. Among
contraception options for youth, depo Provera 185 (51.4%) was the most commonly known
contraceptive method (1). Similar study done among Secondary and Preparatory School Students
in Ambo Town, Oromia, Ethiopia revealed that HIV/AIDS was the most commonly known STI,
423 (86.50%), followed by syphilis, 262 (53.58%). The majority of respondents, 489 (82.88%),
knew about STI/HIV/AIDS. Nearly two-thirds, 388(65.76%), of students knew about at least one
contraceptive method (6).

Another community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in Asella town to assess parental
communication on sexual and reproductive health issues to their adolescents and affecting
factors. In that study, 250(72%) of the respondents were knowledgeable of SRH issues. When
asked about the behavioral and physical changes during adolescence, the majority of the
respondents answered breast enlargement, beginning of menses on females and change in voice
for males (92.8%, 90.5% and 84.7% respectively). Regarding of the consequences of unprotected
sex, the majority reported that leads for STD /HIV (75%), unwanted pregnancy (66%), unsafe
abortion (28.2%) and school drop (90.2%) (12).

Source of information on sexual and reproductive health issues for Adolescents

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess Adolescent-parent communication on sexual

and reproductive health issues and associated factors among high school students in Woldia
town, Northeastern Ethiopia. In this study, 446 (66.1%) of adolescents mentioned that they got
SRH information. Among mentioned source of information for SRH issues, Television, and
school account 332 (56.3%) and 293 (49.2%), respectively. Only, 48.5% and 48% of the
adolescents reported that friends and mothers were their SRH issues information sources,
respectively. Majority of participants preferred to get access of SRH information from schools
512(76.0%) followed by Television 475(70.5%) and Radio 425(63.2%) (2). Similarly, 229
(34.7%) and 219 (33.2%) of respondents of Secondary and Preparatory School Students in
Yirgalem, Town, South Ethiopia got information on sexual & RH issues from school and media
respectively (5).

According to the study done in Woreta town, Northwest Ethiopia, 235 (65.3%) of the
respondents had ever heard about reproductive health issues. Regarding their primary source of

5
information, school accounts 129 (54.89%) followed by Mass media 49 (20.85%) which is simila
with the studies done in Woldia and Yirgalem (1).

An institution-based concurrent mixed-method cross-sectional study was conducted among 591

secondary and preparatory school students in Ambo town. In this study, around two-thirds
(65.25%), of adolescents have gotten information about SRH from different sources such as
school (59.95%), media (68.45%), family (17.48%) and peers (40.05%). The majority of
adolescents, 486 (82.37%), prefer school as a source of information (6). As the study of Dabat
town, 369 (67%) of the participants heard about SRH issues from different sources. School was
the major source of information for 75% of respondents (4).

An institution based cross sectional study conducted to assess Parent-adolescent Communication

on Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters and Associated Factors among Secondary and
Preparatory School Students in Robe Town, Bale zone revealed that 308 (78.2%) of the
respondents mentioned they have got sexual and reproductive health information. Among this
two hundred eighty six (92.8%) of the respondents heard information on sexual and reproductive
health issues from school which is followed by mass media 91 (29.5%) (8).

Adolescent-parent communications on sexual and reproductive health issues

A cross sectional study was conducted among preparatory school students in Debre Tabor town,
Northcentral Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to assess parental communication on sexual and
reproductive health issues and its associated factors. The result of this study showed that the
magnitude of parental communication on SRH issues was found to be 68.5%. With regards to
significance of discussing about SRH issues, the majority, 305 (77.4%) reported that it is
important to discuss about SRH issues with parents. On the other hand, 56 (14.2%) of the study
participants did not accept the importance of discussing SRH issues with parents. With regards to
preference to discuss about SRH issues, 164 (41.6%), 103 (26.1%), and 51 (12.9%) of the study
participants prefer to discuss SRH issues with friends, mother, and father respectively (13).

According to the study of Woreta town, 293 of the respondents (81.4%) accept the importance of
discussing on SRH issues with parents. One hundred 10 (30.6%) of the respondents had
discussion with their parents on SRH issues. Two hundred two (56.1%) of the students had
discussion with their parents on STI/HIV/AIDS. Among those students, 65 (18.1%) had

6
discussion with their brothers/sisters. Regarding overall discussion of SRH issues, respondents
discussed mostly with their mother 169 (46.9%) followed by brothers/sisters 150 (41.7%).
Teacher, father and friends constitute 98 (27.2%), 86 (23.9%) and 47 (13.1%) respectively.
Regarding the overall preferred group for discussion about SRH issues, 179 (49.7%) of the
participants prefer their mother followed by brothers/sisters which accounts 140 (38.9%) (1).

Although 69% of Preparatory and Secondary School Students of Dabat Town reported that it was
important to discuss sexual and reproductive health issues with parents, only 48.5% had
communicated with their parents (4). Whereas 390 (59.1%) respondents of Secondary and
Preparatory School Students in Yirgalem, Town, South Ethiopia discussed sexual and
reproductive health issues with parents (5).

Another study was conducted in Ambo Town to assess Adolescents’ Communication on Sexual
and Reproductive Health Matters with Their Parents and Associated Factors. Overall, 296
(53.62%) of the respondents discussed at least two topics about SRH issues at least with the
father, mother, sister, peer, teacher, and other individuals in the past 12 months, whereas 256
(46.38%) did not discuss the issue with anyone. The proportion of adolescents who had
communicated with their parents regarding sexual and reproductive health issues on at least two
topics in the last 12 months was 222 (37.6%). Two hundred seventy-nine (47.29%) of the
respondents reported that they had discussed contraceptive methods. Out of 590 respondents, 231
(39.15%) of the students had discussed sexual intercourse. However, 160 (69.26%) of these
respondents had discussed with their friends and 50 (21.65%) with their mother. Near to half of
the participants, 263 (44.58%), had discussed unwanted pregnancy. One hundred seventy
(64.64%) of the respondents had discussed with their friends/peers and 89 (33.84%) with their
mother (6).

The study of Robe Town, Bale zone, Southeast Ethiopia 374 (94.9%) of the students had agreed
on the importance of discussion on sexual and reproductive health matters with their family.
However, 186(47.2%) of students had ever discussed on at least two sexual and reproductive
health topics with their parents (8).

Another institution based cross sectional study done among secondary and preparatory school
students in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia showed that the proportion of adolescents who had

7
communicated with their parents regarding sexual and reproductive health issues was 144
(35.0%). Participants’ brothers were the most preferred family members 46 (11.2%) by
adolescents to communicate with about sexual and reproductive health issues followed by fathers
which accounted for 42 (10.2%). Of the 144 adolescents, 123 (85.4%), 115(79.9%) and 70
(48.6%) had accounted for HIV counseling and testing, contraception and/or condom, and
sexually transmitted infections respectively. (11)

Adolescents' reasons for not discussing with their parent on SRH

A study result of institutional based cross sectional study in Woreta town revealed that a total of
250 (69.4%) adolescents were reported that they didn't discuss with their parents on at least 60%
of topics of SRH issues. Two hundred sixty nine (74.7%) of respondents did not discuss with
parents on condom issues. The reason was shameful 126 (35.0%) to discuss on SRH issues
followed by fear of parents 68 (18.9%) (1) Similarly, in Ambo Town showed that out of 263
(44.58%) respondents who had not discussed contraceptive methods, 109 (43.5%) and 89
(28.62%) reported their reason as do not know and shameful to discuss such issues with parents,
respectively. Nearly half, 275 (46.69), of the respondents did not discuss sexual intercourse. The
reasons they mentioned for not discussing sexual intercourse with their parents were
shamefulness, 140 (38.89%), and do not know about the topic, 63 (17.50%) (6)

3. Objective
3.1General objective:
 To assess parent-adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive health issues and
knowledge of adolescent among Tewodros secondary and preparatory school in
Debretabor town, North-central Ethiopia, 2022
3.2 Specific objectives:
 To determine the prevalence of parent-adolescent communication on SRH issues.
 To assess knowledge of adolescent SRH issues

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4. Methods
4.1 Study area and period:
The study was conducted from May to July 2022 among Tewodros secondary and preparatory
school in Debre Tabor town, North-central Ethiopia. Debre Tabor town is 667 km away from
Addis Ababa and 97 km away from Bihar Dar. Tewodros high school was established in 1971
E.C. Based on the data of 2022, The had a total of 3854 students in the 23, 20, 21, and 10
section of Grade 9, 10, 11, and 12, respectively. Number of teachers is 103.
4.2 Study design:
An institutional based descriptive cross sectional study conducted.

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4.3 population
4.3.1 Source population:
All adolescents in Tewodros secondary and preparatory school who were enrolled in grades 9,
10, 11 & 12 during the academic year 2022 are considered as the source population.

4.3.2 Study population;

The study population will be adolescents in grades 9, 10, 11 &12 who were attending the regular
(daytime) who will participate in this study during data collection period.

Inclusion criteria:

Those who are among the sampled population of students, not differed or withdrawn from their
education during the data collection period as well as those who will be volunteer to participate
in the study will be included

Exclusion criteria: Those students who were withdrawn and absent during the time of data
collection
4.4 Sample size
The survey use the formula of single population proportion sample size determination.
Calculation was done using the assumption, the proportion of parent adolescent communication
in a previous study conducted among preparatory and high school students of Dabat town
Northwest Ethiopia, 2020 which is 48.5%.
p=48.5 %( 0.485), 95% CI, 5% marginal error n = (Zα/2)2 P (1-P)/d2
= (1.96)2 0.485 (1-0.485) / (0.05)2
n = 383.8˷384
Where n= sample size
z= confidence interval
d= marginal error
p =proportion

nf = n/(1+n/N)˷295

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Non respondents (10%) = 295X10/100 =29.5˷30
Therefore, the sample size will be
= 295+30
= 325
4.5 Sampling technique
The sampling technique will be used stratified random sampling technique according to their
grade and sex, and then by using proportional allocation formula will be find the sample size on
each stratum. After that selecting the sample size in each stratum randomly by lottery method

Then sample size was calculated for each selected section by:-

Sample size for each selected section

= sample size of the grade x no. of student from selected section

Total no of students from selected sections
Let’s calculate section “Grade 9” =1233×325 ¿ 3854 = 104
This means 104 students was selected from section “9

Total number of Tewodros and preparatory school students = 3854

SS

Grade 9th Grade10th Grade 11th Grade12th

1233 954 1084 583

SS

Male Female Male Male Male

536 697 Female Female Female

SR

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Male Male Male Female Male
Female Female Female
45 47

Total sample size = 325

Figure 1.1 1Diagrammatic description of sampling techniques

4.6 Variables
-Socio demographic characteristics like
Age
Sex
Educational status of the parents
Family income
Family size

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 Perceived parental monitoring
- Communication between parents and adolescents on reproductive/ sexual issues
4.7 Data collection technique
Structured Questionnaire: Questionnaire was prepared in English version, which is translated
into ‘Amharic language’ for better understanding by respondents. Consistency was checked by
translating the ‘Amharic language’ version back to English by another individual.
Data will be collected by distributing self-administered questionnaires.
4.8 Data quality control
The collected data was checked carefully on spot and daily basis for their completeness,
accuracy, and clarity. Any error, ambiguity, incompleteness, or other problem encountered was
early identified communicated, discussed, and solved before starting next day activities. The data
collection instrument was anonymously, structured closed ended and self-administered question
to be filled by the students. A number of questions that can address the objective of the study
was gathered and adapted from previous similar studies and other relevant sources. A pre-tested
questionnaire that explored the objectives of the study was designed according to the local
culture and norm, was prepared in English and was translated to Amharic language then back
translated into English.

4.9. Data analysis procedure

Collected data checked for its completeness. The data was entered in to EPI info 2002 and will
export to SPSS version 26 software packages for analysis.
4.10 Operational definitions
Adolescent=in this study includes age group (15 to19).
Communication between parents and adolescents on SRH issues in this study context is a
simple discussion or talking which is interactive.
To say there is communication on SRH= when students discussed about SRH in at least two
topics with their parents (about condom, STI/HIV, sexual intercourse, menarche, unwanted
pregnancy, contraception).
Knowledgeable on SRH issues= Those study participants who scored points more than mean
score out of prepared knowledge questions.

13
 .Parental monitoring= the adolescent will be asked whether their parents really know where
they spend their time outside home and with whom they spend their time outside home and
school.
4.11 Ethical considerations:
Ethical clearance obtained from Debre tabor University department of nursing and midwifery to
administrative office of Tewodros high school...Permission from the responsible authorities of
head of school. The objective of the study to the respondents before data collection. An informed
consent was obtained from each respondent. Confidentiality of the information assured and
finally they for their cooperation.

5. Work pan
Table 1 Work plan for research proposal

Tasks to be Responsible Time: Mar ,2022- Oct,2022

performed body
Mar Ap May June July August Sep. Oct.
r

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Topic selection Investigator
Proposal writing Investigator
Submission of Investigator
final proposal
Proposal defense Investigator
Ethical approval of DTU
research institutional
review board
Data collection Investigator
and analysis
Write up Investigator
Submission of Investigator
research thesis
Research defense Investigator

5.1 Budget and plan

Table 2 Budget for research proposal

Personnel cost
Work type Qualification No. Duration Per diem/birr Total
/no of p cost
Principal investigators & Students 3 30 days 50.00 4500
Data collectors
Transport and communication cost

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No Category Unit Quantity Unit cost Total cost
1 Cell phone Card 20 40 800.00
2 Transportation trip 30 4 120.00
Stationary and consumables
No Items Unit Quantity Unit price Total price
2 Notebooks Each 10 15 150
3 Eraser Each 10 8 80
4 Pen Each 11 9 99
7 Staples pack 10 40 400
8 Stapler Each 1 80 80
9 Photocopy paper Pack 8 110 880
Printing and binding thesis 2000.0
Budget plan summary
No Description Total cost(ETB)
1 Personal cost 15,000
2 Transport and communication cost 920
3 Stationary and consumables 2,000
4 Contingency (10%) 1,792
Grand total 19,712

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good parental communication a deterrent? Contraception 1995; 51(5):303-306.
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Salaam; 2001
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26. Adeyemo MO, Brieger WR: Dissemination of family life education to adolescents by their
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7 Annex
Consent form
Hellow! My name is. -----------------------------------------------
I temporarily represent Debre Tabor University, College of Health Science, and
Department of midwifery. This study is conducted with the objective of Assessment of
communication between parents and adolescent on SRH Matters in Debre tabor high school and
preparatory school, Debretabor Town, South Gondar, Ethiopia 2014 E.c. You are kindly
requested to participate in this study and provide the essential information required from you. I
would like to ask you a few questions, but you can refuse to answer any question I ask. You may
end the interview at any time. You can also refuse to participate in the study completely. Your
refusal will not restrict you from obtaining the required medical care when you need. The
interview will last approximately 20 minutes. Your responses will be kept confidential and there
will be no way of linking your individual responses to the final results of the study findings. I
would like to inform you that the responses that you provide to the questions are very essential
for the successful accomplishment of the study objectives. Are you voluntary to respond to the
questions?
Yes; ----proceed with the interview
No; ---- thanks her and end

21
Questionnaires
Part I. Socio-demographic related question

S. Questions Response Skip

No

1 Age ……. years

2 Place of residency 1.Rural

2.Urban

3 Sex 1. Male
2. Female
4 Religion 1. Orthodox
2. Protestant
3. Muslim
4. Catholic
5. Other
5 Family size ____________
6 Parent Income per month (ETB) ______________
7 Occupation of the mother 1. House wife
2. Employed
3. Merchant
4. Farmer
5. Other
8 Occupation of the father 1. Employed
2. Merchant
3. Farmer
4. Other
Part II: Communication of adolescents and parents sexual and reproductive health
1 Is it important to discuss (communicate) 1. Yes
sexual issues with parents? 2. No

22
2 Which parent do you prefer to discuss on 1. Mother
sexual and RH issues. 2. Father
3 Have you ever discussed on contraception? 1. Yes
2. No
4 If you do not discuss on contraception 1. Culturally
with parents. What do think the reasons unacceptable
are? 2. Lack of
communication skill
3. Shame
4. Difficult and
embarrassing
5. Lack of knowledge
6. Do not know
7. Parents are not good
listener
8. Others
5 If yes to question # 3 with whom do you 1. Father
prefer discuss it with?(circle all answers 2. Mother
you think)
6 How frequent you have discussed about 1. Very often
contraception 2. Often
3. Sometimes
7 With whom have you discussed other 1. Peer
than parents 2. Sisters
3.Brothers
4. Others specify
8 Have you ever discussed on sexual 1. Yes
intercourse? 2. No
9 If you do not discuss on sexual 1. Culturally
intercourse with parents. What are the unacceptable

23
 reasons? 2. Lack of
communication skill
3. Shame
4. Difficult and
embarrassing
5. Lack of knowledge
6. Do not know
7. Parents are not good
listener
8. Others
10 If yes for question # 9, with whom 1. Father
2. Mother
11 With who discussed other than parents 1. Peer
2. Sisters
3.Brothers
4. Others specify

Part: iii. Knowledge on major selected Reproductive health

12 Do you know when menstrual cycle 1. Yes
starts? 2. No
13 If yes at what age it starts -------in years ……….
14 was your feeling when the first menses
comes (for girls only) 1. Tension
2. Fear
3. Shame
4. pleasure
5. do not see

15 Do you know STD & HIV/AIDS? 1.Yes

2. No
16 If yes for question no 15 which one do

24
 u know 1. Cancroid
2. LGV
3. Syphilis
4. HIV/AIDS
5. Gonorrhea
6. Herpes simplex
7. Others

17 Do you know contraceptive method 1.Yes

2.No
18 . If yes which one do you know?
1. Pill
2. IUD
3 .Depo-Provera
4. Condom
5. Norplant
6. Abstinence
7. Using safe period

19 Do you know what emergency 1.Yes

contraceptive means? 2.No

20 Do you think sex education is 1. Yes

necessary? 2. No

21 Where did you get information about 1. School

sexual matters? 2. Church
3. Home
4. By friends
5. Others

25
26