ASSESSMENT OF ABORTION AMONG TEENAGERS

IN BARANGAY FAIRVIEW PARK

A Research Paper

Presented to

Dr. Rommel P. Balidoy

West Fairview High School

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements

In English 10

By:

SEBASTIAN AHLEM T. DE GUZMAN

And

Jacquelyn M. Desa

January 2020
 ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to thank to our almighty God who give me strength,
wisdom and optimism to finish this research requirement in English subject. This
research will not become successful without Dr. Rommel P. Balidoy's guide how
to know the correct format to make a research paper.

I would like to thank to my parents, relatives and friends for giving me

financial and emotional support on doing my research paper, this research will
not become successful without their support.

And lastly to the websites that I hooked up information and used it in my

research paper and to my sources that helps me a lot because the sources that I
hooked up is very helpful.
 iii

DEDICATION

I wish to dedicate this research to almighty god for giving some guidance
to continue this research even though I experienced a lot of failures I committed
while doing this research paper.

To my beloved parents, relatives and friends thanks for being at my side for
giving me some advices to make my research paper.

And especially to our English teacher for teaching the right format and
method to make a research paper.
 iv

ABSTRACT

This study aims to know the factors that will affect the state of living to
Assessment of Abortion Cases among Teenagers in Barangay Fairview Park.
Many years past and abortion is very relevant to adults, but also relevant to
teenagers now a day in our very modern civilization. And teenagers got the
higher risks and higher number of abortion cases caused by uneducated minds
and immature personalities.

Particularly, this will sought to the following questions:

A. How the respondents can be describe in terms of:

a. Age

b. Gender

B. Does abortion will affect reproductive health of a teenager who undergoes

abortion?

C. What is the negative role of undergoing abortion to teenagers?

Recent local, state and federal regulations intending to provide "informed

consent" for women considering termination of pregnancy have misrepresented
the current state of knowledge about certain long-term complications: the alleged
risks are presented to the patient as if they were scientific facts rather than still-
unproven hypotheses. While it is possible that some late sequelae are
associated with previously induced abortions, there is no agreement in the
scientific literature on the magnitude of the risks, if any. Moreover, few studies
adequately define the particular method of induced abortion whose effects they
are investigating. The current data do not support firm conclusions about induced
abortion either causing or not causing any of the alleged long-term complications.

The purpose of the study is to find out how seldom the teenagers about the
instances of aborting a child that caused of their early age pregnancy and lack of
knowledge about it that will affect to their decisions.
 v

The respondents answered the questionnaire made by the researcher and

the respondents answered it by filling up the personal information such as age,
and gender and start to answer the questionnaire by checking the correct
indicator on the situations listed.

The respondents describe by age according to the Assessment of Abortion

Cases among Teenagers in Barangay Fairview Park. And the relevant age is
between 15-17 years old.

The respondents describe by gender according to the Assessment of

Abortion Cases among Teenagers in Barangay Fairview Park and the most
relevant gender is female.

Of course it will affect the health of a teenager especially her reproductive

health and maternal health it may affect state of living of a teenager.

The negative effect of abortion is the risks of morbidity and mortality affect
a teenager's choice between termination of a pregnancy through induced
abortion and continuation of the pregnancy. To identify these risks, we analyzed
information from two separate sets of data collected by the Centers for Disease
Control: that of the Joint Program for the Study of Abortion, a multicenter
prospective study of nearly 165,000 legally induced abortions; and that of a
national surveillance of abortion-related mortality. The rates of major
complications associated with abortions in teenagers were 1 to 3 per 1000
suction-curettage procedures and approximately 13 per 1000 saline-
administration procedures. The death-to-case rate for teenage women was 1.3
per 100,000 procedures. When the data on procedures were adjusted according
to gestational age, teenagers generally had lower rates of morbidity and mortality
from induced abortion than older women.
 vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………… i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………… ii

DEDICATION ………………………………………………….. iii

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………. iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………… vi

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ………………………….

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study ………………………. 1

Statement of the Problem ……………………… 3
Significance of the Study ………………………. 3
Scope and Delimitations ……………………….. 4

II. Conceptual Framework

Review of Related Literature and Studies….. 5

Conceptual Model of the Study ……………….. 11
Research Hypothesis ……………………………. 12
Definition of Terms Used ………………………. 13

III. Research Design

Method of Research Used ……………………… 17

Sources of Data …………………………………. 17
Description of Respondents …………………… 17
Data Gathering Instrument ……………………… 18
Data Gathering Procedure ……………………… 18
Statistical Treatment of Data ………………….. 18
 vii

IV. Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Profile of Respondents

Age ……………………………………………….. 20
Gender ……………………………………………. 21

V. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation

Summary …………………………………………. 23
Conclusion ……………………………………… 23
Recommendation ………………………………. 24

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………… 25

APPENDIX ………………………………………………… 27

A- Respondents Profile

B- Questionnaire about Assessment of

Abortion Cases among Teenagers in
Barangay Fairview Park

CURRICULUM VITAE
LIST OF TABLES

Number Title Page

1 Frequency and Percent Distribution

of the Respondents by Gender ………………….. 20

2 Frequency and Percent Distribution

of the Respondents by Age ………………………. 21

3 Frequency and Percent Distribution

of the Respondents by Situations Experienced …. 21

LIST OF FIGURES

1 Conceptual model of the Study …………………….. 11

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, the statement of the
problem, the significance of the study, and its scope and delimitations.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This study aims to help teenagers to have an idea that what is abortion
and its risks to all individual especially to teenagers.

Many years past and abortion is very relevant to adults, but also
relevant to teenagers now a day in our very modern civilization. And teenagers
got the higher risks and higher number of abortion cases caused by uneducated
minds and immature personalities.

Abortion is a way of ending the life of a fetus or embryo by removing it

before it can survive outside the uterus during pregnancy stage. Abortion also
occurs without intervention is also known as miscarriage or spontaneous
abortion. Teenagers is a person who falls within the ages of 13-19 years old and
at their young age they produces the large number of abortion cases as of 1980s
according to a statistical record of 2013.

Teenage pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of premature

death. However, it is not known whether the outcome of pregnancy, i.e. induced
abortion or childbirth, affects this risk.

A Finnish population-based register study involving a cohort of 13 691

nulliparous teenagers who conceived in 1987–89; 6652 of them underwent
induced abortion and 7039 delivered. The control group consisted of 41 012
coeval women without teenage pregnancy. Follow-up started at the end of
pregnancy and lasted until 6th June 2013.

The rights and wrongs of deliberately ending a pregnancy before normal

childbirth, killing the fetus in the process. Abortion is a very painful topic for
women and men who find them facing the moral dilemma of whether or not to
terminate a pregnancy. It's one of the most polarizing moral issues - most people
are on one side or the other, very few are undecided.
 2

If we conclude that abortion is not morally wrong, that doesn't mean that
it's right to have an abortion; we need to ask whether having an abortion is the
best thing (or least bad thing) to do in each particular case. If we conclude that
abortion is morally wrong, that doesn't mean that it's always impermissible to
have an abortion; we need to ask whether having an abortion is less wrong than
the alternatives.

Women with teenage pregnancy had a higher risk of overall mortality vs.
controls (mortality rate ratio [MRR] 1.6, [95% CI 1.4–1.8]) and were more likely to
die prematurely as a result of suicide, alcohol-related causes, circulatory
diseases and motor vehicle accidents. A low educational level appeared to
explain these excess risks, except for suicide (adj. MRR 1.5, [95% CI 1.1–2.0]).
After adjusting for confounders, the childbirth group faced lower risks of suicide
(adj. MRR 0.5, [95% CI 0.3–0.9]) and dying from injury and poisoning (adj. MRR
0.6, [95% CI 0.4–0.8]) compared with women who had undergone abortion.

A low educational level is associated with the increased risk of premature

death among women with a history of pregnancy, except for suicide and suicidal
attempts. Extra efforts should be made to encourage pregnant teenagers to
continue to be educated, and to provide psychosocial support to teenagers who
undergo induced abortion. The incidence of teenage pregnancy that associates
high risk of premature death or abortion has decreased during the last decades
in developed countries.

In Malawi, abortion is legal only if performed to save a woman’s life; other

attempts to procure an abortion are punishable by 7–14 years imprisonment.
Most induced abortions in Malawi are performed under unsafe conditions,
contributing to Malawi’s high maternal mortality ratio. Malawians are currently
debating whether to provide additional exceptions under which an abortion may
be legally obtained. An estimated 67,300 induced abortions occurred in Malawi in
2009 (equivalent to 23 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44), but changes
since 2009, including dramatic increases in contraceptive prevalence, may have
impacted abortion rates.

A nationally representative conducted a survey of health facilities to

estimate the number of cases of post-abortion care, as well as a survey of
knowledgeable informants to estimate the probability of needing and obtaining
post-abortion care following induced abortion. These data were combined with
national population and fertility data to determine current estimates of induced
 3

abortion and unintended pregnancy in Malawi using the Abortion Incidence

Complications Methodology.

Approximately 141,044 (95% CI: 121,161–160,928) induced abortions

occurred in Malawi in 2015, translating to a national rate of 38 abortions per
1,000 women aged 15–49 (95% CI: 32 to 43); which varied by geographical zone
(range: 28–61). We estimate that 53% of pregnancies in Malawi are unintended,
and that 30% of unintended pregnancies end in abortion. Given the challenges of
estimating induced abortion, and the assumptions required for calculation, results
should be viewed as approximate estimates, rather than exact measures. The
estimated abortion rate in 2015 is higher than in 2009 (potentially due to
methodological differences), but similar to recent estimates from nearby
countries including Tanzania (36), Uganda (39), and regional estimates in
Eastern and Southern Africa (34–35). Over half of pregnancies in Malawi are
unintended. Our findings should inform ongoing efforts to reduce maternal
morbidity and mortality and to improve public health in Malawi.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to know the factors that will affect the state of living to
Assessment of Abortion Cases among Teenagers in Barangay Fairview Park.

Particularly, this will sought to the following questions:

A. How the respondents can be describe in terms of:

a. Age
b. Gender

B. Does abortion will affect reproductive health of a teenager who undergoes

abortion?

C. What is the negative role of undergoing abortion to teenagers?

 4

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Abortion is the way of ending the life of a fetus or embryo by removing it

before it can survive. In this study abortion help teenagers to lessen their
problems by taking up to abortion because; immaturity runs out to their minds
and lack of knowledge will continuously run. Abortion will make teenagers
satisfied because they can’t handle the instances of becoming a parent or a
single parent at the early stage of life and having a baby.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

The main purpose of this study is to know the factors that will affect the
state of living of a teenager, adult, and other person that engaged in the cases of
abortion. The study contains the personal information of respondents such as:
age, gender and educational attainment of the respondent.
 CHAPTER II

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter deals with the review of related literature and studies, the
conceptual framework of the study, the research hypothesis, and the definition of
terms used in this study.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Junice Melgar (2018) adolescents in the Philippines face many legal,

social and political barriers to access sexual and reproductive health (SRH)
services, putting them at higher risk of unplanned pregnancy, abortion, sexually
transmitted infections and HIV, and other health and development problems.

Lawrence Finer and Rubina Hussain (2013) despite advances in

reproductive health law, many Filipino women experience unintended
pregnancies, and because abortion is highly stigmatized in the country, many
who seeks abortion, undergo unsafe procedures.

Romeo Recide (2013) one in ten young Filipino women age 15-19 has
begun childbearing: 8 percent are already mothers and another 2 percent are
pregnant with their first child according to the results of the 2013 National
Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS).

The Philippines is an archipelago nation comprising 7107 islands divided

among island groups (Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao) located in South-East
Asia. http://www.wpro.who.int/topics/adolescenthealth/phillipines fs.pdf? (2010)

Susheela Singh (2005) In the Philippines, abortion is legally restricted.

Nevertheless, many women obtain abortions--often in unsafe conditions--to avoid
unplanned births. In 1994, the estimated abortion rate was 25 per 1,000 women
per year; no further research on abortion incidence has been conducted in the
Philippines. Data from 1,658 hospitals were used to estimate abortion incidence
in 2000 and to assess trends between 1994 and 2000, nationally and by region.
An indirect estimation methodology was used to calculate the total number of
women hospitalized for complications of induced abortion in 2000 (averaged data
for 1999-2001), the total number of women having abortions and the rate of
induced abortion. In 2000, an estimated 78,900 women were hospitalized for
 6

post abortion care, 473,400 women had abortions and the abortion rate was 27
per 1,000 women aged 15-44 per year. The national abortion rate changed little
between 1994 and 2000; however, large increases occurred in metropolitan
Manila (from 41 to 52) and Visayas (from 11 to 17). The proportions of unplanned
births and unintended pregnancies increased substantially in Manila, and the use
of traditional contraceptive methods increased in Manila and Visayas. The
increase in the level of induced abortion seen in some areas may reflect the
difficulties women experience in obtaining modern contraceptives as a result of
social and political constraints that affect health care provision. Policies and
programs regarding both post abortion care and contraceptive services need
improvement.

Susheela Singh, Cabigon.et.al (2000) In countries where data on induced

abortion are underreported or nonexistent--such as the Philippines and
Bangladesh--indirect estimation techniques may be used to approximate the
level of abortion. The collection of data about women hospitalized for abortion
complications and the use of such indirect estimation techniques indicates that
the abortion rate in the Philippines is within the range of 20-30 induced abortions
per 1,000 women aged 15-49, and the rate in Bangladesh ranges between 26
and 30 per 1,000. About 400,000 abortions are estimated to occur each year in
the Philippines, while the number in Bangladesh is calculated to be about
730,000. Some 80,000 women per year are estimated to be treated in hospitals
in the Philippines for complications of induced abortion; in Bangladesh, about
52,000 women are treated for such complications, and another 19,000 are
treated for complications resulting from menstrual regulation procedures. The
probability that a woman will be hospitalized for abortion complications in the
Philippines is twice that in Bangladesh, probably because menstrual regulation
procedures by trained providers account for about two-thirds of all voluntary
pregnancy terminations in Bangladesh.

Abortion was criminalized through the Penal Code of1870 under

Spanish colonial rule, and the criminal provisions were incorporated into the
Revised Penal Code passed in 1930under U.S. https://www.rappler.com/move-
ph/ispeak/105680-reality-abortion-philippines (2008) occupation of the
Philippines. The criminalization of abortion has not prevented abortion, but
instead has made the procedure unsafe and potentially deadly for the over half a
million women each year who try to terminate their pregnancies

No abortion method is completely safe and sound. Abortion by suction

runs the risk of infection, perforation of the uterus, and hemorrhage if an
 7

abdominal organ is wounded. https://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/203572-

time-decriminalize-abortion-philippines (2015)

Clara Rita Padilla (2018) last May 25, in a historic referendum, Ireland
paved the way to increase access to abortion. The Irish citizens who voted to
repeal the 8th amendment to the Constitution providing equal protection to the
life of the woman and the unborn have won. This is great news for Irish women
and for women living in restrictive abortion laws. Finally, the overwhelming vote
of 66.4% to repeal the 8th amendment is in line with women’s right to health. It
clearly manifests respect for women’s right to decide and a significant step to
save women’s lives and freedom from disability that result from denial of access
to safe and legal abortion. Currently, abortion is only allowed in Ireland to save
the woman's life. This restriction led to the death in 2012 of a woman who
miscarried and was denied her request to complete abortion. She was told that
there was no risk to her life, eventually leading to her death due to sepsis. Irish
legislators are immediately proposing to allow abortion for 12 weeks of gestation
and thereafter on various grounds. Predominantly Catholic countries have
liberalized their laws on abortion. In Spain in 2010, Prime Minister Zapatero was
at the helm of legalizing abortion on request during the first 14 weeks of the
pregnancy and thereafter on specific grounds. Countries such as Belgium,
France, and Italy allow abortion upon a woman’s request. Poland allows abortion
to protect a woman’s life and physical health and in cases of rape, incest, and
fetal impairment. Hungary allows abortion up to 12 weeks of gestation. Portugal
allows abortion up to 10 weeks of gestation. Brazil allows it on certain grounds.
Almost all former Spanish colonies, mostly with predominant Catholic
populations, have liberalized their laws on abortion, allowing abortion on certain
grounds: Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico,
Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela. That leaves the Philippines to
contend with its antiquated colonial Spanish law. Mexico City, a predominantly
Catholic city, even provides safe and legal abortion for free. In 2017, then former
head of state of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, strongly campaigned to relax their
abortion law. Only 6 countries – particularly, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua,
Malta and Dominican Republic – are left with a total ban on abortion. Other
countries with constitutional protection of the life of the unborn from conception
allow abortion under certain exceptions: Hungary (up to 12 weeks of gestation);
Costa Rica, South Africa, Slovak Republic, Poland (risk to woman's life and
health, rape, fetal impairment); and Kenya.
 8

Claire (2018) The Philippines is home to some of the most restrictive

abortion laws in the entire world. Under the current legislation, there is no explicit
legal justification for an abortion- even if the pregnancy puts the mother’s life in
danger. Because of such prohibitive access to safe options, many women in the
country have resorted to unsafe means of terminating their pregnancies. Right
outside Quiapo Church, where candles, amulets, and rosary beads are sold,
peddlers lurk under the shadows of the largest Catholic Church in Manila. They
leverage a woman’s desperation to sell unregulated, ineffective, and oftentimes
blatantly dangerous methods of abortion— either with a bitter herb that would
induce menstruation or with directions to the home of a “doctor”. Women who
pursue these methods often later find themselves battling infections,
complications, or serious life-threatening situations. Abortion Rate in the
Philippines studies has shown that unsafe abortion is a significant contributor to
the high maternal mortality ration in the Philippines. In one 2012 estimate,
roughly 610,000 abortions are thought to have taken place that year in the
country. Due to restrictive laws, many of these abortions are unsafe. About 1,000
Filipino women die each year from unsafe abortion complications, while tens of
thousands are hospitalized. Abortion Law in the Philippines the rate of induced
abortion in these vulnerable populations reflects the difficulties women
experience in accessing reproductive health care, including modern
contraceptives. Despite the passage of the country’s Reproductive Health Bill
into law, contraception and sex education, among others, remain to be
controversial in the Philippines. Strong opposition from conservatives, most
especially the Catholic Church, still poses a challenge to the full implementation
of the law. Abstinence and the withdrawal method, the former preached by the
church and the latter practiced by millions of couples without access to proper
contraceptive care, prove to be inefficient in preventing pregnancies.

Clara Rita Padilla (2015) Abortion is a reality for Filipino women. The
illegality of abortion has not deterred Filipino women from inducing unsafe
abortion. It has only made it dangerous for them where estimates in 2012 show
that 610,000 women resorted to abortion, over 100,000 women were hospitalized
and 3 women die every day due to unsafe abortion complications. Just this
August, Maria (not her real name), a 21-year old rape victim who became
pregnant as a result of the rape with a child with dwarfism condition, died a day
after giving birth due to childbirth complications. Her mother lamented that her
daughter might be alive today had her daughter been able access to safe and
legal abortion. They have interviewed many poor women who divulged risking
their health and lives by self-inducing abortion using catheters or dispensing
 9

drugs without proper dosage and supervision eventually suffering complications.

Such cases are common in our country where over half of the pregnancies are
unintended, and about 17% and one-third of the unintended pregnancies end in
abortion nationwide and in the National Capital Region, respectively, and where
two-thirds of those who induce abortion are poor.

Jemy Gatdula (2018) respecting, protecting, and fulfilling women’s access

to reproductive rights is essential to achieving a healthy, equitable, and
developed Philippines. The International Conference on Population and
Development Programme of Action, adopted by the Philippines in 1994,
recognized that reproductive rights are a central part of ensuring a country’s
development. This recognition was reaffirmed in the recent Sustainable
Development Goals, which call for universal access to reproductive health and
rights. Despite the widespread consensus on the significance of realizing
women’s reproductive rights, the Philippine restrictive legal landscape on
abortion continues to impede the country’s progress toward achieving
sustainable development. This briefing paper discusses the grave impact of the
country’s restrictive abortion laws on women’s health and rights and the
development of the nation. It highlights the critical role Congress members can
play in fulfilling the government’s obligation to realize Filipinos’ reproductive
rights. This includes ensuring that the constitution and country’s penal laws
clearly legalize abortion, at a minimum, when a pregnancy endangers the life or
physical or mental health of the pregnant woman.

There is a very high incidence of rape in the Philippines. https://-

www.safeabortionwomensright.org/tag/philippines/ (2010) a Filipino woman or
girl is raped every 58 minutes, and about one in every 9 Filipino women who
induce abortion are rape survivors. Some women and girl-children who became
pregnant resulting from rape were forced to resort to clandestine and unsafe
abortions to end their unwanted pregnancies while others have tried to commit
suicide. Without access to safe and legal abortion, they end up part of the
statistics of women who die from unsafe abortion complications. These cases fall
under the ambit of therapeutic abortions to save the life and health of the woman.
Poor women comprise two-thirds of those who induce abortion, using riskier
abortion methods, thus disproportionately experiencing severe complications.
This clearly shows that lack of access to safe abortion is a social justice issue.
Abortion is common in the Philippines with about 70 women inducing abortion
every hour and about 11 women hospitalized every hour from unsafe abortion
complications in 2012… About 1,000 women died from unsafe abortion
complications in 2012, translating to about 3 women dying every day.
 10

Jessica D. Gibson, Alanna E. Hirz et.al (2011) this study draws on in-depth
interviews and focus group discussions with young adults in a metropolitan area
of the Philippines to examine perceptions and practices of illegal abortion. Study
participants indicated that unintended pregnancies are common and may be
resolved through eventual acceptance or through self-induced injury or ingestion
of substances to terminate the pregnancy. Despite the illegality of abortion and
the restricted status of misoprostol, substantial knowledge and use of the drug
exists. Discussions mirrored broader controversies associated with abortion in
this setting. Abortion was generally thought to invoke gaba (bad karma), yet
some noted its acceptability under certain circumstances. This study elucidates
the complexities of pregnancy decision making in this restrictive environment and
the need for comprehensive and confidential reproductive health services for
Filipino young adults. Of the 208 million pregnancies that occurred worldwide in
2008, 36 percent were unintended and 20 percent were terminated through
induced abortion (Singh et al. 2009). Nearly half of these abortions were unsafe
performed by unskilled providers or in unhygienic conditions—resulting in 47,000
maternal deaths and the suffering of millions of women from ongoing
complications, including infertility (Grimes et al. 2006; Shah and Ahman 2010).
To address unsafe abortion globally, accurate and reliable reports on the
prevalence of unintended pregnancy1 and abortion and on knowledge and
attitudes about the procedure and the conditions under which it occurs are
essential. Collection of this information is often thwarted by the stigma and
shame associated with the topic. Even where abortion is legal, individuals may
not be aware of its availability, may underreport its use, or may stigmatize those
who avail themselves of legal services, preventing timely access and accurate
measurement of abortion’s prevalence and possible sequelae (Grimes et al.
2006; Jones and Kost 2007).

For poor Filipinas with unwanted pregnancies, this is what reproductive

care looks like: The drug deal takes place in the back of a sedan, parked near
one of Manila’s most exalted cathedrals. https://www.safeabortionwomen-
sright.org/philippines-a-women-run-crime-ring-is-selling-abortifacients-outside-
the-main-church-in-manila/)(2017) The dealer, Elsa – not her real name – has
brought her wares in a plastic shopping

bag. At my request, she dumps them on the backseat for inspection. Out pours
an astonishing variety of herbs and poultices. There is a gnarled root, the color of
merlot and nubby with protrusions. Then a leafy plant that – if alive, Elsa says — 
would recoil from a human’s touch. Then she lays out what looks like potpourri
and, finally, bits of ginger-colored tree bark. All of it is sold in little baggies, just
 11

like heroin or speed. ‘Boil all of this stuff in a pot,’ Elsa says, and gives the liquid
to a woman who has not received her period in up to two months. Elsa belongs
to a ‘crime network’ run almost entirely by middle-aged women. They are criminal
herbalists, operating in the shadows, dispensing plants grown in the island
nation’s provinces. These dealers aren’t hard to find. Everyone in Manila knows
that they congregate around the Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene – among
the most prominent churches in the country. ‘Even in Filipino radio dramas,’ Elsa
says, ‘you’ll hear plot lines like, ‘Oh no, you’re pregnant! Go to Quiapo and find
the herbal girls!’’… One of Elsa’s top-selling products is designed for discretion: a
pre-mixed herbal abortion elixir  – ready to drink on the go, no boiling required.

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE STUDY

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 DEMOGRAPHIC  SURVEY ASSESSMENT

PROFILE QUESTIONNAIRE OF ABORTION
CASES
 AGE  PART I AMONG
CHECKLIST TEENAGERS
 GENDER IN BARANGAY
 PART II LIKERT FAIRVIEW
 EDUCATIONAL SCALE PARK
ATTAINMENT

FEEDBACK

Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study

12
 In this study conceptual model show the input that consist of demographic
profile, age, gender, and educational attainment of the respondent.

On the other side the process being use is through survey questionnaire,
consist of part I checklist and part II likert scale.

The output of the study shown at the conceptual model of the study is the
Assessment of Abortion Cases among Teenagers in barangay Fairview Park.
The researcher wants to find out the factors that will affect the state of living of a
teenager undergo in abortion process.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Recent local, state and federal regulations intending to provide "informed

consent" for women considering termination of pregnancy have misrepresented
the current state of knowledge about certain long-term complications: the alleged
risks are presented to the patient as if they were scientific facts rather than still-
unproven hypotheses. While it is possible that some late sequelae are
associated with previously induced abortions, there is no agreement in the
scientific literature on the magnitude of the risks, if any. Moreover, few studies
adequately define the particular method of induced abortion whose effects they
are investigating. The current data do not support firm conclusions about induced
abortion either causing or not causing any of the alleged long-term complications.

At this time there is no agreement in the scientific literature on the

magnitude of the risks, if any, of long-term complications of induced abortions. In
an attempt to deal with this issue, the design complexities of the different studies
on the long-term effects of induced abortion are described and the findings of the
published analytic studies dealing with such alleged complications as sterility,
ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, prematurity, pregnancy complications
and birth defects are summarized. The most obvious variable potentially affecting
long-term complications from induced abortion is whether it was performed under
legal or illegal conditions. Many of the published studies were conducted in
countries where induced abortion has not been legalized, thus the inferences
drawn from these studies cannot be generalized to the U.S. where safe, legal
abortion is available at the woman's request. Variables such as the patient's
demographic profile, medical risk factors, the facility in which the procedure is
performed, the use of prophylactic antibiotics and the type of post abortion
contraception may independently influence the incidence and/or spectrum of post

13
 abortion morbidity. Other factors related to the technical aspects of the
procedure may also affect the complication rate. Because of the many technical
factors possibly having an effect on the long-term complications of induced
abortion, studies focusing on aggregated abortion procedures should be viewed
with caution. Different research approaches have been used to determine
whether induced abortion has any long term sequel; some studies are well
designed and permit valid inferences; others have a weaker scientific foundation
and are no more than suggestive. The available analytic case-control and cohort
studies generally form no consistent pattern. Current data fail to support firm
conclusions about induced abortions either causing or not causing any of the
alleged long-term complications.

DEFINITION OF TERMS USED

 Abortion- is a procedure to end a pregnancy. It uses medicine or surgery

to remove the embryo or fetus and placenta from the uterus. The
procedure is done by a licensed health care professional. The decision to
end a pregnancy is very personal. If you are thinking of having an
abortion, most health care providers advise counseling. Abortion is when a
pregnancy is ended so that it doesn't result in the birth of a child.
Sometimes it is called 'termination of pregnancy'. BPAS cares for women
with an unplanned or unwanted pregnancy. We treat thousands of women
who've decided that abortion is the right choice for them, and give advice
and counselling to women who don't know what to do next. There are two
types of abortion treatment, 'Medical' and 'Surgical' abortion.

 Premarital Sex- premarital sex is sexual activity practiced by persons who

are unmarried. The prevalence of pre-marital sex has increased in both
developed and developing countries. In some cultures, the significance of
premarital sex has traditionally been related to the concept of virginity.
However, unlike virginity, premarital sex can refer to more than one
occasion of sexual activity or more than one sex partner. There are
cultural differences as to whether and in which circumstances premarital
sex is socially acceptable or tolerated. Social attitudes to premarital sex
have changed over time as has the prevalence of premarital sex in various
societies. Social attitudes to premarital sex can include issues such as
virginity, sexual morality, extramarital unplanned pregnancy, legitimacy
besides other issues. Premarital sex may take place in a number of
14
 situations. For example, it may take place as casual sex, for example, with
at least one participant seeking to experience sex; it may take place
between a couple living together in a long-term relationship without
marriage; for a betrothed couple engaging in sexual activity before their
anticipated marriage; and many other situations are possible.

 Teenager- a teenager, or teen, is a person who falls within the ages of 13

to 19 years old. The word "teenager" is another word for an adolescent.
When a teenager turns 20, they are no longer a teenager: they are no
longer in that developmental stage. The way the word is used varies. Most
societies traditionally had a formal ceremony to mark the change from
childhood to adulthood. These ceremonies were often quite elaborate.
During puberty, rapid mental and physical development occurs.
Adolescence is the name for this transition period from childhood to
adulthood. In the United States, children and teens from the ages 11–14
go to middle school, while teenagers from the ages of 14–18 typically go
to high school. In the United Kingdom, teenagers and children are mixed
in secondary school. Teenagers attending secondary school (high school
in the US) generally graduate at the age of 17 or 18.

 Post abortion- safe abortion is a critical component of ensuring women

have access to comprehensive reproductive health services that meet
their needs and life circumstances. In many countries, safe abortion is not
widely available due to: laws that restrict, or even outlaw, a woman’s
ability to end a pregnancy; the high cost of abortion care and services; or
social barriers that women face in their communities. In these countries,
post-abortion care is an important intervention to decrease abortion-
related maternal mortality and morbidity. When women cannot access
safe abortion, they often turn to unskilled providers or attempt self-inflicted
abortions, increasing the risk of an incomplete abortion. Left untreated, an
incomplete abortion can lead to the woman’s death or disability. In some
developing countries, as much as 50% of obstetric complications and
maternal hospital care expenditures are due to complications from unsafe
abortion. Post-abortion care (PAC) is treatment given to a woman who
presents at a health center or hospital with complications, usually bleeding
or infection, due to an incomplete abortion or miscarriage. Medical care,
including medication or surgery, is given to the woman to evacuate the
uterus and to save her life. They implement

15
 Comprehensive post-abortion care programs in nearly 20 countries in
Latin America, Africa and Asia. Comprehensive post-abortion care
includes partnerships with communities and service providers, counseling,
contraceptive and family planning services, and services and links to
reproductive and other health services, in addition to life-saving treatment
of incomplete abortion and associated complications. Our programs focus
on Securing supplies of needed equipment and drugs and training
providers to provide high-quality and comprehensive PAC services to
women. Conducting interpersonal communications with women of
reproductive age to educate them about the dangers of unsafe abortion,
the importance of contraception and where they can go to access post-
abortion care. Creating advocacy campaigns targeting key opinion leaders
to educate them about the consequences of unsafe abortion and the
importance of post-abortion care, which is legal under all circumstances.

 Fetus- is the unborn offspring of an animal that develops from an embryo.

Following embryonic development the fetal stage of development takes
place. In human prenatal development, fetal development begins from the
ninth week after fertilization (or eleventh week gestational age) and
continues until birth. Prenatal development is a continuum, with no clear
defining feature distinguishing an embryo from a fetus. However, a fetus is
characterized by the presence of all the major body organs, though they
will not yet be fully developed and functional and some not yet situated in
their final anatomical location.

 Teenage Pregnancy- is a situation which involves female adolescents. A

teenage female is a female between 13 to 19 in age. But sometimes
preteens (people under 13) can become pregnant as well. The fact that
teenagers become pregnant is related to many factors. These are related
to the specific situation of the teenager, and the group that she interacts
with. The rates of teenage pregnancy vary from country to country and are
related to differences of sexual activities, the general sex education being
provided and contraceptives being available. Teen pregnancy will
sometimes involve low birth weight. Social matters also play a role: Often,
the teenager grew up in poverty. She also often has a lower level of
general education. Pregnancy in teenagers in the developed world usually
occurs outside of marriage. The lowest levels of teenage pregnancy are in
Japan and South Korea.

16
 Spontaneous Abortion- a miscarriage, that is, any pregnancy that is not
viable (the fetus cannot survive) or in which the fetus is born before the
20th week of pregnancy. Spontaneous abortion occurs in at least 15-20%
of all recognized pregnancies and usually takes place before the 13th
week of pregnancy.

 Adolescent- transitional phase of growth and development between

childhood and adulthood. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines
an adolescent as any person between ages 10 and 19. This age range
falls within WHO’s definition of young people, which refers to individuals
between ages 10 and 24.
 Premature Death- death that occurs before the average age of death in a
certain population. In the United States, the average age of death is about
75 years. Smoking cigarettes and being exposed to secondhand tobacco
smoke are leading causes of premature death in the United States. They
can increase the risk of cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and
many other health problems. Other causes of premature death are injuries
and suicide.

 Miscarriage- miscarriage is when an embryo or fetus dies before the 20th

week of pregnancy. Miscarriage usually happens early in your pregnancy
— 8 out of 10 miscarriages happen in the first 3 months. Lots of people
experience this kind of pregnancy loss. In fact, 10-20% of pregnancies
end in miscarriage. But even though miscarriage is common, it can be
emotionally difficult. Feelings of grief and loss are normal after losing a
pregnancy. The medical term for miscarriage is “spontaneous abortion.”

CHAPTER III
 RESEARCH DESIGN

This chapter discusses the method of research used, the sources of data,
and the data gathering instrument, the data gathering procedure, and the
statistical treatment of data.

METHODS OF RESEARCH USED

This study determines the factors relating to the causes of abortion among
teenagers referring to the greater risk of spontaneous abortion cases. The
descriptive method was used in this study.

The purpose of the study is to find out how seldom the teenagers about the
instances of aborting a child that caused of their early age pregnancy and lack of
knowledge about it that will affect to their decisions.

Since this study mostly focuses on the data and the number of
respondents, is large as of 1980s according to a statistical record .So descriptive
research is the method that used in this study, explains the characteristics of the
population or phenomenon that is being studied.

SOURCES OF DATA

Most of the respondents used in this research are adults and specially
teenagers ages 15-19 years old that assessed about abortion cases.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RESPONDENTS

The 15 respondent answered the questionnaire given consist of situational

questions about Assessment of Abortion Cases among Teenagers in Barangay
Fairview Park and experienced to undergo abortion or had a relatives, friend or
classmate undergo abortion and involved early pregnancy stage

18
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT

The instrument used to gather data in this study is the researcher used
questionnaire. And the questionnaire is answered by several questions after
reading the instruction. The main tool used in this study is a researcher made
questionnaire. Most questions that was indicated in the material is about abortion
as it helps to determine the causes relating to it

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The procedure used to gather data and information is one by one giving of
questionnaires

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

Since the study used descriptive approach, the data collected were
analyzed using the percentage method and weighted mean

1. Percentage

This was established by dividing the number of responses by the number

of responsents

By the number of respondents and the quotient was multiplied by one hundred.

The formula for this is:

P=f/n x 100

Where:

P=Percentage

F=frequency

N=sample population

19
2. Weighted Mean

The weighted mean was used to find out the responses in the scale item of
the questionnaire.

The formula for this:

Xw = (∑Xw)/n

Where:

Xw = Weighted Mean

W = Weight

X= Frequency of number of observations

N=Number of respondents

∑=Summation

CHAPTER IV
 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the
findings of the study.

PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENT

Table 1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents by Gender

GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENT

Male 7 46.7

Female 8 53.3

TOTAL: 15 100

The results are from 15 respondents of Assessment of Abortion Cases

among Teenagers in Barangay Fairview Park and validated that 7 or (46.7%)
consist of male and 8 or (53.3%) are females. In this table shows that the number
of females encountered the most to undergo abortion than male.

21
Table 2. Frequency and Percent Distribution of Respondents by Age

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENT

12-14 1 6.6

15-17 10 66.7

18-20 4 26.7

TOTAL: 15 100

The average age of 15 respondents of Assessment of Abortion Cases

among Teenagers in Barangay Fairview Park is validated between the ages of
15-17 or (66.7%) has the highest frequency and percentage. While ages
between 18-20 had 4 frequency and holds (26.7%) and ages between 12-14 had
1 frequency and holds (6.6%) in the total number of respondents.

Table 3. Assessment of Abortion Cases situation among Teenagers in Barangay

Fairview Park.

SITUATIONS 5 4 3 2 1 TOTAL PERCENT

1. A women under the age
of 18 years are allowed to 3 1 2 3 6 15 100
have an abortion.
2. Teenagers ages 13
above are allowed to have 0 0 3 5 7 15 100
an early involvement on
sexual
intercourse
3. Only married couple or
person are allowed to 8 5 2 0 0 15 100
undergo sexual intercourse
4.Out of school can cause
abortion 7 3 5 0 0 15 100
5. Teenage pregnancy
associates abortion or
premature death, because
of physical related injuries,
alcohol-related causes, 6 5 2 1 1 15 100
suicide, motor vehicle
accidents, circulatory
diseases or other diseases
and poison intake
6. Abortion is a good way to
escape the responsibilities 0 0 5 5 5 15 100
waiting for teenagers
7. Abortion is legally
established in different 10 4 1 0 0 15 100
countries but in the law of
religion abortion is a crime
8. Abortion is an extremely
safe procedure when 7 5 3 0 0 15 100
performed under proper
medical conditions
9. Teenagers who have
abortions come from all 10 5 0 0 0 15 100
racial, ethnic,
socioeconomic, and
religious background
10. Most teenagers
obtaining abortion care 5 5 3 2 0 15 100
starts at the age of 15

CHAPTER V
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, the conclusions drawn, and the
recommendations based on the findings of the study.

SUMMARY

The purpose of this study is to assess the teenagers in Barangay Fairview

Park to the relating factors that will affect the teenagers that experienced to
undergo abortion or encounter those people who undergo abortion and to know
the unnecessary activities that will affect teenagers who undergo abortion. Using
descriptive survey method of research with 15 randomly selected respondents
from West, East, and South Fairview Park, the findings shown that 8 out of 15
respondents is female that mostly assessed about abortion cases among
teenagers or garnering a (53.3%), most of them are between the ages of 15-17.
According to the survey, teenagers answered the survey questionnaire by their
opinions to how they assess their selves about the questions prepared on the
survey questionnaire. In fact many activities prepared or setup to assess
teenagers and make themselves clear about the instances of undergoing early
stage pregnancy associates with premarital sex and lastly to undergo abortion.
Educated minds of teenagers will set them aside to issues associated with
abortion.

CONCLUSIONS

The conclusion was derived based from the summary of findings stated
above. This study suggests that the Assessment of abortion cases among
teenagers mostly assessed by females, based on the personal information filled
up by 15 respondents.

24
RECOMMENDATION

To the next researchers,

The first thing to obtain while doing a conducted research paper is

patience, because it will lead to a finished research paper. In terms of having a
successful research paper, commit your failures while working on your research
just accept and tolerate it and learn from your mistakes and learn how to improve
your failures. Be optimistic so you can obtain confidence and commit
hopefulness to finish the outcome of your research. I bet you to stop your
pressure just feel calm, because being pressured will not help you, it will make
you distracted and overthink the instances might you face. And the last thing is,
you might have not enough money to printout your research paper, you might not
have gadgets to work on and your parents might not tolerate what you are doing,
because you are drowning yourself to much and you might have not enough
sleep hours. Just remember that continue what you are doing and always
remember trust our almighty god even though he is giving you problems while
working on your research paper, remember that problems are blessings.

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