DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE: ITS EFFECT ON PARENT SEXUAL

PREFERENCE TO CHILDREN

A research
presented to the
Faculty of Senior High School
Siniloan Integrated National High School

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the
Senior High School Applied Research Course

CHRISTIAN ROCERO AVILLANEDA

DARIAN JANE PUNDANO HIPOLITO
KIANE ISORENA VIVAR
KIMBERLY MENDOZA BINALINGBING
(2021)
 APPROVAL SHEET

This Quantitative Study entitled “DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE: ITS EFFECT ON

PARENT SEXUAL PREFERENCE TO CHILDREN” prepared by CHRISTIAN
ROCERO AVILLANEDA, DARIAN JANE PUNDANO HIPOLITO, KIANE ISORENA
VIVAR, and KIMBERLY MENDOZA BINALINGBING in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Senior High School Applied Research Course with the
specialization on HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (HUMSS) has been
examined and is hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.

July 28, 2021

MELINA V. KAHULUGAN, MAEd

Research Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the COMMITTEE ON ORAL EXAMINATION with a grade of

______.

CECILIA B. CASTILLO, Ph.D.

Chairman

ROSEMARIE B. CARO, MAEd MELINA V. KAHULUGAN, MAEd

English Critique English Critique/ Technical Editor

NAME OF SUBJECT SPECIALIST RICHARD I. TUALA, MAT

Subject Specialist Statistician

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Senior High Applied
Research Course.

ICY PRINCESS A. TRENCIO, Ph.D.

Research Coordinator
 Demographic Profile: Its Effect on Parent Sexual Preference to Children

AUTHORS
Christian Avillaneda, Dariann Jane Hipolito, Kiane Vivar, Kimberly Binalingbing

HUMSS

ADVISER
Melina V. Kahulugan

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Parental sexual preferences are crucial factors for children's gender

socialization and can negatively impact their lives in later years. Thus, to find a solution
to this issue and gain a better understanding of what influences such preferences, the
current study examined their association with the various demographic profiles of
parents.

METHODS

The research aimed at 15 families with parents (both mother and

father) with 3-7 years old children (both boy and girl) residing in the municipality of
Siniloan, Laguna. Researchers constructed an online questionnaire that focuses on the
parents' evaluation of the preferability of gender-specific preferences for their children.
The respondent's profile's statistical results were then organized into a frequency,
percentage, and rank table. And Chi-square Test was used for hypothesis testing.

RESULTS
The present study shows that with regards to parent's gender, age,
educational attainment, and occupation, they favor same gender-typed preferences as
more preferable for their children. In other words, parents in the Municipality of Siniloan
have a higher level of sexual preference or have a highly gendered bias towards their
preferences for their children's activities.

DISCUSSION
The study concluded that parents from the Municipality of Siniloan,
Laguna have a Higher Level of Sexual Preference to Children concerning their
Demographic Profile. As a result, researchers suggest that involving the school and the
Siniloan Municipal Government through posting on social media, public meetings, and
training programs can assist parents in developing nongendered preferences.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to express their sincerest gratitude and

appreciation to the following individuals and friends who spent their time and lent their
hands to finish this study.

First of all, the Almighty God, for the wisdom, blessings, and providence;

To Mrs. Melina V. Kahulugan, Research Adviser, for her invaluable

suggestions, encouragement, and selfless assistance, which helped them to feel and
experience the researcher's work.

To Mr. Christopher Jamil SP. Marasigan, Tutor and Critic, for assisting,
reviewing, revising some of the computation of the study and extending so much time
despite his overloaded time.

To all of their classmates, 12- HUMSS especially Aliah Anne Zyrelle S.

Pine for being a constant companion in editing this research study.

To their Family for offering spiritual and emotional support, as well as

countless pieces of advice, encouragement, and unconditional love to the researchers.
Even if their situation appears trivial to them, their care, support, assistance, and
encouragement to the researchers without expecting anything in return immensely
aided them and became their inspiration.
 DEDICATION

This humble endeavour is dedicated

entirely to the ALMIGHTY GOD
“Jesus Christ,” who is their constant
source of strength and protection.

To their PARENTS, BROTHERS, and

SISTERS, who encourage them to
continue their education.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preliminaries Page

Title Page ………………………………………………………………………………....i

Approval Sheet …………………………………………………………………………...ii
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………...iii
Acknowledgment ………………………………………………………………………....iv
Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………….v
Table of Content …………………………………………………………………………..vi
List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………...viii
List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………..ix
Chapter
1 THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE……… 1
Introduction …………………………………………………………………1
Background of the Study ………………………………………………….2
Review of Related Literature ……………………………………………..3
A.1.1 Foreign Literature and Study ………………………………………4
B.2 Local Literature and Study ……………………………….…..………8
Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………10
Research Framework ……………………………………………….……..11
Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………11
Purpose of the Study ………………………………………………………12
Hypothesis of the Study ……………………………………………….. …12
Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………………….13
Significance of the Study …………………………………………………..13
Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………….14

2 METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………………...16
Research Design …………………………………………………………….16
Respondent of the Study..…………………………………………………...16
Research Instrument..………………………………………………………..16
Research Procedure...………………………………………………………..17
Statistical Treatment of Data...……………………………………………….17

3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA…......19
Respondents’ Demographic Profile ...……………………………………….19
Level of Sexual Preference…..……………………………………………….19
Level of Significance ……………………...…………………………………..21

4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………….23

Summary of Findings …………………………………………………….. ...23
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………….. ..23
Recommendation ……………………………………………………………24

BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………………..26

APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………………...32

A. Approved Survey Questionnaire ……………………………………..

….33
B. Letter Request to Conduct from the Principal
…………………………..33
 C. Encoded Data of the Respondents’ Response
………………………...42
D. Results …………………………………………………………………. …46

CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………………………………..47

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE/S TITLE
PAGE

1 Gender of the Respondents in Siniloan, Laguna…………………………….19

2 Age of the Respondents in Siniloan, Laguna…………………………..........19
3 Educational Attainment of the Respondents in Siniloan, Laguna…………..20
4 Occupation of the Respondents in Siniloan, Laguna………………………..20
5 Computed Weighted Mean on the Level of the Sexual Preference
 of the Parents to Children…………………………………...……………...21
6 Test of Relationship between the Level of Parent Sexual Preference
to Children and their Demographic Profile…………………………...…..22

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE/S TITLE
PAGE

1 Research Framework of the Study………….

……………………………...11
 1

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction
Parental socialization is one of the remarkable ways in which children at
the pivotal period of early years of childhood development begin to develop and learn
the concepts of right and wrong. Parents play an influential role in molding and training
the behavior of these children. However, in a family context, gender plays a significant
role in the organizing of family processes and social life. Thus, it becomes the
cornerstone that primarily instigates parental selection and responses with conformity to
sexual preferences and gendered behavior norms that guide the children's activities and
limits their action repertoires by gender stereotypes.

According to Mesman, Groeneveld, and Endendijk (2018), it is hard to

disentangle child sex- effects on parenting or parental reactions from effects of gender-
specific behavioral or temperamental differences. And since it is very subtle and often
happens outside parent's conscious awareness (Culp et al., 1983), meaning, parent's
reactions or response toward gender, in all ways (intentional and unintentional),
encouraged children about the social expectations and attitudes the society anticipate
them to portray in regards with their sexuality. As a result, it shapes a large part of
children's identity development, the way they view the world and influences the way
they are talked to, the way they are parented with, and people's reaction to certain
behaviors, hobbies, interests, and play styles.

The family context is crucial for gender development, providing the first
gender-related experiences that children incorporate in their gender concepts (Bem
1981). Also, parents play a role in some of the biological factors (genes, prenatal
testosterone) associated with child development (e.g., Caramaschi, Booij, Petitcler,
Boivin & Tremblay, 2012). Despite the question of whether gender-linked behavior is
due to the influence of biological factors (nature) as opposed to socialization practices
(nurture) or these differences may be the influence of both, still hotly debated in gender
research. Nonetheless, it remains possible, if not likely, that parent’s influential actions
put control towards shaping children's identity during childhood development.

The central theme of this research revolves around the concepts of

imitation/ modeling and reinforcement/ punishment: focusing on differential treatment in
boys and girls and other aspects of gender-typed behavior that emphasize gender
differences. This process is referred to as channeling or shaping of children's gender
 2

development (Blakemore et al., 2009; Eisenberg Wolchick; Hernandes & Pasternack,

1985). Because of this process of social categorization based on sexuality and
expected roles, children are granted both a social and personal identity. Insisting a rigid
way of thinking on what is good and what is bad, proper and improper, appropriate and
inappropriate behavior for their gender which limits their capabilities and slowly
embedding discrimination towards sexes (sexism), which in turn, define the lives they
live as an adult.

Even though gender roles have become more egalitarian in the past
decades, the traditional homemaker (wife) — breadwinner (husband) division is still
visible in current-day families (Mesman, Groeneveld and Endendijk, 2018). These
gender-typical behaviors (i.e., occupation and interest) will picture out to children's
minds the differences in how males and females act. Furthermore, parenting styles are
greatly affected by their own-gender-role stereotypes. Mothers and fathers who
performed more nontraditional gender-role behaviors in the home have children with
less strong gender stereotypes (Turner and Gervai, 1995), while conformist parenting
style (child has to comply with traditional norms and values) will have children with
stronger gender stereotypes. It suggests a pathway from parents' gender-role
stereotypes to parent behavior and from parent behavior to children's gender-role
stereotypes (Endendijk, Groeneveld, Mesman, 2018).

The statistical data from the World Economic Forum (WEF) displays the
Global Gender Gap Index ranking wherein the Philippines has consistently been in the
top 10 of the gender equality rankings since its first launch of annual study last 2006.
Albeit, the latest rating for the year 2020 reveals that the Philippines were in 16th place
out of 153 countries with an index of 0.781; falling out of the top 10 and sinking 8th
notches from the national record-high 0.799 last 2018. Nonetheless, these results have
shown that among the countries in Asia, the Philippines have closed the gender gap in
education, health, politics, and other economic indicators such as labor force
participation and income equality for similar work. Now, looking at this growing body of
evidence, the recognition of gender equality and normative acceptance that gender
equality matters have become a fundamental indicator for building a peaceful, more
cohesive society. These cultural shifts have led to much progress toward gender
equality, but narrow definitions of gender expression continue to strengthen. Hence, to
highlight the continued impact of sexism or sexualized gender behaviors, the objective
of this study is to retrace back the root of these issues that is within the basic unit of the
society; the family.

Background of the Study

Gender role development arises in the early years of a child’s life. And
parents’ sexual preferences (i.e., attitudes, behaviors, modeling, and reinforcement) are
likely to play a critical role in this process.
 3

Herein, the research will be directed towards the conceptualization of

gender development using a social learning theory, situating gender not as a naturally
existing category, but as a social creation. Thereby, this systematic review aimed to
investigate the different parenting preferences based on child gender and the degree of
parental encouragement toward- gender-typed preferences that affect child
development across four areas (play, toys, dress and television shows/ idols). As such,
the research will concentrate on families with mixed-gender siblings (both girl and boy)
that might emphasize the differential treatment between boys and girls with gender-
differentiated preferences.

Parental gendered influences can negatively impact the child’s behavior

and perception toward sexes, stimulate gender prejudice, and consequently affect these
children in later years. Therefore, it is best to examine this issue in more depth to
understand how to address the possible causal influences that lead to a more
detrimental problem. Because even though parents were saying that their children can
be whatever they want to be but yet they are still forcing an identity on them. This
identity based on how they think a child should act is not harmless; it has much deeper
and longer-lasting consequences than choosing which toy to play with.

Review of Related Literature

GENDER- DIFFERENTIATED PARENTING WITHIN FAMILIES
Psychologists indicate that parenting style includes parent-child
interaction, parent-child joint activities, and parental involvement in a child's education
are significant in socialization and the child’s functioning (Mamat, 2015). Accordingly,
one research study concluded that fathers attend more to submissive emotions in girls
than in boys but attend more to disharmonious emotions in boys than in girls (Chaplin et
al., 2005). Because they believed that girls need more emotional support and boys need
more independence from parents. Therefore, girls need more parental acceptance, and
boys need more parental autonomy granted (Leaper, 2004). On the contrary, a study
conducted by Bumpus et al. (2001) revealed that fathers permitted more independence
to girls as compared to boys. The reasons pointed out by these researchers were that
the girls mature earlier than boys, thereby helping them to enter the stage of
adolescence more healthily. Block (1976) based her work on reciprocal role theory
given by Johnson (1963, 1975) and suggested that the father demonstrated higher
differential treatment between son and daughter than the mother. As such, in terms of
communication about gender roles, fathers directed it more toward their sons than their
daughters by associating with the phrases: “men don’t cry'', ‘’take it on the chin’’, ‘’you
can’t be soft” and make used to more physical punishments for boys than girls
especially once the boys did not follow those rule. And according to Endendijk et al.
(2017), when father subjects their son to often physical control strategies the higher the
levels of aggression in boys than in girls it become. Hence, boys tend to have higher
behavior problems than girls, and fathers are believed to promote and enforce greater
 4

ideologically traditional gender typed behavior in their children than mothers. And since
women are less accepting than men of social hierarchies that subordinate women,
mothers may be less likely than fathers to socialize their children into societies’ gender
roles using gender-differentiated parenting practices (Endendijk et al., 2016).

Several studies concluded that fathers and mothers develop different

parental child-rearing styles and portraying fathers as more strict than mothers
(Endendijk, Groeneveld, Van der Pol, Berkel, Haalboom, Bakermans-Kranenburg, and
Judi Mesman, 2017). In response to these, fathers are perceived by their children as
more authoritarian, rigid, severe, restrictive, and formal, as well as less involved and
present in child-rearing (Rodriguez et al., 2009). While, mothers are perceived by their
children as more understanding, close, affectionate, controlling and involved in school
homework, with more flexible and equal, less severe discipline styles (Canton et al.,
2014; Oliva, Parra, & Arranz, 2008; Sorbring et al., 2003). When applied to parenting
and child gender development, it becomes a norm to expect mothers and fathers to use
different parenting strategies with boys and girls following boys and girl's divergent
gender roles. According to Endendijk et al. (2016), parental control of girls would be
characterized by kindness, consideration of others’ perspectives, empathy, and
interpersonal closeness (e.g., using autonomy-supportive strategies), whereas parental
control of boys would be characterized by power, assertiveness, aggressiveness, and
dominance (e.g., using controlling strategies). In addition, parent’s preferences to girls
will be more likely to focus on, for example, affiliation and interpersonal closeness, and
parent’s preferences to boys will be more likely to focus on, for example, assertiveness
and dominance because these characteristics are crucial to succeed in their respective
roles as a homemaker or economic provider. Furthermore, traditional parents are more
likely to show gender-differentiated parenting that reinforces gender-role consistent
behavior (e.g., more harsh or physical control of boys than girls, more gentle control and
guidance of girls than of boys) according to Mesman et al., (2016). Also, parents will
teach their sons but not their daughters that aggressive responding is appropriate as
part of a set of instrumental behaviors that fit the masculine role of an economic
provider (Archer, 2004). As a result, predicted externalizing problems in gender-
differentiated emotional health emerge in the later years. That is, women with anxiety
disorders are more likely to internalize, which results in loneliness, depression, and
withdrawal, and then men, on the other hand, are more likely to externalize, which leads
to aggression, impulsive, coercive, and non-compliant behavior. Which explains why the
country's prison population is largely occupied by men and men were treated as natural-
born criminals.

THE EMERGENCE OF GENDER SPECIFICITY: Development and Differences

A.1.1 Foreign Literature and Study
 5

Toys
The toys given by parents convey the earliest sexual orientation-based
messages by urging children to participate in activities related to, for instance, dolls and
trucks, which set forth a limited world during their childhood development. Throughout
this early stage, girls are often encouraged to play with stereotypically feminine-type
toys (e.g., dolls and kitchen sets) whereas boys are often encouraged to play with
stereotypically masculine-type toys (e.g., trucks and guns; Blakemore and Centers
2005; Hines 2004; Pomerleau et al. 1990). Toy play and toy selection scenarios provide
contexts for parents to share their knowledge and expectations regarding gender-
appropriate behavior (Campenni, 1999; Idleetal., 1993). Vygotsky (1978) regarded toys
as cultural artifacts or ‘tools of the mind’ which are designed with specific skills, either
cognitive or social, in mind. One implication of the findings of the meta-analysis is that it
may be important to ensure that toys that are attractive to each sex are not restrictive in
the skills that they afford. The shade of toys likewise influences the children’s
recognition of the things they play with. The pink shade is for girls and the blue shade
for boys, which is one signal used to define the sex fittingness of a toy. Girls must pick a
pink vehicle as opposed to blue to try not to get criticized for their sex character. From
this sort of activity, the privilege of kids to pick was dispersed. They may pick certain
toys dependent on what they believe is ideal for girls or boys. They may also make
statements about toys and activities that they think are only for girls or only for boys
(Langlois, & Downs, 1980; O’Brien, Huston, & Risley, 1983; Egan, Perry, & Dannemiller,
2001). Parental toy selection and responses to toy play are particularly important
factors in children’s acquisition of gender stereotypes (Berenbaum Et Al. 2008;
Kiteetal.2008; Wood et al. 2002). In general, strongly gender-typed toys are less
supportive of the development of children’s physical, cognitive, and artistic skills than
are gender-neutral or moderately gender-typed toys (Blakemore and Centers 2005). For
example, in a study with children below the age of 2, "children stated to the researchers
that girls like to play with dolls while boys like to play with cars and girls like to cry
whereas boys like to push. They divide adults’ activities as belonging to women and
men. They define colors according to sex (Ersoy, 2009:190). When children come to
the age of 3-4, they are aware of their sex but they are not aware that sex is a
permanent characteristic. According to Kohlberg, children “start seeing sexuality as a
permanent characteristic and gain this characteristic completely" (Kail, 2004). At these
ages, kids can decide their sex accurately and they know that sex is a perpetual
trademark.

Play
A lot of little kid’s learning occurs through play. Beneficial youth
instruction settings offer rich conditions with materials to control—for instance, a sand
table, water table, blocks, playhouse region, craftsmanship supplies, melodic toys—and
customary occasions to research, move, and play with these materials. Relative to this,
Johnson, Christie, and Wardle (2005) stated that it is an abstract concept that can be
defined by several behavioral and motivational factors, including free choice, intrinsic
motivation, positive affect, non-literality, and process orientation. It is not a particular
 6

behavior, but any movement initiated with a playful and lively frame of mind. It has been
characterized as any movement uninhibitedly picked, characteristically roused, and
personally directed. It remains outside 'normal' life and is not taken seriously and yet
engrosses the player intensely even though there is no specific goal in doing so. Apart
from that, a psychiatrist named Stuart Brown pointed out that play is ‘the basis of all art,
games, books, sports, movies, fashion, fun, and wonder – in short, the basis of what we
think of as civilization.’ (Brown 2009). Hence, games are not just a diversion to children,
but an integral part of their social and cultural lives’’ (Rieber 1996). And it is abundantly
clear that play is of vital importance in children’s health and development, and in
becoming responsible citizens. Yet despite the widespread belief that play is beneficial
to children, opportunities and encouragement for free play are increasingly limited.
Thereby, aside from improving the children’s actual strength, they also eventually
develop their views toward gendered materials appropriateness. And by the time they
are 3, they already apply gender stereotypes to toys (Freeman, 2007) and plays. As
such, boys typically play outside their home like basketball, soccer, and other manly
games, while girls arrange to play inside their home with their toys like barbie, kitchen
set, and teddy bears. Furthermore, during dramatic play, preschool females are more
likely to choose family roles, while males are more likely to choose adventure or action-
oriented roles, such as superheroes (Hughes, 2003). From this sort of setting the
capacity of every child will get restricted, since, if they play the game that contradicts
their sexual orientation their parents will get distraught and the individuals around them
may believe that they are gays or lesbians. Further, role modeling and family influences
affect gender learning when they reinforce or discourage specific behaviors, particularly
in play Leaper (2000). In an examination conducted with moms and fathers of 3-to 5-
year-old kids, kids' view of parental approval to preferable play for their children was
found to coincide with the guardians' self-described attitudes. And according to studies,
through dynamic play and participation in everyday exercises, they notice a repetitive
arrangement of cause and effect, gain organization and sense of self, and start to sort
out how the world functions.

In Havung's (2000) research, she describes male stereotyped gender

work, i.e. work that males actively take responsibility for and participate in such as
sporting activities and carpentry. Care and routines were regarded as female-related
work. Men do not take part in the decoration of the physical environment according to
her. Also, her study shows that masculinity is involved in playing with children, but not in
sewing, weaving, and baking in preschool. Girls’ play styles differ from those of boys.
Boys rely more on space-using standardized games, such as football, and they occupy
more space than girls during free play (Pfister, 1993; Stratton, 1999). They are more
competitive and exclusive, play in large groups, and good players tend to dominate.
Girls tend to be more inclusive and co-operative and play passive, small-group games
that use less space (Twarek and George, 1994). Children's play activities matter
because they influence the assimilation of gendered expectations, preferences, and
skills (Leaper 2002; Martin et al. 2002). For example, stereotypically gendered play
activities that boys prefer, such as construction toys and sports, promote spatial and
motor skills as well as self-assertion during the competition (for a review, see Leaper
 7

2002). By comparison, playing house and other feminine stereotyped activities are
opportunities to practice affiliative skills such as conversation and nurturance (Leaper
2002). As well, dress-up play may highlight to girls the importance of physical
appearance (Blakemore and Centers 2005).

Dress
Parents often have economic and authoritative power over the
purchase of children's clothes. The younger the child, the stronger the parental
influence. Parents have an interest in presenting their children in a certain way since the
way the child dresses also says something about the parent’s lifestyle, economic status,
and views of childhood. According to Johansson (2005), parents can actively express
their taste and style through their children which she referred to as "parents' extended
selves". Also, Rysst (2008) in an examination on sexual orientation developments
among girls, found that their garments frequently show guardians' inclinations since
"significant others' voices" about garments have been internalized and are significant
when girls pick their clothes during shopping. Dresses are also getting separately
designed for boys and girls at a very early age. Function and design is the fundamental
meet at the right proportions in children's clothing for it to be prominent and accepted.
Capacity and configuration are the central meets at the correct extents in kids' garments
for it to be unmistakable and acknowledged. Parents may experience feelings of
disappointment for having a child who does not match their expectations (Rosenberg,
2002) and may also find it difficult to accept their child’s expressed gender identity and
insist that it is a transient phase in their development (Dearden, 2009; Moller et al,
2009). And because this hungry brain arrives in the world and the world is instantly
plunging it into a tsunami of pink and blue that their options become limited by a world
that only offers pink for girls and blue for boys. Hence, colors are integral to our way of
thinking about gender and this is a prime example of the naturalization of what gender
signifies.

Television Shows/ Idols

As indicated by Burton, television is a significant apparatus for the vast
majority, youthful or old, as today most data is conveyed to the public through this
medium. It would now be able to be surveyed effectively through links or satellite, which
could give the user the type of data that they need, either for work, recreation, interest,
etc. And with the development of this media and the production of various programs,
television has grabbed the eye of a great number of people. Aside from the other media,
television is the most available media to the vast majority, specifically to kids, where
television is their most favorite type of media. However, the use of television by young
children particularly has raise debates and concerns to many organization and
researchers (e.g. Anderson & Pempek, 2005; Griffiths & Machin, 2003) because of the
unfathomable admittance to different kinds of data which could influence their
development, conduct, health, and learning. Media is one of the fundamental agents of
socialization that influence children the most. And studies in developed countries have
 8

noted that mass media has a great influence on children’s behavior (Baferani, 2015;
Crisogen, 2015; Castro, 2017).

The representation of males and females on television has been the

subject of many studies over the past half-century. Several studies have demonstrated
that on television, men appear twice as frequently as women (Signorielli, 1997;
Signorielli, McLoud, & Healy, 1994). This underrepresentation is exacerbated in
children’s television programming, with male characters appearing up to four times
more frequently in children’s Saturday morning programs (Calvert, 1999). When
females are featured, they are typically portrayed stereotypically. For example,
Thompson and Zerbinos (1997) showed that male characters were more likely than
female characters to be portrayed as independent and assertive, whereas female
characters were more likely than male characters to be portrayed as emotional, warm,
and affectionate. Also, male characters appear as being more gifted, driving, ready to
communicate thoughts, undermining, and incensed than females. On the contrary,
female characters are shown as being more compassionate, in need of protection, and
busy with ordinary things than male characters (Oliver ve Green, 2001:68).
Nonetheless, Rebeca Bell researching androgenetic and dressing opposite sex clothes
claim that “Imitating women includes an anxiety about the loss of power since this
generally means men’s obligation to identify with a person at a lower status.” (Napier,
2008: 70). During the cartoon transforming into a female is emphasized as humiliating.
For example, in the first episode, when his father throws Ranma into the lake he says:
“You dishonored this family” In the same episode his father yells at him stronger:
“Ranma you now talk like a girl” Ranma in female form reflects a problem. “She is
weaker than male Ranma, a failure in his father’s eyes. “The most ominous of those
fears are, as literature researcher Eve Sedgewick says, “homosexuality panic”, the fear
of heterosexual man to be homosexual” (in Napier, 2008:71).

Yuki Fujioka and Erica Weintraub Austin (2003) examined the parental
intervention impacts on a child’s message understanding process both from a child’s
and from a parent’s point of view. Seok Kang’s (2007) study posits that family factors
such as parental concerns about television, involvement with children and adolescents’
activity should be considered as important predictors of positive instruction, negative
instruction, restrictive mediation, and co-viewing. Higher levels of TV viewing are
associated with 4-year-olds being more likely to believe that others think boys and men
are better than girls and women (Halim, Ruble, & Tamis-LeMonda, 2013). For example,
preschool boys who are frequent viewers of television programs about superheroes
tend to engage in more male-stereotyped toy play and more weapon play (Coyne,
Lindner, Rasmussen, Nelson, & Collier, 2014. Among older male adolescents, sports
TV viewing, and reality TV viewing are associated with stronger conformity with
masculine beliefs (Giaccardi, Ward, Seabrook, Manago, & Lippman, 2016). Heavier
viewing of gender-traditional TV content is associated with the expression of more rigid
stereotypes about: adult activities and occupations (Nathanson, Wilson, McGee, &
Sebastian, 2002), household chores (Morgan & Rothschild, 1983; Signorielli & Lears,
 9

1992), motherhood (Ex, Janssens, & Korzilius, 2002), and the attributes that boys and
girls should have (Aubrey & Harrison, 2004; Ward, Hansbrough, & Walker, 2005).
Frequent TV viewing is also linked to the holding of more traditional attitudes about
gender roles in general (Rivadeneyra & Ward, 2005).

B.2 Local Literature and Study

Play
Family in the Philippines is perceived as an important part of the society. It
has been shaped by the unique history, values, experiences, adaptations, and ways of
being that characterize the Filipino people and their culture (Alampay, n.d.). Coupled
with the long history of political and social strife, it would seem that Filipino parents face
insurmountable challenges in raising their children (Blair, 2014). Filipino tradition In the
Philippines, games or traditional games are activities that are widely played by children
and involve the use of native materials or instruments. Due to the limited supplies of
toys available to Filipino youngsters, they frequently develop games that require nothing
more than the participants themselves. According to Magna Kultura (2012), ―Filipino
children nowadays spend their childhood playtime on Internet cafes or with their
handheld game consoles instead of socializing with other children playing the traditional
street games that for years is a culture and a norm for a typical Filipino child. As
indicated by (developer ng Sipa) of (year) "Kick" is in a real sense meaning Sipa in
Filipino language, one of the numerous conventional games in the Philippines' It
includes an item which is made out of elastic and washer, or here and there a 5-centavo
coin and a sweet treat covering. The target of the game is to kick the article upwards as
long as it takes by partnership without the item hitting the ground, the most significant
length of time for whoever kicks the article is considered as the victor. As per
(developer) of (year) Patintero Playtime is a virtual "Filipino road game" created by
Zeenoh. The game includes two groups and a network. The target of the game is for the
primary group to cross the lattice, and for the subsequent group to hinder the rivals from
intersection

Since this game is widely played by Filipinos in their childhood days the
developers of this game Team Buthchokoy were inspired to make “Sipa”, a mobile app
to show their love for the game itself and to cater their nationalistic efforts in introducing
Filipino culture to the global market. According to their main website the inspiration here
is not just to develop a mobile game, but to prove and inspire other Filipinos, that even
with limited resources and no know-how, one can create something if you put your heart
and soul for it” …( Butchokoy.com, 2011).

Dress

In nations like the Philippines, for example, it's anything but quite a while
for ladies to cross the dressing generalizations and have the option to wear jeans and
shirts. It's unquestionably going to be significantly harder for Filipino men to cross the
gap. Without a doubt, there will be questions in regards to their 'sexuality' – which is
 10

truly intense for the Filipino male mind. The visual categories of Western Dress/Filipino
Dress did not always 'naturally' correspond to non nationalist/nationalist,
powerful/disempowered, modern/traditional, or even other/self. The gendering of
costume mirrored men's and women's positioning in the political axis of the nation as
the status of 'bearer and wearer of national tradition' shifted from women to men once
the colony became an independent nation-state.... According to Roces (2008), in the
Philippines, "undress" was a form of protest first used by Cordillera women against the
Spanish colonizers in the sixteenth century.

This examination dissected 254 unduplicated early evening Philippine TV

promotions from 2010 for contrasts in sex portrayal. Two coders freely coded the whole
example and accomplished an intercoder unwavering quality of more prominent
than .700 for each detailed variable. The discoveries depend on chi-square
investigations and demonstrate a high predominance of sex contrasts and
generalizations in Philippine TV notices. For instance, more guys were displayed in the
work environment (17.9 % versus 7.4 %), though more females were displayed at home
(45.9 % versus 24.5 %); guys were by and large completely dressed (88.7 % versus
44.6 %), though females were regularly interestingly dressed (52.7 % versus 6.6 %); a
greater number of guys than females conveyed voiceovers (46.1 % versus 35.0 %); and
item classifications were characteristically connected with sexual orientation.

Television Shows/ Idols

The Philippines has made significant efforts to promote gender equality during
the last several years. For example, several laws and Gender Representation in
Philippine Television Advertisements 4 policies that aim to institutionalize gender
equality have been established (Battad 2006) and have produced long-term effects.
Among 135 countries, the Philippines was ranked eighth in The Global Gender Gap
Index by the World Economic Forum (Hausmann et al. 2011), and it was ranked the
highest in Asia (Sweden: 4, USA: 17, Malaysia: 97, Japan: 98).

The lone special case for these customary, cliché sex depictions was the
prevalence of female essential characters in TV notices (58.3 % versus 41.7 %).
Generally, such cliché depictions don't precisely reflect Philippine society, which is
viewed as quite possibly the most populist Asian social order as to sexual orientation.
By examining Philippine TV notices, this investigation means to close a hole in the still
under-explored space of sex portrayal in non-industrial nations, which could give a more
complete image of this theme according to a global viewpoint.

Theoretical Framework
Wood and Eagly introduced the Social-role theory in the late 1990s. This
theory signifies the labor division based on sexuality that encompasses the qualities
regarded as usual or ideal for each sex in society. Hence, supporting the idea of the
 11

Biosocial Theory and Gender Schema Theory of Engel (1997) and Bem (1981),
respectively. Wherein denotes the differential treatment between men and women and
boys and girls because of the established stereotype rooted in this gendered community
structure. Regrettably, evidence suggests that this persists as the older generation
passes this concept down through the family, with parents playing a critical role in the
process. And as such, Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) and Social
Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) come as a result. These posited that modeling and
reinforcement/punishment the parents demonstrate and endorse, alter, change, or
affect their child's behavior, beliefs, or feelings. It came from the idea that the presence
of much sexual orientation-related information available for the child to notice and
sexually explicit conduct, interest, and occupation of their parents, will instruct the child
to recognize and imitate the distinctions in how females and males should act. And
overall, influences the children’s gender and social behavior. In any case, it is unclear if
parents have a significant impact on their children's gender identity development
through demonstrating/modeling, despite the fact that it is widely known that parents
spend more time with same-sex children than with children of other genders. Finally,
parents’ sexual preferences have been applied to studying gender inequality.

Research Framework
This study focuses on the parental perception analysis with regards to usual and
ideal preferences for their children’s sexuality that are initiated at their early childhood
development. The variables are stated below to give more emphasis on the subject
matter.

Statement of the Problem

We live in a country where men and women are meant to be equal. Same
pay, same career, and same opportunities, but children as young as three think that
boys and girls are fundamentally different. And these differences may or may be
biologically determined but very much entangled with social experiences and upbringing
that have taught these children varying skills and firm mental attitudes. And these
preconceived ideas are believed to be the influence of their own parent’s sexual
 12

preferences. Thus, children have an uncertain adult life because of the differences in
what it means to be a man or a woman.

In the present survey study, we aim to contribute to a better understanding

of Filipino parents' role in encouraging children's gender-stereotyped behaviors by
examining different aspects of parent's gender-related attitudes towards sexual
preferences.

This will be guided with the following questions:

1. What are the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents in terms of

1.1 Gender;

1.2 Age;

1.3 Educational Attainment; and

1.4 Occupation

2. What is the level of sexual preference among parents?

3. Is there a significant relationship between parents' demographic profile and the level
of their sexual preferences for their children?

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study is to examine the parents' gender-based selection of
preferences. This is to find out how their socio-demographic profile (sex, age,
educational attainment and occupation) affects their level of sexual preferences on their
children. Furthermore, it is also to argue whether the father or the mother is more
engaged in the socialization of this gender-typed behavior to their children.

Hypothesis

Parents with higher traditional gender role attitudes based on their gender,
age, educational attainment, and occupation would judge same-gender-typed
preferences as more desirable for their children. Whereas, parents with lower traditional
gender role attitudes based on their age, sex, educational attainment, and occupation
would judge gender-neutral-typed preferences as more desirable for their children.
 13

Specifically, we hypothesized that:

Ho 1 There is no significant relationship between the parent’s gender (male or female)

and their level of sexual preference to children.

Ho 2 There is no significant relationship between the parents' age (young or old) and
their level of sexual preference to children.

Ho 3 There is no significant relationship between the parent’s educational attainment

(low level or high level) and their level of sexual preference to children.

Ho 4 There is no significant relationship between the parent’s sex (male-typical job or

female-typical job) and their level of sexual preference to children.

Scope and Limitation

This study about Demographic Profile: Its Effect on Parent Sexual Preference
to Children will only focus on the link between parents demographic profile (gender,
age, educational attainment, occupation) and their gender role attitudes and judgments
to the desirable preferences for their children's sexuality across four areas; toys, dress,
plays, and television shows/ idols. This study does not emphasize the children's
utilization of these parental practices as it requires a much longer time for further and in-
depth research to understand their relationship. Furthermore, there is a plausible
existence of other factors that are involved in the relationship aside from the
abovementioned instances. Even so, the research aimed only at the parents with both
three- to-seven-year-old boys and girls residing in the Municipality of Siniloan, Laguna
that will be completed on an online version of the questionnaire. The researchers will
provide a questionnaire that will be answered by 30 respondents in the said places or
the given scope.

Significance of the Study

The results of the study will benefit the following:

Parents and Adults

The findings would be an eye-opener that can shift into making significant
changes in the mindset of those previously subscribing to gender blindness. Gaining
 14

awareness of sexism, gender stereotypes, and unconscious biases in terms of

preferences may help to enforce gender-neutral parenting attempts in ways that can
raise a child gender-free.

Children
The result of the study will help the children to grow up without having a
fix and limiting ideas of what they can achieve regardless of their sexuality.

Local Government
This study will encourage them to conduct activities or programs in the
Municipality of Siniloan, Laguna concerning parents' awareness of sexual preferences
to their children and the promotion of non-gendered selection.

Future Researchers
This will serve as a reference for them to further their studies in gender
research and to see the connection of the study to gender inequalities or stereotypes
among men and women.

Definitions of Terms
Family- is a group of one or more parents and their children living together as a unit.
Parental socialization- styles are defined more as an emotional context or climate than
as a set of specific parenting practices, meaning that depending on said context, each
parent's individual practices (affect, communication, strictness, etc.)
Gender socialization- is the process through which children learn about the social
expectations, attitudes and behaviors typically associated with boys and girls.
Sexual preference – preferences in accordance to one’s sex or gender
Gender identity – is an individual's personal sense of having a particular gender.
Gender typed behavior- is the process by which a child becomes aware of their
gender and thus behaves accordingly by adopting values and attributes of members of
the sex that they identify as their own.
Gender role- the role or behavior learned by a person as appropriate to their gender,
determined by the prevailing cultural norms.
Gender role attitudes- refer to views held by individuals regarding the roles men and
women should play in society.
 15

Gender-differentiated- the process in which biological differences between males and

females are assigned social significance and are used as a means of social
classification.
Gender stereotype- refers to the practice of ascribing to an individual woman or man
specific attributes, characteristics, or roles by reason only of her or his membership in
the social group of women or men.
Sexuality- is about your sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions and behaviors towards
other people.
Femininity- qualities or attributes regarded as characteristic of women.
Masculinity- qualities or attributes regarded as characteristic of men.
Gender inequality- is the social process by which men and women are not treated as
equals. The treatment may arise from distinctions regarding biology, psychology, or
cultural norms. Some of these distinctions are empirically-grounded while others appear
to be socially constructed.
Female-typical Job- work believed to be exclusively the domain of women.
Male-typical Job- work believed to be exclusively the domain of men.

Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY
 16

This chapter presents the method of research employed and the

procedural steps followed in the study, which includes the research instruments and the
statistical treatment applied for the analysis and interpretation of the data.

Research Design
The design of the study is quantitative, and researchers used a
descriptive method of research. And according to Mccombe (2019), descriptive
research aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation, or
phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when, and how questions, but not why
questions. In other words, it describes the characteristics of the population without
covering why these characteristics of the population occurred. And these characteristics
used to describe the situation or population is usually some kind of categorical scheme,
also known as descriptive categories. Descriptive research generally precedes
explanatory research.

The researcher formulated a survey research design which the

questionnaires served as a guide in conducting the research. A questionnaire is
prepared for a specific type of identified respondents. The questionnaire focuses on the
Demographic Profile: Its Effect on Parent Sexual Preference to Children and the
parents' evaluation towards the preferability of gender-specific preferences for their
children.

Respondent of the Study

The researchers used the purposive sampling method to select the

members of the population who will participate in their study. Herein, researchers rely
on their own judgment to choose the individuals who match a specific profile they need
to reach and reject those who do not. The research aimed only at 15 families with
parents (both mother and father) with 3-7 years old children (both boy and girl) residing
in the municipality of Siniloan, Laguna.

Research Instrument

The instrument used in the study will be an online questionnaire based on

the research problem. The main purpose of conducting a survey is to determine if the
parents' demographic profile affects their level of sexual preferences for their children.
 17

The first part of the questionnaire includes the parent's profile such as gender,
age, educational attainment, and occupation.

The second part of the survey assesses parents' level of sexual preferences
in four areas (toys, plays, dress, and television shows/idols) by asking them how
preferrable they considered each of the statements.

Research Procedure
The researcher constructed the questionnaire as an instrument in the study.
The questionnaire was certified by the panel of the examiners assigned to the
researcher. The researcher distributed the online questionnaire to be answered by the
identified respondents from the judgmental selection.

For this study, the existence of statistics will also be included in this part - the
statistical data of the results. The researchers used the table to summarize the data
analysis. We arranged the responses and data of the respondent's profile into a table of
frequency, percentages, and rank. And as for the hypothesis testing, the Chi-square is
used..

Statistical Treatment of Data

To answer the questions posited in this study, the following statistical tools
were applied in the collected data.

Variables to be Analyzed Statistical Tool

• Profile of the respondent Frequency, Percentage, Rank

1.1 Sex
1.2 Age
1.3 Educational Attainment
1.4 Occupation

• Factors affecting the sexual Mean, Rank, Verbal Interpretation

preference to children
 18

• Significant relationship between

the Level of Parent Sexual Chi-square
Preference to Children and their
Demographic Profile.

Chapter 3
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The purpose of this chapter is to present all the results and discussion
of the findings from the collected data. It includes the following age, sex, educational
 19

attainment, and occupation of the parents. And the potential of the said profile affecting
the parent’s level of sexual preference to their children.

Respondents' Demographic Profile

Table 1 shows the Gender of the respondents in the municipality of
Siniloan, Laguna. The number of male and female respondents were equally halved; 15
males and 15 females, with both percentage values of 50.
Table 1. Gender of the Respondents in the Municipality of Siniloan, Laguna

Sex Frequency Percentage Rank

Male 15 50.00 1.5
Female 15 50.00 1.5
Total 30 100.0

Table 2 shows the Age of the respondents in the municipality of

Siniloan, Laguna. And respondents who are young adults within 15-25 years old and
middle adults within the 37-47 age range have the same percentage value of 16.7. Then
the highest number of the respondents are 26-36 years old, having a frequency of 17
and a percentage value of 56.7, while ages 48-58 got only a frequency of 3 with the
lowest percentage value of 10.

Table 2 reveals that a significant number of adults ages 26-36 were present
during the conduct of the study, while almost senior adults ages 48-58 got the least
number of respondents.

Table 2. Age of the Respondents in the Municipality of Siniloan, Laguna

Age Frequency Percentage Rank

15- 25 5 16.70 2.5
26- 36 17 56.70 1
37- 47 5 16.70 2.5
48- 58 3 10.00 4
Total 30 100.0

Table 3 illustrates the respondents' educational attainment in the

municipality of Siniloan, Laguna. Respondents who had completed high school had the
highest percentage value of 56.7, as seen in the table, while respondents who have
completed college have a frequency of 13 and a percentage value of 43.3.
 20

The researcher found out that the number of respondents with high school
as their highest educational attainment is higher than respondents with college as their
highest educational attainment at the time of the survey.

Table 3. Educational Attainment of the Respondents in the Municipality of

Siniloan, Laguna

Educational Frequency Percentage Rank

Attainment
High School 17 56.70 1
College 13 43.30 2
Total 30 100.0

Table 4 shows the respondents' occupation in the municipality of Siniloan,

Laguna. The majority of respondents work in a female-typical occupation, with the
highest percentage value of 53.3 which corresponds to a frequency of 16. And
respondents working in a male-typical occupation had a frequency of 14 and an equal
lowest percentage value of 46.

Thus, researchers concluded that most respondents work in female-typical

occupations rather than male-typical occupations.

Table 4. Occupation of the Respondents in the Municipality of Siniloan, Laguna

Job Classification Frequency Percentage Rank

Male Occupation 14 46.70 1
Female Occupation 16 53.30 2
Total 30 100.0

Table 5 includes the computed weighted mean of the Parents Level of Sexual
Preference to their children across four areas (toys, plays, dress, and television
shows/idols). It reveals that question number 4, “Do you make your son/daughter wear
clothes suitable for his/her gender?” got the highest weighted mean of 4.10 and was
interpreted as Preferred. Followed by computed weighted means of 3.97, 3.63, and
3.60, respectively, were questions 6, 11, and 12, which were likewise read as Preferred.
On the other hand, question number 3, “ Do you choose the color of toys your
son/daughter can play with based on their gender?” received the lowest weighted
mean of 2.33 or Not Preferred/ Preferred as a descriptive rating. Together with the
computed weighted means of 2.53, 2.70, and 2.87 of questions 2, 8, and 1,
respectively, arranged in increasing order before it and also got the same interpretation
of Not Preferred/ Preferred.
 21

From this, it was found that parents have a higher level of sexual
preference or are more gender-biased in selecting their children's dresses and
television shows/ idols. While having a lower level of sexual preference or are less
gender-biased in selecting their children's toys.

Level of Sexual Preference

Table 5. Computed Weighted Mean on the Level of the Sexual Preference of the
Parents to Children

Level of the Sexual Preference of the Parents to WM Interpretation Rank

Children
TOYS
1. Do you force your son/daughter to use toys 2.8 Not Preferred/ 9
appropriate for his/her gender? 7 Preferred

2. Do you get mad when you see your son/daughter 2.5 Not Preferred/ 11
playing with things that are not proper for his/her 3 Preferred
gender?
3. Do you choose the color of toys your son/daughter 2.3 Not Preferred/ 12
can play with based on their gender? 3 Preferred
DRESS
4. Do you make your son/daughter wear clothes suitable 4.1 Preferred 1
for his/her gender? 0
5. Do you forbid your son/daughter to wear clothes not 3.2 Not Preferred/ 6
suitable for his/her gender? 7 Preferred
6. Do you pick the clothes of your son/daughter 3.9 Preferred 2
according to his/her gender? 7
PLAYS
7. Do you encourage your son/daughter to play kids of 3.2 Not Preferred/ 7
the same sex? 3 Preferred

8. Do you scold your son/daughter for playing games or 2.7 Not Preferred/ 10
engaging in activities that are inappropriate for his/her 0 Preferred
gender?
9. Do you agree that your son/daughter should play 3.3 Not Preferred/ 5
games that are appropriate for his/her gender? 3 Preferred
TV SHOWS/ IDOLS
 22

10. Do you agree that you should choose shows/movies 2.9 Not Preferred/ 8
for your son/daughter based on his/her gender? 7 Preferred

11. Do you feel more comfortable that your son/daughter 3.6 Preferred 3
has TV idols that are appropriate for his gender? 3
12. Do you prefer if your son/daughter will watch 3.6 Preferred 4
shows/movies appropriate for his/her gender? 0
Gen WM 3.2 Not
1 Preferred/
Preferred

Level of Significance

Table 6 shows that there’s a significant relationship between parents'

demographic profile (gender, age, educational attainment, and occupation) and the level
of their sexual preference for children. Using the Chi-square as a statistical tool, the
gender (with a Chi-square value of 2.96 and a P-value of 0.565), age (with a Chi-square
value of 11.63 and a P-value of 0.476), educational attainment (with a Chi-square value
of 6.39 and a P-value of 0.172), and occupation (with a Chi-square value of 2.96 and a
P-value of 0.565) of the respondents were all interpreted as significant. Since the Chi-
square value > P-value, the interpretation is significant. And thus, the decision is to
reject the null hypothesis.

Table 6. Test of Relationship between the Level of Parent Sexual Preference to

Children and their Demographic Profile.

Profile Chi-square value P-value Relationship

Gender 2.96 0.565 Significant
Age 11.63 0.476 Significant
Educational 6.39 0.172 Significant
Attainment
Occupation 2.96 0.565 Significant
\

Chapter 4
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter deals on the summary of the study, conclusion, and

recommendation.
 23

Summary of Findings

In July 2021, a study entitled Demographic Profile: Its Effect on Parent Sexual
Preference to Children was conducted in the Municipality of Siniloan, Laguna. The study
aims to understand how parents' demographic profiles (gender, age, educational
attainment, and occupation) affect their sexual preferences for children. To help enforce
gender-neutral parenting attempts in ways that can raise a child gender-free.

The data for this study was collected through an online survey, with parents
serving as respondents. The study's findings revealed that respondents expressed
different opinions, which the researchers encountered. It was based on their own
behaviors, experiences, and practices in selecting the ideal preferences for their
children’s sexuality. Some of the respondents are clearly gendered-biased, while others
are not.

Based on the data gathered, using the structured online questionnaire

distributed and answered by 30 respondents living at the Municipality of Siniloan,
Laguna. There were an equal number of male and female parents, fifteen (15) people
each, who have given a meaningful response in the research. The majority of the
respondents who were present during the conduct of the study are adults ages 26-36.
Then, respondents with high school as their highest educational attainment got the
highest frequency of twenty-seven or fifty-six and seventy percent (17 or 56.70%). And
in occupation, most of the respondents work in a female-typical job having a frequency
of sixteen or fifty-three and thirty percent (16 or 53.30%).

With regards to assessing the level of the respondents' sexual preferences to

children across four areas (toys, plays, dress, and television shows/idols), four out of
the top five items in the ranking (with GM within 3.40 - 4.19) were interpreted as
Preferred. And the result also revealed that parents have a higher level of sexual
preference or are more gender-biased in choosing their children's dress and television
shows/idols. On the other hand, the bottom five items in the ranking (with GM within
2.60 - 3.39) were interpreted as Not Preferred/ Preferred. And thus found out that
parents have a lower level of sexual preference or are less gender-biased in choosing
their children's toys.

The results revealed a significant relationship between the parents'

Demographic Profile and their Level of Sexual Preferences for Children. With the use of
the Chi-square as a statistical tool, the gender (with a Chi-square value of 2.96 and a P-
value of 0.565), age (with a Chi-square value of 11.63 and a P-value of 0.476),
 24

educational attainment (with a Chi-square value of 6.39 and a P-value of 0.172), and
occupation (with a Chi-square value of 2.96 and a P-value of 0.565) of the respondents
were all interpreted as significant. Since the interpretation is significant and the decision
is to reject the null hypothesis if the Chi-square value > P-value.

Conclusion

This study was conducted to determine whether the parent's demographic

profile affects their level of sexual preferences for children. And the findings have
reflected that the respondents have higher traditional gender role attitudes, meaning
they preferred same-gendered-typed preferences for their childrens' activities.

With the concerns of children having an uncertain adult life because of the
differences in what it means to be a man or a woman, parents in the Municipality of
Siniloan, Laguna are encouraged to apply non-gendered preferences rather than
making a distinct selection based on what is normal or ideal for their children based on
their sexuality.

Thus, the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant

relationship between Parents' Demographic Profiles (gender, age, educational
attainment, and occupation) and their Level of Sexual Preference to Children, was
rejected. It means the statement above proved that they have a significant relationship
regarding the study.

Recommendation
Since implementing interventions for parents is challenging because
parents are hard to reach, researchers suggest the following:

1. The municipality of Siniloan is encouraged to invest time, money, and effort in

promoting ungendered parental preferences for children through social media
platforms (e.g, Facebook) and printed booklets.

2. The preschools in Siniloan, Laguna, are obliged to administer gender-sensitive

training programs that include family outreach toward fostering gender non-
conforming selection of parental preferences for children.

3. Through public discussion, the municipality of Siniloan is encouraged to educate

parents on how to raise their children gender-free.
 25

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 29

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 30

Testing Associations Between Media Consumption and Young Men’s

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_Philippine_Television_Advertisements
 32

APPENDICES

“DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE: ITS EFFECT ON PARENT SEXUAL

PREFERENCE TO CHILDREN”

PART I. Profile of the respondents

INSTRUCTION: Fill in the details with your response to the questions.

 33

NAME: __________________________

(optional)

Age:

( ) 15-25

( ) 26-36

( ) 37-47

( ) 48-58

Sex: ( ) Male ( ) Female

Educational Attainment:

( ) High School ( ) College

Occupation:

Part II. Level of Approval

DIRECTION: Please select the answer that matches your honest review of the following
question.

5- Strongly Preferred
4- Preferred
3- Not Preferred/ Preferred
2- Not Preferred
1- Strongly Not Preferred

TOYS 5 4 3 2 1

• Do you force your son/daughter to use toys appropriate

for his/her gender?

• Do you get mad when you see your son/ daughter

playing with things that are not proper for his or her
gender?
 34

• Do you choose the color of toys your son or daughter

can play with based on their gender?

DRESS

• Do you make your son/daughter wear clothes suitable

for his/her gender?
• Do you forbid your son/daughter to wear clothes not
suitable for his/her gender?

• Do you pick the clothes of your son/daughter according

to his/her gender?

PLAY

• Do you encourage your son/ daughter to play with kids

of the same sex?

• Do you scold your son/daughter for playing games or

engaging in activities that are inappropriate for his/her
gender?

• Do you agree that your son/daughter should play games

that are appropriate for his/her gender?

TV SHOWS/ IDOLS (MGA PALABAS SA TELEBISYON AT

IDOLO)

• Do you agree that you should choose shows/movies for

your son/ daughter based on his/her gender?

• Do you feel more comfortable that your son/ daughter

has TV idols that are appropriate for their gender?
 35

• Do you prefer if your son/daughter will watch

shows/movies appropriate for his/her gender?

Lupon ng mga Katanungan

“DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE: ITS EFFECT ON PARENT SEXUAL

PREFERENCE TO CHILDREN”
INSTRUCTION: Punan ng tugon ang mga katanungan.
 36

Part I. Pagkakakilanlan ng Respondente

PANGALAN: __________________________

(opsyonal)

Edad:

( ) 15-25

( ) 26-36

( ) 37-47

( ) 48-58

Kasarian: ( ) Lalaki ( ) Babae

Baitang ng Napag-aralan:

( ) Sekondarya ( ) Kolehiyo

Trabaho:

Part II. Antas ng Pag-apruba

Panuto: Mangyaring piliin ang tugon na tumutugma sa iyong matapat na pagsusuri sa

sumusunod na katanungan.

5- Lubusang Ginugusto
4- Ginugusto
3- Hindi Ginugusto/ Ginugusto
2- Di Ginugusto
1- Lubusang Di Ginugusto

LARUAN 5 4 3 2 1
• Pinipilit mo ba ang iyong anak na maglaro ng mga
laruan na angkop para sa kanyang kasarian?
 37

• Nagagalit ka ba kapag nakita mo ang iyong anak na

lalaki o anak na babae na naglalaro ng mga bagay na
hindi angkop para sa kanyang kasarian?

• Pinipili mo ba ang kulay ng mga laruan na maaaring

laruin ng iyong anak na lalaki o babae batay sa kanilang
kasarian?)

KASUOTAN

• Pinagsusuot mo ba ang iyong anak na lalaki o babae ng

mga damit na naaayon sa kanilang kasarian?

• Ipinagbabawal mo ba ang iyong anak na lalaki o anak

na babae na magsuot ng damit na hindi angkop para sa
kanilang kasarian?

• Pinipili mo ba ang mga damit ng iyong anak na lalaki o

anak na babae ayon sa kanyang kasarian?

LARO
• Hinihimok mo ba ang iyong anak na lalaki o anak na
babae na makipaglaro sa mga batang kapareho nila ng
kasarian?

• Pinapagalitan mo ba ang iyong anak na lalaki o anak na

babae sa paglalaro o pagsali sa mga aktibidad na hindi
naaangkop para sa kanilang kasarian?

• Sumasang-ayon ka ba na ang iyong anak na lalaki o

anak na babae ay dapat maglaro ng mga laro na
naaangkop sa kanilang kasarian?

MGA PALABAS SA TELEBISYON AT IDOLO

• Sumasang-ayon ka ba na dapat kang pumili ng mga

palabas/ pelikula para sa iyong anak na lalaki o babae
batay sa kanilang kasarian?
 38

• Mas komportable ka ba kung ang iyong anak na lalaki o

anak na babae ay may mga iniidolo sa telebisyon na
angkop para sa kanilang kasarian?

• Mas gusto mo ba kung ang iyong anak na lalaki o anak

na babae ay nanonood ng mga palabas/pelikula na
angkop para sa kanyang kasarian?

Republic of the Philippines

Department Of Education
Region IV- A CALABARZON
Siniloan Integrated National High School
Siniloan, Laguna
 39

July 28, 2021

Siniloan Integrated national High School
Greetings!
Good day!

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Senior High School Practical Research,
We, Grade 12-HUMSS students are required to conduct a quantitative research with
respect in our chosen discipline, HUMSS or Humanities and Social Science.
Our study is entitled “Demographic Profile: Its Effect on Parent Sexual Preference to
Children” which aims to examine if the parents' socio-demographic profile (sex, age,
educational achievement, and occupation) influences their level of gender-based
selection of preferences for their children.

The participants of this study are located at the Municipality of Siniloan and western
side of Pakil in Laguna.

In relation to that, the researchers would like to ask permission to conduct the said
study on the above mentioned locality. Attached here are the interview schedule of the
participants and letter to the participants.
Your kind consideration and approval for this request is highly appreciated.
Thank you and more power.
Respectfully yours,

AVILLANEDA, CHRISTIAN ROCERO

BINALINGBING, KIMBERLY MENDOZA
HIPOLITO,, DARIANN
JANE
VIVAR, KIANE
ISORENA

NOTED:
ICY PRINCESS A. TRENCIO P, Ph. D
Research Chairman
 40

APPROVED:
CECILIA B. CASTILLO
Principal

Republic of the Philippines

Department Of Education
Region IV- A CALABARZON
Siniloan Integrated National High School
Siniloan, Laguna

Good day!
 41

We, Christian Avillaneda with Dariann Hipolito, Kimberly Binalingbing, and Kiane Vivar
are in the process of gathering data for our research study entitled “Demographic
Profile: Its Effect on Parent Sexual Preference to Children” to examine if the parents'
socio-demographic profile (sex, age, educational achievement, and occupation)
influences their level of gender-based selection of preferences for their children, we only
ask for your time and cooperation into answering all the given questions with the
intention to give solutions to our research problem concerning the Effect of the Parent’s
Demographic Profile to their Sexual Preference to Children. We promise your anonymity
in answering these questions if it is wished by them.

CHRISTIAN AVILLANEDA DARIANN JANE HIPOLITO

Researcher Researcher

KIMBERLY BINALINGBING KIANE VIVAR

Researcher
Researcher

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE: ITS EFFECT ON PARENT SEXUAL PREFERENCE TO

CHILDREN

Table 1. Frequency, Percentage, Distribution of the Respondents Profile

Profile Frequency Percentage Rank

Gender
Male 15 50.00 1.5
Female 15 50.00 1.5
Total 30 100.00
Age
 42

15- 25 5 16.70 2.5

26- 36 17 56.70 1
37- 47 5 16.70 2.5
48- 58 3 10.00 4
Total 30 100.00
Educational
Attainment
High School 17 56.70 1
College 13 43.3 2
Total 30 100.0
Job Classification
Male Occupation 14 46.70 1
Female Occupation 16 53.30 2
Total 30 100.0

Table 2. Computed Weighted Mean on the Level of the Sexual Preference of the
Parents to Children

Level of the Sexual Preference of the Parents to WM Interpretati Ran

Children on k
TOYS
1. Do you force your son/daughter to use toys appropriate 2.87 Not 9
for his/her gender? Preferred/
Preferred
2. Do you get mad when you see your son/daughter playing 2.53 Not 11
with things that are not proper for his/her gender? Preferred/
Preferred
3. Do you choose the color of toys your son/daughter can 2.33 Not 12
play with based on their gender? Preferred/
Preferred
DRESS
4. Do you make your son/daughter wear clothes suitable for 4.10 Preferred 1
his/her gender?
5. Do you forbid your son/daughter to wear clothes not 3.27 Not 6
suitable for his/her gender? Preferred/
Preferred
6. Do you pick the clothes of your son/daughter according 3.97 Preferred 2
to his/her gender?
PLAYS
7. Do you encourage your son/daughter to play kids of the 3.23 Not 7
same sex? Preferred/
Preferred
8. Do you scold your son/daughter for playing games or 2.70 Not 10
engaging in activities that are inappropriate for his/her Preferred/
 43

gender? Preferred
9. Do you agree that your son/daughter should play games 3.33 Not 5
that are appropriate for his/her gender? Preferred/
Preferred
TV SHOWS/ IDOLS
10. Do you agree that you should choose shows/movies for 2.97 Not 8
your son/daughter based on his/her gender? Preferred/
Preferred
11. Do you feel more comfortable that your son/daughter 3.63 Preferred 3
has TV idols that are appropriate for his gender?
12. Do you prefer if your son/daughter will watch 3.60 Preferred 4
shows/movies appropriate for his/her gender?
Gen WM 3.21 Not
Preferred/
Preferred

Table 3. Test of Relationship between the Level of Parent Sexual Preference to

Children and their Demographic Profile.

Profile Chi-square value P-value Relationship

Gender 2.96 0.565 Significant
Age 11.63 0.476 Significant
Educational 6.39 0.172 Significant
Attainment
Occupation 2.96 0.565 Significant

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE: ITS EFFECT ON PARENT SEXUAL PREFERENCE TO CHILDREN

44
 45

Results
The present study revealed the significant relationship between parent's
demographic profile (gender, age, educational attainment, and occupation) and their
Level of Sexual Preference to their Children. Furthermore, parents also appear to have
a higher level of sexual preferences or traditional gender role attitudes toward judging
what is preferable for their children's sexuality regardless of their differing profiles. In
other words, they have a highly gendered bias towards their preferences for their
children's activities. And that even boys and girls from younger, highly educated
families, were still subjected to differential expectations regarding their interests and
behaviors. That turn might lead these children to miss opportunities and limited action
repertoires.
46
 47

CURRICULUM VITAE
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
Region IV- A CALABARZON
Siniloan Integrated National High School
Siniloan, Laguna

AVILLANEDA, CHRISTIAN R.
Address:
Zip Code:4019
Contact Number: 0946-235-9805
Email Address: christianroceroavillaneda
@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth: November 18 2002
Place of Birth: Siniloan Laguna
Age: 18
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Height: 165cm
Weight: 65kg
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father’s Name: Felipe L. Avillaneda
Mother’s Name: Lilian R. Avillaneda

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary Level:

2018-2019

Primary Level

2014-2015
SKILLS AND ABILITIES
- Searching for information
- Attention to detail

CHARACTER REFERENCE:
Mrs. Melina V. Kahulugan
Adviser
Humanities and Social Sciences
Siniloan Integrated National High School
L. de Leon St. Siniloan, Laguna

I hereby certify that the above information is true and connect to the best
of my knowledge and belief.

CHRISTIAN R. AVILLANEDA
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
BINALINGBING, KIMBERLY M.
Region IV- A CALABARZON
Address:
Siniloan Integrated National High School
Zip Code: 4020
Siniloan, Laguna
Contact Number: 0975-472-1750
Email Address: kimberlymendozabinalingbing@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth: May 23 2003
Place of Birth: Marikina, City
Age: 18
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Height: 148cm
Weight: 51kg
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father’s Name: Cesar R. Binalingbing
Mother’s Name: Josephine M. Binalingbing

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary Level:

2018-2019

Primary Level
 2014-2015

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

- Can Speak Filipino and English Language
- Fast learner and Eager to Learn

CHARACTER REFERENCE:

Mrs. Melina V. Kahulugan

Adviser
Humanities and Social Sciences
Siniloan Integrated National High School
L. de Leon St. Siniloan, Laguna

I hereby certify that the above information is true and connect to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

KIMBERLY M. BINALINGBING
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
Region IV- A CALABARZON
Siniloan Integrated National High School
Siniloan, Laguna

HIPOLITO, DARIANN JANE P.

Address: 44 N. Valderrama St. Brgy Wawa
Siniloan, Laguna
Zip Code: 4019
Contact Number: 0912-921-0456
Email Address: dariannjanehipolito@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth: June 13 2003
Place of Birth: Siniloan, Laguna
Age: 18
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Height: 156cm
Weight: 45kg
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father’s Name: Darwin M. Hipolito
Mother’s Name: Mary Ann P. Hipolito

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary Level:

2018 -2019

Primary Level
 2014-2015

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

- Can speak Filipino and English Language
- Ability to adapt new knowledge
- Responsible and Kind

CHARACTER REFERENCE:

Mrs. Melina V. Kahulugan

Adviser
Humanities and Social Sciences
Siniloan Integrated National High School
L. de Leon St. Siniloan, Laguna

I hereby certify that the above information is true and connect to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

DARIANN JANE P. HIPOLITO

 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
Region IV- A CALABARZON
Siniloan Integrated National High School
Siniloan, Laguna

VIVAR, KIANE I.
Address: 44 N. Valderrama St. Brgy Wawa
Siniloan, Laguna
Zip Code: 4017
Contact Number: 0907-193-3377
Email Address: kianevivar@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth: June 7 2003
Place of Birth: Pakil, Laguna
Age: 18
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Height: 162cm
Weight: 49kg
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father’s Name: Cerna I. Vivar
Mother’s Name: Venzon P. Vivar

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary Level:

2018 -2019

Primary Level
 2014-2015

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

- Communication Skill
- Have Time Management

CHARACTER REFERENCE:

Mrs. Melina V. Kahulugan

Adviser
Humanities and Social Sciences
Siniloan Integrated National High School
L. de Leon St. Siniloan, Laguna

I hereby certify that the above information is true and connect to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

KIANE I. VIVAR