Finalized Research Paper

i
PANGASINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Lingayen, Pangasinan
Effects of Same-Sex Marriage and Child Adoption on Learners in the

Philippines
S.Y. 2022-2023
A Research Study
Presented to Jocel A. Tamondong, MAEd,
English 10 Teacher In
Pangasinan National High School
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in Practical Research
Under 10-MATAPAT
Aquino, Camela A.
Calimlim, Shema Yvanna F.
De Jesus, Ariannely Jane
Fabricante, Keisha Mae T.
Geminiano, Raven Rey S.
Guarin, Neil Tyrone T.
Jose, Geraldine M.
Ocreto, Johnmark B.
Quimson, Bernabe John V.
Zabala, John Steven R.

Researchers
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to extend their sincerest gratitude and deepest
appreciation to the succeeding people and peers, who, in one way or another, willingly
helped them in bringing life into this research work.
Ms. Jocel A. Tamondong, our English Teacher and Research Adviser, who
continuously supported our research through her wisdom and who has helped us navigate
our way through this long ride.
Dr. Elvira C. Viray, Principal IV of Pangasinan National High School, for giving
her permission to administer the questionnaire.
Mr. Ildefonso Vergara Jr., Class President, who was there to answer our
questions and provided us with his unfaltering support and service throughout this journey.
The Grade 10 Learners (Section 1-5), who served as the respondents of our
study, for dedicating their time and effort to answering our questionnaire with pure
intentions and sincerity.
To their Families, classmates, and trusted friends, who have always been there
in all times of circumstances, who stuck up to their vents and questions, and who reminded
them that they are capable.

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Above all, to the Heavenly Father, for reminding them of His love and His
spirit in them, washing away their anxieties and doubts. He, who showed them how
far faith can take them and their desires for a glorious purpose. Truly, all glory and
honor belong to Him.
- The Researchers
DEDICATION
The researchers would like to dedicate this piece of work to those people who
extended their helping hands and made this dream within reach:
To their group mates – who have always been there to support each other and
become victorious through this battle they were all meant to fight together. For
staying up together through countless nights and hours just to accomplish and
achieve their goals.
To their dedicated teachers – who have all helped them when they sought
guidance and brought them comfort and willpower in times of difficulties, who
purposely lessened their workload for the sake of this research. It is them that
believed the most about what potential these young researchers hold.
To their friends – who have listened to all their endless rants and made them
keep going through their words of encouragement, who offered them services
and support that had only made it possible for this work to be finished.
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To their families – who gave them snacks when they were busy being
consumed by their monitors, and gave them pats on the back when they needed
it most. Truly, they are the best supporters one could ask for.
To the Omnipotent, Omniscient, and Omnipresent God,
whose love calms their weariness whenever they face uncertainties and whose
grace abounds when they are confronted with detours.
This was only made possible, not by their efforts, but by His Spirit that worked
within them. His agape love was boundless and eternal, which never failed to
make them feel protected and secure by His name.
All glory and honor belong to Him.
- The Researchers
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE….……………………………………………. i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT………….…………………….… ii
DEDICATION……………………………………..………. iii-iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………..…. v
Chapter 1: THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Rationale….………………………..….……………………………………. 1
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework….………………………… 6
Paradigm of the Study….……………………………………………. 9
Statement of the Problem….………………………………………. 11
Assumption of the Study….……………………………………….. 12
Scope and Delimitation….………………………………………….. 12
Significance of the Study….……………………………………….. 13
Definition of Terms….…………………………………………………. 15
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature……………………………………………….. 19
Related Studies ……………………………………….. 24
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………… 32
APPENDICES
A. Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study………………… 32
B. Letter of Request to Float Questionnaire…………………… 33
C. Letter of Request to the Participants of the Study…………. 35
D. Survey Questionnaire…………………………………………. 35
E. Survey Data…………………………………………. 38
F. Rubrics……………………………………………………………………… 43
CURRICULUM VITAE………..…………………. 44
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Chapter 1
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Rationale
Article 1 of the Family Code of the Philippines defined marriage as a
particular contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into
by law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. Filipinos are known to be
religious, being one of the two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia,
the other being East Timor.
Same-sex marriage occurs when two individuals of the same gender form
a union of a lifetime caused by romantic feelings of the same sex, which is deemed
heavily heretical and is not an acknowledged act in the Philippines. Filipinos, the
majority being Roman Catholics, believe in the traditional and cultural way of
marriage as the only nature of reality. Churches declare marriage as a union
between a man and a woman
Furthermore, the idea of same-sex parents adopting a child has not been
favored as an ideal practice. It is believed that a parental figure of either sex holds
great significance when raising a child. Studies suggest that a girl's relationship
with a mother strongly influences her sense of self-value and self-image, the nature
and quality of her future relationship skills, as well as her mental health. A mother's
love is also influential in a boy's identity. It can influence his mental health, his
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school performance, his tendency to engage in risky behaviors, and eventually, his
ability to achieve success in life both in personal relationships and in his chosen
career (Fernandez, 2018). Meanwhile, studies suggest that the absence of a father
figure often leads to behavioral problems, diminished self-concept, and
compromised physical and emotional security. Fatherless children have more
difficulties in social adjustment (Erickson, 2019)
Same-sex couples being given the legal right to adopt children remains
unfavored by many. Not only it is believed that either parental figure holds great
significance on the child’s development and the absence of either one would result
in conflicted well-being, but also the environment of children surrounded by people
constantly telling them off for not living in a supposedly normal household heavily
affects their mental state. The homophobia they are sucked into solely for having
same-sex parents would negatively affect them, considering how many countries
remain unfavored of it and refuse to legalize such, especially in the Philippines.
Under the article, Where Same-Sex Marriage Has Been Legalized Around
the World (2021):
“As of December 2021, 31 countries across the globe have legalized same-sex
marriages nationally or regionally through legislation or court decisions. Despite
continued prohibition in South and Central Asia as well as many African nations,
there’s hope that the tides will turn in countries such as the Philippines where
candidates supporting same-sex marriages and civil unions are increasingly
present in elections.”
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The legalization of same-sex marriage started with the Netherlands in
December 2000, Belgium in January 2003, Canada and Spain in 2005, South
Africa in 2006, Norway, Mexico, and Sweden in 2009, Iceland, Portugal, and
Argentina in 2010, Denmark in 2012, Uruguay, New Zealand, France, Brazil, and
England and Wales in 2013, Scotland in 2014, Luxembourg, Finland, Ireland,
United States, and Greenland in 2015, Colombia in 2016, Germany, Australia, and
Malta in 2017, Austria, Ecuador, and Taiwan in 2019, Costa Rica in 2020, and the
newest, Switzerland and Chile in 2021. (Where Same-Sex Marriage Has Been
Legalized Around the World, 2021)
Legislation in 22 nations has made same-sex marriage lawful on a national
scale. Australia, Ireland, and Switzerland, among others, approved same-sex
marriage through legislation only following national referendums. Austria, Brazil,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Slovenia (followed by national law),
South Africa, Taiwan, and the United States of America are the ten countries that
have allowed same-sex marriage on a national level by court decisions. Following
court orders, two countries, South Africa and Taiwan approved legislation
legalizing same-sex marriage. (Marriage Equality Around the World, n.d.)
In the Philippines, the legalization of same-sex marriage remains at the
moment of being disagreed upon by many Filipinos, even if the Philippines is
labeled as LGBT friendly country. In the survey made by The Philippine
Government Is Conducting an Online Poll on Same-Sex Unions (n.d.), towards the
legalization of same-sex marriage as of publication time, there are 843 undecided

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votes, 73,737 votes in favor of the proposal, and 77,307 votes against it. Before
Philippine social media received wind of the poll, 78% of the votes were against
same-sex unions. This concludes that even if the Philippines is labeled as one of
the LGBT-friendly countries, we should not disregard the fact that the Philippines
is also a religion-centered country towards Catholicism.
In the research studied by Ochoa, Sio, Quiñones, & Manalastas (2018),
titled A Bond Between Man and Woman: Religiosity, Moral Foundations, and
Same-Sex Marriage Attitudes in the Philippines they found the following:
“The significant role of Purity/sanctity confirms previous research (Koleva, et. al.,
2012), and comes as no surprise, as this foundation tends to play heavily in issues
related to sexuality (Graham, et. al., 2012). However, other moral foundations do
not seem to play much of a role, contrary to the aforementioned study. Despite the
emphasis of advocates on messages of equality and love in pushing for same-sex
marriage, the moral foundations of Fairness/reciprocity and Harm/ care do not
seem to be related to attitudes towards the issue among our Filipino respondents.
The concept of marriage and sexuality in the Philippines may be seen more as a
church-related rather than a secular issue, and the messaging of church leaders
about the sanctity of marriage tends to have a greater impact on attitudes. Aside
from identifying relevant moral foundations concerning the issue, consideration of
morality also allows for a more nuanced understanding of gender differences.
Although previous research has consistently shown that women tend to have more
positive attitudes toward same-sex marriage (Duncan & Kemmelmeier, 2012;

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Herek, 2011; Koleva, Graham, Iyer, Ditto, & Haidt, 2012), the results of this study
suggest further unpacking gender with moral foundations to better understand the
source of these gender differences. As expected, religious influence is evident in
the role of religious 167 behaviors in predicting same-sex marriage attitudes. It is
notable that although religious attendance predicted attitudes in the initial model,
this effect became non-significant when other religious behaviors were considered,
and instead was better captured by the behavior of reading the main sacred text
of one’s religion. Given the nature of the student sample whose church attendance
may be required by their parents, as well as the integration of religious rituals in
Filipino society, it is possible that attendance in religious services does not
necessarily signify greater religiosity. Thus, the findings of the study highlight the
need for finer distinctions in measures of religiosity, especially in contexts where
religion is heavily integrated into the cultural norms and family life.”
The article created by Cornelio (2019), describes how religious freedom has
been used against supporters of same-sex marriage and gender equality in the
Philippines. While the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ)
community and allies have invoked religious freedom to seek equal legal rights,
conservative Christian entities have retaliated by doing the same. They have stolen
religious freedom, which has always been interpreted in favor of individual liberty
by the courts, to protect majoritarian principles surrounding sexuality. This is
referred to in the article as the weaponization of religious freedom in defense of
the dominant faith and a supposed majority of Filipinos whose moral sensibilities
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are allegedly under threat. The article concludes by relating this weaponization to
the Catholic Church's experience in the current public arena and the combative
nature of Christianity, which continues to see the Philippines as a Christian nation.
This research aims to gather ideas and arguments from both sides and
conduct surveys and studies while hoping to further broaden our understanding
and knowledge of the effects of same-sex marriage and child adoption on learners
in the Philippines.
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
The theoretical underpinning of this study is to discuss the concepts of
normative, stable, and constant gender and/or sexual identities, homosexual
parenthood, and same-sex couple adoptions.
Additional Conceptions of Parenting Psychoanalytic and Social Learning
Theories of Psychological Development stress the importance of the social and
personal development of having heterosexual male and female parents during
childhood, emphasizing the "distinctive contributions each makes to the social
developmental process in children'' (Patterson, 1992).
Gender identity, assumed to be the mark of a person’s natural being, is
produced by the "stabilizing concepts of sex, gender, and sexuality" (Butler, 1999).
The concepts of sex, gender, and sexuality are themselves considered stable; they
have been naturalized, normalized, and standardized. When "gendered beings"
fail to conform to the gendered norms of cultural intelligence by which persons are
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defined, the very legitimacy of their personhood is called into question. Gender is
produced through performative acts to appear "real" and "natural." That reality of
gender signifies the demarcation of existence, i.e., to have a gender and an identity
as that gender is to be a person. If gender identity is destabilized, the binary is
subverted. and coherency and continuity are lost, then the subject is somehow
stripped of that rank of "person." to become a specter who only exists in another
binary form—that of the Other to the Person, as some are outside of a particular
society’s continuum of personhood, which is constructed through the causal
relationship described.
Further, these theories predict negative outcomes for children whose
parents do not fit this model. As a result, there exists a pervasive belief that
homosexuality is incompatible with procreation and parenting. In reaction to the
2002 American Academy of Pediatrics statement of support for co-Pediatricians
(one avenue by which gay and lesbian couples adopt) (Field, 2002), the editor of
Pediatrics wrote, "The term "parent" has been stretched to new limits." Lesbians
are presumed to be less maternal, and lesbian motherhood is considered an
"inherent contradiction" (DiLapi, 1989; Falk, 1989). Zicklin (1995) used the idea of
hierarchy in his discussion of homosexual parenting, stating that "married
heterosexual reproducing couples represent the pinnacle of hierarchically
arranged, morally approved family relationships." Gay fatherhood has faced a
similar stigma because, like lesbian motherhood, it is viewed as a contradiction.
Stereotypes regarding the lifestyles of gay men have contributed to this idea as
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has the belief that "the man who is both gay and a father is a victim of divided
personal identity" (Bigner & Jacobsen, 1989). The gay father is seen as having to
mediate two cultures: one that defines his life as a gay man, and the other
(heterosexual) that defines his life as a father. According to Mallon (2000), gay
men who have parents “will be confronted with multiple questions about their ability
to parent based solely on their gender role orientation and society's expectations
that men are not typically caregivers of young children." (Brown,1998), "Much of
the hostility toward lesbians and gay men is fostered, and adoption has been
backed by common-sense attitudes about children being unable to develop
"typically" in lesbian and gay households". Another objection to gay and lesbian
adoptive parents is that "it would not be fair to place vulnerable children with
stigmatized adults" (Brown, 1998; Ricketts and Achtenberg, 1990).
Child welfare agencies may have formal or informal policies prohibiting
same-sex couples from being approved for adoption. Adoption workers' belief
systems and biases may prevent them from recommending placement with gay or
lesbian couples. Regarding "homophobia/non-placement," Ryan's sample of social
workers had borderline favorable attitudes toward gay men and lesbians as
adoptive parents (2000). These theories concentrate on the history of gay and
lesbian involvement in adoption and fostering, as well as the legislation, or
lack thereof, surrounding such adoptions and homosexual couples as adoptive
parents
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EFFECTS OF SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND CHILD ADOPTION ON
LEARNERS IN THE PHILIPPINES
TO LEARNERS S.Y. 2022-2023
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
A survey
I. (Profile of the distributed to gather An Awareness
respondents) insights regarding Video on the
the parent-child Effects of Same-
A. Age relationship of Sex Marriage and
B. Sex students. Child Adoption
C. Religious
Affiliation Evaluation of same- Entitled:
D. Parent-Child sex marriage and
Raising
Relationship child adoption in
Awareness on
the Philippines the Assertions
II. Insights about through: of Same-Sex
Adoption of Same-Sex
Marriage and
Marriage Thematic analysis
Child Adoption
of the survey data
gathered.
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

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Figure 1. The Paradigm of the Study shows the use of the Input-Process-
Output (IPO) model. The first frame presents the input of the study that includes
the profile of respondents such as age, sex, religious affiliation, nature of work,
and parent-child relationship, and the insights about the adoption of same-sex
marriage.
The second frame presents the study's process, which includes the
distribution of a survey to gather insights about students' parent-child relationships
and the evaluation of same-sex marriage and child adoption in the Philippines, as
well as data gathering through a thematic analysis of the survey data.
The third frame presents the output of the study, which includes raising
awareness about the effects of same-sex marriage and child adoption in the
Philippines through an awareness video presentation.
The arrows from the input to the process and the output show the
connection and transformation of the profile and aspects with the actions taken
into results that are considered as output.
The arrow from input to output represents feedback which reflects the
continuity of the flow and interconnectedness of the elements.

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Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to determine the Effects of Same-Sex Marriage and Child
Adoption on Learners in the Philippines.
Specifically, this seeks answers to the following questions:
Q1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following:
A. Age
B. Sex
C. Religious Affiliation
D. Parent-Child Relationship
Q2. What are the factors affecting the sexual preference and gender identity of
the respondents?
Q3. What are the advantages of same-sex couples adopting a child?
Disadvantages?
Q4. What are the possible difficulties that may arise in adopting children by
same-sex couples?
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Assumption of the Study
The researchers believed that Same-Sex Marriage and Child Adoption
affect the development of children adopted by same-sex couples.
Scope and Delimitation
The scope of this study will be the impact of same-sex marriage and child
adoption on the child’s well-being and development in the Philippines.
During the course of the study, the researcher determined the profile of the
respondents which comprises the age, sex, and parent-child relationship.
Regarding the child's well-being, respondents believed that growing up in a same-
sex family would have an impact on the child's development, this would have a
positive overall impact. An estimated 3% of respondents thought the influence
would be harmful due to potential social integration issues. This corresponds to
the majority of respondents' perceptions that the child may be teased by
classmates or have difficulty making friends, considering how the Philippines, as
mentioned, is a Christian country. As a result, rather than being created by parents
or caregivers, these issues would be created by peers and, more broadly, society.
Children raised in gay and lesbian families may face more difficulties in childhood
simply because their family deviates from what society considers "normal," rather
than because of the sexual orientation of their fathers or mothers.
The researcher gathered information about the potential impact of this study
through a thematic analysis of the survey data conducted.

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Significance of the Study
The research was anticipated to contribute additional information that has
properly undergone intensive study. The findings of this research can be a great
aid to the following:
Same-sex partners. Same-sex marriage was the hallmark of true equality
by some. Same-sex couples/partners can turn to adoption in order to gain the
rights of legal parents. In marriage, both will have the same rights and
responsibilities that greatly affect the rights regarding children. Both partners can
seek custody just like any married couple. Pro-Life UK and AIA Philippines can
now designate same-sex partners as life insurance beneficiaries. Extension of
healthcare, life insurance benefits, and even inheritance rights will be improved.
LGBTQIA+ Community. Same-sex marriage is not an acknowledged act
in the Philippines, even if our country is labeled as LGBT-friendly. From a human
rights perspective, broadening civil marriage to couples of the same sex
demonstrates fundamental rights of equality and non-discrimination. Filipino
minorities and students may be motivated to support same-sex marriage because
of their relationships. Thus, future work on same-sex marriage may also
investigate the impact of these relationships on attitudes.
Adoption Agencies. In some states, same-sex adoption wasn’t allowed.
Hence, resulted in same-sex couples being unable to parent or being deprived of
their rights at critical moments.

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Society. This study will be a big help since same-sex marriage is believed
to have a positive effect since it won’t harm the institution of marriage, should it
uphold the constitution, and will inevitably happen either way. In the Netherlands,
20,000 same-sex couples have been married. Moreover, it did not have any
negative cultural impact. The concept of marriage and sexuality is seen more as
church-related rather than a secular issue. As expected, religious influence is
evident in behaviors of predicting same-sex marriage.
Politics. The Supreme Court's decision triggered a wave of political
activism in support of same-sex marriage across the country, and several states
began to legalize it. Allowing same-sex marriage strengthens society by supporting
and nurturing family values. It can also help to reduce discrimination and bigotry
against these groups by encouraging our society to be more open and accepting
of people from different backgrounds. These are just a few of the ways that
marriage equality can benefit society as a whole. Legalizing same-sex marriage
benefits the state's economy as well.
Family Instability. This study shows that living in unstable families can
harm children's well-being regardless of whether they live only with their married
biological parents, in stepfamilies, or with single parents. Critics argued that the
negative outcomes of children with a parent who had a same-sex sexual
relationship were much more likely related to a history of instability than to the
parents' sexual or familial orientation or gender composition. That is why same-

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sex couples should be legally allowed to marry in order to normalize same-sex
marriage and prevent people from criticizing those who marry off the same sex.
Children and Your Rights. Your parental rights are hugely affected by your
status. In a marriage, both partners have the same rights and responsibilities. In a
divorce, both partners, like any married couple, have the right to seek custody and
visitation. When a parent dies, the surviving parent takes over as the primary legal
parent. Adoption can be used by same-sex couples to gain legal parental rights.
No state may deny the couple adoption as long as they are married.
Definition of Terms
To develop a wider knowledge and better comprehension of the topic, the
researcher has included the conceptual and operational definitions of terms and
concepts used in this study.
Adoption. A process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another,
usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal
adoptions permanently transfer all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation,
from the biological parents to the adoptive parents.
Age. This refers to any people who are still in the process of developing
their self-identity and values.
Awareness Video. A video output that aims to raise awareness regarding
the Effects of Same-Sex Marriage and Child Adoption on Learners in the

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Philippines. The content of the video may vary depending on the results of our
thematic analysis of the distributed survey questionnaire that explores our said
topic.
Child Welfare. Continuum of services designed to ensure that children are
safe and that families have the necessary support to care for their children
successfully.
Children. Refers to children that are from an orphanage or adoption center
with no legal parents or guardians and are still generally underdeveloped.
Family Code. Collection of written laws gathered together covering all
matters regarding family and marriage enacted by former President Corazon C.
Aquino on July 6, 1987, in Executive No. 209.
Gender. The range of characteristics pertaining to femininity and
masculinity and differentiating between them. Depending on the context, this may
include sex-based social structures and gender identity. The personal sense of a
person’s identity. The term can also refer to socially constructed categories that
relate to what it means to be a man or a woman.
Heterosexuality. Romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior
between people of the opposite sex or gender.

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Homosexuality. Associated with a person who considers themselves as
“gay” or “lesbian”, in which they are presuming a different gender from the actual
gender they obtained from birth.
Legalization. The action of making something that was previously illegal
permissible by law.
LGBTQIA+. Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Queer Intersex Asexual
and more refer to a distinct group within society who are commonly distinguished
by the way they dress, through speaking, and their actions. LGBT has traditionally
been used to represent a diverse group of people who are attracted to people of
the same gender or are in a relationship with someone of the same gender.
Pansexuality. Romantic attraction and sexual attraction to anyone
regardless of their gender identity and sex. They are also referred to as “gender-
blind” individuals who believe sex and/or gender is not a determining factor when
it comes to attraction.
Parents. Two individuals who are responsible to raise their legal child, may
it be a biological or an adoptive one, and have respective roles to fulfill when
nurturing a child.
Religious Affiliation. The self-identified association of a person with a
religion, denomination, or sub-denominational religious group, such as the church
an individual belongs to.

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Same-Sex Marriage. The marriage of two people of the same sex or
gender.
Sex. This pertains to the state of being, structural, functional, and behavioral
characteristics of the respondents/learners that are distinguished respectively as
male or female. Refers to biological and physiological characteristics. Your
genitals, hormones, and chromosomes all relate to your sex.

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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter constitutes a summary of related literature and selected related
studies which significantly provide a background for the discussion and analysis
of findings in this recent study.
Related Literature
This section indicates concepts and discussions of literary works relating to
Same-Sex Marriage and Child Adoption in the Philippines and its related factors.
Many years have passed yet same-sex marriage remains a relevant issue
in this modern world— questioning its ethics because of not following the status
quo. The union of a man and a woman has been a sacred tradition passed on by
generations of generations all over the world. With same-sex marriage reigning
over the modern standards of dating and affairs, the topic has been a widely spread
debate in both academic and non-academic spectrums. However, what this
research wishes to fulfill is whether the sexuality of same-sex parents is a
benefactor, whether negatively or not, to the development of their adopted
children. This review aims to analyze literary works that showcase different angles
of arguments regarding same-sex marriage and child adoption, whether it’s
believed to have a negative or indifferent impact on children.

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Although some individuals and formed communities support same-sex
marriage and child adoption, an inevitable part of people opposes the idea of it
continuing to question whether it is morally right and truly harmless to children.
Specifically, they argue that children raised by same-sex parents may experience
several disadvantages in child development, believing that this will affect their
psychological well-being— their academic performance, emotional development,
and cognitive behavior. While, of course, this is uncommon and a fairly well-
thought assumption, a handful of researchers have gone head-to-head with these
claims finally breaking superstitions and revealing the truth, suggesting that same-
sex marriage might just have a positive and non-threatening impact on children or
whatsoever.
To further deep dive into this analysis, we have gathered works we thought
might be relevant to the given issue and present different angles in the
conversation of same-sex marriage and child adoption. Supporters of same-sex
marriage argue that it is only right for an individual to choose who he/she marries
and otherwise would be an act of discrimination. After all, LGBT rights are human
rights just as well, in other words, they deserve the same treatment as others
allowed to be able to choose whom they choose to commit with. Furthermore,
legalizing the marriage of same-sex partners might actually just promote gender
equality further and social acceptance for said community, while also offering them
the same privilege and legal protection as any relatively ‘normal’ husbands and
wives. (Gates, 2015). Not only that, the illogical fallacy on the argument of same-
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sex parents as an aspect to consider in a child’s well-being has been pointed out
by another author who stated that we should pay more attention to the safety and
welfare of the children rather than the sexual orientation the adoptive parents as
the deciding factor of their adoption. This means the environment of the said
adopted children and whether it is truly dangerous and harmful rather than just a
matter of sexual orientation. Most importantly, orphans would actually benefit from
the legalization of same-sex marriage child adoption because not only would they
finally experience a loving and stable family, but it would also reduce children in
foster care and are given them the opportunity to step into the outside world.
(Badgett et al., 2018)
Now, while everything mentioned has been arguments presented by
patrons of same-sex marriage and child adoption, we have looked into the
disagreeing party on said topic and why they have opposing ideals in the first place.
To start things off, their main reason was generally simple— values and traditions.
Marriage is defined as a sacred union between a man and a woman and this has
been a long-line distributor in culture and tradition, as it is a universal knowledge
and a social construct. They argue that actually legalizing the novel act of same-
sex marriage and child adoption would defeat the whole purpose of the traditional
family structure. Deprived of the status quo— normal and traditional family
structure would apparently lead to psychological, behavioral, and emotional
problems. However, going back to their general argument, they strongly think that
the legalization of same-sex marriage and child adoption breaks havoc on the
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traditional values and morals ingrained in people for decades already and such
approval would only pave the way to brand new non-traditional relationship
structures. (Anderson, 2015). Similarly, another work has pointed out, besides the
breakdown of our long-practiced traditional values, the possible negative
outcomes from this newly formed structure of same-sex parents and their children.
This is where the significance of a mother figure and a father figure comes in. They
believe that a child needs both genders as parental figures to develop as a well-
adjusted individual— which cannot be possibly done by having parents from either
gender. An absolute equilibrium is needed from both guardians or otherwise a child
would feel conflicted and might possibly just suffer from confusion regarding
his/her gender identity and sexual orientation. (Barrett, 2018). This argument is
further pushed by believing that same-sex parents are incapable of providing the
same emotional and psychological support that heterosexual couples can provide
(Regnerus, 2012).
With all that in mind, there were generally two elements that have been used
as an argument against same-sex marriage and child adoption: The traditional
family structure and the dire need for both parental figures in raising a child.
Although both reasoning sounds logical and a well-thought theory, research has
proven otherwise of such claims. After intensive research on related literature
works, we have found numerous studies investigating the variables that affect
same-sex marriage and child welfare. An example of this is a meta-analysis of 33
studies conducted by Gartrell and Bos (2010) who found that the sexual orientation
23
of the adoptive parents would affect the well-being of their children is, indeed, a
false assumption. In fact, they have seen firsthand that children raised by same-
sex parents have been doing just as well as other kids raised by heterosexual
parents— academic excellence, social life, and emotional management. Now,
further strengthening this research, another study by Crowl et al. (2008) found out
that children that have lesbian mothers have higher self-esteem and fewer
problems in their cognitive behavior than opposite-sex parents. Research also
suggests that rather than solely focusing on the sexual orientation of the adoptive
parents, the true significant factor to a well-adjusted kid is his\her relationship with
his\her parents and what sort of environment he/she grew up in. In other terms, a
supportive and loving family environment plays a much bigger role in child
development, regardless of both parents’ sexual identity/orientation (Goldberg and
Allen, 2013). Lastly, a study by the American Academy of Pediatrics found that
children raised by same-sex couples have the same welfare and emotional well-
being as children raised by heterosexual couples (Farr et al., 2018). Meaning that
the sexual orientation of their parents had not a significant effect or impact on the
children’s cognitive development at all. All things considered, it seems that the
argument of same-sex parents being incapable of raising a child has been proven
otherwise and that they could raise a kid into a well-adjusted and emotionally
mature individual— suggesting that parenting has never been a matter of sexuality
but your capability to produce a loving and healthy environment for your kids. After
24
all, it does not take one’s gender but one’s soul to love someone and raise them
as your own kid— never a matter of gender but compassion.
Related Studies
The Church’s concern over the welfare of adopted children is reflected in
the Code of Canon Law and some magisterial documents, in her longtime
collaboration with the United Nations, and in her deference to civil laws which
respect the best interests of the child as the paramount consideration in matters of
adoption. Complications arose in recent decades when some nations began to
legalize “same-sex marriage” and consequently, the adoption of children by same-
sex couples which are both contrary to Church tradition. (Faustino, A., 2020).
Marriage appears to be more strongly related to such benefits than civil
partnerships (Le Blanc et al. 2018).
Sexual minorities have reported that unequal institutional recognition is a
source of stress (Frost et al. 2017: Thomeer et al. 2018) and less recognition of
their relationships (Frost et al. 2017) Moreover, much multidimensional research
work is still needed for better understanding of the link between heterosexual
parenting and gender development. (Faustino, A., 2020) However, while public
opinion on homosexuality has become increasingly liberal in recent times, such as
same-sex marriages and same-sex adoptions remain highly polarizing political
topics (Daniels, 2019; Sherkat, Powell-Williams, Madox, & De Vries, 2011) clearly,
politicians often attempt to influence macroeconomic outcomes by, for example,
implementing partisan fiscal policies that gratify the needs of their constituencies
25
(e.g., Schmidt 1996; Potrafke 2017, 2018). Politicians have collective views on
such issues and possibly could get wiry on controversial issues. Conservative
parties, for example, are less likely to advocate the presence of same-sex marriage
and same-sex adoptions than liberal parties. After decades of progressive changes
in the realm and recognition and inclusion of people with diverse sexual
orientations, the said past decade had seen notable backslashes. From the
temporary reversal of provisions preventing the discrimination of lesbian, gay,
bisexual, trans, and queer minorities— to at least 50 transgender or gender non-
binary individuals have been murdered across the archipelago since 2010, and
Quiban who has been campaigning tirelessly for transgender rights since 2012 in
the Philippines, most recently as policy and campaign director for PANTAY
PILIPINAS. As evident from these examples, these recent backlashes are not
necessarily focused only on sexual minorities but often go hand in hand with the
proliferation of ‘gender critical’ discourses and attacks on ‘gender ideology’,
directed specifically at trans and non-binary communities (e.g. Borba, 2022). Yet,
as Ayoub (2016: 45-46) reminds us that we should be wary of greater visibility
inevitably translates into greater acceptance (same-sex marriage). Existing
research is influenced by an optimistic narrative that emphasizes public presence
as a critical prerequisite for equality growth. The media is portrayed as a key tool
for increasing public acceptance of sexual minority rights in this storyline (e.g.
Ayoub and Garretson 2017; Jacobs and Meeusen, 2021).

26
Media and same-sex relationships have been conducted extensively, with
a wealth of studies exploring media representations and visibility of homosexuality
across various genres and types of media. Some notable works in this field include
Gross (2002) and Jacobs and Meeusen (2021). In particular, cinema has played a
significant role in the history of gay and lesbian rights activism, in part due to its
separation from the home environment and relative lack of regulation compared to
television during that time (Dyer, 2017). Recent years have seen a surge in the
acceptance of same-sex relationships, and this trend has not gone unnoticed by
the media. As a result, there has been an increasing focus on same-sex adaptation
studies, examining how the media has portrayed and adapted to changing
attitudes towards homosexuality. Despite the progress that has been made,
however, there is still much work to be done to ensure full representation and
equality in the media for LGBTQ+ individuals.
It was clear from the aforementioned related literature and studies that
same-sex marriage and child adaption have been gradually evolving. As part of
structural changes in partnership formations and family institutions— some
countries around the world have started to accept and formalize same-sex
relationships to the extent of legalizing same-sex marriage. Same-sex marriage
legalization is a typical anti-discrimination policy to remove institutional
discrimination against sexual minorities by providing them with marriage equality.

27
Understanding same-sex couples’ reasons for and experiences with
parenthood is situated within the context of sociological themes such as the
conceptualization of “family themes” and parenthood negotiation in a
heteronormative culture.
Starting a family is, of course, considered an adult life course. The
motivation and pursuit of parenthood have been considered numerous in different
studies (Baldwin et al., 2019; Mynarska and Rytel, 2020; Pralat, 2020). stressing
a variety of motivating elements, such as the perceived emotional benefits of the
parent-child link, role-related rewards (the family line will continue), a sense of
contentment in the presence of the children, and a notion that children complete
“a marriage.” In Parker and Alexander’s (2004) study, which aimed to explore the
importance and influence of timing when starting a family— two dominant factors
emerged for both males’ and females’ decision-making process: if they could afford
a child and if their partner would be a suitable parent. Other important criteria
included having someone to love, having both parties with a secure career, and
adding meaning and purpose to one’s life. Lesbian and gay parenting research
focuses on the children’s experiences, including the peers’ reactions, perspective
on homosexuality, and how children of same-sex marriages define family.
Increased interest in examining sexual and gender minority families, with a
particular focus on the child’s outcomes, is not surprising given the ongoing
discussions about same-sex marriage. While much of the existing empirical
research on same-sex couples’ relationships and experiences of parenthood

28
focuses on the health and development of the children raised by same-sex
couples, there is a more limited but growing research focus on the fertility
intentions of sexual and gender minority families.
For instance, collecting campaign advertisements from 1997 to 2013, Stone
(2019) found that children do have consequences of marriage equality for children
raised by same-sex parents. In a 2019 poll in the United States, 31 percent of the
adult population opposed same-sex marriage (Pew Research Center, 2019). by
leveraging unique administrative longitudinal data from the Netherlands, the first
country to legalize same-sex marriage. The Netherlands is particularly empirical
assess outcomes of children coming from same-sex parents, as we can examine
how things have played out in the nation where same-sex marriage has been in
place for nearly two decades. While the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and
queer (LGBTQ) community and allies in the Philippines have appealed to religious
freedom to gain equal rights under the law, conservative Christians have fought
back by invoking the same notion.

29
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. BOOKS
● Crowl, A., Ahn, S., & Baker, J. (2008). A meta-analysis of
developmental outcomes for children of same-sex and heterosexual
parents. Journal of LGBT Family Studies, 4(3), 385-407.
● Gartrell, N. K., & Bos, H. M. (2010). US national longitudinal lesbian
family study: Psychological Adjustment of 17-year-old adolescents.
Pediatrics, 126(1), 28-36.
● Goldberg, A. E., & Allen, K. R. (2013). LGBT-parent families:
Innovations in research and implications for practice. Journal of Family
Theory & Review, 5(3), 131-148.
B. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
C. JOURNALS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS
● (Baldwin et al., 2019; Mynarska and Rytel, 2020; Pralat, 2020)
The Motivations and Experiences of Couples who are Pursuing
Parenthood Parker, Alexander’s (2004) The Significance and Impact
of Timing when Starting a Family.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/13634607221091485
• Faustino, A. (2020). A THEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF ADOPTION

BY SAME-SEX COUPLES. Ateneo de Manila University.
https://archium.ateneo.edu/theses-dissertations/613
● Frost et al. (2017) Same-Sex Couples' Mental Health, Legal Marriage,
and Unequal Recognition
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jomf.12460
30
D. OTHERS
● Celera, Lex. The Philippine Government is Conducting an Online Poll on
Same-Sex Unions. (n.d.). Retrieved December 19, 2022, from
https://www.vice.com/en/article/wjvg3z/philippine-governmentonline-
poll-same-sex-unions
● Cornelio, J. (2019, August 13). Weaponizing Religious Freedom:
Same-Sex Marriage and Gender Equality in the Philippines. Retrieved
December 19, 2022, from
https://brill.com/view/journals/rhrs/14/2/article-p65_1.xml
● Fernandez, Elayna. A Strong Mother Figure's Positive Impact. (2018).
Retrieved December 21, 2022, from
https://www.thepositivemom.com/strong-mother-figure
● HRC Foundation. Marriage Equality Around the World. (n.d.). Human
Rights Campaign. Retrieved December 19, 2022, from
https://www.hrc.org/resources/marriage-equality-around-the-world
● Kruk, Edward. Father Absence, Father Deficit, Father Hunger |
Psychology Today. (2012). Retrieved December 21, 2022, from
https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/co-parenting-after-
divorce/201205/father-absence-father-deficit-father-hunger
● Navarre, Brianna & Trimble, Megan. Where Same-Sex Marriage Has
Been Legalized Around the World. (2021, December 16). US News &
31
World Report. Retrieved December 19, 2022, from
https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/countries-
where-same-sex-marriage-is-legal
32
Appendix A
LETTER OF PERMISSION TO CONDUCT THE STUDY

January 13, 2023
JOCEL A. TAMONDONG, MAEd

Teacher III
Warm Greetings!
In partial fulfillment of our requirements for our subject English 10, we,
Grade 10 Students of 10-Matapat, namely: Bernabe John V. Quimson, Raven
Rey S. Geminiano, Keisha Mae T. Fabricante, Neil Tyrone T. Guarin, Shema
Yvanna F. Calimlim, Johnmark B. Ocreto, Camela C. Aquino, and Geraldine M.
Jose would like to ask for your permission to conduct a research study entitled
EFFECTS OF SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND CHILD ADOPTION ON
LEARNERS IN THE PHILIPPINES. Rest assured that the data we will gather
will remain absolutely confidential and to be used for academic purposes only.
We believe that you are with us in our enthusiasm to finish the
requirement as compliance for our subject. We hope for your positive response
on this humble matter. Your approval to conduct this study will be greatly
appreciated.
Very truly yours,
10- 5 MATAPAT STUDENTS

(GROUP 3)
Researchers
Approved:

English 10 Teacher
33
Appendix B
LETTER OF REQUEST TO FLOAT QUESTIONNAIRE

January 13, 2023
Dear Sir/Ma’am,
Greetings of Peace!
We, Grade 10 Students of 10-Matapat, namely: Bernabe John V.

Quimson, Raven Rey S. Geminiano, Keisha Mae T. Fabricante, Neil Tyrone T.
Guarin, Shema Yvanna F. Calimlim, Johnmark B. Ocreto, Camela C. Aquino,
and Geraldine M. Jose were conducting a study entitled EFFECTS OF SAME-
SEX MARRIAGE AND CHILD ADOPTION ON LEARNERS IN THE
PHILIPPINES as a requirement for our English Subject.
In this regard, we are seeking your approval for us to conduct our study
and gather data from our fellow Grade 10 learners as our research subjects.
Rest assured that all the information that they will provide will remain strictly
confidential and will only be used for the sole purpose of this research.
We are looking forward to your unceasing support regarding this matter.

Thank you very much and God bless you!
Very truly yours,

(GROUP 3)
Researchers
Approved:

English 10 Teacher
34
Appendix C
LETTER OF REQUEST TO THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY

January 13, 2023
Dear Participants:
Greetings of Peace!
We, Grade 10 Students of 10-Matapat, namely: Bernabe John V.

Quimson, Raven Rey S. Geminiano, Keisha Mae T. Fabricante, Neil Tyrone T.
Guarin, Shema Yvanna F. Calimlim, Johnmark B. Ocreto, Camela C. Aquino,
and Geraldine M. Jose were conducting a study entitled EFFECTS OF SAME-
SEX MARRIAGE AND CHILD ADOPTION ON LEARNERS IN THE
PHILIPPINES as a requirement for our English Subject.
In this regard, we are seeking your voluntary and active participation as

our research subjects/informants in order for me to attain our goal. Rest
assured the information you will give will remain strictly confidential and will
only be used for the sole purpose of this research.
Kindly be aware that your individual video-recorded outputs will be

uploaded only via an online platform through a Google forms link for it to be
secured.
We are looking forward to your unfaltering support through the
submission of your outputs regarding this matter. Thank you very much
and God bless you seventy and sevenfold!
Sincerely Grateful,

(GROUP 3)
Researchers
Approved:

English 10 Teacher
35
Appendix D
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Profile of the Grade 10 Learners
Directions: Kindly answer honestly and observe proper capitalization in filling
out the necessary information being asked for the sole purpose of profiling as
a requirement for the Research entitled: EFFECTS OF SAME-SEX MARRIAGE
AND CHILD ADOPTION ON LEARNERS IN THE PHILIPPINES.
Note: (*=required)
Complete Name:(Last Name, Given Name Middle Initial)

*(optional)
Male Female
Age: Sex:
Sexual Orientation:
Male
Female
Transgender
Others: *(optional)
Sexual Orientation:
Straight
Gay
Lesbian
Bisexual
Pansexual
36
Asexual
Others: *(optional)
Religion:
Roman Catholic
Born again, Christian
Evangelical Christian
Iglesia ni Cristo (INC)
Buddhist
Hindu
Islam
Judaism
Others:*(optional)
Parents’ Sexual Orientation:
Both Male
Both Female
Male and Female
Using the options provided, describe your relationship with your

parents.
Healthy
Stable
Neutral
Unstable
Unhealthy
37
Who is your favorite parent? *(If applicable)
Mother
Father
Should same-sex couples be allowed to adopt and raise a child?
Yes, because same-sex couples are equally deserving to have their own
family and kids.
No, because it breaks the traditional family structure, and it is unethical.
Others (Please specify)
Do you think same-sex couples are just as likely as other parents to
successfully raise children?
Yes, because regardless of sex, what is important is their willingness as
a parent to lovingly nurture their child.
No, because a child needs both sexes as parental figures to grow into a
well-adjusted individual.
Others (Please specify)

38
APPENDIX E
Survey Data
AGE FREQUENCY PERCENT SEX FREQUENCY PERCENT
14 2 1%
MALE 92 46.5%
15 72 37.4%
16 103 53.9% FEMALE 105 53%
17 10 5.2%
18 3 1.6% TOTAL 198 100%
20 1 0.5%
TOTAL 191 100%
Sexual Frequency Percent

Orientation
Straight 162 81.8%
Gay 2 1%
Lesbian 1 0.5%
Bisexual 22 11.1%
Pansexual 6 3%
Asexual 1 0.5%
Male 1 0.5%
Female 1 0.5%
Entity 1 0.5%
TOTAL 198 100%
39
Religion Frequency Percent
Roman Catholic 145 73.2%
Born Again, Christian 16 8.1%
Evangelical Christian 2 1%
Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) 13 6.6%
Jehovah's Witnesses 8 4%
Baptist 3 1.5%
The Church of Jesus 4 2%

Christ of latter-day
Saints
Christian, Believer 47 31.3%
Methodist 2 1%
Back to Christ 1 0.5%
Atheist 2 1%
TOTAL 150 100%
Parent’s Sex Frequency Percent
Both Male 1 0.5%
Both Female 2 1%
Male and Female 195 98.5
TOTAL 198 100%

40
Using the options Frequency Percent

provided, describe your
relationship with your
parents.
Healthy 98 49.5%
Stable 60 30.3%
Neutral 24 12.1%
Unstable 12 6.1%
Unhealthy 4 2%
Total 198 100%
Who is your favorite Frequency Percent

parent
Mother 117 80.1%
Father 29 19.9%
Total 198 100%

41
Do you think same-sex Frequency Percent

couples are just as likely
as other parents to
successfully raise
children?
Yes, because regardless of 168 84.8%

sex, what isimportant is their
willingness as a parentto
lovingly nurture their child.
No, because a child needs 21 10.7%

both sexesas parental figures
to grow into a well-adjusted
individual
Others (No idea) 1 0.5%
Others ( It depends) 1 0.5%
Total 197 96.5%

42
Should same-sex couples Frequency Percent

should be allowed to adopt
and raise a child
Yes, because same-sex couples 173 87.4

areequally deserving to have
their own family and kids
No, because it breaks the 17 8.6

traditionalfamily structure,
and it is unethical.
Others (Don’t know) 1 0.5%
Others ( Yes, they are entitled 1 0.5%

to what's best forthemselves,
so why not let them be. )
Others ( if they want same sex 1 0.5%

marriage why bother stealing
a child of straights? If they
knows they cant make a child
because of the decisions they
make? Live up by it.)
Total 197 97.5%

43
APPENDIX F
EVALUATION SHEET FOR THE LEVEL OF SUITABILITY FOR THE

AWARENESS VIDEO
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Then, in scale of 1-5, rate each item by
putting a check mark (/) on the appropriate column below.
Statements 5 4 3 2 1
A. Objectives
The objectives of the awareness video
are specific and conveyed properly.
B. Content
The quality of the content is well-
thought and original.
C. Delivery
The social issues or problems the video
emphasizes are delivered perfectly with
the right mood, tone, and setting.
D. Persuasiveness
The video helps provide people with
awareness and persuades them
regarding the addressed social issues.
E. Design and Layout

- The design and layout of the awareness
video manifest substance and form.
Legend:
5 – Highly Suitable (HS)
4 – Moderately Suitable (MS)
3 – Suitable
2 – Fairly Suitable (FS)
1 – Not Suitable (NS)
Signature over PRINTED name
Date
44
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name : CAMELA C. AQUINO
Birthdate : April 1, 2007
Birthplace : Binmaley, Pangasinan
Address : #380 Dulag, Binmaley, Pangasinan
Civil Status : Single
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary : Dulag National High School
Binmaley, Pangasinan
2014-2019
Secondary : Pangasinan National High School
2019
45
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : SHEMA YVANNA S. CALIMLIM
Birthdate : April 27, 2007
Birthplace : San Fernando, La Union
Address : #25 Purok 3 Lucao District, Dagupan,
Pangasinan
Elementary : LCC Happy Times Christian School Inc.
2014-2018
2019
46
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : ARIANNELY JANE S. DE JESUS
Birthdate : June 10, 2007
Birthplace : San Carlos, Pangasinan
Address : #132 Caloocan Sur, Binmaley, Pangasinan
Elementary : Lingayen Educational Center
2013-2015
: Caloocan Norte Elementary School
2015-2018
: Libsong East Elementary School
2018-2019
2019
47
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : KEISHA MAE T. FABRICANTE
Birthdate : January 16, 2007
Birthplace : Dagupan, Pangasinan
Address : #427 Tonton East, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Elementary : Jesus Good Shepherd Development Center
2012-2016
: JCSGO Christian Academy Inc.
Almazan St., Lingayen, Pangasinan
2016-2019
2019
48
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : RAVEN REY S. GEMINIANO
Birthdate : August 21, 2007
Birthplace : Lingayen, Pangasinan
Address : #204 Pogomboa St., Libsong West,
Elementary : Libsong Elementary School
Libsong, Lingayen, Pangasinan
2012-2019
2019
49
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : NEIL TYRONE T. GUARIN
Birthdate : November 13, 2006
Birthplace : San Carlos, Pangasinan
Address : #164 Naguelguel, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Elementary : Lingayen I Central School
2013-2019
2019
50
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : GERALDINE M. JOSE
Birthdate : July 15, 2005
Birthplace : Bugallon, Pangasinan
Address : #66 Perfecto Abad St., Poblacion, Bugallon,
Pangasinan
Elementary : Palar Integrated School
Taguig City
2018-2019
2022
51
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : JOHNMARK B. OCRETO
Birthdate : March 24, 2007
Birthplace : San Jacinto, Pangasinan
Address : Pangapisan North, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Elementary : West Central Elementary School
2017-2018
2022
52
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : BERNABE JOHN V. QUIMSON
Birthdate : June 25, 2007
Birthplace : Labrador, Pangasinan
Address : #22 Mayor St., Maniboc, Lingayen,
Pangasinan
Elementary : JCSGO Christian Academy Inc.
Almazan St., Lingayen, Pangasinan
2011-2019
2019
53
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : JOHN STEVEN R. ZABALA
Birthdate : November 25, 2005
Birthplace : Dagupan, Pangasinan
Address : #75 Naguelguel West, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Elementary : Naguelguel Elementary School
2011-2017
2017

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i

PANGASINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Effects of Same-Sex Marriage and Child Adoption on Learners in the

of the Requirements in Practical Research

Calimlim, Shema Yvanna F.

De Jesus, Ariannely Jane

Fabricante, Keisha Mae T.

Geminiano, Raven Rey S.

Guarin, Neil Tyrone T.

Quimson, Bernabe John V.

Zabala, John Steven R.

helped them in bringing life into this research work.

our way through this long ride.

her permission to administer the questionnaire.

intentions and sincerity.

them that they are capable.

honor belong to Him.

achieve their goals.

To the Omnipotent, Omniscient, and Omnipresent God,

grace abounds when they are confronted with detours.

make them feel protected and secure by His name.

All glory and honor belong to Him.

THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Article 1 of the Family Code of the Philippines defined marriage as a

the other being East Timor.

marriage as the only nature of reality. Churches declare marriage as a union

between a man and a woman

figure often leads to behavioral problems, diminished self-concept, and

compromised physical and emotional security. Fatherless children have more

difficulties in social adjustment (Erickson, 2019)

in conflicted well-being, but also the environment of children surrounded by people

remain unfavored of it and refuse to legalize such, especially in the Philippines.

the World (2021):

marriages nationally or regionally through legislation or court decisions. Despite

candidates supporting same-sex marriages and civil unions are increasingly

The legalization of same-sex marriage started with the Netherlands in

England and Wales in 2013, Scotland in 2014, Luxembourg, Finland, Ireland,

Legalized Around the World, 2021)

Legislation in 22 nations has made same-sex marriage lawful on a national

scale. Australia, Ireland, and Switzerland, among others, approved same-sex

marriage through legislation only following national referendums. Austria, Brazil,

Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Slovenia (followed by national law),

have allowed same-sex marriage on a national level by court decisions. Following

legalizing same-sex marriage. (Marriage Equality Around the World, n.d.)

In the Philippines, the legalization of same-sex marriage remains at the

moment of being disagreed upon by many Filipinos, even if the Philippines is

labeled as LGBT friendly country. In the survey made by The Philippine

Government Is Conducting an Online Poll on Same-Sex Unions (n.d.), towards the

legalization of same-sex marriage as of publication time, there are 843 undecided

is also a religion-centered country towards Catholicism.

In the research studied by Ochoa, Sio, Quiñones, & Manalastas (2018),

Same-Sex Marriage Attitudes in the Philippines they found the following:

emphasis of advocates on messages of equality and love in pushing for same-sex

marriage, the moral foundations of Fairness/reciprocity and Harm/ care do not

from identifying relevant moral foundations concerning the issue, consideration of

morality also allows for a more nuanced understanding of gender differences.

positive attitudes toward same-sex marriage (Duncan & Kemmelmeier, 2012;

source of these gender differences. As expected, religious influence is evident in

the role of religious 167 behaviors in predicting same-sex marriage attitudes. It is

may be required by their parents, as well as the integration of religious rituals in

Filipino society, it is possible that attendance in religious services does not

need for finer distinctions in measures of religiosity, especially in contexts where

by the courts, to protect majoritarian principles surrounding sexuality. This is