ACCESS TO FINANCE AND OPERATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY OF

FISHING PRACTISES

A Case of Kivukoni Ferry.

Elisheba Enael Mmbaga

B.Sc. Account and Finance

Ardhi University

June 2023
ACCESS TO FINANCE AND OPERATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY OF
FISHING PRACTISES

A Case of Kivukoni Ferry.

By

Elisheba Enael Mmbaga

A semester Project Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Award of the B.Sc. Degree in Accounting and Finance of Ardhi University

June 2023
 CERTIFICATION
The undersigned certify that they have read and hereby recommends for acceptance by Ardhi
University of Tanzania a research entitled: Access to Finance and Operational Sustainability
of Fishing Practices, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science
in Account and Finance of Ardhi University.

…………………………………

Dr. Rosemary Mnongya

(Supervisor)

Date……………………………

……………………………..

Dr. Samwel Sanga Alananga.

(Head of Department)

Date…………………………….

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 DECLARATION
I Elisheba Enael Mmbaga, hereby declare that the content of this report are the results of any
own study and findings and, the best of my knowledge, they have not been presented anywhere
for a Degree or any professional award in any Institution of Higher Learning.

Date_________________________ Signature………………………………………….

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to the Almighty God for His boundless grace,
blessings, and guidance, which provided me with the strength to persevere through this
Research even during moments when I contemplated giving up.

I am deeply thankful to my supervisor Dr. Rosemary Mnongya and the head of the department.
Dr Samwel Alananga for their invaluable support and guidance. They dedicated their time to
assist me in formulating the title, collecting data, and navigating the entire data analysis
process. I wholeheartedly acknowledge and appreciate their significant contributions.

I cannot adequately express my gratitude to my family, particularly my Aunt Nsia Massele, for
her unwavering moral and financial support throughout my university education. Her
comforting words and encouragement provided me with the determination to complete this
project within the stipulated timeframe.

Lastly, I would like to express my appreciation to all my friends, classmates, and respondents
who participated in this project. Their willingness to provide crucial information was
instrumental in justifying the significance of this research. Without their valuable
contributions, this project would lack purpose and meaning.

I acknowledge the contributions of the aforementioned individuals and express my heartfelt

appreciation for their unwavering support, which played an indispensable role in the successful
completion of this endeavour.

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 DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my beloved parents and my supportive Aunt Nsia Massele and Uncle
Justin Mmbaga for all the prayers, encouragement, love and emotional support to my
endeavours.

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 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization

UWAWAKI - Umoja Wa Wavuvi Wadogowadogo Kivukoni.

TASAF - Tanzania Social Action Fund

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 ABSTRACT
Previous studies have shown that despite access to finance that has been offered to local
fishermen to finance their general activity there is still a controversial argument as to why their
operational activity has not been improved over the years , their method has not modernized
so the study aimed at identifying what is association between access to finance and operational
sustainability of operational fishing practice , moreover the one possible reason that could have
hindered their progress is cultural belief , so the study was design to explain between these
three variables , which are access to finance , operational sustainability, and cultural belief, the
specific objectives where to examine association between operational sustainability of fishing
practice and cultural belief, to determine effect of access to finance on operational practice of
fishing practices and to determine the effect of cultural belief on access to finance.
Methodology used was research design was case study that was conducted at Kivukoni Ferry,
research method was quantitative technique where close ended questionnaire was used as data
collection tool, excel and SPSS was used for data analysis .and the outcomes it was seen that
there is a greater associations between access to finance and sustainability of fishing practices
moreover there is no associations between access to finance and culture belief , and also culture
belief does not affect operational sustainability of local fishermen. General recommendations
are that Improving the terms and conditions of access to finance, establish sustainable finance
mechanisms, encourage public-private partnerships, Promote financial literacy and capacity
building. Overall, this study contributes to understanding the relationship between access to
finance, cultural belief, and the operational sustainability of fishing practices. By implementing
the recommended measures, stakeholders can support local fishermen in adopting sustainable
practices and enhancing the economic viability of the fishing industry.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... iv

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................................................vii

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... x

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. xi

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Background of the study. ..................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem. .................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Main Objectives. .................................................................................................................. 5

1.3.1 Specific objectives ............................................................................................................ 5

1.4 Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 5

1.5 Scope of the Study. .............................................................................................................. 6

1.6 Significance of the study. ..................................................................................................... 6

1.7 Rationale of the study .......................................................................................................... 6

1.8 Limitation of the study ......................................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................... 8

2.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 8

2.1.2 Operational sustainability: ................................................................................................ 8

2.1.3 Fishing practices: .............................................................................................................. 8

2.1.4 Cultural beliefs .................................................................................................................. 8

2.1.5 Local fishermen: ............................................................................................................... 9

2.2.1 Cultural Theory: ................................................................................................................ 9

2.2.2 Theory of Sustainable Livelihoods Approach: ................................................................. 9

2.3.1 An Overview of Access to Finance to Local Fishermen in Tanzania ............................. 10

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2.3.2Financial Inclusion and Fishermen's Access to Finance:................................................. 11

2.3.3 Microfinance and Fishing Communities:........................................................................ 11

2.3.4 Cooperatives and Access to Finance: ............................................................................. 11

2.3.5 Government Initiatives and Financial Support: .............................................................. 11

2.3.6 Operational Sustainability of Fishing Practices and Cultural Beliefs. ............................ 12

2.3.7 Cultural Beliefs and Traditional Fishing Practices: ........................................................ 12

2.3.8 Cultural Beliefs and Unsustainable Practices: ................................................................ 12

2.3.9 Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Sustainable Fisheries: .......................................... 12

2.3.10 Sacred Sites and Conservation: ..................................................................................... 13

2.3.11 Effect of Cultural Beliefs on Access to Finance. .......................................................... 13

2.3.12 Cultural Beliefs and Informal Financial Practices: ....................................................... 13

2.3.13 Cultural Beliefs and Trust in Formal Financial Institutions: ........................................ 13

2.3.14 Cultural Sensitivity and Financial Inclusion:................................................................ 14

2.5 Conceptual framework. ...................................................................................................... 14

2.5 Chapter Summary .............................................................................................................. 15

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................. 17

3.0 Introduction. ....................................................................................................................... 17

3.1 Research methodology. ...................................................................................................... 17

3.2 Research approach and design. .......................................................................................... 17

3.3 Area of study. ..................................................................................................................... 18

3.3.1 Population. ...................................................................................................................... 18

3.3.2 Sample size. .................................................................................................................... 18

3.5 Data analysis. ..................................................................................................................... 19

3.6 Data presentation. .............................................................................................................. 21

3.7 Ethical considerations. ....................................................................................................... 21

3.8 Chapter summary. .............................................................................................................. 21

CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 22

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4.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 22

4.2 Inferential statistics ............................................................................................................ 24

4.2.1 Association between Operational Sustainability of fishing practice and independent

variables ................................................................................................................................... 25

4.2.2 Ordered logistic regression. ............................................................................................ 27

4.2.3 Goodness of fit test ......................................................................................................... 27

4.2.4 Interpretation ................................................................................................................... 28

4.2.5 Goodness of fit test ......................................................................................................... 29

4.2.5 Interpretation ................................................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................... 31

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................... 31

5.0 Introduction. ....................................................................................................................... 31

5.1 Conclusion. ........................................................................................................................ 31

5.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 33

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 36

APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................. 39

PART ONE QUESTIONAIRE: ENGILISH LANGUAGE .................................................... 39

PART TWO QUESTIONAIRE: SWAHILI LANGUAGE ..................................................... 45

ix
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Name of variables and measurement scale .............................................................. 19
Table 4.1: Description on Access to finance ........................................................................... 22
Table 4.4: Description on Cultural Beliefs .............................................................................. 23
Table 4.3: Description on Age Categories ............................................................................... 24
Table 4.4:Case Processing Summary....................................................................................... 25
Table 4.5 Chi-Square Tests ...................................................................................................... 25
Table 4.6: Symmetric Measures .............................................................................................. 25
Table 4.7: Case Processing Summary...................................................................................... 26
Table 4.8 Chi-Square Tests. ..................................................................................................... 26
Table 4.9 Symmetric Measures................................................................................................ 26
Table 4.10 Goodness-of-Fit ..................................................................................................... 27
Table 4.11 Parameter Estimates. .............................................................................................. 28
Table 4.12 Goodness of Fit ...................................................................................................... 29
Table 4.11 Parameter Estimates ............................................................................................... 29

x
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Conceptual framework ........................................................................................... 15
Figure 4.1 Cultural belief practise ........................................................................................... 23

xi
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study.

The fishing industry is a vital source of livelihood for millions of people worldwide,
particularly in developing countries where it plays a crucial role in food security and poverty
reduction. However, small-scale fishermen often face significant challenges that hamper their
progress and prevent them from benefiting from the industry. According to the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2018) , around 59.6 million people are
engaged in the primary fish production sector worldwide, with the majority being in Asia,
followed by Africa and Latin America and Latin America, the fishing industry is crucial for
global food security, livelihoods, and economic development. It encompasses a wide range of
activities, including commercial and small-scale fisheries. Small-scale fisheries, in particular,
involve fishing practices carried out by individuals or small groups using relatively low-cost
and low-technology methods.

This highly diverse sector operates in various social, economic, and ecological contexts
worldwide, The fishing industry contributes significantly to global food security, with over 3
billion people relying on fish as their primary source of animal protein (FAO,
2018)Approximately 59.5 million people are engaged in the primary sector of the global
fisheries and aquaculture industry, including fishing and fish farming. n 2018, global fish
production reached 179 million tones, with a value of USD 401 billion, highlighting its
economic significance.

Various fishing methods are used worldwide, including trawling, long lining, purse seining,
gillnetting, and traps/pots. The selection of methods depends on target species, location, and
environmental considerations. Trawling is the most common fishing method, particularly for
capturing demersal (bottom-dwelling) species, while purse seining is often employed for
schooling fish like tuna. China is the world's largest fishing nation, accounting for the highest
annual marine capture and aquaculture production. (FAO, 2018)Other prominent fishing
nations include Indonesia, the United States, Russia, Japan, Peru, India, Vietnam, the
Philippines, and Norway. Aquaculture, or fish farming, has overgrown to meet the increasing
global demand for fish. It involves cultivating fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants in controlled

1
environments. In 2018, aquaculture accounted for approximately 46% of global fish
production, significantly contributing to the fishing industry

Fisheries and aquaculture contribute significantly to Africa's food security and nutrition,
providing millions of people with a vital source of animal protein. The fisheries sector is a
source of employment and income for millions of Africans, particularly in coastal communities
where fishing is a primary economic activity. (world bank, 2017)In Sub-Saharan Africa, fish
accounts for about 22% of animal protein intake and supports the livelihoods of over 12 million
people engaged in the sector. (world bank, 2017), African countries with significant fishing
industries include Senegal, Mauritania, Morocco, Ghana, Nigeria, Angola, South Africa,
Namibia, Tanzania, and Mozambique. Senegal is known for its vibrant artisanal fishing sector,
while Morocco has a large industrial fishing fleet. Ghana and Nigeria have excellent coastal
fisheries, while Angola and Namibia have rich offshore fisheries resources. Regional
cooperation plays a vital role in managing shared fisheries resources in Africa.

Organizations like the African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources and the
Regional Fisheries Bodies work towards sustainable fisheries management and development.
Initiatives such as the Africa Blue Economy Strategy and the African Fisheries Reform
Mechanism aim to promote sustainable fisheries, combat IUU fishing, and enhance value chain
development in the fishing sector. (United Nation, 2016), Africa's fishing industry employs a
range of fishing practices, including small-scale artisanal fishing, commercial trawling, long
lining, and fish farming., Overfishing and illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing
are significant challenges in African waters, leading to the depletion of fish stocks and
ecological imbalances. Climate change impacts, such as rising sea temperatures and changes
in ocean currents, affect fish distribution and productivity, posing additional challenges for
African fisheries. (world bank, 2017).

Access to finance plays a big role in supporting local fishermen in Africa as one of the
challenges that this local fisherman faces them is capital to run the business and to support
them in their daily fishing activities, one of the studies conducted (Bene, Newsham, Davies,
Ulrichs, & Goodfrey-Wood, 2014), one of the method that has been used to support local
fishermen is the establishment of community based microfinance institutions , these institutions
provide financial services tailored to the needs of small scale fishermen and help improve their
access to credit and other financial resources , and this enhances resilience of fishing
communities in coastal area of Ghana, Senegal and Tanzania , the microfinance institutions

2
they offer access to finance such as free loans , saving accounts, insurance services designed
specifically for fishermen. Another financing option that has been done in Africa for local
fishermen is establishment of revolving loan funds specifically designed for fisheries or small
scale fisheries enterprises , these fund provide access to capital for investment in fishing
equipment, infrastructure , and business development , another include is utilization of grants
example such grant program is the sustainable fisheries fund (SFF), implemented by the
African development Bank , the aim was to enhance the sustainability and productivity of
fisheries in Africa by providing grants to small scale fishing communities, other grants are
typically provided by government agencies , international organizations , and philanthropic
foundations.

The fishing industry is essential in Tanzania, contributing significantly to the country's

economy and food security and National GDP of about 1.75% (Peart, et al., 2021)Tanzania
has a coastline of approximately 1,424 km and is home to several large freshwater bodies,
including Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Nyasa. The fishing industry in Tanzania
is divided into two main sectors: marine fisheries and inland fisheries. Marine fisheries are the
dominant sector, accounting for about 90% of total fish production in the country, while inland
fisheries make up the remaining 10%. Tanzania's most important fish species include sardines,
herrings, tuna, and Nile perch. (United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of livestock and
fisheries, 2022).The fishery sector in Tanzania is divided into the marine and inland sub-
sectors. The marine sub-sector comprises artisanal and industrial fisheries operating within the
territorial waters and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The catch in the maritime sub-
sector contains mainly finfish, shellfish, cephalopods, and coral reef species. Artisanal fishers
dominate the maritime sub-sector, using poor crafts and fishing methods. On the other hand,
industrial fisheries target high-value species such as tuna, marlin, swordfish, and sharks,
primarily for export markets. Inland fisheries are carried out in major and minor dams and
rivers.

The major lakes in Tanzania are Victoria, Tanganyika, and Nyasa, which support significant
fisheries. Additionally, few lakes, dams, and rivers have smaller fishery contributions. The
inland fishing is primarily artisanal, with fishers using small boats, canoes, and dhows powered
by outboard engines. The main target species in inland waters include Nile perch, tilapia,
catfish, and various sardine species. The post-harvest use of fish in Tanzania involves fresh
consumption and various processing methods such as smoking, sun-drying, and salting. While
fresh fish, especially Nile perch, is used for filleting, processed fishery products are exported,

3
including fillets, crabs, lobsters, octopus, shrimps, and squids. Fishmeal production is limited,
mainly utilizing the remains of Nile perch filleting and low-quality sardines (Ministry of
Livestock and Fisheries, 2022). The fishery sector in Tanzania plays a significant economic
role, contributing to animal protein consumption and employment generation. It provides full-
time employment for approximately 150,000 artisanal fishermen and supports about 2.0
million people through various fisheries-related activities. Moreover, the sector serves as a
source of government revenue, which is utilized for sector development, management, training,
and resource monitoring. (Peart, et al., 2021). However, the demand for fish in Tanzania
remains high due to the growing population, surpassing the available fisheries resources.

To address this challenge, the government encourages aquaculture to improve food security
and ensure the sustainability of the capture fishery. Several efforts have been made to support
this fishing industry among small-scale fishers, and several funding options have been made.
They may include the following, The World Bank Fisheries Development Project: This project
provides funding to support the sustainable management and development of the fishing
industry in Tanzania. It aims to increase the productivity and profitability of small-scale fishers,
improve infrastructure and facilities for fish processing and storage, and strengthen the capacity
of government institutions to manage the sector. (World Group, 2021)

The African Development Bank Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development

Project: This project provides funding for the construction and rehabilitation of fishing ports,
landing sites, and fish markets in Tanzania. It aims to improve the efficiency of the fishing
value chain, increase the quality and safety of fish products, and create employment
opportunities in the sector. The European Union Development Fund for the Tanzanian
Fisheries Sector provides financial and technical support to promote sustainable fisheries
management and development in Tanzania. It aims to enhance the resilience of coastal
communities, improve the quality and safety of fish products, and support the conservation of
marine ecosystems. The USAID Feed the Future Tanzania Fisheries Program: This program
provides funding and technical assistance to support the growth of the fishing industry in
Tanzania. It focuses on improving the productivity and profitability of small-scale fishers,
increasing the availability of high-quality fish products, and strengthening the capacity of
government institutions to manage the sector

4
With all the effort made by the government and non-government institution to give grants and
loan, access to finance in general there is still a question on the relationship between access to
finance and how the sustainability to local fishermen

1.2 Statement of the Problem.

Previous studies have shown that local fishermen play a crucial role in coastal communities,
contributing to livelihoods and food security. However, a significant challenges face these
fishermen many challenges have been addressed and one of the crucial challenge was access
to finance this challenge has been addressed and worked on to support the local fishermen,
with this challenge being addresses and several effort like funding system from both
government and non-government organization have been made that have played a important
role in supporting local fishermen , however there is still a controversial argument to how much
does access to finance contribute to operational sustainability of these local fishermen because
over the years their general operation on fishing activities has not been improved there is still
a great number of fishermen using tradition methods of fishing, and what of the possible reason
could be traditional practice that could have hinder their improvement and growth under this
sector ,Understanding to what extent access to finance has a greater relationship with the
operational sustainability of this fishing activities and to how extent does traditional have
impact to the fishing practices.

1.3 Main Objectives.

To determine the relationship between access to finance and operation sustainability of fishing
practices.

1.3.1 Specific objectives

i. To examine association between operational sustainability of fishing practice and
cultural belief.
ii. To determine effect of access to finance on operational practice of fishing practices
iii. To determine the effect of cultural belief on access to finance.

1.4 Research Questions

i. What is the relationship between access to finance and operational sustainability of
fishing practices?
ii. What impact do access to finance have on operational sustainability of local fishermen,
iii. What effect does cultural belief have on access to finance

5
1.5 Scope of the Study.

The study covered local fishermen at kivukoni at UWAWAKI organization (Umoja wa wavuvi
wadogo kivukoni). The targeted group was the individuals who have been able to have access
to finance through different loan program to finance fishing activities.
The study aimed at examine the relationship between access to finance and operation
sustainability of fishing practices in which quantitative approach was adopted and
questionnaires were used as the tool of data analysis. The scope covered the effect of tradition
practise in operation sustainability of local fishermen and moreover the effect of tradition
practices in access to finance, and what exactly are those traditional practices that are associated
with fishing practices.

1.6 Significance of the study.

The study has got a significance in determining the relationship between access to finance and
operational sustainability and the understanding the effect of traditional practices in having
access to finances and the effect it has on operational sustainability of fishing practices , this
may help the government to know on where to put much efforts so that their effort on provision
of fund may not run into vain , but also the study is applicable to investors who have shown
interest in investing in fishing practices to know what exactly is to be done to improve better
ways of fishing practices which may be sustainable and which may increase the level of
productions rates .
Also the provision and improvement of targeted policies that may enhance in promotion of
sustainable operation of fishing activities , also the study contribute to the existing academic
literatures on fishery sector in Tanzania, the study has a significance of raising awareness
among stakeholders and the general public about the importance of the fishery sector in
Tanzania and the need for sustainable practices and policies to support the livelihoods of local
fishermen together with their fishing practices, and lastly the study has a great contribution in
achievement of my bachelor of degree as the part of the fulfilment of my study.

1.7 Rationale of the Study

The fishery sector plays a crucial role in the economy and livelihoods of many communities in
Tanzania, particularly those living along the coast area, the rationale of this study is that it has

6
addressed the real-world problem of fishing practices and access to finance together with the
effect of traditional practice in sustainability of fishing practices in Tanzania. By identifying
the factors that hinder the progress and sustainability of fishermen despite having access to
finance, the study also to contribute to the existing academic literature on the fishery sector in
Tanzania and raise awareness among stakeholders and the general public about the importance
of sustainable practices and policies to support the livelihoods of local fishermen. Ultimately,
the study seeks to inform the development of targeted policies and interventions to promote
sustainable livelihoods for local fishermen in the fishery sector in Tanzania.

1.8 Limitation of the study

There are several limitations to this study that I are encountered one of them is poor
perceptions from the local fishermen that I heard about anything concerning loan that make it
hardly for them to participate effectively in giving out information however this limitation was
resolved through provision of proper knowledge to them regarding the research and why is it
important for them to provide that information and this helped most of them to agree to
participate.

The other limitation was illiteracy most of local fishermen did not know how to read and write
this was resolved through taking part in reading for them and filling the gap for them according
to what they see and perceive as the answer. And the last limitation was the respondent who
know how to read and write they hard poor knowledge on English language therefore the
questionnaire where prepared in English language and then translated to Swahili language so
as it can easily be understood by the respondent.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW.

2.0 Introduction
In this chapter contain several literatures which have covered relationship existing between
access to finance and operational sustainability of fishing practises, access to finance and
cultural belief and lastly the effect of cultural belief on operational sustainability of fishing
practises.

2.1 Definitions of key terms.

2.1.1 Access to finance:

Refers to the ability of individuals, organizations, or communities to obtain financial

resources, such as loans, credit, savings, or insurance, from formal financial institutions or
alternative mechanisms to support their economic activities (Kunt, Klapper, Singer, Ansar, &
Hess, 2017)

2.1.2 Operational sustainability:

Refers to the capacity of fishing practices to be economically viable, environmentally
responsible, and socially equitable over the long term. It involves maintaining the balance
between resource utilization, conservation, and meeting the economic and social needs of
present and future generations. (Robert & Gordon, 1992)

2.1.3 Fishing practices:

Encompass the activities, techniques, and processes involved in capturing, processing, and
marketing fish and other aquatic resource. These practices include fishing methods, gear types,
resource management strategies, and compliance with relevant regulations. (Ministry of
Livestock and Fisheries, 2022)

2.1.4 Cultural beliefs

Refer to the shared values, assumptions, and perspectives held by a particular group of people
or society. These beliefs are often deeply ingrained and influence the way individuals within
that culture perceive the world, interact with others, and make sense of their experiences.
Cultural beliefs encompass various aspects of life, including religion, spirituality, morality,
social norms, customs, traditions, and worldview.

8
2.1.5 Local fishermen:
Refers to individuals who engage in fishing activities within a specific locality or community.
Local fishermen typically have close ties to the fishing area, possess local knowledge, and rely
on fishing as their primary livelihood source. (Fulton, Smith, Smith, & Putten, 2011)

2.1 Theoretical Literature Review

2.2.1 Cultural Theory:

Cultural Theory, developed by Mary Douglas, explores the role of culture in shaping
individuals' beliefs, values, and behaviours within societies. This theory emphasizes how
cultural traditions, customs, and norms influence various aspects of human life, including
practices and decision-making processes. Cultural Theory can provide insights into how
traditions are formed, transmitted, and maintained within fishing communities, and how they
impact fishing practices, access to finance, and operational sustainability. (Wildavsky &
Douglas, 1983)

Assumptions.

i. Cultural beliefs and values shape individuals' perceptions and behaviours.

ii. Cultural traditions are transmitted and maintained through socialization.
iii. Cultural biases and symbols influence individuals' attitudes and actions.
iv. Power structures and authority figures influence cultural beliefs.
v. Cultural traditions can change and adapt over time.

2.2.2 Theory of Sustainable Livelihoods Approach:

The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach provides a framework for understanding and analysing
the complex interactions between access to resources, livelihood strategies, and sustainable
development. This theory can guide the study by emphasizing the importance of financial
resources in supporting sustainable fishing practices and improving the well-being of fishing
communities. (Robert & Gordon, 1992)

9
Assumptions:

i. Organizations depend on external resources for survival and success.

ii. Organizations seek to minimize dependency by managing relationships with resource
providers.
iii. Control and access to critical resources influence organizational behaviour and
decision-making.

2.2.3 Financial Inclusion Theory:

Financial Inclusion Theory explores the importance of providing access to financial services
for marginalized populations. This theory can be applied to analyse how the inclusion of fishing
communities in formal financial systems or the development of alternative financial
mechanisms influences their economic resilience, livelihood diversification, and operational
sustainability (Allen, Demirgus -kunt, Klapper, Soledad, & Peria, 2016)

Assumptions:

i. Access to affordable and appropriate financial services is essential for individuals and
communities to improve their economic well-being.
ii. Financial inclusion promotes resilience, poverty reduction, and inclusive economic
growth.
iii. Closing the financial access gap requires addressing barriers such as affordability,
proximity, trust, and regulatory frameworks.

2.3 Empirical Literature Review

2.3.1 An Overview of Access to Finance to Local Fishermen in Tanzania

Access to finance plays a crucial role in the development and sustainability of local fishing
communities in Tanzania. Financial resources enable fishermen to invest in modern equipment,
adopt sustainable fishing practices, and improve their livelihoods. This overview aims to
provide insights into the current state of access to finance for local fishermen in Tanzania,
highlighting key challenges and potential solutions. By reviewing relevant literature, we can
gain a deeper understanding of the existing research and initiatives in this area.

10
2.3.2Financial Inclusion and Fishermen's Access to Finance:
Financial inclusion, which encompasses access to formal financial services, is crucial for local
fishermen in Tanzania. A study by (Demirguc-Kunt, Klapper, Singer, Ansar, & Hess, 2017)
examined the financial inclusion landscape in fishing communities along Indian Ocean. They
found that limited access to formal banking services and lack of collateral hindered fishermen's
ability to obtain loans for investment in fishing equipment and working capital. Financial
inclusion initiatives that promote mobile banking and innovative financial products could
enhance fishermen's access to finance.

2.3.3 Microfinance and Fishing Communities:

Microfinance has gained attention as a potential solution to address the financial needs of local
fishermen. A case study by (Danstun & Harun, 2020) focused on microfinance institutions
(MFIs) and their role in supporting fishing communities in Tanzania. The study highlighted
that MFIs provide financial services tailored to the needs of fishermen, such as microcredit for
purchasing fishing gear and loans for business expansion. Microfinance institutions contribute
to improving access to finance and empowering fishermen to adopt sustainable fishing
practices.

2.3.4 Cooperatives and Access to Finance:

Cooperative financial institutions can significantly contribute to improving access to finance
for local fishermen. A study by (Bradford & Katikiro, 2019) explored the role of cooperative
societies in enhancing access to finance for fishing communities in Tanzania. The findings
revealed that cooperatives provide savings and credit facilities to fishermen, enabling them to
access affordable loans for various purposes, including investment in fishing equipment and
post-harvest processing. Cooperative-based financial institutions can mitigate the challenges
faced by individual fishermen in accessing formal financial services.

2.3.5 Government Initiatives and Financial Support:

Government-led initiatives play a crucial role in promoting access to finance for local
fishermen (Onyango & Jentoft, 2010) the impact of the Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF)
on fishing communities. TASAF provided conditional cash transfers and livelihood support to
vulnerable households, including fishermen. The study found that the financial support from
TASAF positively influenced fishermen's access to finance, leading to improved livelihoods
and investment in sustainable fishing practices.

11
2.3.6 Operational Sustainability of Fishing Practices and Cultural Beliefs.
Understanding the relationship between cultural beliefs and the operational sustainability of
fishing practices is crucial for effective fisheries management. This literature review aims to
explore existing research on the association between cultural beliefs and the operational
sustainability of fishing practices. By examining relevant studies, this review seeks to provide
insights into how cultural beliefs influence fishing practices and their sustainability.

2.3.7 Cultural Beliefs and Traditional Fishing Practices:

Cultural beliefs often shape traditional fishing practices, which can have both positive and
negative implications for operational sustainability. For example, (Fulton, Smith, Smith, &
Putten, 2011) conducted a study among Indigenous fishing communities in North America and
found that cultural beliefs and practices regarding resource stewardship and conservation were
positively associated with sustainable fishing practices. These communities had a deep
understanding of local ecosystems and employed traditional knowledge to ensure sustainable
fishing practices.

2.3.8 Cultural Beliefs and Unsustainable Practices:

Superstitious beliefs, although deeply rooted in cultural traditions, can sometimes lead to
unsustainable fishing practices. A study by (Dosu, 2017)examined the influence of
superstitious beliefs on reef fishery sustainability in the Indo-Pacific. They found that certain
superstitious beliefs, such as avoiding specific fishing grounds or species due to cultural taboos,
could result in overexploitation of other species or habitats. These findings highlight the need
for a nuanced understanding of cultural beliefs and their potential impacts on operational
sustainability.

2.3.9 Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Sustainable Fisheries:

However, study done by (Dosu, 2017) argue that Indigenous knowledge systems,
encompassing cultural beliefs, values, and practices, have been recognized as valuable sources
for sustainable fisheries management conducted research in the Pacific Islands and highlighted
how Indigenous knowledge, rooted in cultural beliefs and practices, contributes to sustainable
fishing practices. Indigenous communities possess extensive knowledge about local
ecosystems, including fish behaviour, breeding seasons, and habitat conservation.
Incorporating Indigenous knowledge into fisheries management can enhance operational
sustainability.

12
2.3.10 Sacred Sites and Conservation:
Cultural beliefs associated with sacred sites and protected areas can play a significant role in
promoting the operational sustainability of fishing practices. A study by (Mathooko J. M.,
2005) examined the influence of cultural beliefs and sacred sites on the conservation of sea
grass meadows in Australia. They found that Indigenous cultural beliefs and practices related
to sacred sites facilitated the protection of sea grass habitats, supporting sustainable fishing
practices by ensuring the availability of key fish species.

2.3.11 Effect of Cultural Beliefs on Access to Finance.

Understanding the influence of cultural beliefs on access to finance is essential for promoting
financial inclusion and economic development. This literature review aims to explore existing
research on the effect of cultural beliefs on access to finance. By examining relevant studies,
this review seeks to provide insights into how cultural beliefs shape individuals' financial
behaviours, attitudes, and access to formal financial services.

2.3.12 Cultural Beliefs and Informal Financial Practices:

Cultural beliefs often influence individuals' financial behaviours and preferences, leading to a
reliance on informal financial practices. For instance, (Mathooko J. M., 2005)conducted a study
in South Africa and found that cultural beliefs and norms played a significant role in
individuals' decision to use informal savings mechanisms, such as savings clubs or community-
based savings groups. Cultural beliefs about trust, reciprocity, and social obligations influenced
individuals' preference for informal financial arrangements rather than formal banking
services.

Religious beliefs and practices can also influence individuals' financial behaviours and their
access to finance. A study by (Mathooko J. M., 2005)explored the relationship between
religiosity and financial inclusion in predominantly Muslim communities in Indonesia. They
found that religious beliefs, such as adherence to Islamic principles of finance, affected
individuals' financial behaviours and preferences. Islamic finance principles, which prohibit
interest-based transactions, led to the development of Sharia-compliant financial products and
institutions, providing alternative avenues for accessing finance.

2.3.13 Cultural Beliefs and Trust in Formal Financial Institutions:

Cultural beliefs about trust and perceptions of formal financial institutions can influence
individuals' access to finance. A study by (Demirguc-Kunt, Klapper, Singer, Ansar, & Hess,

13
2017) analysed the impact of cultural beliefs on individuals' trust in banks across different
countries. They found that cultural factors, such as collectivism and trust in interpersonal
relationships, influenced individuals' willingness to engage with formal financial institutions.
Cultural beliefs that prioritize community ties over formal institutions can create barriers to
accessing finance through traditional banking channels.

2.3.14 Cultural Sensitivity and Financial Inclusion:

Promoting financial inclusion requires cultural sensitivity in designing and delivering financial
services. A study by (Danstun & Harun, 2020) and examined the role of cultural factors in
microfinance programs. They highlighted the importance of understanding cultural beliefs,
norms, and practices to develop context-specific financial products and services that align with
individuals' cultural values. By incorporating cultural sensitivity into financial interventions,
access to finance can be improved among marginalized communities.

2.4 Research Gap

From the previous studies most researchers have address the challenge of access to finance that
is one problem that hinder the growth of sustainability business, because of that there have
been effort made to deal with that, but the left part the extent to which that access to finance
has impact on sustainability of fishing practises.

2.5 Conceptual framework.

Conceptual framework consists of the summary of the relationship which exist between the
dependent variables and dependent variables. Conceptual framework consists of factors which
will be used as a point of reference in measuring independent and dependent variable while
studying the relationship which exist among them.

14
 OPERATIONAL
SUSTAINABILITY OF
FISHING PRACTISES.
.
-fishing Practise method

ACCESS TO FINANCE

-Level of access to finance at

an interval

CULTURAL BELIEF

Source Researcher’s compilations

Figure.2.1 Conceptual framework

2.5 Chapter Summary

The literature review reveals a clear association between access to finance and the operational
sustainability of fishing practices. Financial constraints often lead to unsustainable fishing
practices, while improved financial access through mechanisms such as microfinance and
institutional arrangements contributes to the adoption of sustainable methods. Integrated
approaches that combine financial support with capacity building have the potential to bring
about positive changes in fishing communities, enabling them to achieve long-term operational
sustainability.

The literature review reveals a complex relationship between cultural beliefs and the
operational sustainability of fishing practices. While certain cultural beliefs and practices
contribute positively to sustainable fishing, others can lead to unsustainable practices.
Recognizing the influence of cultural beliefs, particularly Indigenous knowledge systems and
sacred sites, can provide valuable insights for fisheries management. Enhancing cultural
transmission and incorporating traditional knowledge into fisheries policies can contribute to
more sustainable fishing practices.

The literature review demonstrates that cultural beliefs have a significant influence on
individuals' access to finance. Cultural norms, trust in informal systems, religious beliefs, and
15
gender roles shape individuals' financial behaviours and preferences. Understanding and
addressing cultural barriers are vital for promoting financial inclusion and ensuring that
financial services are accessible and relevant to diverse cultural contexts. Culturally sensitive
approaches that consider individuals' beliefs and practices can contribute to enhancing access
to finance and supporting economic development

16
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.

3.0 Introduction.
This chapter put into details the methods applied in data collection, analysis and presentation.
The approach which was adopted in this study was quantitative approach. The targeted sample
was 80 individuals where data was obtained from 52 individual. Questionnaire was used as
tool of data collection whereas excel and SPSS was used for data analysis. Several functions
such as descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, chi square and Cramer’s v and regression
were used to analyze data. Pie charts, and frequency tables were used in data presentations.
Confidentiality was also put into account as a matter of ethical consideration.

3.1 Research methodology.

Research methodology is the systematic way of getting answers to the research problem which
explains step by step how the research is going to be conducted and the logic of those steps in
completing the research (Kothari, 2017). Research methodology covers how the research is
undertaken in terms of data collection and analysis. Research methodology is very important
as it equips with necessary knowledge on how material and data are collected by using
appropriate tools such as questionnaires and how data collected are organized, analyzed,
interpreted and presented (Kothari, 2017)

3.2 Research approach and design.

The approach that was used in undertaking this study was quantitative approach which involved
analyzing, interpreting and presenting data in numeric figures for easy deliverance and
understanding. Quantitative approach was used as it was necessary to establish relationship
between variables. The research design adopted was descriptive as descriptive research explain
relationship existing among variables and Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics which is
used to make predictions on the outcomes and draw inference between two effects on which
one is true and the other one is false.

17
3.3 Area of study.
The area of study mainly covers the population and sample size which was targeted in the
study. Population is the group from which the data to be used in the research will be extracted
from (Kothari, 2017) Sample is extracted from the population which will represent the whole
population in data collection and analysis to obtain findings.

3.3.1 Population.
In this study the population used was that of the people specifically local fishermen who have
been having access to finance through different loan programs with age ranging from 18-45
years old. These local fishermen have been located at kivukoni ferry which was my area of
case study and their where registered members of about 400 members and those who have been
having access to finance are 126 members.

3.3.2 Sample size.

The sampling procedure involved choosing from the population the number of individuals who
will participate in the study whereas the sample was chosen randomly giving each individual
in the population an equal chance to participate. The targeted sample was 80 individuals and
50 responses were obtained from the questionnaire. The targeted sample was 80 people due to
time constraint as it was not easy to access many people within a limited period of time as
compared to samples used, only 50 individuals agreed to participate in filling out the
questionnaires, this has been limited due to poor perceptions that individuals have been having.

Data collection methods.

Primary data was mainly used in this study which were collected directly from the respondents.
To obtain data, questionnaires were used as the tool of data collection. A questionnaire is the
written list of questions which are to be answered by the respondent by writing what they
understood from the question (Sinclair, 1975). Questionnaires are useful when collecting
massive amount of data in a short period of time. (Kombo & Orodho, 2002) The questionnaire
consisted twenty questions which were divided into four parts. The first part was about personal
information such as age, gender and education status. The second part consisted of questions
concerning access to finance and operational sustainability of fishing practices. The third part
was cultural belief and operational sustainability of fishing practices the last part was about

18
access to finance and cultural belief. The questionnaire was then prepared in English and
translated to local language so as it can be easily understood by local fishermen who most of
them have little or no knowledge on English language then the questionaries’ where distributed
to local fishermen at UWAWAKI, Umoja wa wavuvi wadogowadogo kivukoni any individual
who was interested to participate to fill it. The table below indicates variables and their
measurement scale.

Table 3.1 Name of variables and measurement scale

NAME OF VARIABLE MEASUREMENT OF SCALE

Age Ordinal in years
Gender Nominal Scale
Level of education Ordinal
Access to finance Interval scale
Cultural belief Ordinal scale
Operational sustainability of fishing Ordinal scale: Likert scale
practices. 1-strongly agree, 2. agree 3- average, 4-
strongly disagree, 5- agree

3.5 Data analysis.

Excel and SPSS were used as the analysis tools. Data were entered in excel for coding,
clearance and computation of index and percentile as Likert scale was used in answering the
questionnaires. Then data were shifted to SPSS for further analysis. The following functions
were used in analyzing data.

I. Descriptive statistics
Data was coded, summarized, and processed using SPSS statistical package. Frequency tables
and pie chart were produced to describe study variables (Fisher & Marshall, 2009)

II. Inferential Statistics

Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics which is used to make predictions on the outcomes
and draw inference between two effects on which one is true and the other one is false. (Allua
& Thompson, 2009)

19
III. Chi-square test
Chi-square test is a formal statistical test that tests the association between two categorical
variables with two or more categories. The test was employed to determine if there is
association between dependent variable and each independent variable. (Tallarida & Murray,
1987)

Test statistic for Chi-Square

𝑟 𝑐 2
(𝑓𝑖𝑗− 𝑒𝑖𝑗 )
ᵪ2 = ∑ ∑ ,
𝑒𝑖𝑗
𝑖 𝑗

Where

𝑓𝑖𝑗 = observed frequency for contigency table category in row i and column j

𝑒𝑖𝑗 = expected frequency for contigency category in i row and column j based on the assumption
of independence.

A Chi-square test has a distribution with (𝑟 − 1)(𝑐 − 1) degrees of freedom where r rows and
c columns are of contingency table provided that the expected frequencies are five or more for
all categories.

The null hypothesis for this test is that the tested variables have no association against the
alternative hypothesis that variables have association.

IV. Cramer’s V

Cramer’s V is a measure of association between two categorical variables, giving a value

between 0 and 1 (inclusive). Cramer’s V is the most popular of the chi-square-based measures
of the nominal association because it gives good norming from 0 to 1.

V. Ordinal Logit Model Analysis

If a dependent variable has multiple categories with a meaningful order where each
category is considered higher than the previous one, an ordinal logit regression model can
be used. This model was employed to assess the impact of independent variables on the
dependent variable. The proportional-odds model, also known as ordered logistic
regression, assumes that the odds ratio of an event remains constant across all categories,

20
 making it independent of the specific categories. The most commonly used proportional
odds model was:
𝜀𝑝𝑟(𝑌≤𝑗\𝑥)
𝑙𝑛(1−𝜀𝑝𝑟(𝑌≤𝑗\𝑥))=𝛼j +𝛽𝑖 ,1

i=1...k, j =1, 2... P-1

Where:
𝛼o or 𝛽0 = Called threshold
𝛽1= Parameter, Xi = Sets of factors or predictor

3.6 Data presentation.

Methods used in data presentation included tables. Tables were used in creating summary and
explaining relationships between variables which was computed. Pie charts were used in
showing percentage of occurrence and comparison for easy understanding and deliverance.

3.7 Ethical considerations.

Moral issues were considered in all stages starting from data collection, analysis and
presentation. Participants were not pressured into answering the questionnaires and the
information collected were treated with confidentiality. The information obtained was used to
complete this research only.

3.8 Chapter summary.

The chapter of research methodology generally explains the methods adopted in carrying out
the research. In this study, Quantitative approach was used with the purpose of establishing
relationships between variables in order to be able to answer research questions. The data
collection procedure involved using of questionnaires and 50 responses were analyzed and their
findings and discussions are further explained in chapter four.

21
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.0 Introduction
This chapter presents both descriptive and inferential statistics from the study. In descriptive
analysis frequency tables and pie chart were produced to describe the variables of the study. In
the part of inferential analysis chi-square test was carried out to study the association between
dependent variable and each independent variable of the study, as well as ordinal logistic
regression was carried out to examine the association between variables. Ordinal model was
used to the nature of the dependent variable which is ordered measured.

Descriptive Statistics

This section presents the characteristics of the study variables by summarizing data into a
meaningful and useful way through the use of frequency tables.

I. Description on Access to finance

Table 4.1: Description on Access to finance

Access to finance
Frequenc Percent Valid Cumulative
y Percent Percent
Below 500000 19 38.0 38.0 38.0
500000-1000000 9 18.0 18.0 56.0
1000001-
Valid 14 28.0 28.0 84.0
2000000
Above 5000000 8 16.0 16.0 100.0
Total 50 100.0 100.0

Table 4.1: results show that greater number of respondent access to finance below 500000 by
the count of 19(38%) followed by respondents who access to finance Between 1000001-
2000000 by the count of 14(28%), 500000-1000000 by the count of 9(18%) %) while number
of respondents who access to finance Above 5000000 had the lowest count of 8(16%).

22
 II. Description on Cultural Beliefs

Table 4.1: Description on Cultural Beliefs

Cultural Beliefs
Frequenc Percent Valid Cumulative
y Percent Percent
Strong Agree 4 8.0 8.0 8.0
Agree 8 16.0 16.0 24.0
Average 9 18.0 18.0 42.0
Valid Strong Dis
16 32.0 32.0 74.0
Agree
Dis Agree 13 26.0 26.0 100.0
Total 50 100.0 100.0

Source: SPSS and researcher’s data 2023

Figure 4.1 Cultural belief practices

23
Chart above show that greater number of respondent Strong Dis Agree the Cultural Beliefs by
(32%) followed by respondents Dis Agree the Cultural Beliefs by (26%), on Average by (18%),
respondents Agree the Cultural Beliefs by (16%) while number of respondents who Strong
Agree had the lowest percent by (8%).

III. Description on Age Categories

Table 4. 3: Description on Age Categories

Age Categories
Freque Perce Valid Cumulati
ncy nt Percent ve
Percent
18-25 4 8.0 8.0 8.0
Valid 26-32 19 38.0 38.0 46.0
Above 32 27 54.0 54.0 100.0
Total50 100.0 100.0

Table 4.3: results show that greater number of respondents fall in the Age Category Above 32
by the count of 27 (54%) followed by respondents fall in the Age Category Between 26-32 by
the count of 19 (38%) while number of respondents fall in the Age Category Between 18-25
had the lowest count of 4 (8%).

4.2 Inferential statistics

Inferential statistics in this section was applied to make inferences and draw conclusions from
the study data. It provides the conclusion on how Operational Sustainability of fishing practice
is associated with independent variables of the study. Chi-square test was applied the
association between dependent variable and independent variables and Ordinal logistic
regression was used to determine the effect of dependent variable on explanatory variables.

24
4.2.1 Association between Operational Sustainability of fishing practice and
independent variables
This section presents the use of chi-square test to check if there is association between
Operational Sustainability of fishing practice and the independent variables which are Access
to finance and Cultural Beliefs.

Chi-square test between Operational Sustainability of fishing practice and Access to

finance

Table 4.4: Case Processing Summary

Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Operational
Sustainability practise * 50 100.0% 0 0.0% 50 100.0%
Access to finance

Table 4.5 Chi-Square Tests

Chi-Square Tests
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-
25.318a 9 .003
Square
Likelihood Ratio 29.212 9 .001
Linear-by-Linear
7.116 1 .008
Association
N of Valid Cases 50
a. 13 cells (81.2%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is .16.
Table 4.6: Symmetric Measures

Symmetric Measures
Value Approx. Sig.
Nominal by Phi .712 .003
Nominal Cramer's V .411 .003
N of Valid Cases 50
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

25
Note that, Level of Significant is 0.05
Table shows that p-value (p-value< Level of Significant (0.05); p-value= 0.003) the result
reveals there is evidence that there is statistically significant association between Operational
Sustainability of fishing practice and Access to finance at 5% level of significant.
The association was further explained by Cramer’s V result i.e. V= 0.411. This result reveals
that there was a moderate association between Operational Sustainability of fishing practice
and Access to finance.

Chi-square test between Operational Sustainability of fishing practice and Cultural

Beliefs

Table 4.7: Case Processing Summary

Case Processing Summary

Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Operational
Sustainability practise * 50 100.0% 0 0.0% 50 100.0%
Cultural Beliefs

Table 4.8 Chi-Square Tests.

Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 40.865a 12 .001
Likelihood Ratio 48.380 12 .000
Linear-by-Linear
16.926 1 .000
Association
N of Valid Cases 50
a. 17 cells (85.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .08.
Table 4.9 Symmetric Measures
Symmetric Measures
Value Approx.
Sig.
Phi .904 .000
Nominal by
Cramer's
Nominal .22 .000
V
N of Valid Cases 50

26
 a. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
Note that, Level of Significant is 0.05
Table shows that p-value (p-value< Level of Significant (0.05); p-value= 0.001) the result
reveals there is evidence that there is statistically significant association between Operational
Sustainability of fishing practice and cultural beliefs at 5% level of significant.
The association was further explained by Cramer’s V result i.e. V= 0.22. This result reveals
that there was a weak association between Operational Sustainability of fishing practice and
cultural beliefs.

4.2.2 Ordinal logistic regression.

After identifying significant associations between the variables with the chi-square test
statistics, ordered logistic regression was performed to assess the effect. The ordered Logistic
regression model was used to answer the second and third objective which was to assess the
effects of course of study,

Results from the Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis: for Operational Sustainability of
fishing practice and Access to finance

4.2.3 Goodness of fit test

The Pearson goodness-of-fit test was used to test if the model has effectively described the
outcome variable. The large p-value signifies that there is no significant difference between the
observed and the predicted values of the outcome.

From the table below since p-value (=0.972) is larger (greater than 5%) therefore the null
hypothesis was rejected; this signifies that there is no significant difference between the
observed and the predicted values of the outcome. This indicates that the model is a good fit.

Table 4.10 Goodness-of-Fit

Goodness-of-Fit
Chi-Square Df Sig.
Pearson 1.299 6 .972
Deviance 1.322 6 .970
Link function: Logit.

27
 Table 4.11 Parameter Estimates.
Parameter Estimates
Estimate Std. Error Wald Df Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Upper Bound
Bound
[OperationalS
ustainabilitypr -38.996 .748 2716.412 1 .000 -40.463 -37.530
actise = 0]
[OperationalS
ustainabilitypr -37.800 .620 3721.102 1 .000 -39.014 -36.585
actise = 2]
Threshold
[OperationalS
ustainabilitypr -36.561 .542 4543.429 .000 -37.624 -35.498
1
actise = 3]
[OperationalS
ustainabilitypr 1.946 1.069 3.313 1 .069 -.149 4.041
actise = 4]
[Accesstofinan
-37.472 .699 2876.009 1 .000 -38.842 -36.103
ce=1]
[Accesstofinan
-17.376 3570.296 .000 1 .996 -7015.028 6980.275
ce=2]
Location
[Accesstofinan
-36.046 .000 . 1 .80 -36.046 -36.046
ce=3]
[Accesstofinan
0a . . 0 . . .
ce=4]

Link function: Logit.

a. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.

4.2.4 Interpretation
If respondent were increase Access to finance less than 500000 by one point, its ordered log
odds being in Operational Sustainability of fishing practice would decrease by 37.4 compared
to those Access to finance above 2000000 while other variable in the model are held constant,
While Access to finance less than 500000 to 1000000 and 1000001 to 2000000 are statistical
insignificant.

Results from the Ordered Logistic Regression Analysis: for Operational Sustainability of
fishing practice and Cultural Beliefs.

28
4.2.5 Goodness of fit test
The Pearson goodness-of-fit test was used to test if the model has effectively described the
outcome variable. The large p-value signifies that there is no significant difference between the
observed and the predicted values of the outcome.

From the table below since p-value (=0. 52) is larger (greater than 5%) therefore the null
hypothesis was rejected; this signifies that there is no significant difference between the
observed and the predicted values of the outcome. This indicates that the model is a good fit.

Table 4.12 Goodness of Fit

Goodness-of-Fit
Chi- Df Sig.
Square
Pearson 7.078 8 .528
Devianc
9.926 8 .270
e
Link function: Logit.

Table 4.11 Parameter Estimates

Parameter Estimates
Estimat Std. Wald Df Sig. 95% Confidence
e Error Interval
Lower Upper
Bound Bound
[OperationalSustaina 627.09 -
-23.010 .919 1 .000 -24.811
bilitypractise = 0] 9 21.209
[OperationalSustaina 778.31 -
Threshold -21.287 .763 1 .000 -22.783
bilitypractise = 3] 7 19.792
[OperationalSustaina
2.485 1.041 5.700 1 .017 .445 4.525
bilitypractise = 4]
328.00 -
[Cultural Beliefs=1] -22.149 1.223 1 .000 -25.546
2 21.752
448.62 -
[Cultural Beliefs=2] -22.109 1.082 1 .000 -25.040
9 20.798
Location 464.83 -
[Cultural Beliefs=3] -21.057 1.069 1 .000 -25.153
1 20.961
-
[Cultural Beliefs=4] -19.313 .000 . 1 . -19.313
19.313
[Cultural Beliefs=5] 0a . . 0 . . .
Link function: Logit.
a. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.

29
4.2.5 Interpretation
If there increase in number of respondents who strongly agree Cultural Beliefs, its ordered log
odds being in Operational Sustainability of fishing practice would decrease by 22.14 compared
to those who disagree Cultural Beliefs while another variable in the model are held constant.
Also, If there increase in number of respondent who agree Cultural Beliefs, its ordered log odds
being in Operational Sustainability of fishing practice would decrease by 22.10 compared to
those who disagree Cultural Beliefs while other variable in the model are held constant.
If there increase in number of respondents who are on average agree Cultural Beliefs, its
ordered log odds being in Operational Sustainability of fishing practice would decrease by
21.05 compared to those who disagree Cultural Beliefs while another variable in the model are
held constant

30
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction.
This is the final chapter in which conclusion is drawn and recommendations are given
depending on the
observations from data analysis and findings concerning the relationship between access to
finance and operational sustainability of fishing practice in relationship to culture belief, in
general the study tried to examine the relationship existing between access to finance, cultural
belief and sustainability of fishing practice of fishing practices.

5.1 Conclusion.
The study was backed up with three research questions which aimed at assessing the
relationship between access to finance, cultural belief and operational sustainability of fishing
on which the dependent variable was operational sustainability of fishing practices and
independent variables which are access to finance and culture ,Throughout data analysis the
research questions were answered by the observations which showed that the independent
variable access to finance do affect the depend variables which is operational sustainability to
a great extent, moreover the independent variable cultural belief have a little impact on
operational sustainability and there is no relationship between the two independent variables
that is access to finance and culture belief The conclusion will be drawn answering the research
questions.

Research question one: What is the relationship between access to finance and
operational sustainability of fishing practices?

Access to finance and operational sustainability of fishing practice have great association
where it was observed that the local fishermen who have obtain a little amount of fund , they
hardly improve in their fishing practices, on the other side those who obtain average fund most
of them have not improved in their fishing practices , but also those who received high amount
of fund above two million have been able to improve their method of fishing , from the research
questions it has been clear that the is directly relationship between access to finance and
sustainability of fishing practices .

31
Research question two: What impact do access to finance have on operational
sustainability of local fishermen?

Access to finance and operational sustainability of local fishermen have a great relationship
from the range of strong disagreed to strong agree , most local fishermen argued that access to
finance have a very high impact on operational sustainability and does not affect much on the
improvement to their fishing practice, and since most of them they strongly disagree on practice
of cultural belief, while few of them who opt for agree they argue that it does not affect their
fishing practice sustainability.

Research question three: What effect does cultural belief have on access to finance?

Cultural belief and access to finance have no any relationship that most of the respondent argue
that the issue of access to finance has not been interfered with cultural belief with the fact that
most individual local fishermen do not practice cultural belief, therefore majority respondent
with the optioned that there is no a direct relationship between access to finance and cultural
belief.

Overall conclusion.

The study aimed at assessing the relationship between access to finance and operational
sustainability of local fishermen, and what effect do cultural belief has on operational
sustainability and access to finance, from the result it can be concluded that access to finance
has a great impact on improvement of fishing practices , because the improvement t has been
measured the individual who obtained higher amount of fund and their improvement was
observable however the fact that one of the possible reason that could have hindered the
progress of operational sustainability was cultural belief but it turn out that cultural belief has
very lower or no significance in sustainability of fishing practices, more so cultural belief
does not have any impact to access to finance.

32
 5.2 Recommendations

Establish sustainable finance mechanisms:

Develop dedicated financial instruments and mechanisms that support sustainable fishing
practices. This can include setting up funds specifically designed to provide financial assistance
to local fishermen, such as low-interest loans, grants, or investment programs.

Strengthen local fishing cooperatives:

Promote the formation and strengthening of local fishing cooperatives. Cooperatives can pool
resources, negotiate fair prices, access funding opportunities, and facilitate knowledge sharing
among fishermen. By working together, fishermen can enhance their bargaining power and
increase their access to finance.

Encourage public-private partnerships:

Foster collaborations between government bodies, private sector entities, and local fishing
communities. Such partnerships can leverage resources and expertise to provide sustainable
funding options, training programs, and technological support to improve fishing practices.
Public-private partnerships can also help establish market linkages for fishermen, ensuring fair
trade and higher profitability.

Promote financial literacy and capacity building:

Offer financial literacy programs to local fishermen to enhance their understanding of financial
management, budgeting, and investment opportunities. This will empower them to make
informed decisions, effectively utilize financial resources, and manage their fishing practices
sustainably.

Support research and development:

Allocate funding for research and development initiatives that focus on sustainable fishing
practices. This can include studies on innovative fishing techniques, gear modifications to
reduce bycatch and environmental impact, and methods to enhance the overall sustainability
of the fishing industry. Investments in research can lead to technological advancements and
best practices that improve fishing efficiency and ecological conservation.

33
Ensure transparency and accountability:
Establish mechanisms to ensure the transparent and accountable use of funds provided to local
fishermen. Regular monitoring and evaluation processes should be in place to assess the impact
of financial support on fishing practices and sustainability outcomes. This will help identify
areas for improvement and ensure that funds are used effectively and responsibly.

Improving the terms and conditions of access to finance

It is essential to ensure that local fishermen can effectively utilize funds for sustainable fishing
practices. Here are some ways in which the terms and conditions can be enhanced:

i. Simplify application processes:

Streamline and simplify the application procedures for accessing finance. Complex and
burdensome paperwork can deter fishermen from applying for funding. By making the process
more user-friendly, fishermen will be more inclined to seek financial assistance.

ii. Flexibility in collateral requirements:

Recognize the unique circumstances of local fishermen who may not have substantial assets to
offer as collateral. Traditional collateral requirements can limit access to finance for those who
lack significant physical assets. Consider alternative collateral options, such as allowing fishing
equipment or fishing permits to be used as collateral, or exploring forms of social collateral,
such as group guarantees or peer support systems.

iii. Favourable interest rates and repayment terms:

Provide competitive interest rates and flexible repayment terms that are tailored to the seasonal
nature of fishing income. Recognize that the fishing industry often experiences fluctuations in
income, and rigid repayment schedules can cause undue stress and financial strain. Customized
repayment structures, including grace periods and flexible instalment plans, can support
fishermen in managing their finances more effectively.

iv. Technical assistance and capacity building:

Alongside financial support, offer technical assistance and capacity building programs. These
programs can include training on financial management, business planning, sustainable fishing
practices, and market access. By equipping fishermen with the necessary skills and knowledge,

34
they can make informed decisions, effectively utilize funds, and improve their overall financial
sustainability.

v. Regular monitoring and evaluation:

Establish mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the impact of financial support on fishing
practices and sustainability outcomes. This ensures accountability and transparency. Financial
institutions should periodically review the progress made by fishermen and offer guidance
where necessary. Feedback loops and reporting requirements can help identify areas for
improvement and ensure that funds are being used appropriately.

Improving the terms and conditions of access to finance requires collaboration among financial
institutions, policymakers, and fishing communities. By addressing the unique needs and
challenges of local fishermen, financial support can be better tailored to promote sustainable
fishing practices and enhance the economic viability of the industry.

35
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and Sustainability of Fisheries in East Africa : a Long -Neglected Strategy?
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Nayak, P. k., & Berkes, F. (2019). Interplay Between Local and Global :Change Processes
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38
 APPENDIX

QUESTIONAIRES

PART ONE QUESTIONAIRE: ENGILISH LANGUAGE

Dear Sir/Madam,

My name is Ms. Elisheba Enael Mmbaga, a third-year student pursuing a Bachelor's degree in
Accounting and Finance at the University of Ardhi. As part of the requirements for my degree,
I am conducting a year-long research project titled "Financial Accessibility and Sustainability
of Fishing Operations in the Ferry Area." All the questions asked in this research are for the
purpose of gathering information and data for educational purposes only. I kindly request you
to provide accurate information to the best of your ability for each question.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The research will adhere to all ethical principles governing research work. Ethics will be
ensured from data collection to presentation. The utmost importance I prioritize in this study is
to ensure that your privacy is preserved and you are protected from the information you
provide.

Thank you very much.

Section 1: Personal Information.

1. What is your age?

A. 18-24
B. 25-34
C. 35-44
D. 45 and above

2. What is your marital status?

A. Single
B. Married
C. Divorced
D. Widowed
3. What is your level of education?

39
 A. Primary Education

B. Secondary Education

C. Vocational Training

D. University Degree or higher

Section II. Access to finance and operational sustainability of fishing practices.

4. What is the amount of credit you have obtained for your business?

A. Less than TZS 500,000

B. TZS 500,000 - TZS 1,000,000

C. TZS 1,000,000 - TZS 2,000,000

D. More than TZS 2,000,000

5. Where did you obtain your credit from?

A. Commercial bank

B. Microfinance institution

C. Cooperative society

D. Government agency

E. Non-governmental organization (NGO)

6. On a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is "not important at all" and 5 is "very important," how

much does the lack of financial resources hinder the stability of fishing activities?

A. 1 - Not important at all

B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5 - Very important

40
 7. What are the main difficulties you face when seeking financial assistance for your
fishing activities?

A. Financial equipment obsolescence

B. Tough loan terms
C. Lack of financial collateral
D. Lack of credit history
E. Financial discrimination
F. Other

8. Have the government or financial institutions made efforts to provide education or

training on accessing financial resources for fishermen? On a scale of 1 to 5, where 1
represents "Strongly Disagree" and 5 represents "Strongly Agree," please rate the
following statement:

A. Strong agree
B. Agree
C. Average
D. Strong disagree
E. Disagree

Section III: Culture Belief and Sustainability of Fishing practices

9. Do you follow any cultural belief in your fishing activities that affect the sustainability
of fishing?

F. Strong agree
G. Agree
H. Average
I. Strong disagree
J. Disagree

41
10. Are there any customs or traditions related to fishing activities in your area? If yes,
please describe some of those customs.

A. Strong agree
B. Agree
C. Average
D. Strong disagree
E. Disagree

11. Do those cultural belief influence how fishermen manage their fishing activities?

A. Strong agree
B. Agree
C. Average
D. Strong disagree
E. Disagree

12. Are there any cultural laws or community practices related to fisheries resource
management? Please describe those laws or practices.

A. YES
B. NO

13. Do you think cultural belief can be a barrier to improving fishing activities?

A. Strong agree
B. Agree
C. Average
D. Strong disagree
E. Disagree

14. Why do you believe that fishing activities have not been improved in your area? Please
explain the main reasons.

A. Lack of financial resources

B. Poor fishing technology
C. Dilapidated fishing equipment
D. Limited market access

42
Section III: Access to Finance and cultural belief.

15. On a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 represents "Strongly Disagree" and 5 represents "Strongly

Agree," please rate the following statement: "Cultural beliefs influence the willingness
of local fishermen to seek financial assistance.

A. Strong agree
B. Agree
C. Average
D. Strong disagree
E. Disagree

16. How important is it for local fishermen to adhere to traditional cultural practices and
beliefs when making decisions about accessing financial support? Please rate on a scale
of 1 to 5, where 1 represents "Not Important at All" and 5 represents "Extremely
Important."

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

17. In your opinion, to what extent do cultural beliefs affect the trust and confidence of
local fishermen in formal financial institutions? Please rate on a scale of 1 to 5, where
1 represents "No Influence" and 5 represents "Significant Influence."

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

43
18. On a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 represents "Not at all" and 5 represents "To a Great Extent,"
how much do cultural beliefs contribute to the decision-making process of local
fishermen when considering accessing financial resources?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

19. To what degree do cultural beliefs shape the perception of financial assistance as a
means to preserve traditional fishing practices? Please rate on a scale of 1 to 5, where
1 represents "Not Influential" and 5 represents "Highly Influential."

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

20. How influential are cultural beliefs in shaping the decision-making process of local
fishermen when choosing ways of financing? Please rate on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1
represents "No Influence" and 5 represents "Significant Influence."

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

44
PART TWO QUESTIONAIRE: SWAHILI LANGUAGE
Mheshimiwa Bibi/ Bwana

Jina langu ni Bi. Elisheba Enael Mmbaga, mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa tatu anayesoma Shahada
ya Uhasibu na Fedha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ardhi. Kama sehemu ya mahitaji ya shahada
yangu, ninatekeleza mradi wa utafiti wa mwaka mmoja uitwao "Upatikanaji wa Fedha na
Uendelevu wa Shughuli za Uvuvi katika eneo la Ferry." Maswali yote yaliyoulizwa katika
utafiti huu ni kwa lengo la kukusanya habari na data kwa madhumuni ya elimu pekee. Naomba
sana uweze kutoa habari sahihi kulingana na uwezo wako kwa kila swali.

MAZINGIRA YA KIMAADILI
Utafiti huu utazingatia kanuni zote za maadili zinazosimamia kazi ya utafiti. Maadili
yatahakikishwa kutoka ukusanyaji wa data hadi uwasilishaji wake. Kitu muhimu kabisa
ninachozingatia katika utafiti huu ni kuhakikisha kuwa faragha yako inahifadhiwa na wewe
unalindwa kutokana na habari unazotoa.
Asante sana.

Sehemu 1: Taarifa Binafsi.

1. Je, una umri gani?
A. 18-24
B. 25-34
C. 35-44
D. 45 na zaidi

2. Je, hali yako ya ndoa ni ipi?

A. Mmoja
B. Ameoa/Ameolewa
C. Ameachika
D. Amewitwa

3. Kiwango chako cha elimu ni kipi?

A. Elimu ya Msingi
B. Elimu ya Sekondari
C. Mafunzo ya Ufundi
D. Shahada ya Chuo Kikuu au zaidi

45
Sehemu II: Upatikanaji wa fedha na uendelevu wa shughuli za uvuvi.
4. Je, kiasi gani cha mikopo umepata kwa biashara yako?
A. Chini ya TZS 500,000
B. TZS 500,000 - TZS 1,000,000
C. TZS 1,000,000 - TZS 2,000,000
D. Zaidi ya TZS 2,000,000

5. Umepata mikopo yako kutoka wapi?

A. Benki ya biashara
B. Taasisi ya Fedha Ndogo
C. Chama cha Ushirika
D. Taasisi ya Serikali
E. Shirika lisilo la Kiserikali (NGO)

6. Kwa kiwango cha 1 hadi 5, ambapo 1 ni "hakuna umuhimu kabisa" na 5 ni "umuhimu sana,"
je, upungufu wa rasilimali za kifedha unazuia kwa kiasi gani utulivu wa shughuli za uvuvi?
A. 1 - Hakuna umuhimu

kabisa
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5 - Umuhimu sana

7. Vipingamizi vikuu unavyokabiliana navyo unapokata kutafuta msaada wa kifedha kwa

shughuli zako za uvuvi ni vipi?
A. Kutoweka kwa vifaa vya kifedha
B. Masharti magumu ya mkopo
C. Kutokuwa na dhamana ya kifedha
D. Kutokuwa na historia ya mkopo
E. Ubaguzi wa kifedha
F. Nyingine

46
8. Je, serikali au taasisi za kifedha zimefanya jitihada za kutoa elimu au mafunzo juu ya
upatikanaji wa rasilimali za kifedha kwa wavuvi? Kwa kiwango cha 1 hadi 5, ambapo 1
inawakilisha "Kukubaliana Kabisa" na 5 inawakilisha "Kukubaliana Kabisa," tafadhali pima
taarifa ifuatayo:
A. Kukubaliana kabisa
B. Kukubaliana
C. Kati
D. Kutokubaliana kabisa
E. Kutokubaliana

Sehemu III: Imani za Utamaduni na Uendelevu wa Shughuli za Uvuvi

9. Je, unafuata imani za kitamaduni katika shughuli zako za uvuvi ambazo zinaathiri uendelevu
wa uvuvi?
F. Kukubaliana kabisa
G. Kukubaliana
H. Kati
I. Kutokubaliana kabisa
J. Kutokubaliana

10. Je, kuna desturi au tamaduni zozote zinazohusiana na shughuli za uvuvi katika eneo lako?
Ikiwa ndio, tafadhali eleza baadhi ya desturi hizo.
A. Kukubaliana kabisa
B. Kukubaliana
C. Kati
D. Kutokubaliana kabisa
E. Kutokubaliana

11. Je, imani hizo za kitamaduni zinaathiri jinsi wavuvi wanavyosimamia shughuli zao za
uvuvi?
A. Kukubaliana kabisa
B. Kukubaliana
C. Kati
D. Kutokubaliana kabisa
E. Kutokubaliana
47
12. Je, kuna sheria za kitamaduni au mazoea ya jamii yanayohusiana na usimamizi wa
rasilimali za uvuvi? Tafadhali eleza sheria au mazoea hayo.
A. NDIO
B. HAPANA

13. Je, unaamini kuwa imani za kitamaduni zinaweza kuwa kikwazo kwa kuboresha shughuli
za uvuvi?
A. Kukubaliana kabisa
B. Kukubaliana
C. Kati
D. Kutokubaliana kabisa
E. Kutokubaliana

14. Kwa nini unaamini kuwa shughuli za uvuvi hazijaboreshwa katika eneo lako? T

afadhali eleza sababu kuu.

A. Kutokuwa na rasilimali za kifedha
B. Teknolojia duni ya uvuvi
C. Vifaa vya uvuvi vilivyooza
D. Upatikanaji mdogo wa soko

Sehemu IV: Upatikanaji wa Fedha na Imani za Utamaduni

15. Kwa kiwango cha 1 hadi 5, ambapo 1 inawakilisha "Kukubaliana Kabisa" na 5 inawakilisha
"Kukubaliana Kabisa," tafadhali pima taarifa ifuatayo: "Imani za kitamaduni zinaathiri nia ya
wavuvi wa ndani kutafuta msaada wa kifedha."
A. Kukubaliana kabisa
B. Kukubaliana
C. Kati
D. Kutokubaliana kabisa
E. Kutokubaliana

48
16. Ni kwa kiwango gani ni muhimu kwa wavuvi wa ndani kufuata desturi na imani za
kitamaduni wanapofanya maamuzi kuhusu kupata msaada wa kifedha? Tafadhali pima kwa
kiwango cha 1 hadi 5, ambapo 1 inawakilisha "Sio Muhimu Kabisa" na 5 inawakilisha
"Muhimu Sana."
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

17. Kwa maoni yako, kwa kiwango gani imani za kitamaduni zinaathiri imani na uaminifu wa
wavuvi wa ndani kwa taasisi rasmi za kifedha? Tafadhali pima kwa kiwango cha 1 hadi 5,
ambapo 1 inawakilisha "Hakuna Athari" na 5 inawakilisha "Athari Kubwa."
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

18. Kwa kiwango cha 1 hadi 5, ambapo 1 inawakilisha "Kabisa Sio" na 5 inawakilisha "Kwa
Kiasi Kubwa," ni kwa kiwango gani imani za kitamaduni zinachangia katika mchakato wa
maamuzi wa wavuvi wa ndani wanapofikiria kupata rasilimali za kifedha?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

19. Kwa kiasi gani imani za kitamaduni zinaunda mtazamo wa msaada wa kifedha kama njia
ya kuhifadhi mazoea ya uvuvi ya jadi? Tafadhali pima kwa kiwango cha 1 hadi 5, ambapo 1
inawakilisha "Haina Ushawishi" na 5 inawakilisha "Ina Ushawishi Mkubwa."
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

49
20. Ni kwa kiwango gani imani za kitamaduni zinaushawishi uamuzi wako wa kutafuta
rasilimali za kifedha kwa shughuli zako za uvuvi?
A. Kukubaliana kabisa
B. Kukubaliana
C. Kati
D. Kutokubaliana kabisa
E. Kutokubaliana

50