Introduction to ICE

Prof S D Patil, RGIT, Mumbai

sdpatil@mctrgit.ac.in
shrikrishnapatil@mctrgit.ac.in
 OBJECTIVES:
 To give a brief history of the Internet.
 To give the definition of the two often-used terms in the
discussion of the Internet: protocol and standard.
 To categorize standard organizations involved in the
Internet and give a brief discussion of each.

 To define Internet Standards and explain the mechanism

through which these standards are developed.

 To discuss the Internet administration and give a brief

description of each branch.

Prof S D Patil, RGIT, Mumbai (Ref: TCP/IP Protocol Suite) 2

Chapter 1.1 A Brief History
Outline
1.2 Protocols and Standards

1.3 Standards Organizations

1.4 Internet Standards

1.5 Internet Administration

Prof S D Patil, RGIT, Mumbai (Ref: TCP/IP Protocol Suite) 3

1-1 A BRIEF HISTORY

• A network is a group of connected, communicating devices

such as computers and printers.

• An internet is two or more networks that can communicate

with each other.
• The most notable internet is called the Internet, composed
of hundreds of thousands of interconnected networks.

• Private individuals as well as various organizations such as

government agencies, schools, research facilities,
corporations, and libraries in more than 100 countries use
the Internet.

Prof S D Patil, RGIT, Mumbai (Ref: TCP/IP Protocol Suite) 4

What is Internet ?
 Internet, a system architecture that has
revolutionized communications and methods of
commerce by allowing various  computer
networks around the world to interconnect.
Sometimes referred to as a “network of networks”.
 Internet is one component which has recently
become the key ingredient of quick and rapid
lifestyle. Be it for communication or explorations,
connecting with people or for official purposes,
‘internet’ has become the central- hub for all.

Prof S D Patil, RGIT, Mumbai (Ref: TCP/IP Protocol Suite) 5

What is Internet ?..
• The Internet provides a capability so powerful and general
that it can be used for almost any purpose that depends on
information, and it is accessible by every individual who
connects to one of its constituent networks.
• It supports human communication via social
media, electronic mail (e-mail),chat rooms, newsgroups, and
audio and video transmission and allows people to work
collaboratively at many different locations.
• It supports access to digital information by many
applications, including the World Wide Web.
• The Internet has proved to be a spawning ground for a large
and growing number of “e-businesses” 

Prof S D Patil, RGIT, Mumbai (Ref: TCP/IP Protocol Suite) 6

Topics Discussed in the Section
ARPANET
Birth of the Internet
TCP/IP
MILNET
CSNET
NSFNET
ANSNET
The Internet Today
World Wide Web
Growth of the Internet
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Evolution of the Internet
• Stand alone devices were unable to communicate
• The Internet started as an experiment in the late
1960s by the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA, now called DARPA).
• DARPA experimented with the connection of
computer networks by giving grants to multiple
universities and private companies to get them
involved in the research.
• Could share their findings
• Reducing costs
• Eliminating duplication effort

Prof S D Patil, RGIT, Mumbai (Ref: TCP/IP Protocol Suite) 8

ARPANET
• Advance Research Project Agency Network.
• World’s first operational network - 1967.
• ARPANET was developed under U.S. Department Of
Defense (DOD ), it was developed to survive nuclear attack.
• It was the 1st network to implement the protocol suite
TCP/IP.
• DOD divided the network into HOSTS & Subnet.

Prof S D Patil, RGIT, Mumbai (Ref: TCP/IP Protocol Suite) 9

ARPANET..
• Subnet is another type of Network.
• ARPANET consisted of 4 main computers located at :
- University of California, Los Angeles.
- University of California, Santa Barbara.
- The Stanford Research Institute.
- University of Utah.
• Each of these computers served as a host on the network,
commonly today known as server.
 Software used: Network Control Protocol
used for communication

Prof S D Patil, RGIT, Mumbai (Ref: TCP/IP Protocol Suite) 10

Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970.
(c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972.

Prof S D Patil, RGIT, Mumbai (Ref: TCP/IP Protocol Suite) 11

 Birth of Internet
 In 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, both of whom were
part of the core ARPANET group, collaborated on what
they called the Internetting Project.

 They wanted to link dissimilar networks so that a host

on one network could communicate with a host on
another.

 There were many problems to overcome: diverse packet

sizes, diverse interfaces, and diverse transmission rates,
as well as differing reliability requirements.

 Cerf and Kahn devised the idea of a device called a

gateway to serve as the intermediary hardware to
transfer data from one network to another.
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History continued..
 TCP (1973)(new version of NCP),
 1977- ARPANET, Packet Radio, Packet Satellite were
demonstrated
 TCP/IP (1977)
 MILNET (1983)
 CSNET (1981)
 NSFNET (1986)
 ANSNET (1991)

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Accessing the Internet
 The Internet today is an internetwork that
allows any user to become part of it.
 The user, however, needs to be physically
connected to an ISP.
 The physical connection is normally done
through a point-to-point WAN.
 Using Telephone Network (Residences and Small Businesses)
 Dial up service (only voice or data)
 DSL service ( simultaneously voice and data)
 Using Cable Networks
 Using wireless Networks
 Direct connection to the internet (large businesses)

Prof S D Patil, RGIT, Mumbai (Ref: TCP/IP Protocol Suite) 14

Figure 1.1 Internet today (conceptual view)

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Intranet

router
firewall

intranet
the Internet

Intranet: access is denied from outside

• A private corporate network consisting of hosts, routers, and networks
that use TCP/IP technology.
• An intranet may or may not connect to the global Internet.

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Suite)
Extranet

Company 3

Company 1

Company 2

Extranet: an internet of networks each of which

is belong to individual company or organization

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Suite)
Growth of Internet
Factors: New protocols (IPv4 to IPv6) transition , New Technology,
Increasing use of Multimedia

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Internet Services
• Communication Services. There are various
communication services available that offer
exchange of information with individuals or
groups.

• Information Retrieval Services.
• Web Services.
• World Wide Web (WWW) (1990)
• Video Conferencing.

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Some of the services provided
by the internet
• Electronic Mail (E-mail)
• Telenet.
• File Transferring.
• Video Conference.
• World Wide Web (WWW)
• E-commerce.
• Electronic Fax (E-FAX)
• Newsgroup.

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Network Protocol

HTTP – One of the most familiar protocols, hyper

text transfer protocol (HTTP) is often referred to as
the protocol of the internet.

HTTP is an application layer protocol that allows the

browser and server to communicate.

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1-2 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section, we define two widely used terms:

protocols and standards. First, we define protocol,
which is synonymous with “rule.” Then we discuss
standards, which are agreed-upon rules.

Prof S D Patil, RGIT, Mumbai (Ref: TCP/IP Protocol Suite) 26

Topics Discussed in the Section
Protocols
Syntax
Semantics
Timing

Standards
De facto
De jure

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1-3 STANDARDS ORGANIZATION

Standards are developed through the cooperation of

Standards Creation Committees
Forums
Regulatory Agencies

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Standards Creation Committees
 International Standards Organization (ISO)
 International Telecommunications Union–
Telecommunications Standards Sector (ITU-T)
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE)
 Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
 Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)

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Forums
 Frame Relay Forum

 ATM Forum

 Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Forum

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Regulatory Agencies

 Federal Communications Commission

(FCC)

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1-4 INTERNET STANDARDS

• A thoroughly tested specification that is useful to

and adhered to by those who work with the
Internet.
• A formalized regulation that must be followed.
• There is a strict procedure by which a specification
attains Internet standard status.
• A specification begins as an Internet draft.
• An Internet draft is a working document with no
official status and a six-month lifetime.

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Figure 1.2 Maturity levels of an RFC

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Figure 1.3 Requirement levels of an RFC

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Note

RFCs can be found at

http://www.rfc-editor.org.

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1-5 INTERNET ADMINISTRATION

The Internet, with its roots primarily in the research

domain, has evolved and gained a broader user base
with significant commercial activity.
Various groups that coordinate Internet issues have
guided this growth and development. Appendix G
gives the addresses, e-mail addresses, and telephone
numbers for some of these groups.

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 General organization of Internet administration

Internet Society (ISOC)

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA)
Internet Corporation for Names and Numbers
(ICANN)
Network Information Center (NIC)

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Figure 1.4 Internet administration

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