1.

Sample standard deviation

2. Standard error
s=
√ ∑ (x −x)2
n−1

Mean Binomial proportion

SEx =
s
√n
SE p = s
n√
p s (1− ps )

3. Confidence interval
Mean Binomial proportion
For n>30 : For n>30 :
CI =x ± z α∗SEx CI = ps ± z α∗SE p s

For n<30 :
CI =x ± t α∗SE x

4. Types of errors in hypothesis testing

Type 1 error -the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis, and accepting a false
alternative hypothesis
- ¿ α (i.e. the level of significance)
Type 2 error -the probability of not rejecting a false null hypothsis

5. one-sample z-test or t-test

one sample x−μ https://www.socscistatistics.com/pvalues/normaldistribution.aspx
z=
z-test SE x
one-sample x−μ https://www.socscistatistics.com/pvalues/tdistribution.aspx
t=
t-test SE x

n>30 and σ known -z-test

n<30 and σ known -if population is normally distributed: z-test
-if not: t-test
n>30 and σ unknown -z-test (as an approximation)
-t-test
n<30 and σ unknown -t-test

6. Statistical significance ≠ clinical significance