Nccaom 2013 Ja Report

National Certification Commission for
Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine
Foundations of Oriental Medicine

Biomedicine
Acupuncture with Point Location
Chinese Herbology
Job Analysis Report 2013
Prepared by:
Zijian Gerald Wang

Psychometrician
Schroeder Measurement Technologies, Inc.
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................3
SURVEY OVERVIEW: THE CONTENT VALIDATION MODEL .......................................................................................................3
PURPOSE OF THE JOB ANALYSIS STUDY ...............................................................................................................................3
SURVEY METHODOLOGY .................................................................................4

SURVEY DEVELOPMENT ...................................................................................................................................................4
Task Element List and Survey Rating Scale ...........................................................................................................4
Demographic Questions ........................................................................................................................................5
SAMPLING METHODOLOGY, 28BDATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSES ........................................................................................5
SURVEY RESULTS ................................................................................................7

SURVEY ADEQUACY AND RELIABILITY INFORMATION .............................................................................................................7
Survey Adequacy ...................................................................................................................................................7
Missing Task Elements and KSAs ..........................................................................................................................8
Survey Reliability ...................................................................................................................................................8
DEMOGRAPHIC RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................................9
Gender...................................................................................................................................................................9
Age ........................................................................................................................................................................9
Ethnicity ..............................................................................................................................................................10
Years of Experience .............................................................................................................................................11
NCCAOM Certification .........................................................................................................................................12
Geographical Region of Current Practice ............................................................................................................13
Primary Practice Setting......................................................................................................................................15
Primary Group Practice Setting ...........................................................................................................................16
AOM Style ...........................................................................................................................................................17
SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................................18
FREQUENCY AND IMPORTANCE RATINGS ...........................................................................................................................19
Foundations of Oriental Medicine .......................................................................................................................20
Biomedicine .........................................................................................................................................................23
Acupuncture with Point Location ........................................................................................................................28
Chinese Herbology ..............................................................................................................................................31
POST JOB ANALYSIS MEETING ACTIVITY................................................34

APPENDIX A: NCCAOM FOM, BIO, ACPL, AND CH JA SURVEYS ........35
APPENDIX B: JA SME PARTICIPANTS .........................................................54
APPENDIX C: NCCAOM JA SURVEY SAMPLING PLAN ..........................56
APPENDIX D: SURVEY INADEQUACIES ......................................................61
APPENDIX E: MISSING TASK ELEMENTS AND KSAS .............................70
APPENDIX F: OTHER ETHNICITIES ...........................................................101
1
APPENDIX G: OTHER AOM STYLES ...........................................................104
APPENDIX H: MEAN IMPORTANCE AND FREQUENCY RATINGS OF
SURVEY TASK ELEMENTS ............................................................................112
APPENDIX I: SUBGROUP ANALYSES .........................................................132
APPENDIX J: FINAL FOM, BIO, ACPL, AND CH EXAMINATION
CONTENT OUTLINE ........................................................................................153
APPENDIX K: UPDATED AND EXPANDED FOM, BIO, ACPL, AND CH
EXAMINATION CONTENT OUTLINE .........................................................169
2
Introduction
Survey Overview: The Content Validation Model

The foundation of a valid, reliable, and legally defensible professional licensing/certification
program is a well-constructed job task analysis (JA) study. The JA study establishes the link
between test scores achieved on licensing exams and the competencies being tested; therefore,
pass or fail decisions correlate to competent performance. When evidence of validity based on
examination content is presented for a specific professional role, it is critical to consider the
importance of the competencies being tested. The Joint Standards for Educational and
Psychological Testing (AERA, APA, and NCME, 1999) state:
Standard 14.10
When evidence of validity based on test content is presented, the rationale for defining and
describing a specific job content domain in a particular way (e.g., in terms of tasks to be
performed or knowledge, skills, abilities, or other personal characteristics) should be stated
clearly.
Standard 14.14
The content domain to be covered by a credentialing test should be defined clearly and justified
in terms of the importance of the content for the credential-worthy performance in an occupation
or profession. A rationale should be provided to support a claim that the knowledge or skills
being assessed are required for credential-worthy performance in an occupation and are
consistent with the purpose for which the licensing or certification program was instituted.
Purpose of the Job Analysis Study

In order to meet the aforementioned standards, it is essential that examination content be
examined periodically to ensure that existing outlines continue to cover the knowledge, skills and
abilities (KSAs) required for competent practice in the occupation or profession of interest. To
this end, the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine
(NCCAOM)®, worked with Schroeder Measurement Technologies, Inc. (SMT), to conduct a job
analysis of the existing Foundations of Oriental Medicine (FOM), Biomedicine (BIO),
Acupuncture with Point Location (ACPL), and Chinese Herbology (CH) examinations.
The job analysis included establishing and implementing an online survey instrument that
described the performance activities (task elements) and KSAs required of a competent
acupuncture and Oriental medicine (AOM) practitioner. Based on the results of the survey, the
NCCAOM evaluated the need for a content update for the existing FOM, BIO, ACPL, and CH
examinations. This report provides an overview of the survey design, analysis, and results.
Survey results of demographic data are displayed graphically. In addition, the implications of
these results on examination development are discussed.
3
Survey Methodology
Survey Development
The online survey was developed using task elements from the existing FOM, BIO, ACPL, and
CH examination blueprints. The survey contains five sections: one demographic section and one
job domain section for each of four previously mentioned examination titles.
Together, the panel and SMT developed the following survey parts in a job analysis (JA1)
meeting held from June 23 to June 24, 2012:
Task element list

Survey rating scale
Demographic questions
A copy of the survey appears in Appendix A and the list of JA1 participants appears in Appendix
B.
Task Element List and Survey Rating Scale

The following frequency and importance rating scales for the job domains section of the survey
were used:
Frequency: Importance:
1 = Rarely (<10% of Patients) 1 = Of No Importance
2 = Sometimes (10-39% of Patients) 2 = Of Little Importance
3 = Often (40-59% of Patients) 3 = Moderately Important
4 = Usually (60-80% of Patients) 4 = Very Important
5 = Always (> 80% of Patients) 5 = Extremely Important
The following instructions were provided to respondents:
This survey should take approximately 1.5 to 2 hours to complete. You may revisit your survey
record at any time during the survey administration period of January 23 through February 23,
2013.
There are 5 sections in this survey:

Section 1: Demographic Questions. Demographic questions help us develop a profile of the
AOM practitioner and the environment in which you practice.
Section 2-5: Job Domains for Foundations of Oriental Medicine (FOM), Biomedicine (BIO),
Acupuncture with Point Location (ACPL), and Chinese Herbology (CH). These sections list tasks
4
and knowledge elements performed or used by AOM practitioners in their work. You are asked
to indicate whether or not you perform the element and the importance of each activity to
competent practice and public protection.
Post-Survey Questionnaire. At the end of Sections 2 to 5, you are asked to assign weights to each
of the job domains for consideration when updating the distribution of content for the FOM,
BIO, ACPL, and CH certification examinations. You will also have the opportunity to specify
any tasks or knowledge elements you feel may have been overlooked in this survey.
Rating Scales
Frequency scale: How frequently do you perform this task in your practice? Please provide a
frequency rating using the scale range from "Rarely" to "Always."
Importance scale: How important is this task or knowledge element to the practice of an entry-
level (one who is in practice at least one year) AOM practitioner? Please provide an importance
rating using the scale range from "Of No Importance" to "Extremely Important."
Demographic Questions
In order to determine whether the respondent sample is representative of the practicing AOM
population, and if frequency and importance of task elements vary according to respondents’
experience, region of practice, or other factors, a demographic questionnaire was included in the
survey. These demographic questions gathered the following information:
1. Gender
2. Age
3. Ethnicity
4. Experience as an AOM practitioner
5. NCCAOM certification
6. Geographical region of practice
7. Primary practice setting
8. Primary group practice setting
9. AOM style practiced
Sampling Methodology, Data Collection and Analyses

28B
The 2013 job analysis survey targeted recipients of the following certifications for feedback on
the importance of task elements in the FOM, BIO, ACPL, and CH certification examinations:
a. Diplomate of Acupuncture (FOM, BIO, and ACPL)

b. Diplomate of Chinese Herbology (FOM, BIO, and CH)
c. Diplomate of Oriental Medicine (FOM, BIO, ACPL, and CH)
5
To ensure maximum validity with regard to responses, a two-tier sampling approach was used:
Population of all U.S. States
In order to best represent the current state of AOM practice in the U.S., the survey was
administered to individuals who practice across the 50 states (plus the District of Columbia). As
of January 2013, there were a total of 15,804 active NCCAOM Diplomate practitioners.
Columns 2 to 4 of Table C1 in Appendix C show the number of active NCCAOM Diplomates by
state and certification type.
Note that the states of Alabama, Kansas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and Wyoming
do not currently have a Practice Act; however, these states were included in the sample. A total
of 134 NCCAOM Diplomate practitioners are identified as practicing in these states.
Random Sampling Within States
The goal of a final sample size was set at a minimum of 1,400 NCCAOM Diplomates. A
response rate of 20% was assumed; therefore, 50% of active NCCAOM Diplomate practitioners
in each state were invited to participate in the survey. Columns 4 to 6 of Table C1 (Appendix C)
shows the number of sampled individuals by NCCAOM certification type. This resulted in an
effective sampling of 7,940 NCCAOM Diplomate practitioners.
Two weeks into the survey, it was found that the response rate was not what NCCAOM was
hoping to achieve; therefore, a decision was made to sample an additional 25% of the NCCAOM
Diplomates. Table C2 (Appendix C) shows the number of individuals sampled by state and
certification type for the second sampling; 1,980 individuals were sampled in the second round.
Also, a convenience sample of 189 non-NCCAOM Diplomate licensed acupuncturists and 3
non-U.S. licensed acupuncturists were surveyed for a total sample size of 10,112.
The online survey was available to respondents from January 23 to February 23, 2013, a period
of approximately four weeks. After the close of the administration window, SMT collected the
data and analyzed respondent demographics, task element frequency ratings, and importance
ratings using SPSS© version 20.0 and Microsoft Excel® 2010 computer programs. A total of
1,571 individuals responded to the survey, which resulted in a final response rate of 15.5%.
6
Survey Results
Results are divided into three sections:

1. Survey Adequacy and Reliability Information
2. Demographic Results
3. Frequency and Importance ratings
Survey Adequacy and Reliability Information
Survey Adequacy
At the end of each job domain section, respondents were asked to rate the effectiveness of the
survey in identifying essential task elements performed by an AOM in the associated job
domain. Table 1 shows a summary of survey adequacy by examination title.
How well did this survey cover the important tasks performed by an entry-level (one who is in
practice at least one year) AOM practitioner in relation to FOM/BIO/ACPL/CH in his or her
work?
Drop-down list: Completely

Adequately
Inadequately
TABLE 1. Survey Adequacy
FOM BIO ACPL CH

Adequacy
No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent
Completely 315 25.4 361 38.0 366 40.2 309 35.6
Adequately 885 71.4 541 57.0 530 58.2 522 60.2
Inadequately 40 3.2 47 5.0 14 1.5 36 4.2
Missing 331 - 622 - 661 - 704 -
For all examination titles, at least 95% of individuals who provided a response believe that the
current survey either completely or adequately covered the important tasks performed by an
entry-level AOM practitioner. If survey respondents selected “Inadequately” for this question,
they were asked to indicate why they selected that option and were provided with a text field to
provide comments. These free-text responses, without any edits, can be found by examination
title in Appendix D.
7
Missing Task Elements and KSAs
At the end of each job domain section, respondents were asked for feedback on task and
knowledge elements that they felt were missing in the survey.
In the space provided below, please specify the job tasks or competencies that you feel were not
covered in this survey but are important for an entry-level (one who is in practice at least one
year) AOM practitioner to perform or understand in relation to FOM/BIO/ACPL/CH.
These free-text responses, without any edits, can be found in Appendix E.
Survey Reliability
The Cronbach’s Alpha reliability estimate was calculated to evaluate the internal consistency of
the task element ratings. This statistic is bound between 0 and 1, with higher values indicating
higher reliability, meaning that ratings obtained from the survey are reliable and consistent. As a
rule of thumb, reliability estimates above 0.7 are considered acceptable. Table 2 shows the
reliability of frequency and importance ratings by examination title.
TABLE 2. Survey Reliability
Title Frequency Importance

FOM 0.93 0.95
BIO 0.99 0.99
ACPL 0.92 0.96
CH 0.97 0.97
CH Herbal Formulas - 1
For this survey, Cronbach’s Alpha was at least 0.92 for both the frequency and importance
ratings, indicating that the ratings obtained were reliable.
8
Demographic Results
Gender
The respondent group was made up of approximately 1093 females (70%) and 461 males (29%).
There was one transgender individual; 16 respondents did not provide a response.
Age
The age of respondents ranged from 21 to 79, with a mean of 49 years. The majority of
respondents were over the age of 35 (89%, 1353 of 1526, Figure 1). Thirty-three (33)
respondents did not respond to this item and 12 responses were removed due to inadmissible
data.
35.0 32.4 31.6

30.0
24.6
25.0
Percentage
20.0
15.0
11.0
10.0
5.0
0.3
0.0
<= 25 26 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 > 55
Age
FIGURE 1. Age.
9
Ethnicity
77% (1186 of 1543, Figure 2) of respondents identified themselves as White or Caucasian. The
next largest ethnic group was Asian, which comprised 17% (256 of 1543) of the sample. 28
respondents elected not to provide this information; other responses for ethnicity are provided in
Appendix F.
90.0
76.9
80.0
70.0
60.0
Percentage
50.0
40.0
30.0
16.6
20.0
10.0 0.1 1.2 2.4 0.3 2.6
0.0
Ethnicity
FIGURE 2. Ethnicity.
10
Years of Experience
The experience of respondents as AOM practitioners ranged from 0 to 42 years, with a mean of
11 years. Over 70% of respondents (1083 of 1534) have more than five years of experience;
Figure 3 shows a frequency distribution of the number of years of experience. 37 respondents did
not provide a response to this item.
35.0
29.4
30.0
24.5
25.0
21.1
Percentage
20.0
15.0 12.5
10.0
5.6 4.8
5.0
2.0
0.0
<= 5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 > 30
Experience (Years)
FIGURE 3. Years of Experience as an AOM Practitioner.
11
NCCAOM® Certification
Respondents were asked if they are currently certified by the NCCAOM. Of the 1537
respondents who provided a response, 95% (1465 of 1537) are currently NCCAOM-certified.
Table 3 shows the numbers of respondents by NCCAOM certification; note that some
respondents have multiple certifications. Figure 4 shows a frequency distribution of the number
of NCCAOM certifications that respondents hold. 34 respondents did not provide a response.
Table 3. NCCAOM Certifications
Certification Frequency Percent

Acupuncture 1026 70.0
Chinese Herbology 252 17.2
Oriental Medicine 487 33.2
Asian Bodywork Therapy 15 1.0
90.0
79.6
80.0
70.0
60.0
Percentage
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0 14.0
10.0 5.9
0.5
0.0
1 2 3 4
Number of NCCAOM certifications
FIGURE 4. Number of NCCAOM Certifications Held.
12
Geographical Region of Current Practice
Respondents were asked to indicate the U.S. state or country in which they currently practice.
Figure 5 shows a frequency distribution of the results grouped by NCCAOM administrative
regions (listed below); Figure 6 shows a distribution of the number of states that respondents
currently have a practice.
Region States
Far West Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New
Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming
Northeast Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont
South Central Atlantic Alabama, Delaware, District Of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia,
and West Virginia
East North Central Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin
West North Central Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South
Dakota
West South Central Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas
The majority of respondents practice in the far western (44%, 670 of 1514) and northeastern
(27%, 405 of 1514) states; note that some respondents practice in multiple states. Other practice
regions indicated by respondents include China, Taiwan, Thailand, Mexico, Canada, Ireland, and
international waters. Fifty-seven (57) respondents did not provide a response.
50.0
44.3
45.0
40.0
35.0
Percentage
30.0 26.8
25.0
20.0 18.4
15.0
9.9
10.0
5.4
2.3 3.7
5.0
0.0
Not Far West Northeast South East West West
Practicing Central North North South
Atlantic Central Central Central
State of Current Practice
FIGURE 5. Geographical Region of Current Practice.
13
100.0 92.4
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
Percentage
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0 6.8
0.7 0.1
0.0
1 2 3 4
Number of States with Practice
FIGURE 6. Number of States with Practice.
14
Primary Practice Setting
Respondents could select from a list of eight options to identify their primary practice setting.
The possible selections are listed below; the distribution of practice settings is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 shows that the majority of respondents (58%, 869 of 1492) practice as sole proprietors;
the next largest group practice in group settings (26%, 383 of 1492). 79 respondents did not
provide a response to this item.
If you were providing direct patient care, which of the following do you consider your primary
practice setting?
Drop-down list: Not providing direct patient care

Sole proprietor setting
Group practice with acupuncture and Oriental medicine practitioners
Group practice with other healthcare practitioners
Hospital setting (In-patient or Out-patient)
Community Acupuncture clinic setting
Integrative medical practice (patient-centered practice)
Other (i.e., spa, patient home, cruise ship, etc.)
70.0
58.2
60.0
50.0
Percentage
40.0
30.0
20.0 15.3
10.3
10.0 6.4
1.6 2.9 3.0 2.1
0.0
Primary Practice Setting
FIGURE 7. Primary Practice Setting.
15
Primary Group Practice Setting
If respondents operate in a group, they were asked to identify their primary practice setting. The
possible selections are listed below; the distribution of group practice settings is shown in Figure
8. For individuals who practice in group settings, Figure 8 shows that the majority of respondents
(41%, 254 of 617) operate as independent practitioners in shared spaces; the next largest group
consists of individuals who either own or are partners in a group practice (23%, 140 of 617).
If in a group setting (i.e., clinic, hospital, etc.), which of the following comes closest to
describing how you practice in your primary setting practice?
Drop-down list: Not practicing in a group practice as a primary practice setting

I am an independent practitioner sharing space
I am an independent contractor
I am an employee practicing in a group setting
I am a partner/owner in a group practice setting
45.0 41.2
40.0
35.0
30.0
Percentage
25.0 22.7
20.0 17.8 18.3
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Independent Independent Employee (group Partner/Owner
practitioner contractor setting) (group setting)
sharing space
Primary Group Practice Setting
FIGURE 8. Primary Group Practice Settings.
16
AOM Style
Respondents were asked to identify the styles of AOM that they practice and the possible
selections are listed below. From Figure 9, the TCM and auricular acupuncture is practiced
respectively by 92% (1324 of 1435) and 65% (926 of 1435) of respondents. Note that more than
75% (1079 of 1435) of respondents practice more than one AOM style (Figure 10). 136
respondents did not provide a response. Other practice styles are shown in Appendix G.
What style(s) of AOM do you practice? (Select all that apply)
Selection list: Traditional Chinese Medicine

Japanese
Korean
Worsley Five Element
Vietnamese
French Energetic
Auricular Acupuncture
Trigger Point
Injection Therapy
51B
Other
100.0 92.3
90.0
80.0
70.0 64.5
Percentage
60.0
50.0
40.0 31.4
27.5
30.0
16.2 17.4
20.0
7.7 4.3
10.0 1.3 2.6
0.0
AOM Style
FIGURE 9. AOM Styles.
17
30.0 27.9 28.6
24.8
25.0
Percentage 20.0
15.0 13.0
10.0
4.4
5.0
1.3
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 >5
Number of AOM Styles Practiced
FIGURE 10. Number of AOM Styles Practiced.
Summary
The respondent group was predominantly female (70%), with the majority of respondents
identifying themselves as White or Caucasian (77%). Also, respondents had a mean age of 49
and most have had at least five years of experience as AOM practitioners (70%). Over 75% of
respondents practice multiple AOM styles. The results further show that most respondents
practice independently or as sole proprietors.
18
Frequency and Importance Ratings
After answering the demographic section, survey respondents were asked to rate the frequency
with which task elements are performed and the importance of these elements to competent
practice as an AOM practitioner. The frequency scale ranged from 1 to 5 with a “1” indicating
that the task was “Rarely” performed (defined as being performed on less than 10% of patients),
and a “5” indicating that the task was “Always” performed (defined as being performed on more
than 80% of patients); the importance scale ranged from 1 to 5 with a “1” indicating the task was
“Of No Importance” and a “5” indicating the task element was “Extremely Important.”
Appendix H shows the mean frequency and importance ratings of task elements and its
associated standard deviations for each examination module; Appendix I shows the differences
in importance ratings between geographical regions and years of experience for each
examination module. In the following sections, the decision criteria used by the SME panel for
including/excluding task elements and determining content domain weights in the final content
outline for each examination module are discussed.
19
Foundations of Oriental Medicine
Mean Frequency and Importance Ratings

All task elements had mean importance ratings of at least 3 (“Moderately Important,” Table H1,
Appendix H), except for “Triple Heater (San Jiao) differentiation” under the domain, Treatment
Principle and Strategy, which had a mean importance rating of 2.95. This element also had the
lowest mean frequency rating of 2.52.
A total of 13 task elements had mean importance ratings of at least 4.0 (“Very Important”). The
most important task elements (at least 4.50) were:
Domain 1: Clinical Examination Methods

 Chief complaint
 Health history (including the “Ten Questions” [Shi Wen])
The majority of task elements had mean frequency ratings of at least 3 (Often (40-59% of
Patients), Table H1, Appendix H); a total of five task elements had mean frequency ratings of
less than 3, these were:
Domain 2: Assessment, Analysis and Differential Diagnosis based on OM/TCM

 Triple Heater (San Jiao) differentiation
 Four Levels differentiation (Wei, Qi, Ying, Xue)
Domain 3: Treatment Principle and Strategy

 Four Levels differentiation (Wei, Qi, Ying, Xue)
 Six Stages differentiation (Tai Yang, Yang Ming, Shao Yang, Tai Yin, Shao Yin, Jue
Yin)
Subgroup Analyses
In order to determine whether the importance ratings of task elements vary according to
respondents’ geographical region of practice and years of experience, the mean importance
ratings were compared across these factors (Appendix I). Tables I1 and I5 show the differences
in mean importance ratings for the FOM survey by geographical region of practice and years of
experience respectively. Differences of 0.5 or more in mean importance ratings between regions
and experience categories were flagged (highlighted in orange). Note that the elements in Tables
I1 and I5 are sorted in decreasing order of difference between the largest and smallest mean
importance ratings.
20
In the subgroup analysis for region, four task elements were flagged. These elements are:
Domain 2: Assessment, Analysis and Differential Diagnosis based on OM/TCM

 Root and branch (Biao Ben)

 Root and branch (Biao Ben)
 Channel theory (Jing Luo)
 Five Elements (Five Phases/Wu Xing)
No task elements were flagged in the subgroup analysis for experience.
Domain Weights
Survey respondents were asked to assign a percentage to each of the three content domains of the
FOM examination, reflecting the proportion of examination content that should be written to
each domain. Table 4 contains descriptive statistics of content domain weights.
TABLE 4. Descriptive Statistics of FOM Content Domain Weights.
Domain N Minimum Maximum Mean (%)
Clinical Examination Methods 1237 0 100 32.86

Assessment, Analysis and Differential
1234 0 100 34.2
Diagnosis based on OM/TCM
Treatment Principle and Strategy 1238 0 100 33.05
Decision Criteria for Determining FOM Examination Blueprint

SMT conducted a second job analysis (JA2) meeting on March 16 to March 17, 2013, to present
the survey results to an SME panel (Appendix B). The purpose of the meeting was to review the
NCCAOM FOM survey results, determine the weights for each content domain and its
associated subdomains, and to finalize the examination blueprint.
Inclusion Criteria
Based on results of the survey, the panel decided that individual task elements are required to
have a mean importance rating of at least 3.0 in order to be included in the FOM examination:
The only task element that did not satisfy the aforementioned inclusion criterion is:
21
SME Panel Decisions

The SME panel proceeded to review the above task element. After additional deliberation on the
essential competencies that are required of an AOM practitioner in relation to Foundations of
Oriental Medicine, the panel made the decision to include the above task element even though it
did not satisfy the minimum importance criterion.
There was further discussion of including Fundamental Theory as a separate subdomain within
Domains 2 and 3 on the exam blueprint; there was consensus among the panel to make these
changes to Domains 2 and 3 to reflect the theoretical framework of Oriental Medicine.
In reviewing the current FOM exam blueprint, the panel also agreed to make the following
changes to the Acupuncture with Point Location and Chinese Herbology examinations:
1. Dietary Principles to be added as a subdomain in both the Acupuncture with Point

Location and Chinese Herbology examinations.
2. Circadian Rhythms to be included in the Acupuncture with Point Location examination
as a KSA statement.
Respondent Comments
The SME panel reviewed the feedback and comments provided by respondents and decided that
no additional task elements need to be added.
Final Examination Content Outline

Based on the above inclusion criteria, subgroup analyses, and decisions of the SME panel, the
final FOM content outline and weight distribution was determined. The weight distribution of the
content areas for the updated FOM examination is shown below in Table 5 and the final content
outline appears in Appendix J.
TABLE 5. Final FOM Examination Weight Distribution.
Domain Weight (%)
Clinical Examination Methods 10

Assessment, Analysis and Differential
45
Diagnosis based on OM/TCM
Treatment Principle and Strategy 45
22
Biomedicine

The majority of task elements had mean importance ratings of at least 3 (“Moderately
Important,” Table H2, Appendix H) except for the following elements:
Domain 1: Biomedical Model

 Evaluate cognitive function (using tools such as mini mental status exam)
 Perform deep tendon reflex exam to determine neurological impairment
 Perform a sensory evaluation to determine neurological impairment
 Perform cranial nerve evaluation to determine neurological impairment
 Evaluate cerebellar function (using tests of coordination such as Romberg’s test)
 Other (e.g., EMG, EKG)
A total of 28 task elements had mean importance ratings of at least 4.0 (“Very Important,” Table
H2, Appendix H). The most important task elements (at least 4.50) were:

 Determine appropriate course of action (including need for referral)
Domain 2: Safety and Professional Responsibilities

 Management of office emergencies (e.g., burns, seizures, falls, anaphylaxis)
 Infection control (e.g., bloodborne pathogens, communicable diseases, universal
precautions)
 Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
 Reporting Requirements
 Ethics and professional conduct (e.g., informed consent, conflict of interest, negligence,
boundary violations)
 Interprofessional interactions
 Patient and public communication
The mean frequency ratings for BIO task elements ranged from 1.28 to 4.62, and the majority of
task elements had frequency ratings less than 3 (135 of 165, 82%). It should be noted that most
of the elements with low frequency ratings were associated with the Pharmaceuticals,
Supplements, and Clinical Assessment and Differential Diagnosis Process subtasks.
Subgroup Analyses
23
in mean importance ratings for the BIO survey by geographical region of practice and years of
importance ratings.
In the subgroup analysis for region, 20 task elements were flagged. These elements are:

 Laboratory (e.g., blood, urine, sputum, stool, saliva)
 Immune Modulators
 Respiratory Tract Infections (e.g., sinusitis, viral infection, strep throat, bronchitis,
pneumonia)
 Obstetrics
 Pancreatic disorders (e.g., diabetes)
 Hyperlipidemia
 Gastritis
 Peptic Ulcer (e.g., H. Pylori, Campylobacter)
 Hemorrhoids
 Hepatitis
 Cirrhosis
 Anemia
 Sexually Transmitted Infections
 Childhood infectious conditions (measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis)
 Foodborne illness
 Skin cancers (e.g., basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma)
 Stroke
 Concussion and traumatic brain injury (TBI)
 Recognize ominous signs (e.g., medical, mental health, abuse)
 Determine appropriate course of action (including need for referral)
Domain Weights
Survey respondents were asked to assign a percentage to each of the two content domains of the
BIO examination, reflecting the proportion of examination content that should be written to each
domain. Table 6 contains descriptive statistics of content domain weights.
24
TABLE 6. Descriptive Statistics of BIO Content Domain Weights.
Biomedical Model 949 0 95 57.17
Safety and Professional Responsibilities 949 5 100 42.83
Decision Criteria for Determining BIO Examination Blueprint

Inclusion Criteria
The panel decided to set the minimum mean importance and frequency threshold to be 2.75 and
2.50 respectively. All task elements, with the exception of all physiological conditions, are
required to satisfy both these minimum inclusion criteria in order to be included in the BIO
examination; physiological conditions were only subject to the minimum frequency requirement.
Of the task elements not associated with physiological conditions, the following did not satisfy
the minimum importance and frequency criteria:

 Evaluate cognitive function (using tools such as mini mental status exam)
 Perform muscle strength testing to evaluate muscle weakness
 Perform deep tendon reflex exam to determine neurological impairment
 Perform a sensory evaluation to determine neurological impairment
 Perform cranial nerve evaluation to determine neurological impairment
 Evaluate cerebellar function (using tests of coordination such as Romberg’s test)
 Imaging (e.g., x-ray, MRI, CT)
 Other (e.g., EMG, EKG)
 Anti-psychotics
 CNS Stimulants/Attention Deficit medications
 Opioids
 Immune Modulators
 Anti-Asthmatic Agents
 Cough medications
 Blood Thinners/Clotting Control
 Heart Rate and/or Rhythm Regulating
 Angina medications
 Osteoporosis medications
 Hormonal Replacement Therapy
 Sexual Dysfunction medications
25
 Anti-nausea medications
 Stool Softeners/Laxatives
 Anti-diarrheal medications
 Antibacterials
 Antivirals
 Antiprotozoals
 Antifungals
 Cancer medications
 Topical Skin medications
 Smoking Cessation medications
 Appetite Control/Weight Management medications
 Drugs of Abuse
 Anti-Parkinson medications
 Anti-seizure medications
 Amino acids
 Mood support (e.g., St. John's wort, Sam E, 5 HTP)
 Western herbs (e.g., saw palmetto, milk thistle)
 Homeopathic remedies
The majority of physiological conditions did not satisfy the minimum frequency criterion (66 of
91, 73%).
SME Panel Decisions

The SME panel proceeded to review the above list of eliminated task elements. After additional
deliberation on the essential competencies that are required of an AOM practitioner in relation to
Biomedicine, the panel made the decision to include all of the above non-physiological condition
task elements (with the exception of Homeopathic remedies), even though they did not satisfy
the minimum importance and frequency criteria.
Of the non-physiological condition task elements that did satisfy the minimum inclusion criteria,
the panel decided to remove the following from the final BIO examination outline:

 Perform active and passive range of motion testing to differentiate the cause of a patient’s
complaint
The following task elements were combined to create a KSA statement to be included in both the
Pharmaceuticals and Supplements sections in Domain 1:
26
 Mechanism of action
 Adverse effects
With respect to physiological condition task elements, the SME panel decided to include the full
list of physiological conditions appearing on the survey even though the minimum frequency
criterion was not satisfied.
Respondent Comments

final BIO content outline and weight distribution was determined. The weight distribution of the
content areas for the updated BIO examination is shown below in Table 7 and the final content
TABLE 7. Final BIO Examination Weight Distribution.
Domain Weight (%)
Biomedical Model 90
Safety and Professional Responsibilities 10
27
Acupuncture with Point Location

All task elements had mean importance ratings of at least 3 (“Moderately Important,” Table H3,
Appendix H), with a minimum of 3.21. A total of 25 task elements (of 41, 61%) had mean
importance ratings of at least 4.0 (“Very Important”). The most important task elements (at least
4.50) were:
Domain 1: Treatment Plan and Patient Management

 Cautions and contraindications (e.g., pregnancy, needling, organ damage)
 Cautions and contraindications
 Provide and have patient sign informed consent of treatment and modalities
 Re-assess and modify treatment plan (e.g., point selection, treatment frequency)
 Needle insertion (e.g., insertion technique, angle, depth)
 Refer and/or discharge patient as appropriate
Domain 2: Safety
 Infection control (e.g., bloodborne pathogens, communicable diseases, universal
precautions, needle stick)
 Management of office emergencies (e.g., burns, needle shock, organ puncture, fainting)
Patients), Table H3, Appendix H); a total of 13 task elements had mean frequency ratings of less
than 3, these were:

 Use of Oriental Manual Therapy (including bodywork and physiotherapies)
 Cupping
 Use of exercise/breathing therapy (e.g., Qi Gong, Tai Ji)
 Topical applications (e.g., liniment, plaster)
 Scalp
 Electro acupuncture
 Intradermal needles, ear balls, seeds, pellets, tacks
 Indirect (e.g., stick/pole, on ginger, box)
 Other microsystems
 Direct (e.g., thread, cone, rice grain)
 Guasha
 On needle handle
 Bleeding (Fang Xue)
28
Subgroup Analyses
in mean importance ratings for the ACPL survey by geographical region of practice and years of
importance ratings.
In the subgroup analysis for region, four task elements were flagged. These elements are:

 Direct (e.g., thread, cone, rice grain)
 Bleeding (Fang Xue)
 On needle handle
Domain Weights
ACPL examination, reflecting the proportion of examination content that should be written to
each domain. Table 8 contains descriptive statistics of content domain weights.
TABLE 8. Descriptive Statistics of ACPL Content Domain Weights.
Treatment Plan and Patient Management 907 1 95 64.01
Safety 909 5 100 36.13
Decision Criteria for Determining ACPL Examination Blueprint

Inclusion Criteria
have a mean importance rating of at least 3.0 in order to be included in the ACPL examination.
All task elements on the ACPL survey satisfied this minimum criterion.
29
SME Panel Decisions
The SME panel decided to exclude the following task element even though it satisfied all
inclusion criteria:

After finalizing the list of task elements to include in the ACPL content outline, the panel
proceeded to re-organize the task element list for greater clarity. Details of the re-organization
are as follows:
 Domain 1: Treatment Plan and Patient Management was separated into two domains –
Domain 2: Treatment Plan, and Domain 3: Point Identification/Location.
 Domain 2: Safety was re-named and partially merged with Domain 1: Treatment Plan
and Patient Management to form the new Domain 1: Safety and Professional
Responsibilities.
Respondent Comments

final ACPL content outline and weight distribution was determined. The weight distribution of
the content areas for the updated ACPL examination is shown below in Table 9 and the final
content outline appears in Appendix J.
TABLE 9. Final ACPL Examination Weight Distribution.
Domain Weight (%)
Safety and Professional Responsibilities 10
Treatment Plan 70
Point Identification/Location 20
30
Chinese Herbology

All task elements had mean importance ratings of at least 3.5 (“Moderately Important,” Table
H4a, Appendix H), with a minimum of 3.83. A total of 21 task elements (of 24, 88%) had mean
importance ratings of at least 4.0 (“Very Important”). The most important task elements (at least
4.50) were:
Domain 1: Treatment Plan and Administration

 Cautions and contraindications (e.g., condition-dependent, incompatibility)
 Herb/drug interactions
 Toxicity
 Potential adverse effect
Patients), Table H4a, Appendix H); a total of 2 task elements had mean frequency ratings of less
than 3, these were:

 Individual Chinese herbs (including herb preparation/Pao Zhi)
Domain 2: Herbal Purchasing and Dispensing

 Identify raw herbs (visual, smell, taste)
Mean Importance Ratings for Chinese Herbal Formulas

All herbal formulas had mean importance ratings of at least 2.5 (“Of Little Importance,” Table
H4b, Appendix H).
Subgroup Analyses
in mean importance ratings for the CH survey by geographical region of practice and years of
importance ratings.
In the subgroup analysis for region, two task elements were flagged. These elements are:
31
 Ingredients
Domain 2: Herbal Purchasing and Dispensing

 Identify products containing endangered species, animal products, and potential allergens
(e.g., wheat, soy, sulfa)
Domain Weights
CH examination, reflecting the proportion of examination content that should be written to each
domain. Table 10 contains descriptive statistics of content domain weights.
TABLE 10. Descriptive Statistics of CH Content Domain Weights.
Treatment Plan and Administration 866 0 100 70.63
Herbal Purchasing and Dispensing 858 0 100 29.62
Decision Criteria for Determining CH Examination Blueprint

Inclusion Criteria
have a mean importance rating of at least 3.5 in order to be included in the ACPL examination.
All task elements on the CH survey satisfied this minimum criterion.
The panel decided against excluding any Chinese herbal formulas from the final content outline
and, as a result, no minimum threshold criteria were set for the formulas.
SME Panel Decisions

After finalizing the list of task elements to include in the CH content outline, the panel proceeded
to re-organize the task element list for greater clarity. Details of the re-organization are as
follows:
 Domain 1: Treatment Plan and Administration was separated into two domains – Domain
2: Treatment Plan, and Domain 3: Patient Management.
 Domain 2: Herbal Purchasing and Dispensing was re-named and partially merged with
Domain 1: Treatment Plan and Administration to form the new Domain 1: Safety and
Quality.
32
Respondent Comments

final CH content outline and weight distribution was determined. The weight distribution of the
content areas for the updated CH examination is shown below in Table 11 and the final content
TABLE 11. Final CH Examination Weight Distribution.
Domain Weight (%)
Safety and Quality 10
Treatment Plan 60
Patient Management 30
33
Post Job Analysis Meeting Activity
Following the second job analysis (JA2) meeting on March 16 to March 17, 2013, the NCCAOM
proceeded to review the FOM, ACPL, BIO, and CH examination content outlines in separate
EDC meetings. The content outlines for all four examination modules were updated and
expanded based on the collective judgment of the respective EDC committees; these changes
were further reviewed and endorsed by the original JA2 meeting panel (Appendix B) in a
separate conference meeting held on June 20, 2013. The updated and final content outlines for
the FOM, ACPL, BIO, and CH examinations are shown in Appendix K.
34
Appendix A: NCCAOM FOM, BIO, ACPL, and CH
JA Surveys
35
JA Survey
Demographic Section
1. What is your gender?
2. What is your age?
3. What is your ethnic origin?
4. How many years have you been in practice as an AOM practitioner?
5. Do you hold an NCCAOM certification? If yes, what active NCCAOM Certifications do

you hold?
6. In what state or country do you currently practice?
7. In what state(s) do you hold an active license?
8. In your primary practice setting, how do patients pay for their care?
9. In a typical week, during the last year, how many hours per week did you devote to the
following activities?
10. On average, in the last year, how many hours per week did you spend in clinical practice
as an AOM practitioner to include the following activities: clinical work such as treating
patients as well as non-clinical work such as maintaining records, marketing, and practice
management activities such as billing.
11. If you were working part-time or less, select the primary reason.
12. If you were providing direct patient care, which of the following do you consider your
primary practice setting?
13. If in a group setting (i.e., clinic, hospital, etc.), which of the following comes closest to
describing how you practice in your primary setting practice?
14. Please indicate any active or non-active non-acupuncturist license(s) you currently hold.
15. What percentage of your patients are referred to you by another healthcare professional?
16. What age category of patients do you treat?
17. What style(s) of AOM do you practice?
36
18. Check your areas of special interest.
19. How many new patients do you see in a one-month period?
20. How many returning patients do you see in a one-month period?
21. What is your average charge for a first visit?
22. What is your average charge for a returning visit?
23. What was your total gross personal income before taxes last year?
24. Using the following scale (1 to 5), please indicate the frequency of the following
complaints from your patients: 1 = Not at all; 2 = Not very commonly; 3 = Commonly; 4
= Very commonly; 5 = Exclusively.
25. In a typical month, to what percentage of patients do you provide the following services?
Please indicate the percentage using the following scale (indicate all that apply): 1 =
Never; 2 = Less than 25%; 3 = 26% to 50%; 4 = 51% to 75%; 5 = 76% to 100%.
37
FOM Job Section
DOMAIN I: CLINICAL EXAMINATION METHODS

Collect and recognize clinically significant signs and symptoms
A. Looking (observing and examining) (Wang):
1. Spirit (Shen) appearance (including color)
2. Face, eyes, nose, ears, mouth, lips, teeth, and throat
3. Tongue (body and coating)
4. Physical characteristics (e.g., skin, head, scalp, hair, chest, abdomen, limbs, muscle tone, hands, and feet)
B. Listening and smelling (Wen):
1. Sounds (i.e., speech and voice qualities, breathing and bowel)
2. Odors (i.e., body and breath, secretions and excretions)
C. Asking (Wen):
1. Chief complaint
2. Health history (including the “Ten Questions” (Shi Wen))
D. Touching (palpation) (Qie):
1. Radial pulses (including the 28 Qualities)
2. Abdomen
3. Other body areas
4. Meridians and points
DOMAIN II: ASSESSMENT, ANALYSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS BASED ON OM/TCM –

DIFFERENTIATION AND DIAGNOSIS
Apply fundamental theory of traditional Chinese medicine to determine etiology (Bing Ying) and pathogenesis (Bing Ji)
A. Five Elements (Five Phases/Wu Xing)
B. Pathogenic Factors
C. Eight Principles differentiation (i.e., Yin and Yang, Interior and Exterior, Cold and Heat, Deficient and Excess)
D. Essential substances differentiation (i.e., Qi, Blood/Xue, Fluids/Jin-Ye, Essence/Jing)
E. Organ theory differentiation (Zang Fu)
F. Six Stages differentiation (Tai Yang, Yang Ming, Shao Yang, Tai Yin, Shao Yin, Jue Yin)
G. Four Levels differentiation (Wei, Qi, Ying, Xue)
H. Triple Heater (San Jiao) differentiation
I. Root and branch (Biao Ben)
J. Channel theory (Jing Luo)
DOMAIN III: TREATMENT PRINCIPLE AND STRATEGY

Formulate treatment principle and strategy based upon differential diagnosis
A. Five Elements (Five Phases/Wu Xing)
B. Pathogenic Factors
C. Eight Principles differentiation (i.e., Yin and Yang, Interior and Exterior, Cold and Heat, Deficient and Excess)
D. Essential substances differentiation (i.e., Qi, Blood/Xue, Fluids/Jin-Ye, Essence/Jing)
E. Organ theory differentiation (Zang Fu)
F. Six Stages differentiation (Tai Yang, Yang Ming, Shao Yang, Tai Yin, Shao Yin, Jue Yin)
38
G. Four Levels differentiation (Wei, Qi, Ying, Xue)
H. Triple Heater (San Jiao) differentiation
I. Root and branch (Biao Ben)
J. Channel theory (Jing Luo)
Please consider the relative importance of the three (3) major job domains covered in this survey and the composition of a
certification examination for Foundations of Oriental Medicine (FOM) for an entry-level (one who is in practice at least one
year) AOM practitioner. Using the fields below, indicate the percentage of examination questions you would assign to each
domain. (Sum must equal 100.)
CLINICAL EXAMINATION METHODS Collect and recognize clinically significant signs and symptoms"
ASSESSMENT, ANALYSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS BASED ON OM/TCM – DIFFERENTIATION AND
DIAGNOSIS Apply fundamental theory of traditional Chinese medicine to determine etiology (Bing Ying) and
pathogenesis (Bing Ji)"
TREATMENT PRINCIPLE AND STRATEGY Formulate treatment principle and strategy based upon differential
diagnosis
Total: Must sum to 100%
In the space provided below, please specify the job tasks or competencies that you feel were not covered in this survey but are
important for an entry-level (one who is in practice at least one year) AOM practitioner to perform or understand in relation to
Foundations of Oriental Medicine (FOM).
How well did this survey cover the important tasks performed by an entry-level (one who is in practice at least one year) AOM
practitioner in relation to Foundations of Oriental Medicine (FOM) in his or her work?
Completely
Adequately
Inadequately
If you feel survey coverage was inadequate, please specify why.
39
BIO Job Section
DOMAIN I: BIOMEDICAL MODEL

A. Clinical Application of Basic Sciences and Pathophysiology
Differentiate normal from abnormal presentation by applying biomedical principles
B. Patient History and Physical Examination
Recognize clinically significant signs and symptoms obtained during history-taking, review of systems (ROS), and
physical examination:
1. History (e.g., chief complaint, present illness, past medical history, family, personal, social, review of systems)
2. Physical Examination:
a. General system examination (e.g., respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive, cardiovascular)
b. Musculoskeletal (orthopedic) examination:
Perform orthopedic tests (e.g., straight leg raise test, Phalen’s test) to differentiate the cause of a
1. patient’s complaint
Perform active and passive range of motion testing to differentiate the cause of a patient’s
2. complaint
Perform orthopedic testing that leads to the discovery of a red flag requiring a referral (e.g.,
3. positive Drawer sign for cruciate ligament tear)
c. Neurological Examination:
1. Evaluate cognitive function (using tools such as mini mental status exam)
2. Perform muscle strength testing to evaluate muscle weakness
3. Perform deep tendon reflex exam to determine neurological impairment
4. Perform a sensory evaluation to determine neurological impairment
5. Perform cranial nerve evaluation to determine neurological impairment
6. Evaluate cerebellar function (using tests of coordination such as Romberg’s test)
3. Review of imaging and laboratory tests:
a. Imaging (e.g., x-ray, MRI, CT)
b. Laboratory (e.g., blood, urine, sputum, stool, saliva)
c. Other (e.g., EMG, EKG)
4. Pharmaceuticals:
How frequently do you encounter patients using the following drug classes?
How important is it to recognize the classification for each drug class?
How important is it to know/understand the mechanism of action for each drug class?
How important is it to identify the potential adverse effects/interactions for each drug class?
a. Classification:
1. Antidepressants
2. Sedatives, Anxiolytic and Sleep medications
3. Mood Stabilizers
4. Anti-psychotics
5. CNS Stimulants/Attention Deficit medications
6. NSAIDs
7. Steroids
8. Opioids
9. Immune Modulators
10. Anti-Asthmatic Agents
11. Allergy/Sinus medications
12. Cough medications
40
13. Blood Pressure Lowering
14. Lipid Lowering
15. Blood Thinners/Clotting Control
16. Heart Rate and/or Rhythm Regulating
17. Angina medications
18. Osteoporosis medications
19. Thyroid medications
20. Diabetes medications
21. Hormonal Replacement Therapy
22. Sexual Dysfunction medications
23. Anti-nausea medications
24. Heartburn/Reflux medications
25. Stool Softeners/Laxatives
26. Anti-diarrheal medications
27. Antibacterials
28. Antivirals
29. Antiprotozoals
30. Antifungals
31. Cancer medications
32. Topical Skin medications
33. Smoking Cessation medications
34. Appetite Control/Weight Management medications
35. Drugs of Abuse
36. Anti-Parkinson medications
37. Anti-seizure medications
b. Mechanism of action
c. Adverse effects
5. Supplements:
How frequently do you encounter patients using the following supplement?
How important is it to recognize the classification for each supplement?
How important is it to know/understand the mechanism of action for each supplement?
How important is it to identify the potential adverse effects/interactions for each supplement?
a. Classification:
1. Vitamins (e.g., A, B-12, C)
2. Minerals (e.g., calcium, magnesium, potassium)
3. Amino acids
4. Antioxidants (e.g., coenzyme Q10, selenium)
5. Hormones (e.g., melatonin, wild yams, DHEA)
6. Digestive support (e.g., enzymes, fiber, probiotics)
7. Bone health (e.g., glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate)
8. Mood support (e.g., St. John's wort, Sam E, 5 HTP)
9. Western herbs (e.g., saw palmetto, milk thistle)
10. Homeopathic remedies
b. Mechanism of action
41
c. Adverse effects
C. Clinical Assessment and Differential Diagnosis Process
Interpret the clinical significance of information obtained during history-taking and physical examination to recognize
the following clinical conditions:
1. Cardiovascular
a. Cardiac conditions:
1. Myocardial Infarction
2. Angina Pectoris
3. Arrhythmia (e.g., atrial fibrillation, premature ventricular contraction, tachycardia, bradycardia)
4. Heart failure
b. Vascular conditions:
1. Blood pressure disorders (hypertension and hypotension)
2. Atherosclerosis (e.g., coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease)
3. Deep Vein Thrombosis
4. Raynaud’s disease
5. Aneurysms
2. Endocrine and Metabolic Conditions:
a. Thyroid disorders (e.g., Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease)
b. Adrenal disorders (e.g., Cushing's, Addison's)
c. Pancreatic disorders (e.g., diabetes)
d. Obesity
e. Hyperlipidemia
3. Gastrointestinal conditions
a. Gastric conditions:
1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
2. Gastritis
3. Peptic Ulcer (e.g., H. Pylori, Campylobacter)
b. Intestinal conditions:
1. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (e.g., Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis)
2. Food sensitivity/allergies (e.g., Celiac disease, lactose intolerance)
3. Appendicitis
4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
5. Diverticular disease (e.g., diverticulosis, diverticulitis)
6. Hemorrhoids
c. Hepatobilliary conditions:
1. Hepatitis
2. Cirrhosis
3. Gall bladder conditions (e.g., cholelithiasis, cholecystitis)
4. Pancreatitis
4. Hematological conditions:
a. Anemia
b. Leukemia/lymphoma
42
c. Bleeding disorders
d. Hemochromatosis
5. Infectious Diseases:
a. Sexually Transmitted Infections
b. Tuberculosis
c. Bacterial infections (e.g., staph, MRSA, impetigo, meningitis)
d. Childhood infectious conditions (measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis)
e. Viral infections (e.g., infectious mono, influenza, meningitis, conjunctivitis)
f. Parasitic infections
g. Foodborne illness
6. Dermatological conditions:
a. Contagious skin conditions (lice, fungal infections, scabies)
b. Noncontagious skin conditions (cellulitis, shingles, acne, eczema, psoriasis, alopecia)
c. Skin cancers (e.g., basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma)
d. Burns
7. Mental and Behavioral conditions:

a. Mood disorders (depression, bi-polar)
b. Anxiety
c. Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)/Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
d. Autism spectrum
e. Suicidality
f. Eating Disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa)
g. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
8. Musculoskeletal conditions:
a. Upper extremities
b. Lower extremities
c. Axial (e.g., whiplash, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, spondyolisthesis, TMJ)
d. Osteoarthritis
e. Osteoporosis
9. Neurological conditions:
a. Central nervous system:
1. Stroke
2. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
3. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
4. Dementia (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease)
5. Parkinson’s disease
6. Epilepsy
b. Peripheral nervous system:
1. Vertigo
2. Bell’s Palsy
3. Radiculopathies (e.g., nerve root, sciatica)
4. Trigeminal neuralgia
43
5. Peripheral neuropathy
c. Headache (e.g., cluster, tension, migraine, sinus, trauma)
d. Concussion and traumatic brain injury (TBI)
e. Sleep disorders (narcolepsy, sleep apnea, insomnia)
10. Pulmonary conditions:
a. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
b. Asthma
c. Respiratory Tract Infections (e.g., sinusitis, viral infection, strep throat, bronchitis, pneumonia)
d. Allergies
e. Pneumothorax
11. Reproductive conditions:

a. Female:
1. Menstrual
2. Fertility (e.g., polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis)
3. Obstetrics
4. Menopause
5. Uterine (Fibroids and bleeding)
6. Breast conditions (e.g., mass, mastitis)
b. Male:
1. Fertility
2. Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
3. Prostate conditions (benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis)
12. Urinary/Renal conditions:
a. Stones
b. Infections (UTI, cystitis, pyelonephritis)
c. Incontinence
13. Miscellaneous:
a. Multi-system conditions (Lyme disease, Chronic fatigue, Fibromyalgia,Temporal Arteritis)
b. Autoimmune disorders (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA))
14. Oncology (Lung, Stomach, Colon, Pancreas, Breast, Prostate, Uterine, Bone, Liver, Cervical)
15. Ophthalmology/ENT
D. Clinical Decision-Making and Standard of Care
Analyze information to determine appropriate patient management:
1. Recognize ominous signs (e.g., medical, mental health, abuse)
2. Determine appropriate course of action (including need for referral)
DOMAIN II: SAFETY AND PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Recognize and implement appropriate standards regarding the following:
A. Management of office emergencies (e.g., burns, seizures, falls, anaphylaxis)
B. Infection control (e.g., bloodborne pathogens, communicable diseases, universal precautions)
C. Federal Regulations:
1. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
44
2. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
3. Reporting Requirements
D. Ethics and professional conduct (e.g., informed consent, conflict of interest, negligence, boundary violations)
E. Professional Communication:
1. Interprofessional interactions
2. Patient and public communication
Please consider the relative importance of the two (2) major job domains covered in this survey and the composition of a
certification examination for Biomedicine (BIO) for an entry-level (one who is in practice at least one year) AOM practitioner.
Using the fields below, indicate the percentage of examination questions you would assign to each domain. (Sum must equal
100.)
BIOMEDICAL MODEL Clinical Application of Basic Sciences and Pathophysiology; Patient History and Physical
Examination; Clinical Assessment and Differential Diagnosis Process; Clinical Decision-Making and Standard of Care.
SAFETY AND PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES Management of office emergencies; Infection control; Federal
Regulations; Ethics and professional conduct; Professional Communication.
Biomedicine (BIO).
practitioner in relation to Biomedicine (BIO) in his or her work?
Completely
Adequately
Inadequately
45
ACPL Job Section
DOMAIN I: TREATMENT PLAN AND PATIENT MANAGEMENT

Develop a comprehensive treatment plan using acupuncture points based upon patient’s presentation and diagnosis.
A. Treatment Plan
Develop an initial treatment plan:
1. Patient Communication
a. Communicate TCM theories with patients in terms they can understand
b. Report findings, including prognosis, to patient
c. Provide and have patient sign informed consent of treatment and modalities
2. Point Selection
Formulate Point Selection based on assessment (e.g., syndrome/pattern, meridian/channel pathology):
a. Cautions and contraindications (e.g., pregnancy, needling, organ damage)
b. Point category (e.g., Five Element, Antique/Five Shu (Transporting), Front-Mu (Alarm), Influential)
c. Location (e.g., distal/local)
d. Channel theory (e.g., primary, muscle, cutaneous region, luo, divergent)
e. Function and/or indication
f. Ashi (e.g., trigger points, motor points)
g. Extra points
h. Auricular
i. Scalp
j. Other microsystems
3. Treatment, Techniques and Mode of Administration

Apply appropriate techniques and mode of administration:
a. Cautions and contraindications
b. Patient position
c. Point Location
1. Identify anatomical landmarks, then measure by cun.
2. Identify the point by palpation of the local area.
3. Locate the meridian, then palpate to find point.
Determine the point according to its anatomical description (e.g., the belly of the gastrocnemius
4. muscle).
d. Needle selection (e.g., filiform, three-edges, plum-blossom, press and intradermal)
e. Method:
1. Needle insertion (e.g., insertion technique, angle, depth)
2. Needle manipulation (e.g., reinforcing and reducing, lifting and thrusting, plucking)
3. Needle retention
4. Needle removal
f. Use of Moxibustion:
1. Direct (e.g., thread, cone, rice grain)
2. Indirect (e.g., stick/pole, on ginger, box)
3. On needle handle
46
g. Use of Oriental Manual Therapy (including bodywork and physiotherapies)
h. Use of exercise/breathing therapy (e.g., Qi Gong, Tai Ji)
i. Use of dietary recommendations according to traditional Chinese medicine theory
j. Use of Adjunct Modalities:
1. Cupping
2. Guasha
3. Bleeding (Fang Xue)
4. Intradermal needles, ear balls, seeds, pellets, tacks
5. Electro acupuncture
6. Heat (e.g.,TDP/heat lamp)
7. Topical applications (e.g., liniment, plaster)
B. Patient Management
1. Re-assess and modify treatment plan (e.g., point selection, treatment frequency)
2. Refer and/or discharge patient as appropriate
DOMAIN II: SAFETY

Apply standards of safe practice.
A. Management of office emergencies (e.g., burns, needle shock, organ puncture, fainting)
B. Infection control (e.g., bloodborne pathogens, communicable diseases, universal precautions, needle stick)
certification examination for Acupuncture with Point Location (ACPL) for an entry-level (one who is in practice at least one
year) AOM practitioner. Using the fields below, indicate the percentage of examination questions you would assign to each
domain. (Sum must equal 100.)
TREATMENT PLAN AND PATIENT MANAGEMENT Develop a comprehensive treatment plan using acupuncture
points based upon patient’s presentation and diagnosis; Patient Management.
SAFETY Apply standards of safe practice.
Acupuncture with Point Location (ACPL).
practitioner in relation to Acupuncture with Point Location (ACPL) in his or her work?
Completely
Adequately
Inadequately
47
CH Job Section
DOMAIN I: TREATMENT PLAN AND ADMINISTRATION

Develop a comprehensive treatment plan using principles of Chinese Herbology based upon patient’s presentation and
diagnosis.
A. Herbs and Formula Selection
Formulate herbal recommendation based on assessment (e.g., syndrome/pattern)
1. Safety:
a. Cautions and contraindications (e.g., condition-dependent, incompatibility)
b. Herb/drug interactions
c. Toxicity
d. Potential adverse effect
2. Recommend Chinese herbs for individual patients:
a. Treatment strategies/methods of Chinese herbal medicine (e.g., purging, harmonizing, sweating)
b. Tastes, properties, direction, and channels entered of individual Chinese herbs
c. Functions and indications:
1. Individual Chinese herbs (including herb preparation/Pao Zhi)
2. Combinations of Chinese herbs (Dui Yao)
3. Chinese herbal formulas (refer to Appendix list of Chinese herbal formulas):
a. Ingredients
b. Dynamics (e.g., Jun/chief, Chen/deputy, guiding herbs)
c. Modifications
B. Administration of Herbal Recommendation
Select and apply herbal recommendation:
1. Dosage of herbs and formulas
2. Appropriate form of administration (e.g., decoction, granules, topical)
3. Preparation of herbs and herbal formulas
C. Chinese Dietary Therapy
1. Understand the properties of foods in accordance with traditional Chinese medicine principles
2. Advise patients in the use of foods in accordance with traditional Chinese medicine principles
D. Educate Patients on Risks and Benefits of Herbal Treatment (including informed consent)
E. Predict treatment outcomes and potential reactions to treatment for individual patients
F. Evaluate treatment efficacy and modify treatment appropriately (e.g., formula and herb modification)
DOMAIN II: HERBAL PURCHASING AND DISPENSING

Evaluate quality of herbs and herbal products for safety and efficacy.
A. Identify product manufacturers in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice standards
B. Identify raw herbs (visual, smell, taste)
C. Identify products containing endangered species, animal products, and potential allergens (e.g., wheat, soy, sulfa)
D. Monitor stored herbs for contamination
E. Monitor herbs and herbal products for expiration dates
48
Rate each of the following herbal formulas in terms of importance only.
F. Appendix of formulas
1. Ba Zhen Tang (Eight-Treasure Decoction)
2. Ba Zheng San (Eight-Herb Powder for Rectification)
3. Bai He Gu Jin Tang (Lily Bulb Decoction to Preserve the Metal)
4. Bai Hu Tang (White Tiger Decoction)
5. Bai Tou Weng Tang (Pulsatilla Decoction)
6. Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Tang (Pinellia, Atractylodis Macrocephalae, and Gastrodia Decoction)
7. Ban Xia Hou Po Tang (Pinellia and Magnolia Bark)
8. Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang (Pinellia Decoction to Drain the Epigastrium)
9. Bao He Wan (Preserve Harmony Pill)
10. Bei Mu Gua Lou San (Fritillaria and Trichosanthes Fruit Powder)
11. Bei Xie Fen Qing Yin (Dioscorea Hypoglauca Decoction to Separate the Clear)
12. Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (Tonify the Yang to Restore Five (Tenths) Decoction)
13. Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (Tonify the Middle and Augment the Qi Decoction)
14. Cang Er Zi San (Xanthium Powder)
15. Chai Ge Jie Ji Tang (Bupleurum and Kudzu Decoction)
16. Chai Hu Shu Gan San (Bupleurum Powder to Spread the Liver)
17. Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San (Ligusticum Chuanxiong Powder to be Taken with Green Tea)
18. Da Bu Yin Wan (Great Tonify the Yin Pill)
19. Da Chai Hu Tang (Major Bupleurum Decoction)
20. Da Cheng Qi Tang (Major Order the Qi Decoction)
21. Da Jian Zhong Tang (Major Construct the Middle)
22. Dan Shen Yin (Salvia Drink)
23. Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang (Tangkuei Decoction to Tonify the Blood)
24. Dang Gui Liu Huang Tang (Tangkuei and Six-Yellow Decoction)
25. Dao Chi San (Guide Out the Red Powder)
26. Ding Chuan Tang (Arrest Wheezing Decoction)
27. Ding Xiang Shi Di Tang (Clove and Persimmon Calyx Decoction)
28. Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang (angelica Pubescens and Sangjisheng Decoction)
29. Du Qi Wan (Capital Qi Pill)
30. Er Chen Tang (Two-Cured Decoction)
31. Er Miao San (Two-Marvel Powder)
32. Er Xian Tang (Two-Immortal Decoction)
33. Er Zhi Wan (Two-Ultimate Pill)
34. Fu Yuan Huo Xue Tang (Revive Health by Invigorating the Blood Decoction)
35. Gan Cao Xie Xin Tang (Licorice Decoction to Drain the Epigastrium)
36. Gan Mai Da Zao Tang (Licorice, Wheat, and Jujube Decoction)
37. Ge Gen Huang Lian Huang Qin Tang (Kudzu, Coptis, and Scutellaria Decoction)
38. Ge Gen Tang (Kudzu Decoction)
39. Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang (Drive Out Blood Stasis Below the Diaphragm Decoction)
40. Gu Jing Wan (Stabilize the Menses Pill)
41. Gui Pi Tang (Restore the Spleen Decoction)
49
42. Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan (Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill)
43. Gui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang (Cinnamon Twig, Peony, and Anemarrhena Decoction)
44. Gui Zhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction)
45. Huai Hua San (Sophora Japonica Flower Powder)
46. Huang Lian E Jiao Tang (Coptis and Ass-Hide Gelatin Decoction)
47. Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (Coptis Decoction to Relieve Toxicity)
48. Huo Xiang Zheng Qi San (Agastache Powder to Rectify the Qi)
49. Ji Chuan Jian (Benefit the River (Flow) Decoction)
50. Jia Jian Wei Rui Tang (Modified Polygonatum Odoratum)
51. Jian Bi Tang (Remove Painful Obstruction Decoction from Medical Revelations)
52. Jiao Ai Tang (Ass-Hide Gelatin and Mugwort Decoction)
53. Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan (Kidney Qi Pill from the Golden Cabinet)
54. Jin Ling Zi San (Melia Toosendan Powder)
55. Jin Suo Gu Jing Wan (Metal Lock Pill to Stabilize the Essence)
56. Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang (Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shaving Decoction
57. Li Zhong Wan (Regulate the Middle Pill)
58. Liang Fu Wan (Galangal and Cyprus Pill)
59. Liang Ge San (Cool the Diaphragm Powder)
60. Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang (Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodis Macrocephalae and Licorice Decoction)
61. Ling Jiao Gou Teng Tang (Antelope Horn and Uncaria Decoction)
62. Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (Six-Ingredient Pill with Rehmannia)
63. Liu Yi San (Six-to-One Powder)
64. Long Dan Xie Gan Tang (Gentiana Longdancao Decoction to Drain the Liver)
65. Ma Huang Tang (Ephedra Decoction)
66. Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang (Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction)
67. Ma Zi Ren Wan (Hemp Seed Pill)
68. Mai Men Dong Tang (Ophiopogonis Decoction)
69. Mu Li San (Oyster Shell Powder)
70. Nuan Gan Jian (Warm the Liver Decoction)
71. Ping Wei San (Calm the Stomach Powder)
72. Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin (Universal Benefit Decoction to Eliminate Toxin)
73. Qi Ju Di Huang Wan (Lycium Fruit, Chrysanthemum and Rehmannia Pill)
74. Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang (Notopterygium Decoction to Overcome Dampness)
75. Qing Wei San (Clear the Stomach Powder)
76. Qing Gu San (Cool the Bones Powder)
77. Qing Hao Bie Jia Tang (Artemisia Annua and Soft-Shelled Turtle Shell Decoction)
78. Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan (Clear the Qi and Transform Phlegm Pill)
79. Qing Wen Bai Du San (Clear Epidemics and Overcome Toxin Decoction)
80. Qing Ying Tang (Clear the Nutritive Level Decoction)
81. Qing Zao Jiu Fei Tang (Eliminate Dryness and Rescue the Lungs Decoction)
82. Ren Shen Bai Du San (Ginseng Powder to Overcome Pathogenic Influences)
83. Run Chang Wan (Moisten the Intestines Pill)
84. San Zi Yang Qing Tang (Three-Seed Decoction to Nourish One’s Parents)
50
85. Sang Ju Yin (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Decoction)
86. Sang Piao Xiao San (Mantis Egg-Case Powder)
87. Sang Xing Tang (Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction)
88. Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang (Drive-Out Blood Stasis in the Lower Abdomen Decoction)
89. Shao Yao Gan Cao Tang (Peony and Licorice Decoction)
90. Shao Yao Tang (Peony Decoction)
91. Shen Ling Bai Zhu San (Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodes Macrocephala Powder)
92. Shen Tong Zhu Yu Tang (Drive Out Blood Stasis from a Painful Body Decoction)
93. Sheng Hua Tang (Generation and Transformation Decoction)
94. Sheng Jiang Xie Xin Tang (Fresh Ginger Decoction to Drain the Epigastrium)
95. Sheng Ma Ge Gen Tang (Cimicifuga and Kudzu Decoction)
96. Sheng Mai San (Generate the Pulse Powder)
97. Shi Hui San (Ten Partially-Charred Substance Powder)
98. Shi Pi Yin (Bolster the Spleen Decoction)
99. Shi Quan Da Bu Tang (All Inclusive Great Tonifying Decoction)
100. Shi Xiao San (Sudden Smile Powder)
101. Shou Tai Wan (Fetus Longevity Pill)
102. Si Jun Zi Tang (Four-Gentleman Decoction)
103. Si Ni San (Frigid Extremities Powder)
104. Si Ni Tang (Frigid Extremities Decoction)
105. Si Shen Wan (Four-Miracle Pill)
106. Si Wu Tang (Four-Substance Decoction)
107. Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang (Perilla Fruit Decoction for Directing Qi Downward)
108. Suan Zao Ren Tang (Sour Jujube Decoction)
109. Tai Shan Pan Shi San (Powder that Gives the Stability of Mount Tai)
110. Tao He Cheng Qi Tang (Peach Pit Decoction to order the Qi)
111. Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin (Gastrodia and Uncaria Decoction)
112. Tian Tai Wu Yao San (Top-quality Lindera Powder)
113. Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan (Emperor of Heaven’s Special Pill to Tonify the Heart)
114. Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang (Regulate the Stomach and Order the Qi Decoction)
115. Tong Xie Yao Fang (Important Formula for Painful Diarrhea)
116. Wan Dai Tang (End Discharge Decoction)
117. Wei Jing Tang (Reed Decoction)
118. Wen Dan Tang (Warm the Gallbladder Decoction)
119. Wen Jing Tang (Warm the Menses Decoction)
120. Wu Ling San (Five-Ingredient Powder with Poria)
121. Wu Pi San (Five-Peel Powder)
122. Wu Wei Xiao Du Yin (Five-Ingredient Decoction to Eliminate Toxin)
123. Wu Zhu Yu Tang (Evodia Decoction)
124. Xi Jiao Di Huang Tang (Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction)
125. Xiang Ru San (Elsholtzia Powder)
126. Xiang Su San (Cyprus and Perilla Lead Powder)
127. Xiao Chai Hu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction)
51
128. Xian Cheng Qi Tang (Minor Order the Qi Decoction)
129. Xiao Feng San (Eliminate Wind Powder from True Lineage)
130. Xiao Huo Lou Dan (Minor Invigorate the Collaterals Special Pill)
131. Xiao Ji Yin Zi (Cephalanoplos Decoction)
132. Xiao Jian Zhong Tang (Minor Construct the Middle)
133. Xiao Qing Long Tang (Minor Blue-Green Dragon Decoction)
134. Xiao Yao San (Rambling Powder)
135. Xie Bai San (Drain the White Powder)
136. Xie Huang San (Drain the Yellow Powder)
137. Xie Xin Tang (Drain the Epigastrium Decoction)
138. Xing Su San (Apricot Kernel and Perilla Leaf Powder)
139. Xuan Fu Dai Zhe Tang (Inula and Hermatite Decoction)
140. Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang (Drive Out Stasis in the Mansion of Blood Decoction)
141. Yang He Tang (Yang-Heartening Decoction)
142. Yi Guan Jian (Linking Decoction)
143. Yin Chen Hao Tang (Artemisia Yinchenhao Decoction)
144. Yin Qiao San (Honeysuckle and Forsythia Powder)
145. You Gui Wan (Restore the Right (Kidney) Pill)
146. You Gui Yin (Restore the Right (Kidney) Decoction)
147. Yu Nu Jian (Jade Woman Decoction)
148. Yu Ping Feng San (Jade Windscreen Powder)
149. Yue Ju Wan (Escape Restraint Pill)
150. Zhen Gan Xi Feng Tang (Sedate the Liver and Extinguish Wind Decoction)
151. Zhen Ren Yang Zang Tang (True Man’s Decoction to Nourish the Organs)
152. Zhen Wu Tang (True Warrior Decoction)
153. Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan (Anemarrhena Phellodendron and Rehmannia Pill)
154. Zhi Gan Cao Tang (Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction)
155. Zhi Sou San (Stop Coughing Powder)
156. Zhu Ling Tang (Polyporus Decoction)
157. Zhu Ye Shi Gao Tang (Lophatherus and Gypsum)
158. Zuo Gui Wan (Restore the Left (Kidney) Pill)
159. Zuo Gui Yin (Restore the Left (Kidney) Decoction)
160. Zuo Jing Wan (Left Metal Pill)
certification examination for Chinese Herbology (CH) for an entry-level (one who is in practice at least one year) AOM
practitioner. Using the fields below, indicate the percentage of examination questions you would assign to each domain. (Sum
must equal 100.)
TREATMENT PLAN AND ADMINISTRATION Develop a comprehensive treatment plan using principles of Chinese
Herbology based upon patient’s presentation and diagnosis.
HERBAL PURCHASING AND DISPENSING Evaluate quality of herbs and herbal products for safety and efficacy.
52
Chinese Herbology (CH).
practitioner in relation to Chinese Herbology (CH) in his or her work?
Completely
Adequately
Inadequately
53
Appendix B: JA SME Participants
54
Job Analysis Participants
Name Location Years of Experience Meeting(s) Attended

Tim Chapman Portland, OR 17 JA1, JA2
Zong Lan Xu Miami, FL 30 JA1, JA2
Dennis Mosemon New York, NY 18 JA1, JA2
Iman Majd Seattle, WA 8 JA1, JA2
Katherine Taromina Aurora, NY 15 JA1, JA2
Janet Zand Austin, TX 28 JA1
Eugene London San Francisco, CA 25 JA1, JA2
Deborah Lincoln E Lansing, MI 31 JA1
Weiyi Ding Seattle, WA 40 JA1, JA2
Tess Hahn Cocolalla, ID 30 JA1, JA2
Matthew Bauer La Verne, CA 26 JA1, JA2
Ruth Dalphin Marlton, NJ 27 JA1, JA2
Jason Wright Trumansburg, NY 16 JA1
David Miller Chicago, IL 8 JA1, JA2
Maryanne Travagline New York, NY 20 JA2
F Afua Bromley St Louis, MO 15 JA2
Amy Sear Miami, FL 16 JA2
Yuxin He Austin, TX 27 JA2
Note: Demographic Worksheets and Affidavits of NCCAOM SMEs were not provided in this
report due to the confidential and private nature of these materials. This information is on file at
Schroeder Measurement Technologies, Inc.
55
Appendix C: NCCAOM JA Survey Sampling Plan
56
NCCAOM JA Sampling Plan
Table C1. Sampling Numbers by State and Certification Type
State Active in OM Active in AC Active in CH No. OM No. AC No. CH

Sampled Sampled Sampled
AK 7 61 2 4 31 1
AL 1 13 1 1 7 1
AR 7 7 3 4 4 2
AZ 83 241 24 42 121 12
CA 804 1119 252 402 560 126
CO 321 607 64 161 304 32
CT 34 126 10 17 63 5
DC 7 35 3 4 18 2
DE 7 13 0 4 7 0
FL 200 710 36 100 355 18
GA 35 161 13 18 81 7
HI 54 106 12 27 53 6
IA 15 36 3 8 18 2
ID 17 50 7 9 25 4
IL 200 383 32 100 192 16
IN 11 60 2 6 30 1
KS 20 19 3 10 10 2
KY 22 27 2 11 14 1
LA 12 20 2 6 10 1
MA 171 423 44 86 212 22
MD 46 298 31 23 149 16
ME 18 85 6 9 43 3
MI 44 109 11 22 55 6
MN 114 331 19 57 166 10
MO 27 63 8 14 32 4
MS 0 6 3 0 3 2
MT 13 46 6 7 23 3
NC 108 239 16 54 120 8
ND 0 11 0 0 6 0
NE 3 5 3 2 3 2
NH 19 67 5 10 34 3
NJ 149 387 50 75 194 25
NM 219 184 63 110 92 32
NV 21 11 3 11 6 2
NY 451 1283 196 226 642 98
OH 24 156 11 12 78 6
OK 7 20 2 4 10 1
57
OR 272 694 40 136 347 20
PA 78 241 15 39 121 8
RI 14 33 7 7 17 4
SC 22 61 4 11 31 2
SD 3 8 0 2 4 0
TN 23 76 9 12 38 5
TX 477 170 93 239 85 47
UT 24 54 1 12 27 1
VA 78 263 18 39 132 9
VT 14 60 11 7 30 6
WA 212 630 59 106 315 30
WI 44 194 8 22 97 4
WV 1 8 2 1 4 1
WY 10 16 0 5 8 0
Total 4563 10026 1215 2294 5027 619
58
Table C2. Sampling Numbers by State and Certification Type for Second Sampling
State OM 2nd AC 2nd CH 2nd Total 2nd

AK Sample
1 Sample
8 Sample
0 Sample
9
AL 0 2 0 2
AR 1 1 0 2
AZ 10 30 3 43
CA 101 140 32 273
CO 40 76 8 124
CT 4 16 1 21
DC 1 4 0 5
DE 1 2 0 3
FL 25 89 5 119
GA 4 20 2 26
HI 7 13 2 22
IA 2 5 0 7
ID 2 6 1 9
IL 25 48 4 77
IN 1 8 0 9
KS 3 2 0 5
KY 3 3 0 6
LA 2 3 0 5
MA 21 53 6 80
MD 6 37 4 47
ME 2 11 1 14
MI 6 14 1 21
MN 14 41 2 57
MO 3 8 1 12
MS 0 1 0 1
MT 2 6 1 9
NC 14 30 2 46
ND 0 1 0 1
NE 0 1 0 1
NH 2 8 1 11
NJ 19 48 6 73
NM 27 23 8 58
NV 3 1 0 4
NY 56 160 25 241
OH 3 20 1 24
OK 1 3 0 4
OR 34 87 5 126
PA 10 30 2 42
RI 2 4 1 7
59
SC 3 8 1 12
SD 0 1 0 1
TN 3 10 1 14
TX 60 21 12 93
UT 3 7 0 10
VA 10 33 2 45
VT 2 8 1 11
WA 27 79 7 113
WI 6 24 1 31
WV 0 1 0 1
WY 1 2 0 3
Total 573 1257 150 1980
60
Appendix D: Survey Inadequacies
61
Survey Inadequacies
FOM Section
perhaps "FOM and how that actually applies to success in the real world, modern health care paradigm"
Most emphasis is on TCM, not Five Element
The survey was very frustrating in its design, constantly "timing out" and allowing no space for a flexible or
qualified response.
practice management, channel theory
almost nothing applys to Worsley Five Element
Asking questions like "how important is this or that diagnostic criteria" is ridiculous. For example, normally a
pathogenic factor is not relevant, but if a patient walks in with a cold, then it is completely relevant/important.
Were taught to apply the diagnostic method that fits the situation, so asking how important they are is just odd.
very vague
Your surveys are too long.
Its not about which style, method, or process you use to heal a patient its about the know, like, and trust you
cycle. All the acupuncture in the world wont help someone if they dont connect with you. - People skills and the
ability to accept all styles of treatment and not have us at one another coz you want to do another test for us to
have to pass. ; ; We should be a profession - not a group of levels of tests.
Not many questions related to Worsley FIve Element
The proper and academically accepted translations of Qi and Mai have to be included in all TCM medical exams.
This will breathe some substance into the unfortunate "New Age, energy label" which has been given our
medicine.
see above. OM practitioners need to be able to communicate and refer to (as well as receive referrals and
discuss cases with) Western medical practitioners and behavioral health practitioners.
Patient interaciton is missing. Proper diagnosis should be emphasized more.
As a Worsley 5E practitioner, the tasks are not relevent at all.
The vast percentage of acupuncturists are in private practice. Skill in the medicine is only a beginning.
This part makes no sense.
50% of new graduates who who pass NCCAOM exams quit practice within 5 years because they cant manage a
practice. There is more to this work than being a good clinician.
important part of participation with other providers and as a healthcare professional.
It wasnt covered and is necessary for practicing.
As above noted, and course needs to include study of Feng Shui
There are many aspects to running a successful practice as well as communicating with MDs, Insurance
companies, etc.
physical assessment and treatment based
you dont ask if i am in business or out of business, and why we would be out of busneess. I am not going to scrap
by in this life to perform medicine. nor do i need to become like a used car salesman in order to promote a
practice of medicine. your association and the fsoma (or any florida group) do nothing for the advancement of
asian medicine with the AMA (you know them the American drug pushers group/insurance owners). after
working 6 years with a mediocare salary i went back to money
Question are too basic and exclude many of the methods used by Five-Element. Little distinction between 5
phase and 5-element
physical exam??
assuming that "TCM" is Chinese medicine - bad history; not accounting for doing several traditions or disciplines
in a single visit. What about nutrition that is not "OM" etc.?
62
all theory no substance
Failed to cover communicating with the patient.
No differentiation between Acu treatment versus herbal treatment strategies. These two are mutually exclusive.
Two different basis of treating disease. FOM should frame around western diseases as well as competency with
regards to understanding TCM, AOM, 5E, CCM, EAM etc. especially at the entry level.
overly generalized
It seems to me that this should be a list of competencies with a scale to rate importance.
does not specify importance of clinical experience during the educational period (prior to entering private
practice)
these competencies are mostly theoretical and dont get at the soft-skills a practitioner needs- like how to
connect and disengage with patients, or how to give realistic expectations about treatment
see above statement
When you are asking for salary specify acu or other. The preceding questions asked about other professions so it
could be misleading
It makes assumptions re: Chinese medicine that are inaccurate.
too many items to check.
It does not cover the methods of follow-up, developing a treatment plan, measuring outcomes.
Survey did not reflect the realities of integrative practice
The job of being an acupuncturist involves much more than acupuncture theory. See above.
63
BIO Section
didnt explicitly include biomedical differential diagnosis or detailed medical imaging.

The survey questions are murky, are you asking whether I biomedically diagnose patients ? They come to me
with biomedical diagnoses already, I only treat according to East Asian Medical principles and my client base
over 23 years has included all the biomedical diagnoses listed.
The percentages were hard to work with. I cant imagine a practice where I could say "60-80% of my patients
have kidney stones." So, I just answered according to the first three word-labels, meaning on occasion, regularly,
and often for conditions I treat.
See above-- woefully unclear question format, really cannot give useful answers.
Question format is ambiguous
Section C was confusing. Not sure what you wanted to know. I answered the frequency section according to how
often I encounter that symptom/condition. As for the importance of recognizing a Biomedical condition it is only
important to recognize those that require emergency intervention. Otherwise I dont feel that the Biomedical
condition is important to competent TCM treatment.
not quite sure what you are seeking in this section extremely difficult to apply
We are CHinese medicine practitioners not doctors. What are you asking?
I was confused about the portion in blue. Were you asking how likely i thought it was a first year would see
these problems? or how often I saw them? or something else.
found it impossible to answer realistically within the parameters
See above comment.
Its important to know something about all of those areas, but I assumed the questions relate to acupuncture.
The answers may b different if they are about prescribing herbs.
As stated above.
asdasx
Why were there so many questions about biomedicine as opposed to oriental medicine?
See above comment. Osteoarthritis might be moderately imp in terms of life threatening, but to the ind patient
who cannot walk well, and who needs this to remain independent, this is extremely important!
Too much emphasis is being placed on diagnosis that is not ours to make! This should be left up to the MDs and
Specialists. Basic knoweledge is sufficient which comes with education, clinical experience and practice. We
need to focus on what WE do and implement the tools we have been trained in to administer Chinese Medicine.
It is unclear from the way the questions are asked if we are answering based on whether a practitioner should
be able to treat or simply recognize these conditions. The term "task" is a fairly non-specific reference, and
allows for interpretation that is too open. Im not sure that you could call the results of this survey valid. I find the
framework of the questions very concerning to that end!
pathology; lab tests
Confusing - asking what percentage of patients and how important. Yes, I need to know red flags to refer or call
911 and yes I need to know Clean Needle Technique and proper handling of patient information. I dont feel this
method of gathering information about percentages and importance captured this information. You seemed
more focused on particular biomedical conditions than what might or might not be useful for me in my everyday
practice.
I feel the whole section needs to be rewritten. I really didnt understand how to answer the questions properly
given the insturctions. I do not practice in a primary care State and do not perform examinations that I consider
outside my scope of practice. They are of clinical relevance, but that information is provided by the patient from
their doctor.
I think an entry level practitioner who has no biomedical experience/background is not prepared in any way to
be responsible to practice TCM with biomedical/allopathic responsibilities as this survey might suggest. Who can
legally order tests, perform them, and/or interpret them without a high level of training and certification? To
64
suggest otherwise is irresponsible. SCOPE OF PRACTICE should be practiced and consequences of practicing
outside of that scope should be taught as well.
Some of the questions were not clear, and seemed out of the scope of practice for Acupuncturists, relating to
the question of performing tasks. I am not if I answered this section appropriatley
Too much focus on pharmaceuticals not enough on musculoskeletal
shit you just lost all my verbage here. how to stop this nonsence.
This section was very poorly written as far as instructions. Previously in the survey FREQUENCY related to how
often we performed an element. In this section what element would be performed for conditions like
leukemia??? Are you expecting a Test? And if so what test since there are many? Are you asking if we treat the
condition? If so the instructions were unclear. It seems you are asking how often we use the information
collected to recognize the disease.
the topic was extraordinarily thorough, but the specific questions were confusing and possibly contradictory.
It wasnt so much that the coverage was inadequate, but the whole set up was confusing! I decided to interpret
the 2 categories of 1-5 scale questions as trying to distinguish between how often I actually see something in my
practice compared to how important I think it is for a practitioner to know (so, say, in regards to a stroke, I see
them rarely in practice, so 1; but its very important to recognize the signs if someone is having a stroke in ones
office, so 5.
The way questions are conveyed and the quality of the questions.
not clear as to occurrence vs importance; infrequent may be very important. Allopathic disease constructs are
not the whole of biomedicine.
Survey was difficult to answer for my practice...were you asking the frequency of my needing to address an issue
(i.e., office falls), or the importance to which I assign appropriate response, and prevention?
Too many unnecessary bio categories.
if possible, my actual % above would be 25-30 total for the exam and needed to be in practice. too much
emphasis on making Western diagnosis for which we are generally not licensed and inadequately trained to do.
The programs and exams are becoming more and more weighted towards biomed/integrated practice rather
than honing skills to communicate and practice the alternative that is AOM. If we wanted to practice Allopathic,
we would go to allopathic med school.
Confusing.; What are you trying to get at? Do you want practitioners to recognize various diseases, etc? This was
very unclear.
I was very confused about what was being asked of me concerning the frequency of administering these tasks.
I feel the wording of the response choices in the survey was poor. "How often do I perform kidney stones?, etc"
It wasnt clear if you were asking if I treat this condition, diagnose this condition, or what. I see and treat many
things that have been diagnosed by medical professionals. In fact, more than 90 percent of my clients come
having had extensive medical evaluations.
I do not diagnose or interpret a patients considtion using western terminology. I am not licensed to do so. If I see
something Chinese Med cannot treat or something serious, I refer out.
see above
I honestly had no idea what you meant by this tedious survey. "Angina" is not a task. Do I evaluate every single
patient for every single possible biomedical illness? Of course not. But if there are signs/symptoms that indicate
that there is a problem somewhere, I follow that path and evaluate (and refer) as appropriate. RARELY does that
actually occur. ALWAYS I am alert to the possibility. I am not an MD and do not wish to pretend to be one by
performing biomedical tests.
Questions not relevant to real-world clinical scenarios.
the question The frequency with which you perform each element is not adequate - I often do I perform
Oncology, or recognize ominous signs - of course I look at my patients, ask questions, but have never seen
ominous signs of abuse. Maybe a better question. Another point. I RECOGNIZE the importance of management
of office emergencies, but I have never had to IMPLEMENT any plans - not sure how to answer.
too many items to read and check.
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I dont do many of the procedures or diagnoses covered; I provide supporting role which was not covered here.
Focuses too much on Western Biomedicine. Need to recognize red flags for referral, not engage in Western
diagnosis.
Instructions very unclear. For example, what exactly am I being asked about the "frequency" of "mechanisms" of
drugs or vitamins?; Much of this whole section made very little sense to me. I guessed at what you trying to find
out.
Acupuncturists are not providers of biomedicine. This survey seems to reflect the training in acupuncture
schools which is "just enough to be dangerous" or more often, obnoxious. This survey was inadequate because it
left out the context of real world practice with real world patients who have MDs and are not looking for their
acupuncturists to be MDs.
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ACPL Section
What does "frequency of needle removal" mean ? Some of these question responses are very unclear.
Again, stupid questions!!! "Needle removal"? How could we not remove needles from every patient, and how
could that not be "extremely important"? The format of the survey just doesnt make sense for a great many of
the questions.
choosing a weight of how important a task is how can I say anything other than 100% for each of these?
It is very difficult to choose what is important because practitioners practice differently. I never bleed patients
but my collegue does because he thinks it is very effective. I dont burn moxa because I dont want to expose
myself to the smoke but it is effective. So these questions, and my answers are relative.
For this an every other section there is an issue of referential opacity. It is not clear what you are referring to
with each section, and to attribute percentage of importance to sections that where it is not clear what exactly
you are referring to renders this entire survey invalid.
The safety section could use some wording clarification to quantify what NCCAOM is trying to assess.
this is one long survey where does it end?
The questions and and answers dont clearly reflect one another.
too long; not clear structure of questions; a waste of time given the silly questions -> bad data
Again, the wording in this section made no sense at all. "How often do I perform needle removal?" "How often
do I use needle selection?" Well, how can you do acupuncture if you dont select a needle? "How often do I
practice crisis manangement?" Well, the answer is either always or never. Ive never had a crisis. I dont really
understand how you can get any useable information from this section of the questionaire.
too many questions,; we do not have time to read all.
Too much focus on Western biomed. Need to know red flags for referral, not how to diagnose.
see above
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CH Section
The survey REQUIRED me to answer this page altho i am NOT AOM, i only conduct acupuncture treatments (not
herbs, other than my training in patents), ie i am not certified in Chinese Herbology.
Stating the importance of a formula is meaningless-- each one is important for a given condition.
more on individual herbs rather than just formulas
I cannot judge since I am not a trained herbologist. This section of the survey should include a N/A option
Much is dependent upon the demographics and climate area in which you practice. Some of the answers in this
survey might be misleading due to this.
why have this section and noted requirement and then require someone who does not have the necessary
certification to respond? Suggest you provide a separate survey.
I feel that the optimal outcome of competency based assessment would be to ask these questions based on the
current CA exam formulas, which is a very good model to base assessment on because it contains the primary
formulas and their modifications. It is very dependent on individual style of practice, climate of practice and
patient base as to which formulas are relevant to a first year practitioner so that they can become a better
practitioner in the years to follow.
Extremely silly way of analysis. Shows nothing.
Needed more practical knowledge of dispensing, and how to modify. Most of my piers did not feel ready for the
real world.
Many things. 1. ALL formulas are important to the right patient. 2. Special attention should be made to
knowledge of toxic herbs. 3. Patients on multiple medications should not take herbs at all. Efficacy is challenged.
4. Patient compliance changes practitioners approach to herbal treatment often.
Need more on classical theory and herbs - Shang Han Lun, Wen Bing, Pi Wei Lun etc
Some practices dont focus on or ose herbs.
Knowledge and ability to apply basic, foundational theories (e.g. from Shang Han Lun) were not addressed
Make little sense.
I am so sorry, but it was nearly impossible for my eyes to track each herbal formula and stay with the line
accross the screen. Next time try breaking them down to at most 5 formulas per block.
I do not use Herbs in my practice
How is it possible to determine importance of a formula? They are all important for the corresponding pattern
diagnosis.
There was no spot to check for those of us that dont practice chinese herbology
Didnt apply to my license.
to basic
you dont discuss raw or maybe you did but really what is the point? what are you trying to achieve with all those
buttons to click? to many buttons. not even for 1 ceu will i press that many buttons poor design is poor survey
design.
Very poor question. What formula isnt important when you use it?
the questions about frequency of use are ridiculous
N/A
All formulas are important, depending on the presentation.; Patient must get the correct formula.Asking about
importance of each formula seem ineffective to me.
Juan bi tang misspelled as Jian bi tang?; see above
I do not see the point to discussing the importance of individual herbal formulas. They are only important in the
clinical context of a specific pattern of disharmony, whether it is in front of you or not.
See above comments.
see the tasks and competencies I listed above. Not nearly enough about safety, manufacturing, quality issues,
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and not enough on more modern understanding and usage of herbs
I dont use those formulas
I know nothing about this area. The question is not applicable
no pharmacology or drug interaction or side effects
You offered no opt out of answering this section for practitioners who dont use herbs.
As above. However, to survey this particular subject matter would be very challenging without it being many
pages long.
What percentage of patients are given both acupuncture and herbs. ; Are side effects ever noticed and if they
are how are they reported or recorded.; What percentage of patients do you consider non compliant with
herbs.; What percentage of patients come in specifically wanting Chinese herbs.
The section on each herbal formula was very challenging to answer.
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Appendix E: Missing Task Elements and KSAs
70
Missing Task Elements and KSAs
FOM Section
none
Clear diagnosis, palpation, business management
Practical applications- needle technique, practice of moxibustion
How to communicate effectively with other medical care providers and understand there roles in the health care
system.
Ethics.
Bedside manner - being able to competently explain and talk to patients and make them feel comfortable
long term success of licensee is completely dependent upon competency in how to organize and operate an
Oriental Medicine clinic. Mastery in FOM is obviously not enough to ensure success of licensees as evidenced by
job and income data.
More focus on Five Element
I do not practice TCM. I practice in the style of Kiiko Matsumoto. I feel that palpation of the patient is all
important.
Most, if not all patients present with several etiologies, therefore multiple organ systems need addressing.
They should be comfortable talking to people that are distressed
point location
All were covered
You did a good job in outlining topics associated with FOM but a significant portion of our profession end up
concentrating on partic. aspects of our diverse traditions (for ex., I specialize in palpation-based Japanese-style
acupuncture based on Nan Jing theory, not based on 8 Principal herbal theory...), and requiring a new graduate
to be able to apply ALL of FOM in practice seems unfair. We want caring, compassionate people who will do no
harm and will help serve patients and support diversi
Clean needle, western medicine understanding
basic business practices
N/A
Capacity to communicate with Western Medicine practitioners and an understanding of western
pathophysiology. The new brain science explains the benefits of acupuncture far better than the ancient system
and so should be given some if not equal weight.
understanding western diagnosis in the context of oriental medicine theory
none
online research
meridian theory
none
Whether the client is male or female. Males tend to not give a truthful response to some questions.
Western medical aspects, prognosis, patient communication,
yin yang principles
Taking a thorough history
Discussing psychological aspects of patient. Nervous, tense, depressed, addictive, etc.
Palpation of points from a balancing method perspective
business skills
I always ask about the whole person like: lifestyle, family issues, work life, outside stressors, are they happy? do
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they take time out to have fun?
practice management
Some knowledge of modern sciences and medicine
Clinical communication skills
Ability to convey concepts and diagnostic concepts to patients
Clinical Communication Skills: dx, tx plan, metrics, set expectations, benchmarking
I feel that all styles are important, but will be stronger depending on where your education took place. A Five
element practioner will not be as strong in some diagnosis as a TCM and vice versa. Each should also check with
patient on their physical activites or lack of required by work.
n/a
Physical assessment for musculoskeletal disorders
emotional boundaries and how to deal with unsuccesful treatments
needle technique
They covered all
skillful needling techniques;
psychological assessment and counseling; Qi Gong or other energy healing; Tui Na, shiatsu, or other manual
therapy
intake strategy and assessment
ALWAYS address your patients chief complaint, even if you believe there is something more important to be
treating. They came to you for their own reason and if you can help them with that, theyll let you help them with
anything. In addition, you went to acupuncture school NOT business school. If you blame your lack of business
acumen on your school you are making excuses for yourself. If you are not a business person, find someone who
is and they will help you. Pay them. Its worth it.
self Study or other type of study
Knowledge of western medicine diseases
understanding western medical labs and when to refer to physicians
Explain AOM concepts to patients
All were covered.
Pulse listening
Orthopedic exams and red flags
I believe that personal experience with Qi Gong is essential for grasping and applying the principles of OM,
especially in earlier years of study.
None
Not enough clinical training. Too much spiritual and not enough medicial knowledge.
practice management skills
explaining treatment frequency, duration, and expectations to patients
point location
always review with patient WHY you pick your treatment.
practice management; including qualifying for insurance reimbursement
patient rapport, many new students I see are completely unable to relate to others, they are focused on self and
theory not making pt comfortable and talking to them. you need to have good pt rapport in order for pt to trust
open up and give you the info you need
Not tailored/oriented to Japanese practitioners
Ethics, Responsibilities, Laws, Western Medicine
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formulating a treatment plan
Additional diagnostic techniques such as pulse-taking, hara examination, etc.
It is important to focus on the chief complaint, initially. Once the patient has seen results and developed trust in
you, then you approach the other complaints/constitutional issues.
n.a.
provide suitable guidance and advise for patient to prevent symptom recurrence or for health maintenance
none
Physical diagnosis in Western Medicine.
healing presence
INTERPERSONAL SKILLS AND THE ABILITY TO INTERACT WITH THE GEBERAL POPULATION ABOUT OM
No suggestions
Need to know basical diagnosis in western medicine
More emphasis on palpation; More emphasis on treating what you find ; Less emphasis on TCM; Very few
schools teach students how to prepare to run a business, market yourself, earn a living
treatment principle
Communication with patients.
I feel the survey was diverse and covered the foundemental aspects of OM/TCM.
Japenese extra meridian and 5 element diagnosis and treatment; Japanese
FUCOS ON PATIENT MAIN COMPLAIN
confidence-level in practice
Red flags
building rapport, Chinese medicine physiology
Human Relations
Acupuncture needle manipulation techniques.; Obtaining malpractice insurance. How to become an HMO
preferred provider.
Interpretation of lab work, xr, mri
symptomology requiring emergent intervention/referral
Special Tests both CM and Western Orthopedic exams, Anatomy
Ability to work with people of all backgrounds, including patients, colleagues, other health care providers,
insurance personnel, etc.
KNowledge of biomedical treatments and relation to tcm treatment, medical professionalism
biomedical communication and assessment
Patient communication and relationship, red flags
I believe some knowledge of western medicine should recieve some level of importance.
1). FYI, in California someone with five years or less experience is considered an "entry-level" practitioner. 2).
New practitioners also need to know how to communicate with patients, explain what their problem is and how
you are going to treat it and how long it will take and they have to have a good understanding of operating a
business. This is critical to their success as an acupuncturist. The majority of acupuncturists fail because they
have little to no experience in these areas.
so far fine
Referal to MD
I think that covers things.
business practices (accounting, insurance, tracking expenses, billing, office practices)
I think we need more western medicine diagnostic tests taught to us that we can be tested on later. It will make
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all of us better practitioners.
N/A
moxibustion, biomedical examination and differentiation
Where is tui na , gua sha, cupping, Moxa?
the type of body
none can think of at this moment
Point location
auxiliary techniques, moxabustion
Treatment Techniques and Modalities
Importance of observation and patient interaction
Bookkeeping, Accounting prep for Taxes
Business practices. How to market, how to keep on top of the business end of things. You may be a great
acupuncturist, but if you cant function well in the world, you wont have enough patients to use your skills on.
I think the importance of touch/palpation has to be more prominant
ethics, communication skills, business practices
How to successfully open, run and sustain a business as a AOM practitioner, how to find and retain patients, etc.
basic business skills
patient needs to feel safe and comfortable
Western pathology, diagnostic studies and treatment.
Communication skills between patient and practicioner
none
Ethics
Clean Needle Technique
no idea
Acupuncture diagnosis vs herbal diagnosis
Treatment skills
communication with patients. Ethics
covered everything
practical anatomy
Building patient raport; Marketing stratagies for keeping a practice viable.
nothing to add
Practice building.
None
Palpation Skills
none
Practice management (patient/practitioner communication), marketing, business marketing
They need to know everything
Rapport- The ability to connect to a patient, build trust and diagnose effectively. Also, point location is essential.
Results
Integrating with other health care professionals, especially Western medical professionals.
Ethical interviewing and building trust with patient. Explaining to patient what and why you are doing so
treatment.
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NA
I find while all the methods of dx / txmt are great theory in real life people arent living a lifestyle of 3-10
thousand yrs ago. We need to teach ourselves how to compete with modern medicine and scope creep. ; ; Stop
putting out people who take jobs doing AOM for 10.00/hr. They hurt us more than anything.
I am old. My brain is frequently forgetting language. My hands remember everything. I expect my patient to
change presentation during my diagnosis which is hands on. That is because diagnosis and treatment are
simultaneous with me. Hard to answer your questionnaire as it really doesnt apply very well to me.
marketing and business management
Worsley FIve Element Practices
Clear understanding if differential diagnosis from a tcm perspective
entry-level
Seemed complete
Channel knowledge, pathways, pathologies
n/a
Patient relationship and return patient care as a back bone to a TCM wellness program
business management
Physical exam
unsure
counseling
potential, serious adverse effects of acupuncture therapy
It has well established by language experts that Qi does not mean energy and Mai does not mean meridian. The
entire teaching in this country is almost laughable. Mai means blood vessels and Qi means air or vapor or
oxygen. The energy template placed on Chinese medicine by this organization is destroying the future of this
medicine. No energy medicine will ever be accepted as mainstream, period.
none
none
Interpersonal skills; Emotional maturity; Patient counseling
none
Make sure you listen enough to your patient as a person to also understand why they are there, fears
espectations etc. the things they do not say.
no
ethics; communication skills; self care
referral criteria to other modalities; Non-academic dx:palpation; Biomedical clinical knowledge for dfferentiaion
and referral; Behavioral health knowledge for referral
TCM Back diagnosis & Channel/Points Palpation
pathology
As a 5E practitioner, the NCCAOM test is not really relevent to my practice.
Nutrition
none
palpatory skills; interpersonal skills
acupoints and application
marketing, esp[ecially marketing with integrity
knowledge of point location accuracy
understand your position in health care; you are a specialty consult and not a Primary Care Provider
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How often does one consult an AOM or other medical provider?
Complicated cases in addition to the standards presented in school
Dispersal vs Tonification
Listening
all covered
Practitioners confidence in their ability to effectively treat patients using acupuncture.
electrical stimulation; precautions or contra indications
Following changes in patterns as treatment progresses
palpatory literacy; palpatory anatomy
HOW TO MAKE A LIVING/BUSINESS SKILLS
first, your instructor ; second, love your neighbor, thrid, give thanks to lord. fourth, follow oriental medicine
foundation. fifth, relationship with patient. sixth, thankful.
time management within a treatment
Solid understanding and personal practice of energy exercise such as TaiChi, Qi Gong or yoga.
Pulse diagnosis; Tongue diagnosis; Confliciting information between the two...
Development of rapport with patients and cultivating personal health for greater treatment efficacy.
electrotherapy; cupping
When one method may be more appropriate than another
TCM diagnosis is quite different than 5 Element Diagnosis. I think it is important to offer 2 different testing
methods based on the tradition practiced. When I was taking the exam, there were very few questions based on
the 5 Element tradition which is what is the majority of my practice.
Western dx.
to hear, to see, to taste to feel
integrating the allopathic diagnosis, or patients diagnosis with AOM diagnosis
How the practitioner relates to the patient, p.i. attentive listening, be present, compassion, empathy
Perhaps clinical skills, such as needling techniques, cupping, etc.
personal interaction skills, touching the patient, connecting with the patient
Practice Management; Telephone SKills; Budget management
Auricular Diagnosis and Treatment as it provides the entry-level practitioner with an easy, quick and accurate
diagnosis AND an extremely effective Treatment strategy.
N/A
Nothing seems to be omitted
Emergency conditions and response
Lab testing analysis
Western orthopedic and neurological evaluations, proper insurance coding and billing, integrative
communication
collect western medicine diagnosis if available
well
Red flag conditions needing referral
western orthopedic exams, test, and assessments.
While it is very important to treat the root of a problem it is more important to give a patient relief from their
complaint so treat the patient where they are at, including them in the process. Being able to give a patient a
realistic time frame for their healing is important too. Work on needling skills. Ive treated many patients that
almost left AOM because of poor needling technique.
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Oriental Bodywork, Patient management, interface with other types of medical practitioners
Nutritional Assessment, Western lab analysis
I believe the core of TCM is our diagnostic capabilities. This can not be stressed enough.
Managing Patient Expectations (how to tell a patient how often and how long to come in)
It is inherent that one cannot treat w/o a correct diagnosis. My experieince with entry level practitioners is that
they cant effectively diagnose.
point location; relationship
Understanding the relationship between diagnosis and treatment principle
N/A
I am a Worsley 5 Element Practitioner. We are not recogonized by the TCM practitioners.
everything was covered
Well covered
lab or blood tests medications,life style
na
5 element theory is covered in this survey. However, it bears mentioning that I attended a traditional TCM
school. We touched on using some 5 element Tx strategy, however, the boards are guided by traditional TCM
teachings. Yet there are some 5 element theory on board exams. ; I know that there are 5 element schools, and
maybe why it appears on the board exams. Having been trained in traditional TCM, I feel that 5 element is
another form of Chin.Med.and one that I would pursue learning later
medical interviewing and good charting skills
communication of FOM to clients. the more clients understand where your diagnosis comes from and what your
treatment plan is the more likely they are going to come back for return visits.
n/a
The most important tool for an entry-level practitioner is confident, competent, critical clinical thinking. I have
yet to see a good young practitioner (recent graduate) who can SOAP chart on a blank piece of paper--they seem
lost w/o check boxes.
none
Labs; Diagnostic pertaining to hospital practice.
building patient rapport
You could consider asking questions about specific techniques.
The importance of maintaining a simple meditation or qi gong routine as the practitioner.
very upset that i had to learn a different mode of treatment you should have a five element test.
Treating Pain/bi-syndrome
Methods and Materials are missing
none
An understanding of the difference between treatment with Chinese herbs and treatment with acupuncture- the
strengths and weaknesses of both, as well as, their strengths and weaknesses in relation to conventional
medicine
SOAP notes
LISTENING; PRIOPRITIZING ; POINT SELECTION
no
Counseling
western labs including bloodwork, digestive & functional panels
WESTERN CLINICAL EXAMS, B/P, PE, ROM, PSYCHO-social, spiritual, dietary evaluations.
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n/a
Writing medical reports, business marketing
Basic patient communication, ability to coordinate western and TCM theory
A person to person transmission from a trusted teacher
intention
Patient communication and education
Findings that would require a referral to a physician or other professional.
knowledge of western medicine & diseases
Western medical skills: reading labs, x-rays, MRI, etc.
proper practioner patient interaction
dr/ patient relationship skills
I would like to see how questions are asked and knowledge assessed improved on the exams more than the
strict content covered. The test was too easy, too random, too incomplete, and a poor format to test some of
what cannot be done on paper. There should be live components to our board exams.
how to connect with and engage patient.
Business and communication skills are woefully lacking amongst many, if not most, members of our community.
patient skills; business
the attitude of acceptance, compassion... being able to subtly counsel according to the level of openness of the
patient
soap notes at first time and progressive chart record.
marketing; networking; acupuncture outreach; business ownership
This survey covered the entry level tasks well.
Im sorry, but I think this question is flawed. All three are essential and equally important. Also, the term
"treatment strategy" is not an appropriate translation for the term zhi fa. Wiseman and Feng translate it as
"treatment method." If zhi fa is indeed what you call "treatment strategy" I suggest you change it to "treatment
method" or "treatment tactic" or at least provide the pinyin so we know what you are referring to.
medical record keeping
Pathology of Western Disease and Neurological Disorders. Pharmacology of Western Meds
not sure
patient /practitioner interaction
rapport!!! (cant ask questions about this in an exam, but is EXTREMELY important nonetheless)
Safe Practice, Cautions, Red Flags
Herbal remedies
mixed patterns in diagnosis - how to pick the most important differentiation to treat first
Observation of people in real life United States circumstances, and how they differ from classic presentation of
pattern diagnosis.
ability to apply correct assessment model to presenting condition of patient; ability to uses applicable
examination methods to achieve useful assessment; refers to other health practitioners when necessary
listening
Practice management
basic business knowledge
Record keeping; Ethics; Safety
I used to teach and I know of a few APs who have been out of school for several years that still dont know basic
tongue/ pulse diagnosis or use differentiation in their practice, because they dont know it well enough to do so.
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Prevention actions and principles
business management
no insurance, no patients. there is no usa group that is as strong as the ama ownership of insurance companies.
tired of having to have a lawyer get the payments. tired of having to sell oriental medicine. tired of groups such
as yourself who do nothing. I have never seen an advertisement by your group in any news media promoting
anything or any promotion of insurance groups to use oritiental medicine...fsoma(joke) nccaom(joke) i maintain
an nccaom cert just to say hey, i study more. woo
N/A
presence and accountability ; Ethics
Having many patients with drug addictions, more emphasis on this. Stressing importance of fundamentals.
treatment plans: How long and often a patient should come for a given complaint/etc
This survey does not specify Acupuncture vs Herbs and Acup (OM). If acup alone, answers would be very
differenent.
Frequency of treatment, when to reevaluate
I do Japanese acupuncture more than 50% so many did not apply ast much as when I do TCM (ie tongue, 6
stages, etc)
business concerns
Na
basic western exam
ethics
type of needles; heat lamp; heat matt
so much of this medicine is based on a persons ability to integrate all the info and then apply it logically. I feel
that coming up with a coherent tx plan based on a systematic evaluation is critical and should be more stressed
in curriculi
Most important are treatment strategies, once an assessment is made. Most patients will come in with a
diagnosis from their physician and over time, the practitioner will learn the signs and symptoms associated with
that diagnosis and only experience will teach the relationships of said diagnosis to chinese medicine evaluation.
It cant be expected of a new practitioner to know all of the symptoms of a disease and each person will present
with their unique expression of that disease anyway.
None
Pricing schedules to fairly work with broad range of cirumstances on pricing, working with insurance companies.
Red flags. How to deal with unexpected effects of treatment professionally ( cupping with a patient who did not
let you know they are on blood thinners) etc.
Akabenes, Umbilical Pulse
-Basic rapport skills; -importance of assessing and addressing spiritual issues of patient
All covered.
Akabane
Business
if om/tcm differential dx includes Worsley 5-el dx systems, my answers above are accurate
Abdominal Palpation
Case studies
Practice and Business Management skills
patient communication. The ability to convey and take in information in a mutually useful manner.
business tasks
What energy is as it pertains to the human body
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nutritional principles
none
herbal formulas
ability to explain basic theory and the principles of teatments to patients and other health care providers
Practice management and businenss strategies
Abdominal palpation
Rapport: Ability to connect and resonate with the patient; bed side manners.
Relation with Western medicine
na
none
Proper Internship
developing a moral context for the medicine they are administering
patient rapport
none that come to mind. practice management but different subject
A need for more western allopathic understanding, as most western practioners do not understand our process
intake file management
physical exam???
It seems that we learned a lot of different approaches and techniques in school. After school, we each kept
practicing the styles and techniques that resonated with each of us. Its hard to say what is most important
because there is no single style of acupuncture in America (or anywhere). As such, its hard to know what
competencies a new practitioner should know.
Ethics
Practitiorner should spend time reevaluate own positive qi level before seeing patients
none i am not practicing now.
No
NONE
Emphasis on diagnosis extremely important in first year
history of medicine
Patient rapport/ relationship
Classical studies
Assessment/Analysis according to Western allopathic medicine, in order to recognize important issues and make
appropriate referrals if necessary
Jun zi- the art of being a higher practitioner
building patient rapport, gathering info about their own understanding of their condition, helping them connect
to the effectiveness of the txs in culturally relevant ways, formulating and communicating relevant treatment
plans
business, regulatory/legal, provider issues, lab testing and scope of practice
Practice Management
palpation of meridians, muscles, bones, tissues and organs
n/a
What to expect when you are actually in practice (problem patients, common complaints, overlap with other
professions, i.e counseling, physical therapy, fertility, etc.)
referral to other practioners; business
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Safety and red flags
none
Practice Management,; Insurance and Legal Issues related specifically to oriental medicine
business methods and principles
family history
establish rapport
Being a good listener.
practice
Education on what is dangerous when performing needle therapy as well as the ethics.
clean needle technique
getting the patient to answer the question you asked; integrating the information from the patients intake form
with the information the practitioner gleans from Q&A, observation, palpation, etc. and coming up with a
diagnosis and treatment plan.
TCM IN RELATION TO WESTERN DIAGNOSIS
ability to explain TCM concepts in everyday language
clinical experience
Western Medical literacy, in order to understand and communicate with other health care practitioners
relationship to western medicine - cross reference
Recognizing how to differentiate various qualities in illness particularlywhen there are emotional/mental
components related to the chief complaint, i.e., anxiety or history of trauma, or history of substance abuse. I am
not confident graduates know how to inquire in these areas much less diagnose (and I consider it important to
relate to Western criteria with diagnosis even with TCM to have appropriate parameters for prognosis if nothing
else).
Eastern medicine disease diagnosis
referrals; ; Listening
point location
none
business marketing
Business practices-how to build a practice and how to relate to the western medical community
Describe the problems they help people to solve in plain language. ; Having a system for attracting new
patients.; Having a model for an ideal patient.; Getting an understanding of their uniqueness compared to their
local colleagues.
when to refer out
n/a
classical theory
Formulating a treatment plan, communicating with patients, approaching patients
practice management, safety
good examination with good diagnosis then most important is giving right treatment to find instant result .
Buisness management
Western Medicine
strong communication skills; strong ability to discern which initial intake forms are the BEST for yielding an
effective assessment, analysis and differential diagnosis.
bedside manners
We do not all use every method provided by TCM; questions would be irrelevant. Very concerned about
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injection therapy being used by the avg. acupuncturist. I do not feel we have enough monitored practice to do
such therapies.
TRIGGER POINT AND MOTOR POINT ACUPUNCTURE. More anatomy, less TCM - IT DOSNT WORK! More channel
theory, less tcm. More Six stages, less tcm. I dont know anyone who practices TCM in the private world. Most of
us give it up for stuff that actually works, or fail. Notice that there is a lot of people failing to succeed. TCM sucks.
Communication with patient
moxa, guasha,
Theories of how to choose assessment methods.
evaluation of the patients motivation and capacity to make changes
Oriental Medicine Nutrition
none
Rice grain moxa and its usues.
moxabustion; cupping; guasha
I feel that the survey covered the core competencies, esp. tongue, pulse and 8 principle differentiation.
IVE ONLY DONE 18% OF SURVEY SO WHY ARE YOU ASKING ME THIS NOW? I TRIED TO GO TO PREVIOUS BUT
COULDNT . IS THIS RIGHT?
Assessing hands on competence most needed not just book knowledge.
I think it is important to understand that acupuncture is more of a palpation based art and internal medicine is
more for 8 principles etc.
none
observation of body posture, strength and sound of voice of patient, body language is sometimes half the
diagnosis
Meridian function with more education on the Triple Burner
Interaction with patient
No
Prescribing herbal formulas to treat condition is very important in treating patients.
Appropriate Interview techniques for varieties of personalities.; Safety, confidentiality, proper referrals (includes
red flags) assessing and relaying treatment plans.
nutritional background
find the root cause but put out the fire, then treat the root.
Mother/Son
Blood pressure assessment - a basic skill which should be applied to every patient.
ability to connect with other providers, be taken "seriously" by other other providers, communication with
providers and ability to establish a practice with little or no financing
Listening skills
emotional issue
Auricular Therapy; Emergency Procedures
The system of Chinese medicine should be assessed as a system and not as the individual modalities within that
system.
Channel Theory
The biases of TCM should not be the only framework. There should be emphasis on the classics, including the
Nan Jing and Ling Shu.
Patient interaction and comfort skills
excellent
Differential diagnosis - identifying other possibilities is important.
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contraindications
physical treat techniques - tui na, cupping, etc.
none
dont know
western differentiation of sx
REVIVING A PATIENT; NEEDLE STACK
Marketing and Business Professionalism
patient practitioner relationship
Referral of emergencies
Bio medical Explanation. relatiohship to blood work and western testing
none very thorough
I felt everything was covered
Relating to clients and communicating with them
obtaining the history of the present illness.; ; determining the attributes of a symptom; ; understanding
frequency, duration and intensity of an episode.; ; determining a functional baseline; ; understanding strength,
endurance and range of motion.; ; Understanding ADLs and IDLAs
N/A
contraindications
This may be covered later but HIPPA guidelines have become quite important in recent years. Not an FOM thing
directly, I know. Just not sure if Ill have a chance to bring it up later
adjunct therapies of moxibustion, cupping,; guasha
Time spent with patient
covered
All of the above assumes a knowledge of the theory of Yin Yang, 5 Phases, Vital Substances, Qi Transformation,
and Chinese Physiology without explicitly acknowledging that fact.
Patient Communication; Rapport Building; Needling Skill; Time Management
Herbs
None
MAJOR MEDICATIONS INFORMATION THAT THE PATIENT TAKING NOW OR PREVIOUSLY.
The assumption is made that Foundations of Oriental Medicine is based in TCM, in many cases it is not, only the
exames are!
bedside manner; self cultivation techniques for personal and business
Practice building strategies
Educate patients on theory, procedure, point selection.
moxabustion; cupping
documentation
general impression for initial assessment
How to sk questions in a way that elicits real info. How to listen between the lines of wha tpeople say
understanding of how common pharmaceuticals affect presentation, diagnosis, and treatment
tongue & pulse diagnosis
biomed
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BIO Section
none
All covered.
More medical information on safety for the practitioner and patient.
If the patient has a condition, its important for the practitioner to learn about it if she doesnt already know.
Drug Herb Interaction; Reading Lab/Scan Results; Contraindications for performing acupuncture
How to effectively communicate with and educate patient
N/A
Science-based dietary competency. The TCM approach to diet is nearly useless while promoting a plant-based
diet is supported by science and will save lives.
adequately covered
none
With the internet and books drug, herbal and suppliments are easy to look up. Disease impt depends on the
practice focus,
none
understanding of different lab and diagnostic tests and their results.
Reading basic lab tests
THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL SHOULD BE 100% AND THE SAFETY AND PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES SHOULS
ALSO BE 100% OF IMPORTANCE
Should AOM entry -level practitioner have some knowleage about diabetes?; Fever: what the fever mean?
Should we treat the fever or just leave it alone?
Although covered, strong capability in identify emergent and acute conditions that need referral
While the new practioner should be exposed so that no Biomedical situation is "new" it is more important to
know how to access resources when needed rather than have all BIO memorized by heart.
n/a
they covered all
Helping patients to reduce their use of pharmaceuticals, especially if these are not helping to cure the patient,
but are just used to manage illness by Western medicine. (Applies more for Chinese herbologists, perhaps.)
This sections questions are horribly unclear and unanswerable. All the conditions are important to recognize, but
many of them I rarely or never see, so how can I answer what percentage of the time I evaluate for or recognize
them?
treat appropriately and refer out when needed
If you are administering herbs, you need to have a basic pharmacological understanding of the drugs your
patients are on. That way, you can make clear explanations to the patients MD when necessary.
Patient/practitioner boundaries should be better established and ethics statues as they relate to these should be
better defined.
safty control is much more important than performance for TCM provider
Many of the safety-related and professional responsibilities fall, in my opinion, into the allopathic realm, such
that many complementary practitioners rely on medical colleagues to support their work with regard to office
emergencies, infection control, and other aspects of medical care.
None
learn to read mri, x-ray & other medical reports
recognizing neurological impairment for referral; drug/supplement/herbal interaction; biochemistry brain;
enteric brain biochemistry
Most biomedical would be illegal for me to practice. Referring to MD is necessary, rather than me interpreting
from Western medicine perspective.
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I feel like the important aspects were all covered adequately.
n.a.
Its very important to keep air clean (with air purifier and ventilation) and comfortable temperature (including
moisture) in the clinic.
When to refer.
discussion of boundaries
billing
SAFETY AND RESPONSIBILITIES
covered well.
when western medicine referral or emergency care is critical; differentiate between issues in vogue/popular in
alternative medicine vs medical crises.
none
Drug-Herb interactions and contraindications.
how to interpret lab data
not quite sure what you are looking for in this section; rather to generalized and not necessarily applicable to my
practice
Many tasks that are performed infrequently in the clinic are vital to recognize for patient safety.
understand biomedical treatments and impact of TCM treatments
The survey isnt very good because frequency means what? When I see a patient who has indications I always
use the specific western med dx tool but if someone has asthma I wont check for MS?? See what I mean? Im not
sure what exactly you mean by frequency. Red Flags are not well covered
Way over-emphasized. We cannot diagnose but of course all this info influences tx.
L.Ac.s should not take more than a survey course in prescription medicines. They can use phone apps to look of
the information when needed (thats what one of my DO friend does and I do). Learning drugs opens up a can of
worms. Who decides what drugs are important to learn? A lot of popular drugs are off the market after a few
years.
so far fine
Sexual boundries
I think you covered it.
Basic counseling, life coach. Youd be surprised how some people just need to be told they are doing okay, or
need to be told it is okay to buy a puppy.
greater level of education within the context of pathophysiology
refer to MD
Observation
Acute conditions are very important to be able to narrow down, so we can treat effectively and quickly. Of
course chronic conditions are important too, but it basically goes without saying that what we treat heals and
resolves; the issue is whether the patient will come back so we can finish the job. This is easier with an acute
condition.
Although bio medical knowledge is useful it does not determine the outcome of the treatment protocol one will
use which is based on oriental medicine
Seemed like a silly section. None of those tests were within my scope to order, but all are extremely important
to know about.
none to speak of at the moment
Networking with biomedical professionals; referrals
none
Electronic Insurance billing & Electronic Record Keeping.
85
i have no idea what ur refering to
answers are dependent upon just acupuncture or also using herbs/supplements
good
nothing to add
None
taking blood pressure, communicating clearly with western medicial doctors
They need to know everything
I dont think we need to know nearly as much bio med as is implied in this survey. We are AOM practitioners, not
MDs. I have been a nurse practitioner and I dont think it is appropriate to expect us to know much bio med
unless you extend the schooling to the level of an NP. I just dont think that is necessary to do AOM. We should
know how to recognize serious conditions and refer and focus on AOM not biomed.
Its very important to have a good understanding of marketing and business.
Business management
none
western medicine tests and interpretation of them.
Documentation
Group treatment protocols and paperwork
possible complications and contraindicatons associated with particular biomedical diagnoses with the use of
acupuncture and chinese medicine
Am not sure how to best assess this area because the field 10-39% was really large and the subjective rate of
importance/non imp, did not address life threatening or non lifethreatening, could be dealt with over time, etc. I
feel that all health is very important!
bio
Biomedicine you need to know the red flags in all areas and when to refer
Communication with patients
can not think of anything
It was unclear from the survey whether you wanted the percentage of patients we treat for a condition or the
percentage of patients we evaluated for that western diagnosis.
none
no
ongoing continuing education in biomedicine, current trends and latest findings
all was covered
trigger points
How to communicate with Western physicians
Herb/drug (common) interactions
Which practitioner should be referred to when a specific situation arises.
when to refer; when to get emergency help
safety is key in medical office and cbc and mri and x-ray reading are very important.
more emphasis on infectious disease and drug interactions
I think that too much emphasis is being placed on Diagnosis which are already rendered by other Physicians.
Most patients come to Acupuncture and Herbs as a last resort...having already been diagnosed by an MD or
Specialist. I do not feel that as Acupuncturists it is our job to diagnose according to Allopathic Medicine. We are
to diagnose according to 5 Element perspective, and when using herbs according to TCM diagnosis...not
allopathic medicine.
the last section was difficult to understand how to rate - how often we see & evaluate those kinds of conditions
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or how often we screen for them or what?
****Please note - unsure if survey wanted to know what percentage of clients I see with these conditions, vs.
me being aware of these conditions. I noted that I am aware of all these conditions, although I am not giving
them a Western diagnosis.
Biomedicine, i.e. western medicine, is not as important as learning the intricacies of TCM/OM.
i CANNOT THINK OF ANY
special testing
NONE
I feel inadequate to respond to some of the questions since the BioMedical model came after I took the exam
Pattern discrimination is the most important and least understood. New practitioners tend to look up disease
rather than do patterns
blood pressure
I thought this section was very confusing and may have been more specific in terms of how often you see a type
of person. Less than ten percent is still one of ten patients which as a practitioner is often.
The way in which this module was crafted was very confusing, so I am not sure I competed it accurately. Even
the relative importance doesnt make sense. A practioner should be responsible for safety & professionalism
100% of the time.
Documentation
paralysi & tetany
none
Because most practitioners are not promary care practitioners I dont think this new, intense focus on Biomed is
neccessary as NCCAOM seems to think it is. It muddies the waters especially for new practitinoners so that they
do not diagnose and treat based on OM, but rather treat based on bio med which is out of the scope of our
practice AND not covered by liabilty insurance.
my comment is on the educational level.; Needs to be a universal bank of info re: Ethics nationally at all schools.;
Possibly: NNCCAOM require that schools use their learning program for Ethics as course work & credit in
educational setting: i.e. consistency of information to prepare for boards.
N/A
It was covered
good
none
no
Knowing when to refer out
NUTRITION
Sports injuries/emergencies
Western patient assessment, i.e., importance of vital signs, ability to recognize abnormal lab results and advise
patients to refer to western specialists or back to PCM
Scope of practice as it relates to biomedicine
understand complications of non-pharmaceutical interventions (i.e. surgery, radiation)
Understanding Scope of practice - what is allowed in under licensing in the State one is practicing in.
appropriate referrals; co-treating patients; sterilization, antisepsis
None
not sure
covered completely
you wont accept 0 what a stupid survey.
87
N/A
red flags
The more information about biomedicine taught the better off our profession will be
Both education and testing of inter-professional communication & etiquette is severely lacking
Since I do acupuncture and not herbs, I would consider western Medicine drug classifications and mechanisms
less important to what I do.; Did not understand what you meant by perform with western Medicine diseases.
Did you mean treat people with that disorder? ; I was confused by the BIO section of survey
N/A to me, I am a practicing RN
Covered
Bedside manner.
reading of medical tests
unclear to me what job task or competency is queried by a list of conditions...ability to dx? (illegal in Maine) to
tx? what are you asking here really?
blood related diseases and self protection
assess biomedicine info patients already have, ex: MRI, X-rays, Blood work
communication with patients health care providers
Intoxication
See up
na
competency in accessing evidence based research results
ok
dealing with psychotic episode when patient fails to take meds eg lithium
nutrition
If bio-medicine was taught through the lens of OM, then its worthwhile to study. i.e. we understand this disease
as a liver disharmony. We are not doctors and only need enough medical knowledge to understand what our
clients are saying.
not practicing
No
NONE
More knowledge of pharmaceuticals
history of medicine. ; "TCM" ? Chinese medicine; just one school.; What you call "biomedicine" is skewed,
narrow and allopathic.
Pain management and musculoskeletal d/o most important in knowing how to treat. Pts usually already have a
western dx
most of the biomed areas are irrelevant in the actual treatment of patients using CM theory and diagnosis. Red
flags for referrals are important. Beyond that, with the exception of straigtforward musculoskeletal disorders, it
is trying to practice Western med without a license. Confuses patients and alienates potential allies in the
medical fields. Knowledge is helpful for communicating with other docs, but not for actual treatment using CM.
when to refer. Managing medically complex patients ws. needing to diagnose them. working with biomedical
providers on coordinating care
Lawsuits, regulatory statutes under boards in states that the person will practice, understanding the risks
involved of going into practice
n/a
How to deal with patients who come to you as their "last hope".
none
88
This whole section makes little sense to me. It is important for us to recognize red flags, etc - rating percentage
of patients for each biomedical condition makes no sense.
Medical record is very important.
examining skin for skin cancer
Many patients are unable or otherwise have difficulties with discussing many of the biomedical subjects you
raised. The ability of the practitioner to respond in a non-judgmental and supportive fashion falls under
professional communication but somehow seems minimized in the survey.
NONE
impact of lifestyle on biomedical conditions
CLEAN NEEDLE
Im fairly certain I answered incorrectly. As it is not in my scope of practice to perform BIO tests or red lab
reports, I answered rarely to most of the topics. I do, however, ASK patients about those issues in the initial
intake 100% of the time.
How to communicate at the level that you can convince a physician when you notice something that is
important to bring to patient MD attentions.
none
It is important to understand areas which are life threatening or dangerous. Yet, in the AOM model, diagnosis
and treatment do not require the biomedicine model for results. Understanding and assessment can be helpful,
but is not necessary unless in certain fields.
assessment of what other health care providers a patient is seeing/has seen, and what diagnoses have been
received from those practitioners (since acupuncturists in private practice are still seen as a last resort; part of
our differential diagnosis needs to include whether a patient has received adequate lab tests from an MD; in the
state of Oregon, acupuncturists are no longer allowed to order lab tests, and when we were, they would not
have been covered by a patients insurance.
More Biomedical knowledge is needed to understand the western patients.
none
Bio medicine should be taken more seriously if we want to be taken more seriously. Grads come out with
biomed understanding that is laughable.
Bloodborne Pathogen/Needlestick
None relevant to how I practice.
not applicable
I would like to see some development undertaken to integrate "bedside manner" into the professional
competancies taught and examined
I think entry level practitioners dont need to be an expert in the BIO competencies, but they do need to
recognize when patients exhibit the potential for a serious "Red Flag" in the more critical BIO pathologies. This
will allow them to do more research or refer responsibility.
I really dont think that we need to understand all the western etiology unless we are practicing as primary
providers in the western and eastern sense. As an acupuncturist I need to eval and treat the pattern, not the
western diagnosis.
I felt the biomedical portion should have focused on more common disorders and important referrals -- some
questions were not very relevant to the average practice. Safety and professional responsibilities also important.
Note: very hard to fill inthe blue sectionn accurately -- I answered according to the frequency in which I
encounter situations. Many I almost never encounter.
No
I am noticing an outbreak of scabies in my practice and as an intern. I believe this is a critical area that needs to
recognized and addressed to government officials to control the outbreaks.
ordering labs,
communication w/ other modality practitioners
89
not sure
HIPAA
This survey covered all the core competencies; however, the examination focused almost solely on drug
interactions and muscle testing. While this and office safety and privacy is obviously very important, it is very
important that people know how to differentiate between Western medical conditions, even though we are
NOT permitted to make Western diagnoses. The ability to recognize conditions is critical and the examination
did not sufficiently cover this.
referral system to other healthcare providers
Although there was a question about whether HiBP was a treated condition, I did not see a question about
whether the vital signs (height, weight, blood pressure) were taken at the initial visit. This is an important
question in current practice
First Aid, Stethoscope
Biomedicine should take about 40% of training activities and Chinese medicine should take up about 60% of
training activities. Therefore, testing should reflect this.
some things are important for herbs but not acupuncture
appropriate referrals
excellent
Managing a practice takes a huge amount of time.
none
covered
CPR/ FIRST AID
well covered
all were covered
coordinate with other health care providers
written communications; ; Differential diagnosis
N/A
safety issues with adjunct therapies
covered
Differentiation should be made between diseases that will result in patient death, pain, or contagious disease vs.
mild patient discomfort or cosmetic issues. The weight should be on those more important issues.
none
DRUG AND HERBAL INTERACTIONS
GI issue cause by the medicine and vitamine
understanding among all models of medicines and complement each other
A core competency should be the ability to research what we havent already learned. Our Western training is
limited, and in the real world we are faced constantly with new meds and unusual diseases and conditions. The
ability to research these unknowns should be a core competency.
recognition of medical emergency is the most important
first aid
Communication with allopathic/western medical professionals. Determining beginning treatment vs. referral
and adjunctive care vs. primary care
90
ACPL Section
ok
All covered.
More on coordinating with western medicine
Needle disposal AFTER they are collected in biohazard container.
I think point location at determined relief of symptoms is important.
All was covered
N/A
none
none
The questions are unclear. How often do I perform safety procedures: Always. How often do I manage
emergencies: always when they occur.
recommendations and limits of number of needles.; addressing deficiency and excess with needle
type/gauge/depth/aaction
AGAIN, IN EACH OF THE ABOVE TOPICS THE PRACTITIONER SHOULD GIVE 100%
no.
n/a
how often do you consult acupuncture manuals?
They covered all
Hara diagnosis
Always be honest with your patient. Tell them when you can help them and when you cant. When you cant help,
find them someone who can. When you can help and they are better, tell them they have completed treatment.
Theyll come back when something else is wrong so dont try to hold them hostage forever.
Safty is included in the patient management
It is adequate
Co treat with other health care providers
None
POINT LOCATION
multiple modality treatment planning and evaluation of all supplements and other therapies that patient is
undergoing while receiving acupuncture.
Many practitioners use approaches like Master Tung, and that would have been good to have had exposure to
while in school
sensitivity to patients that have been abused as to palpation and point location, nonverbal cues of pt discomfort
More emphasis on boundary work/ dealing with patients with spirit issues
n.a.
covered well.
Japanese treatments have different priorities for treatment modalities. Not addressed at all.
draping, communication of boundaries, privacy
The use of microsystems or other acupuncture systems, i.e. - Tung/Tan
None
Coordination of care with allopathic providers.
Proper use of PPE for various modalities
Here again the questions are hard to answer. I use cupping when it is indicated. When it is indicated and you
91
dont have other treatment skills it becomes very important.
The focus needs to be on needle and moxa therapy. "Acupuncture" is not a Chinese word. The Chinese name is
"Zhen" (needle) "Jiu" (reference to Moxa). Other modalities like Qigong, guasha dont need much emphasis and
are not a part of the original system.
so far fine
The understanding of tonification and sedation techniques may vary by style. The survey was unclear if you
meant TCM VS other.
It was fine.
Dont feel confined by clean needle technique, you will never get all your points properly if you keep swabbing
with alcohol all the time.
It is important to know the various tools available, but it is practice that will lead to intuitive treatment.
none
n/a
nothing to add
None
they need to know everything
building relationships with other practitioners for referral and complimentary treatment
acpl
none
n/a
this section is poorly constructed for instance with respect to safety, I always handle properly, but I rarely have
an office emergency.
n/a
all covered
dx by looking at ear?
Pt safety is a primary concern; if implemented correctly, and preventitively, actual response to safety concerns
will be minimal,
you need to ask whether patients has hepatitis B or not. extremely important, HIV postive and Aids are most
dangerous disease.
I think even more emphasis on proper point location is desirable.
pulse change upon hitting the chi
Safe is not that hard. You just have to do it exactly, always. Figuring treatment plans is much harder.
mOST of these questions refer to TCM, not 5 element theory
Communicating with other health professionals and establishing a shared treatment plan with other providers.
Auricular (Ear Acupuncture) Point Locations
none
More focus on safety.; Do not harm patients
Hara diagnosis/treatment
none
it is very diffuult to choose what is important because practitioners practice differently. I never bleed patients
but my collegue does because he thinks it is very effective. I dont burn moxa because I dont want to expose
myself to the smoke but it is effective. So these questions, and my answers are relative.
NA
n/a
92
Some questions, such as emergency management, were unclear, I checked rarely because I dont usually have to
deal with these issues but I do have the knowledge to deal with them as necessary.
good
none
no
N/A
antisepsis; clean needle; technique; needle insertion; techniques
none
not sure
adequately covered
how to complete i dont write your tests, i dont create the questions. i dont appreaciate mds who do ap work
with little to no training...get some leadership...explaing to the public,...oh dont do that it might upset a congress
man lobiests..
N/A
It matters to get the point !
Point location - wasnt sure if you wanted to weight the different point location methods as mutually exclusive
(as in I measure in cun vs palpation) or if you wanted to know if I used all some or few of the methods.
I find it odd that pulse taking was not listed on evaluation or used to determine if a point will be successful.
Patients perception of pain from different points.
Need more specifics about methods. Luo or junction points are used in five phase and Worsley but in different
ways
Working with Health Insurance Companies, and paying Taxes
NONE
patient education
Washing Hands Clean Needle
Domain II Safety section was unclear: could be interpreted as Rarely never happens < 10%, or Yes apply standard
of care to 80 -100% of patients. Although still considered extremely important.
no
na
ok
nothing
not practicing
No
NONE
Need for nerve locations and blood vessels during course study for needling
Again, for my practice, are you asking how often I experience office emergencies such as burn, organ puncture,
or how important it is to me to practice safely in order to avoid those things? My response to the first would be
(0-10%), and the second (100%), which is how I answered. Need to clarify!
counting out needles
n/a
none
All covered.
cant think of any
I understand this may be controversial, but clean needle technique is neither ethical or related to safety in my
93
opinion. Alcohol does not clean or sterilize and unless the patient is quite dirty (literally) it does nothing more
than move dirt around and provides a false sense of security relative to safety. There should be more emphasis
on approaching and best practices with patients that havent experienced needling before (both before
treatment begins and after treatment session is completed)
n/a
none
If entry level practitioners have good safety habits, we are all better off. It is rare in practice if one is taught
correctly.
none
TCM is useless.
Legal aspects/recordkeeping
moxa, guasha
Well covered.
none
Extraordinary Vessel model
No
needle insertion techniques, dealing with needle phobias, choice of needles, safety after treatments - light
headedness etc
clean needle technique
not sure
Patient communication. This is key to patient acquisition and retention.
Point Injection. Pulse. Tongue.
Japanese Classical Acupuncture does not include a treatment strategy step.
excellent
none
Point Injection Therapy was not asked
covered
none
covered
N/A
covered
none
be flexable and use common sense
The question is a stupid false comparison since both are equally and differently important.
focus should be on safety and Not miss the meridians
safety first
why is this not important?
94
CH Section
Not enough emphasis is given on how to choose suppliers of Chinese herbs.

ok
all covered.
More information on herb companies and FDA.
Im not an herbalist, so cant answer appropriately.
Covered well
N/A
Many of these formulas contain illegal or herbs that are hard to obtain. I mostly make my own personal formulas
and think practitioners should customize for most patients..
Chinese dietary advice is useless. Plant based diets save lives and improve what life there is in the ill. Our
profession should not promote things that are not supported by science. TCM dietary information should be
academic only. Never useful in the clinic.
none
Not certified in herbs
none
Allergies, contraindications, general categories of herbs and their uses.; Entry level cant know it all, it takes time.
Different herbs are important for different kinds of practices/patients.
Some practitioner using a patent formula but only one herb in this formula is the one he needs. In order to
satisfy his own formula, he use many patent herbs and ignore other herbs effect in the patent herbs.
n/a
They covered all
Understanding the status of Chinese Herbology vis-a-vis current State laws - "rights" to practice herbal medicine
(explicit and implicit/gray areas)
use of single herbs, constructing formulas, choosing among competing similar patent formulas
wow... sorry, I quit half way thru the formula list. In truth, I use maybe 40 formulas very regularly and the rest
whenever I think the need arises. I also only do patent herbs in my clinic due to my demographic of patients.
The differences between common herb manufacturers and the dangers of off-brand herbs should be more
stressed.
Chiese herbology training is just very besic in USA. the clinical training is not enough at all. The entry lever is
needed to raise in NCCAOM.
None
I DO NOT DISPENSE HERBS IN MY PRACTICE
I do not use herbs in my practice.
Drug-herb-supplement interactions are critical to know. Most people are on at least one drug, and also use
supplements and other herbs.
I have not taken herbs and feel unqualified to comment on this section of the exams
I think accurate pattern diagnosis leading to a category of herbal formulas and single herbs is crucial for herbal
competency. Much more so than any specific formulas or herbs.
(Im not sure raw herb questions are relevant; few use them anymore, choosing prepared formulas instead.)
compliance
I am not a trained herbologist.
none
Drug-herb interaction and contraindications. Source of herbs prescribed to patients.
finding substitutes for herbs we can no longer access (ma huang, xi xin, etc.)
95
you have included some patent formulas but not others that are important, and formulas that are rarely used w/
those that are commonly used for mastery as a TCM practitioner. See my other comments. Also many
practitioners do not dispense formulas or have an herbal pharmacy due to FDA regulations.
RIdiculous. ALl formulas are useful under the correct conditions
formulas containing restricted substances such as Ephedra or Rhinoceros horn should not be included in the
test. Furthermore, an entry level practitioner should not be required to know more than 40 of the most
important formulas. These formulas should be chosen by frequency of use in an actual practice. You could
probably get a better idea from survey herb companies on the top formulas they sell.
nothing. you covered everything I would have brought up.
Herb prep.
I refer out to herbalist because I do not practice this in my office. That is why on the first page I started by
marking formulas as level 1.
none
n/a
this is soooo stupid
For an entry level practitioner, the most important skill is to be able to pick the correct formula.
Some current research- based usage of classical herb combinations, formulas, single herbs could be included.
nothing to add
None
understanding basic theory - Shang Han Lun, Wen Bing, etc.
They must know everything
I didnt answer the assessment and treatment section as I rarely consider or prescribe herbs. I had an herbal
pharmacy for 5 years and havent had one for 6.
Every formula is important if the patient has the condition it treats.
Variance in different herb suppliers.; Compliance issues with patients taking/nit takingherbs.
Study of the foundational classics to apply clinically and upon which to build greater knowledge (Shennong
Bencao, Neijing, Shang Han Lun, Jin Gui Yao Lue)
ch
It is important they ,earn about how to use herbs that arent killing animals ; for no reason and some on the
endangered list.
none
n/a
n./a
I practice Acupuncture and related techniques and have no opinion
US banned herbs
Herbs are regulated here, so the only way a patient can get most of them is through a practitioner--- which is
good. Herbs in treatment cannot be emphasized enough; at least 50% of the strength of TCM treatment is herbs.
Most patients want the "magic" of the needles, and have to be convinced to try herbs. Almost none want to
decoct raw herbs and very few want to drink tea from granulars, so they self-limit the effectiveness.
Do you have your own pharmacy? Do you order from an herbal company? Do you send patients to an herbal
pharmacy?
first, i use korean herbs for my clinic.; a few chinese herbs.; now i use a single herbs.
Greater emphasis on herb combinations for complex conditions of modern life.
this survey will not let me continue unless I complete the Herbal portion - yet I do not use herbs. Should have a
"skip" option
Confirm knowledge of how to choose herbs, including administration of herbs such as Fu Zi & Ma Huang.
96
What 10-20 formulas does a beginning practitioner need?
I do not practice Chinese Herbology.
how to help patients take both drugs and herbs safely - counselling
"Dit Da" (fall and strike) formulas that are important and often used clinically for the treatment of acute and
chronic musculoskeletal injuries were not included.
why am I asked to do post survey questionaire when I do not qualify for the herbal questions? I couldnt move on
to the next pages without answering this page.
I dont use herbs enough to rate importance of one over another. Mainly just acupuncture.
dont do herbs
I am not a practioneer that uses herbs
NA
My comment is toward the boards. The ormulaslist is very helpful to study from but the rest of the NCCAOM
guide is quite vague and hard to follow.
I practice in Ohio and I am not certified in Herbs and did not fill out this section.
patient complience
n/a
no comment
I do not practice chinese herbology. The fields above would not let me leave them blank. Please disregard my
answers.
I do not use Herbs in my practice
This section doesnt apply to me but wont let me go forward until I enter data.
none
no
N/a
a list of single herbs
I would have liked a spot to signify that I do not practice herbal medicine
I am a Licensed in Acupuncture only, but it would not let me skip this page
I do not do herbology but cannot get past this page of the survey unless I enter the percentages and the survey
adequency question below
I am not trained in herbs
none
I could not find the do not fill this part in selection choice for skipping this
not sure
covered completely
you list herbal formulai...in fact a lot. woo hoo, those are common used formulas why not have select all
buttons..
N/A
I do not use herbs . I refer to Licensed Herbal practitioner if needed
Single herbs and patents from certain companies.
Note that herbal powders dont come with expiration dates - they come with manufacture dates. So one of your
questions was worded incorrectly.
Not sure if there was anything for me to answer after CH. It required me to answer before proceeding
n/a to me; not competent to have an opinion
Please note that I am not certified to practice Chinese Herbs
97
Organic Herbs?; ; Educating patients on heavy metals in herbs
"128. Xian Cheng Qi Tang (Minor Order the Qi Decoction)" Should read "XIAO" not "XIAN". Also, the You Gui
Wan/Yin and Zuo Gui Wan/Yin are the same formula.
proper compounding ratios
NONE
How to make a concentrated powder formula
If was not eligible to complete the herb section how can I complete the required fields to go on?
na
Competency in identifying and utilizing western pharmacological actions to Chinese herbs; Selection of
modifications to formulas based on western pharmacological actions of chinese herb
ok
not applicable
dosage translations
I dont do herbs, so you should adjust the survey software to not require me to go through these sections.
not practicing
No
NONE
Incredible importance of herb and herb drug interactions
the questions about frequency of use are ridiculous
Im not a Chinese herbalist, please dont count my responses to this section
GMP practices
I do not admin/prescribe herbals
none
compliance with new FDA regs concerning NDI regardless of statutes by state regulation. if candidate is going to
sell herbs or ship herbs or drop ship herbs to patient whether via internet or direct PTP this should be included
somewhere on exam
n/a
more formulas
I rated all formulas at 3 because I feel it is important to know the formulas and know how to use them if needed
Safety is very important.
none that I can think of
I have a Diplomate in OM but I dont practice herbs. I answered all of the herb questions as moderately
important because there is no option for me to note that I didnt ignore this part of the survey. I simply have no
knowledge of herbs.
I dont prescribe Chinese herbal medicine or formulas,and couldnt tell from the survey if I am meant to comment
on this section. Although I would love to know the herbs and formulas, and had to study them in school, I dont
use them now and have concerns with adequate quality control due to the lack of regulations in China.
n/a
understanding that which formulas are most likely to be prescribed to patients presenting with chronic illness,
which is the majority of our patient base, is key; often patients will already have used OTC or prescribed
pharmaceuticals for acute cases.
none
More emphasis on Shang han za bing lun
Herbal education of patient
98
fasting
I do not practice Herbology
Well covered.
not an herbalist
not applicable
More training in methods to ensure patient compliance - many first year practitioners are frustrated by their
patients unwillingness to cook and consume bulk herbs.
Honestly, I would like the TRAINING to cover more on herbal purchasing and dispensing and how to have a
compliant herbal dispensary.
Covered well. I believe herbal medicine is 50% of Chinese medicine practice.
more education on herbs entering the meridians
No
herbal and pharmaceutical reaction should be considered when administering herbs with prescription drugs.
judging quality of herbs on market, constructing individual formulas for various conditions, pitfalls of overuse of
cold formulas, gu formulas,
modifications/prep to single herbs
Foods with Benefit
I am not licensed/certified to practice Chinese Herbology. I left all but the first section of this portion of the
survey blank, not realizing in the first section that I should not answer the herbal questions.
i dont do chinese herbology so im not able to answer fully.
All of these formulas are important, even if not used frequently. Some of these formulas are important to learn
for historical purposes to help understanding of treatment principles or because they may be useful in the
future, although not used now.
Pattern discrimination leads to the TCM diagnosis leads to treatment plan. One must not skip ahead or one will
make mistakes.
The listing of all of these formulas is bizarre. There is no way to rate these formulas any more than listing all of
the acupuncture points and asking for us to rate them. Silly!
Non Classical Chinese Herbs (more modern usage), pharmaceutical actions of Chinese Herbs, western medical
action of chinese herbs, much more about safety and ethics in herbs
excellent
none
I use 7 Forest Herbs so it was hard for me to answer these questions
COVERED
PLEASE IGNORE ALL ANSWERS IN THIS SECTION. i USE MINIMAL HERBS. STARTED AND COULDNT FIND A WAY
OUT
none
all coverered
I do not practice Herbology
There should be some discussion about injectables
no pharmacology or drug interaction or side effects
N/A
This was a very dificult section to answer as I feel all the formulas are important in their own right depending on
the condition being treated and the individuals clinical picture. Granted, I may have misunderstood the task.
I would include the formula Shu Jing Huo Xue Tang (Wan) in the list
Percentage of use regarding patent, raw and granules.
99
covered
Pharmacognosy is totally missing from this test and yet has importance due to need for quality control
(determination of relative amounts of active constituents), pesticide testing, and heavy metal testing. Need for
comprehensive understanding of granule production and dosing and dosing for tea pills etc.
none
COMBINATIONS PROPERTIES FOR BETTER FUNCTIONS
I am unsure how to rate this section rating the importance of a formula was challeging as each practice will have
patients with different needs.
safety first
I had no idea whatyou were asking about those formulas - whether we should know them, whether they are
used often, etc?
understanding the herbal formulation and combination
Application of herbs pertaining to both TCM and allopathic/western diagnoses
100
Appendix F: Other Ethnicities
101
Other Ethnicities
jewish
Mixed race, appear white
Sephardic Jewish
Middle Eastern
hispanic white
Asian American
Prefer no to answer
Asian & White
Jewish American
Mixed race
Brazilian-American
mixed black and white
caucasian/asian
mixed
!/2 Japanese American and 1/2 caucasian
Persian
Middle Eastern
Multiracial
hispanic / white
Indian, Jewish
Jewish
bi-racial
Asian-American
Prefer not to answer
East Indian
None of your business
Indian
American Arab
mixed white asian jewish
Black from Latin America
Irish/Japanese
White/ latino
jewish
Mediterranean and Asian
Mediterranean mix
Mixed
asian and caucasian
white/first nations
Asian/Caucasian
102
Arab-American
Indo-Canadian American
103
Appendix G: Other AOM Styles
104
Other AOM Styles
Matsumoto
Tong
Dr. Tans Balance Method
Classic Chinese Herbal medicine
Acupressure
accupressure
other palpation based systems (ex: Dan Bensky, Charles Chace)
Classical Chinese medicine
CCM
Western Anatomical new brain imagery informed
Tungs Points
Dr Tan, balance method
Master Tongs, body images
Classical Chinese Medicine
Taiwanese (Tung)
Dr. Tan Balance Method
scalp acupuncture
classic chinese
dr tan
Allergy elimination
TAN, TUNG, ZHU
plus TuiNa
Five Element Acup.
combination
Dr Tan
Tongs Acup.
Non Worsely 5 Element
Biomedical
ahshi
Master Tung
Master Tung
Kampo Kiko
Dr. Tan
Laserpuncture
Tan-style (Balance Method)
Dr Tan and Miki Shima
Classical
105
medical qigong
Koryo Hand Therapy, Pulse Balancing,
Tung Style Acupuncture
Classical - Jeffrey Yuen
tui na
Asian Body Work
neuro-anatomical
Variation of Balance Method, Chang style pulse diagnosis
hands on healling
Scalp
Tui Na
Dr. Tan
Chinese Traditional Medicines, Traditional Medicines
Balance Method
Scalp Acupuncture and American Tindino
Master Tung
Five Element (non-worsley)
Tan, Tung
Balance Method
YNSA
Tan, Tungs
Tung style
Jin Shin Jyutsu
Ayurvedic
American Eclectic
colorpuncture, Dr Tan
classical chinese medicine
Tong, muscle points
Classical Acupuncture
Sports medicine acupuncture
Balance (Tan)
BALANCE METHOD
Motor point
Kiiko Matsumoto
Classical
Master Tung
Dr. Tan Balance method
Master Tung, Tan Balance
Tans Balance Method; Master Tung style
106
APM
Tan/Tung, Esoteric
Tan Balance
Classical Chinese
combo
tan balance method
Classical
ah shi
Balance Method
Classical Tung
Master Tung
Balance Method /Global Balance Method
Tan Style
Tungs Acupuncture
applied kinesiology
Precision Meridian Therapy
master tung
Tung, Microsystems
sujok
Tan, Tung
Classical/Jeffrey Yuen
Extraordinary Vessel
Tung/Tan
balance
Sooji Chim
NAET
Dr. Tan
cupping
Balance Method
Naturopathy
meridian balance
Meridian & Tung
Dr Tans Balance Method
Balance Method
NAET
Master Tung, Tans Balance
VARIOUS SCALP ACU
Master tong
107
Dr. Tan style acupuncture
bodytalk
Master Tung, Emei Medical Qigong
Classical
my own
Tan, Tung
Energy work
A mixture.
I-Ching
Acutonics
classical Chinese Medicine
Dr. Tan/Meridian style
Massage therapies: Cranial/Sacral, Healing Touch
Tui na
Scalp
classical
Richard Tan
Taoist Shamanism
Balance Method
biomedical
scalp acupuncture
Inner School
balance method, tung
scalp
Master Tungs
Classical (Jeffrey Yuen)
5 element
biofeed back
Balance Method
master tung, 8 extra
APM
tan, tong ren
Master Tung, Jeff Nagel - Taoist style
Dr. Tan Balance
Sports medicine acupuncture
balance method dr tan
IChing Acupuncture, Zi Wu Liu Zhu Zhen FA
Ayurveda
108
meridian based palpation (distal points for pain)
Mei Zen
Master Tungs & Dr Tan
Kinesiology & Biomeridian
tungs
Classical
Balance Method (Tan)
Taoist
Tan/Balance Method
Dr. Tan
Motor Point
Balance Tech/ Master Tung
mine
Nei Jing
Tung, tan
NeoClassical
Dr. Tan
Balance Method - Dr. Tan and Taoist Acupuncture Style
balance method
Tungs, Classical
Dr. Tan/Balance Method
Taiwanese and Ryukyu Hon
Dr. Tan
master tong
Sports Medicine Acupuncture
Balance Method Dr Tan
Shiatsu/Bodywork
Dr. Tan Mstr. Tung
NAET
Balance Method
Dr. Tan
balance method
classical five element
classical doaist chinesse
Clinical nutrition etps cupping muscle testing
BLENDED
NSEV
facial rejuvenation acupuncture
Tan
109
Tung, Yuen
Toyohari
Tan, Mikio Sankey
modern biomedical acup
reiki
Tung Style
Motor point
Tuina
moxa
classical acupuncture
Akabane
NSEV
Meridian-Palpation based acupuncture (primarily Japanese)
5 element, nothing to do with Worsley; Zang Fu
MASTER TUNG
Classical
Tan, Tung
NAET
medical acupuncture
dr tan pain management
Tung, Tan
Tan, MPS
laser acupuncture
Dr. Tan, scalp acupuncture
Master Tung and Dr. Tan Balance Method
Meridian therapy
NAET
Tungs Acupuncture
balance Method
DR TAN
Tan, Tung
micro acupuncture
dermatomal, myotomal, somatovisceral
Classical
Classical Chinese acupuncture
Master Tung; Richard Tan Balance; Classical
none
Canonical Chinese Medicine; Motor Point
Neijing
110
MasterTung
Zero Balancing
Distal
Master Richard Tan & Tung
Tan Balance Method
111
Appendix H: Mean Importance and Frequency
Ratings of Survey Task Elements
112
Mean Ratings of Survey Task Elements in Order of Importance
Table H1. Foundations of Oriental Medicine
Importance Frequency
Element Description
n Mean SD n Mean SD
IC1 Chief complaint 1192 4.87 0.43 1212 4.97 0.24
IC2 Health history (including the “Ten Questions” (Shi Wen)) 1173 4.65 0.66 1199 4.71 0.67
ID1 Radial pulses (including the 28 Qualities) 1187 4.41 0.87 1210 4.51 0.92
IA1 Spirit (Shen) appearance (including color) 1199 4.28 0.83 1217 4.47 0.91
Eight Principles differentiation (i.e., Yin and Yang, Interior and Exterior, Cold and
IIC 1173 4.25 0.9 1201 4.21 1
Heat, Deficient and Excess)
IA3 Tongue (body and coating) 1181 4.22 0.95 1200 4.28 1.11
Eight Principles differentiation (i.e., Yin and Yang, Interior and Exterior, Cold and
IIIC 1182 4.19 0.95 1208 4.09 1.08
Heat, Deficient and Excess)
IIE Organ theory differentiation (Zang Fu) 1182 4.17 0.93 1195 4.12 1.03
ID4 Meridians and points 1187 4.15 0.98 1199 4.14 1.1
IIIE Organ theory differentiation (Zang Fu) 1180 4.11 0.97 1199 4 1.09
Essential substances differentiation (i.e., Qi, Blood/Xue, Fluids/Jin-Ye,
IID 1182 4.08 0.97 1200 4.02 1.09
Essence/Jing)
IIB Pathogenic Factors 1174 4.07 0.93 1197 3.98 1.03
Physical characteristics (e.g., skin, head, scalp, hair, chest, abdomen, limbs,
IA4 1184 4.03 0.9 1206 4.2 0.99
muscle tone, hands, and feet)
Essential substances differentiation (i.e., Qi, Blood/Xue, Fluids/Jin-Ye,
IIID 1188 3.99 1.02 1209 3.86 1.15
Essence/Jing)
IIIB Pathogenic Factors 1172 3.97 0.96 1201 3.82 1.11
II_J Channel theory (Jing Luo) 1174 3.86 1.06 1192 3.69 1.23
IB1 Sounds (i.e., speech and voice qualities, breathing and bowel) 1186 3.85 0.98 1208 3.97 1.15
III_J Channel theory (Jing Luo) 1182 3.85 1.11 1194 3.69 1.28
IA2 Face, eyes, nose, ears, mouth, lips, teeth, and throat 1183 3.81 0.96 1210 3.9 1.14
II_I Root and branch (Biao Ben) 1169 3.73 1.15 1196 3.51 1.32
113
III_I Root and branch (Biao Ben) 1183 3.7 1.18 1198 3.47 1.36
IB2 Odors (i.e., body and breath, secretions and excretions) 1178 3.55 1.08 1204 3.51 1.34
ID3 Other body areas 1174 3.49 1.05 1193 3.38 1.21
IIA Five Elements (Five Phases/Wu Xing) 1178 3.46 1.21 1204 3.17 1.4
Six Stages differentiation (Tai Yang, Yang Ming, Shao Yang, Tai Yin, Shao Yin, Jue
IIF 1173 3.42 1.09 1196 3 1.26
Yin)
IIIA Five Elements (Five Phases/Wu Xing) 1184 3.39 1.27 1203 3.09 1.45
Six Stages differentiation (Tai Yang, Yang Ming, Shao Yang, Tai Yin, Shao Yin, Jue
IIIF 1175 3.38 1.11 1200 2.97 1.27
Yin)
ID2 Abdomen 1177 3.34 1.11 1201 3 1.34
IIG Four Levels differentiation (Wei, Qi, Ying, Xue) 1173 3.32 1.11 1196 2.89 1.26
IIIG Four Levels differentiation (Wei, Qi, Ying, Xue) 1179 3.24 1.13 1200 2.83 1.28
IIH Triple Heater (San Jiao) differentiation 1162 3.05 1.15 1186 2.64 1.3
IIIH Triple Heater (San Jiao) differentiation 1180 2.95 1.19 1199 2.52 1.28
114
Table H2. Biomedicine
Element Description
n Mean SD n Mean SD
Ethics and professional conduct (e.g., informed consent, conflict of interest,
IID 890 4.71 0.64 876 4.47 1.21
negligence, boundary violations)
Infection control (e.g., bloodborne pathogens, communicable diseases, universal
IIB 889 4.7 0.64 889 3.85 1.65
precautions)
IIE2 Patient and public communication 892 4.63 0.69 872 4.4 1.16
IIA Management of office emergencies (e.g., burns, seizures, falls, anaphylaxis) 892 4.59 0.77 894 2.82 1.85
IIC2 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) 907 4.56 0.79 885 4.34 1.32
IIE1 Interprofessional interactions 901 4.54 0.75 881 4.13 1.34
IIC3 Reporting Requirements 905 4.53 0.82 884 4.04 1.54
ID2 Determine appropriate course of action (including need for referral) 879 4.52 0.78 877 3.34 1.54
IIC1 Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) 899 4.5 0.84 886 3.96 1.57
History (e.g., chief complaint, present illness, past medical history, family,
IB1 913 4.49 0.76 928 4.62 0.74
personal, social, review of systems)
ID1 Recognize ominous signs (e.g., medical, mental health, abuse) 881 4.48 0.82 883 3.08 1.58
IC1a1 Myocardial Infarction 911 4.32 0.94 910 2.39 1.61
IC1a4 Heart failure 905 4.29 0.95 895 2.26 1.61
IC1b1 Blood pressure disorders (hypertension and hypotension) 910 4.27 0.85 904 3.24 1.28
IC1a2 Angina Pectoris 911 4.21 0.96 907 2.38 1.57
Arrhythmia (e.g., atrial fibrillation, premature ventricular contraction,
IC1a3 909 4.2 0.94 905 2.54 1.5
tachycardia, bradycardia)
IC1b3 Deep Vein Thrombosis 909 4.2 0.99 903 2.25 1.54
IC1b5 Aneurysms 902 4.19 1.04 893 2.11 1.54
IC9c Headache (e.g., cluster, tension, migraine, sinus, trauma) 892 4.13 0.84 904 3.3 1.05
IC8b Lower extremities 896 4.12 0.82 904 3.49 1.04
IB4c Adverse effects 900 4.11 1 794 3.07 1.42
IC8a Upper extremities 892 4.11 0.82 911 3.51 1.05
IC8c Axial (e.g., whiplash, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, spondyolisthesis, TMJ) 894 4.1 0.83 908 3.2 1.17
115
IC1b2 Atherosclerosis (e.g., coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease) 910 4.06 0.96 903 2.63 1.42
IC7e Suicidality 886 4.05 1.08 901 1.49 1.08
IB4a15 Blood Thinners/Clotting Control 907 4.04 0.95 925 2.39 1.11
IC11a1 Menstrual 888 4.01 0.84 900 3.01 1.14
IC8d Osteoarthritis 896 4 0.86 905 3.09 1.16
IC7b Anxiety 890 3.99 0.84 906 3.11 1.08
IC7a Mood disorders (depression, bi-polar) 892 3.98 0.86 907 2.76 1.1
IC9a1 Stroke 888 3.96 0.98 903 1.72 1.1
IC9e Sleep disorders (narcolepsy, sleep apnea, insomnia) 883 3.95 0.88 899 2.97 1.13
Respiratory Tract Infections (e.g., sinusitis, viral infection, strep throat,
IC10c 883 3.94 0.89 897 2.7 1.15
bronchitis, pneumonia)
IC11a4 Menopause 884 3.94 0.87 896 2.86 1.12
IC9b3 Radiculopathies (e.g., nerve root, sciatica) 889 3.93 0.92 902 2.8 1.23
IC10d Allergies 885 3.93 0.89 897 3.05 1.09
IB5c Adverse effects 896 3.92 1.05 763 2.98 1.46
IC7g Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 889 3.92 0.95 902 2.21 1.16
IC10b Asthma 891 3.91 0.88 902 2.39 1.07
IC3c1 Hepatitis 901 3.9 1.01 918 1.82 1.2
IC10e Pneumothorax 877 3.89 1.19 876 1.27 0.87
IC11a2 Fertility (e.g., polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis) 887 3.88 0.91 898 2.51 1.22
Differentiate normal from abnormal presentation by applying biomedical
IA 908 3.87 1.02 928 3.78 1.21
principles
IB4a13 Blood Pressure Lowering 910 3.87 0.9 926 3.13 0.98
IC2c Pancreatic disorders (e.g., diabetes) 901 3.86 0.96 918 2.42 1.19
IC8e Osteoporosis 889 3.86 0.9 893 2.55 1.25
IC9a2 Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) 884 3.86 1.02 899 1.57 1.03
IC9b5 Peripheral neuropathy 888 3.86 0.9 897 2.42 1.16
IB4a1 Antidepressants 911 3.84 0.91 929 3.11 0.93
IB4a16 Heart Rate and/or Rhythm Regulating 911 3.84 0.98 926 2.13 1.07
IB4a20 Diabetes medications 909 3.84 0.93 927 2.55 1.04
116
IC2d Obesity 899 3.84 0.93 917 2.85 1.13
IC3b2 Food sensitivity/allergies (e.g., Celiac disease, lactose intolerance) 904 3.84 0.94 917 2.91 1.15
IC3b3 Appendicitis 903 3.84 1.1 915 1.61 1.15
IC5c Bacterial infections (e.g., staph, MRSA, impetigo, meningitis) 885 3.84 1.05 902 1.78 1.12
Multi-system conditions (Lyme disease, Chronic fatigue, Fibromyalgia,Temporal
IC13a 877 3.83 0.93 898 2.47 1.15
Arteritis)
Autoimmune disorders (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid
IC13b 878 3.82 0.94 894 2.26 1.15
Arthritis (RA))
IC2a Thyroid disorders (e.g., Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease) 900 3.81 0.95 917 2.5 1.17
IC3b1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (e.g., Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis) 908 3.81 0.93 916 2.45 1.18
IC1b4 Raynaud’s disease 910 3.8 1.05 904 2.33 1.39
IC3c3 Gall bladder conditions (e.g., cholelithiasis, cholecystitis) 901 3.8 0.99 912 2.09 1.18
IC11a5 Uterine (Fibroids and bleeding) 883 3.8 0.93 898 2.25 1.18
IB4a2 Sedatives, Anxiolytic and Sleep medications 910 3.79 0.92 929 2.99 0.95
IB4a6 NSAIDs 907 3.79 0.94 928 3.39 1
IC5e Viral infections (e.g., infectious mono, influenza, meningitis, conjunctivitis) 883 3.78 1.01 902 2.14 1.17
IB4a7 Steroids 909 3.77 0.95 922 2.57 1.05
IB4a14 Lipid Lowering 901 3.77 0.96 919 2.96 1.02
IC3c4 Pancreatitis 893 3.77 1.07 903 1.59 1.11
IB4a19 Thyroid medications 907 3.76 0.94 928 2.65 1
IC3a1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 892 3.76 0.91 920 2.84 1.08
IC3b4 Irritable Bowel Syndrome 904 3.76 0.93 915 2.59 1.13
IC3c2 Cirrhosis 902 3.76 1.06 911 1.63 1.14
IC9b1 Vertigo 889 3.76 0.89 906 2.19 1.08
IC9d Concussion and traumatic brain injury (TBI) 887 3.76 1.07 893 1.65 1.08
IB4a31 Cancer medications 906 3.75 1.03 926 1.86 1.02
Oncology (Lung, Stomach, Colon, Pancreas, Breast, Prostate, Uterine, Bone,
IC14 875 3.75 1.04 895 1.79 1.09
Liver, Cervical)
IC4c Bleeding disorders 872 3.74 1.08 903 1.59 1.05
IC9b4 Trigeminal neuralgia 891 3.74 0.95 905 2.01 1.15
117
IB4a17 Angina medications 906 3.73 1.02 923 1.89 1.04
IB4a35 Drugs of Abuse 900 3.73 1.07 918 1.75 1.01
IC12b Infections (UTI, cystitis, pyelonephritis) 874 3.73 0.94 896 1.99 1.06
IC6c Skin cancers (e.g., basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma) 880 3.72 1.1 907 1.66 1.07
IC9b2 Bell’s Palsy 888 3.72 0.94 902 1.92 1.1
IC4a Anemia 880 3.71 0.99 908 2.1 1.14
IC7f Eating Disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa) 888 3.71 1.01 899 1.74 1.07
IC2b Adrenal disorders (e.g., Cushing's, Addison's) 901 3.7 1.01 912 2.06 1.22
IC10a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 887 3.7 1.02 898 1.73 1.06
IB4a3 Mood Stabilizers 909 3.69 0.97 925 2.7 1
IB4a8 Opioids 906 3.69 1.03 921 2.11 1.09
IB4a21 Hormonal Replacement Therapy 905 3.69 0.97 922 2.27 1.03
IC6a Contagious skin conditions (lice, fungal infections, scabies) 884 3.68 1.1 903 1.61 1.09
IB4a11 Allergy/Sinus medications 908 3.67 0.92 927 3.03 0.94
IC9a3 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 885 3.67 0.97 900 1.69 1.02
IC11a6 Breast conditions (e.g., mass, mastitis) 885 3.67 1 888 1.84 1.16
IB4a4 Anti-psychotics 907 3.66 1.04 919 1.95 1.02
IB4b Mechanism of action 899 3.66 1.13 791 2.65 1.4
IC3a2 Gastritis 892 3.66 0.94 910 2.41 1.18
Noncontagious skin conditions (cellulitis, shingles, acne, eczema, psoriasis,
IC6b 884 3.66 0.95 906 2.3 1.06
alopecia)
IB4a10 Anti-Asthmatic Agents 905 3.65 0.96 924 2.45 0.96
IB4a24 Heartburn/Reflux medications 906 3.65 0.97 924 2.68 0.98
IB4a27 Antibacterials 902 3.65 0.99 926 2.35 1.06
IC3a3 Peptic Ulcer (e.g., H. Pylori, Campylobacter) 879 3.65 0.98 906 2.07 1.16
IC5b Tuberculosis 883 3.65 1.16 904 1.38 0.98
IC9a6 Epilepsy 869 3.65 1.07 888 1.43 0.94
IC3b5 Diverticular disease (e.g., diverticulosis, diverticulitis) 898 3.64 0.99 912 2.05 1.16
IB5a1 Vitamins (e.g., A, B-12, C) 903 3.63 0.97 929 3.61 0.98
IB5a2 Minerals (e.g., calcium, magnesium, potassium) 902 3.63 0.97 929 3.42 1.02
118
IC2e Hyperlipidemia 895 3.63 1.02 906 2.46 1.18
IC7c Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)/Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 889 3.63 0.98 897 2.13 1.09
IC11b3 Prostate conditions (benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis) 885 3.62 1.03 897 1.85 1.11
General system examination (e.g., respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive,
IB2a 915 3.61 1.1 929 3.36 1.41
cardiovascular)
IB4a37 Anti-seizure medications 896 3.61 1.1 902 1.57 0.93
IB5a5 Hormones (e.g., melatonin, wild yams, DHEA) 904 3.61 0.99 925 2.51 1.04
IC4b Leukemia/lymphoma 878 3.61 1.1 908 1.49 1
IB4a5 CNS Stimulants/Attention Deficit medications 907 3.6 1.02 920 2.11 1.02
IB5a6 Digestive support (e.g., enzymes, fiber, probiotics) 899 3.6 0.97 923 2.97 0.97
IB4a18 Osteoporosis medications 906 3.59 0.99 924 2.18 1.05
IB5b Mechanism of action 898 3.59 1.11 772 2.92 1.35
IC5a Sexually Transmitted Infections 887 3.58 1.1 908 1.68 1.07
IB4a9 Immune Modulators 906 3.57 1.06 920 1.94 1.01
IC9a4 Dementia (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease) 885 3.57 1.05 900 1.53 0.99
IC9a5 Parkinson’s disease 881 3.57 1.01 904 1.55 0.97
IC12a Stones 875 3.57 1.01 898 1.57 0.96
IB5a8 Mood support (e.g., St. John's wort, Sam E, 5 HTP) 903 3.55 1 922 2.38 1.03
IC11a3 Obstetrics 890 3.55 1.12 900 1.86 1.13
IC11b1 Fertility 888 3.55 1.05 902 1.66 1.07
IC5d Childhood infectious conditions (measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis) 886 3.54 1.12 899 1.51 1.03
IC12c Incontinence 864 3.54 0.96 886 1.94 1.04
IB4a28 Antivirals 904 3.52 1.05 919 1.9 0.99
IB4a36 Anti-Parkinson medications 902 3.51 1.06 921 1.51 0.89
IB5a7 Bone health (e.g., glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate) 897 3.51 0.98 919 2.68 1
IB4a12 Cough medications 908 3.5 1.01 923 2.42 1.04
IC11b2 Erectile Dysfunction (ED) 889 3.49 1.06 896 1.7 1.06
IB4a25 Stool Softeners/Laxatives 910 3.48 0.99 923 2.2 1.02
IB5a9 Western herbs (e.g., saw palmetto, milk thistle) 897 3.48 1.04 925 2.49 1.02
IC5g Foodborne illness 874 3.48 1.08 888 1.71 1.03
119
IB5a4 Antioxidants (e.g., coenzyme Q10, selenium) 905 3.47 1.01 922 2.81 1.06
IC7d Autism spectrum 885 3.47 1.09 903 1.51 0.96
Perform active and passive range of motion testing to differentiate the cause of
IB2b2 912 3.46 1.04 925 3.07 1.28
a patient’s complaint
IC5f Parasitic infections 886 3.46 1.1 904 1.6 1.01
IC15 Ophthalmology/ENT 870 3.46 1.05 882 1.72 0.98
IB4a34 Appetite Control/Weight Management medications 902 3.41 1.06 920 1.7 0.97
IC3b6 Hemorrhoids 895 3.41 1.04 902 2.17 1.14
IB5a3 Amino acids 905 3.4 1.05 920 2.33 1.08
IC4d Hemochromatosis 870 3.4 1.12 891 1.4 0.93
IB4a22 Sexual Dysfunction medications 907 3.39 1.08 922 1.7 0.95
IB4a26 Anti-diarrheal medications 904 3.39 1.06 920 1.77 0.99
IB4a30 Antifungals 903 3.39 1.1 921 1.64 0.91
IB4a32 Topical Skin medications 902 3.39 1.05 925 2.01 0.97
IC6d Burns 872 3.39 1.19 892 1.42 0.94
IB4a23 Anti-nausea medications 903 3.36 1.08 922 1.75 0.98
IB4a29 Antiprotozoals 900 3.34 1.14 919 1.49 0.87
IB4a33 Smoking Cessation medications 906 3.32 1.1 917 1.61 0.9
Perform orthopedic testing that leads to the discovery of a red flag requiring a
IB2b3 910 3.31 1.17 924 2.55 1.4
referral (e.g., positive Drawer sign for cruciate ligament tear)
IB5a10 Homeopathic remedies 902 3.29 1.12 917 2.17 1.03
Perform orthopedic tests (e.g., straight leg raise test, Phalen’s test) to
IB2b1 919 3.25 1.11 931 2.75 1.37
differentiate the cause of a patient’s complaint
IB3b Laboratory (e.g., blood, urine, sputum, stool, saliva) 910 3.16 1.17 928 2.55 1.35
IB3a Imaging (e.g., x-ray, MRI, CT) 917 3.08 1.18 933 2.42 1.33
IB2c2 Perform muscle strength testing to evaluate muscle weakness 915 3 1.13 926 2.4 1.29
IB3c Other (e.g., EMG, EKG) 899 2.84 1.19 906 2.08 1.26
IB2c4 Perform a sensory evaluation to determine neurological impairment 909 2.8 1.15 923 1.98 1.21
IB2c1 Evaluate cognitive function (using tools such as mini mental status exam) 915 2.77 1.17 926 2.03 1.27
IB2c3 Perform deep tendon reflex exam to determine neurological impairment 915 2.76 1.15 929 1.94 1.21
120
IB2c5 Perform cranial nerve evaluation to determine neurological impairment 905 2.69 1.17 923 1.79 1.15
IB2c6 Evaluate cerebellar function (using tests of coordination such as Romberg’s test) 899 2.55 1.16 918 1.69 1.09
121
Table H3. Acupuncture with Point Location
Element Description
n Mean SD n Mean SD
Infection control (e.g., bloodborne pathogens, communicable diseases, universal
IIB 863 4.84 0.47 858 4.41 1.33
IA2a Cautions and contraindications (e.g., pregnancy, needling, organ damage) 858 4.78 0.54 877 4.78 0.74
Management of office emergencies (e.g., burns, needle shock, organ puncture,
IIA 859 4.78 0.57 860 3.85 1.72
fainting)
IA3a Cautions and contraindications 840 4.75 0.54 871 4.78 0.64
IA1c Provide and have patient sign informed consent of treatment and modalities 852 4.67 0.72 879 4.74 0.85
IB1 Re-assess and modify treatment plan (e.g., point selection, treatment frequency) 850 4.62 0.6 864 4.62 0.72
IA3e1 Needle insertion (e.g., insertion technique, angle, depth) 856 4.56 0.7 871 4.69 0.69
IB2 Refer and/or discharge patient as appropriate 849 4.54 0.66 861 4.36 1.07
IA3b Patient position 827 4.45 0.73 860 4.61 0.76
IA3c2 Identify the point by palpation of the local area. 850 4.45 0.73 873 4.49 0.8
IA1b Report findings, including prognosis, to patient 853 4.43 0.74 881 4.4 0.86
IA2c Location (e.g., distal/local) 858 4.43 0.76 879 4.45 0.86
IA1a Communicate TCM theories with patients in terms they can understand 861 4.4 0.88 881 4.38 0.96
IA2e Function and/or indication 861 4.39 0.78 875 4.33 0.93
IA3e4 Needle removal 845 4.38 0.86 857 4.57 0.82
IA3c1 Identify anatomical landmarks, then measure by cun. 855 4.37 0.79 877 4.27 1
IA3e3 Needle retention 857 4.36 0.81 872 4.51 0.82
IA3c3 Locate the meridian, then palpate to find point. 850 4.22 0.89 865 4.04 1.15
Point category (e.g., Five Element, Antique/Five Shu (Transporting), Front-Mu
IA2b 862 4.18 0.92 879 4.01 1.1
(Alarm), Influential)
Determine the point according to its anatomical description (e.g., the belly of the
IA3c4 851 4.18 0.91 867 3.94 1.13
gastrocnemius muscle).
Needle manipulation (e.g., reinforcing and reducing, lifting and thrusting,
IA3e2 854 4.18 0.94 874 4.04 1.18
plucking)
IA2f Ashi (e.g., trigger points, motor points) 859 4.17 0.86 881 4.03 1.06
122
Needle selection (e.g., filiform, three-edges, plum-blossom, press and
IA3d 846 4.14 0.97 863 4.02 1.29
intradermal)
IA2d Channel theory (e.g., primary, muscle, cutaneous region, luo, divergent) 857 4.1 0.95 874 3.85 1.18
IA2g Extra points 855 4.01 0.9 874 3.68 1.13
Use of dietary recommendations according to traditional Chinese medicine
IA3i 845 3.9 0.98 862 3.29 1.28
theory
IA2h Auricular 860 3.88 0.95 871 3.35 1.29
IA3j1 Cupping 864 3.79 1 879 2.65 1.28
IA3j6 Heat (e.g.,TDP/heat lamp) 863 3.77 1.1 867 3.3 1.48
IA3f2 Indirect (e.g., stick/pole, on ginger, box) 852 3.73 1.08 875 2.43 1.33
IA3g Use of Oriental Manual Therapy (including bodywork and physiotherapies) 847 3.65 1.09 866 2.78 1.47
IA3j5 Electro acupuncture 865 3.64 1.16 874 2.55 1.36
IA3h Use of exercise/breathing therapy (e.g., Qi Gong, Tai Ji) 849 3.62 1.09 872 2.62 1.33
IA3f1 Direct (e.g., thread, cone, rice grain) 850 3.58 1.19 877 2.15 1.39
IA2i Scalp 854 3.56 1.06 870 2.56 1.33
IA3j4 Intradermal needles, ear balls, seeds, pellets, tacks 861 3.56 1.09 872 2.46 1.25
IA3j7 Topical applications (e.g., liniment, plaster) 850 3.54 1.1 864 2.62 1.29
IA3j2 Guasha 864 3.5 1.14 877 2.15 1.22
IA3f3 On needle handle 845 3.45 1.19 867 1.88 1.29
IA3j3 Bleeding (Fang Xue) 863 3.34 1.19 875 1.7 1.05
IA2j Other microsystems 843 3.21 1.18 846 2.32 1.33
123
Table H4a. Chinese Herbology
Element Description
n Mean SD n Mean SD
IA1a Cautions and contraindications (e.g., condition-dependent, incompatibility) 682 4.64 0.74 686 4.2 1.4
IA1c Toxicity 678 4.6 0.81 680 4.05 1.47
IA1d Potential adverse effect 673 4.59 0.78 676 4.1 1.43
IA1b Herb/drug interactions 681 4.58 0.79 683 4.1 1.42
Identify product manufacturers in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice
669 4.48 0.88 675 4.26 1.33
IIA standards
IB1 Dosage of herbs and formulas 661 4.44 0.84 678 3.91 1.44
Evaluate treatment efficacy and modify treatment appropriately (e.g., formula
662 4.42 0.84 666 4.03 1.35
IF and herb modification)
Educate Patients on Risks and Benefits of Herbal Treatment (including informed
668 4.41 0.86 673 4.05 1.34
ID consent)
IIE Monitor herbs and herbal products for expiration dates 669 4.36 0.92 665 4.15 1.36
Identify products containing endangered species, animal products, and potential
667 4.28 1 670 3.6 1.62
IIC allergens (e.g., wheat, soy, sulfa)
IID Monitor stored herbs for contamination 668 4.28 1.06 671 3.5 1.74
IA2c3a Ingredients 666 4.26 0.93 668 3.56 1.45
IB2 Appropriate form of administration (e.g., decoction, granules, topical) 660 4.26 0.96 668 3.68 1.49
Treatment strategies/methods of Chinese herbal medicine (e.g., purging,
664 4.24 0.96 682 3.55 1.45
IA2a harmonizing, sweating)
Predict treatment outcomes and potential reactions to treatment for individual
669 4.24 0.91 673 3.77 1.37
IE patients
IB3 Preparation of herbs and herbal formulas 652 4.15 1.06 660 3.27 1.66
IA2c2 Combinations of Chinese herbs (Dui Yao) 663 4.14 1 673 3.27 1.53
Understand the properties of foods in accordance with traditional Chinese
670 4.09 0.97 674 3.64 1.33
IC1 medicine principles
IA2c3c Modifications 657 4.08 1.03 667 3.14 1.52
Advise patients in the use of foods in accordance with traditional Chinese
673 4.07 0.99 676 3.58 1.33
IC2 medicine principles
124
IA2c1 Individual Chinese herbs (including herb preparation/Pao Zhi) 670 4.02 1.08 679 2.96 1.58
IA2b Tastes, properties, direction, and channels entered of individual Chinese herbs 669 4 1.05 674 3.19 1.47
IA2c3b Dynamics (e.g., Jun/chief, Chen/deputy, guiding herbs) 665 3.98 1.08 672 3.1 1.47
IIB Identify raw herbs (visual, smell, taste) 670 3.83 1.25 674 2.63 1.7
125
Table H4b. Chinese Herbology Herb List
Mean
Herb n SD
Importance
Gui Pi Tang (Restore the Spleen Decoction) 614 3.51 1.22
Xiao Yao San (Rambling Powder) 602 3.49 1.35
Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (Six-Ingredient Pill with Rehmannia) 609 3.44 1.31
Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (Tonify the Middle and Augment the Qi Decoction) 618 3.39 1.31
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang (Gentiana Longdancao Decoction to Drain the Liver) 610 3.39 1.41
Si Jun Zi Tang (Four-Gentleman Decoction) 604 3.36 1.32
Si Wu Tang (Four-Substance Decoction) 596 3.35 1.38
Yin Qiao San (Honeysuckle and Forsythia Powder) 599 3.35 1.3
Xiao Chai Hu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) 600 3.34 1.4
Ma Huang Tang (Ephedra Decoction) 609 3.27 1.99
You Gui Wan (Restore the Right (Kidney) Pill) 597 3.27 1.39
Yu Ping Feng San (Jade Windscreen Powder) 595 3.27 1.36
Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan (Anemarrhena Phellodendron and Rehmannia Pill) 596 3.27 1.41
Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan (Emperor of Heaven’s Special Pill to Tonify the Heart) 601 3.24 1.47
Zuo Gui Wan (Restore the Left (Kidney) Pill) 600 3.23 1.44
Si Ni San (Frigid Extremities Powder) 603 3.22 1.48
Ba Zhen Tang (Eight-Treasure Decoction) 623 3.21 1.34
Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan (Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill) 610 3.21 1.35
Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin (Gastrodia and Uncaria Decoction) 601 3.21 1.49
Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan (Kidney Qi Pill from the Golden Cabinet) 606 3.2 1.45
Xi Jiao Di Huang Tang (Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction) 594 3.2 2.68
Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang (Drive Out Stasis in the Mansion of Blood Decoction) 595 3.2 1.44
Er Chen Tang (Two-Cured Decoction) 612 3.19 1.44
You Gui Yin (Restore the Right (Kidney) Decoction) 592 3.19 1.49
Chai Hu Shu Gan San (Bupleurum Powder to Spread the Liver) 617 3.16 1.39
Zuo Gui Yin (Restore the Left (Kidney) Decoction) 588 3.15 1.5
126
Suan Zao Ren Tang (Sour Jujube Decoction) 602 3.14 1.4
Gui Zhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) 610 3.13 1.42
Si Ni Tang (Frigid Extremities Decoction) 595 3.11 1.53
Cang Er Zi San (Xanthium Powder) 612 3.08 1.51
Wu Ling San (Five-Ingredient Powder with Poria) 598 3.08 1.42
Wen Jing Tang (Warm the Menses Decoction) 599 3.07 1.54
Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang (angelica Pubescens and Sangjisheng Decoction) 610 3.06 1.61
Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang (Drive-Out Blood Stasis in the Lower Abdomen Decoction) 604 3.06 1.46
Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang (Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction) 604 3.04 1.95
Shao Yao Gan Cao Tang (Peony and Licorice Decoction) 599 3.04 1.5
Xiao Qing Long Tang (Minor Blue-Green Dragon Decoction) 594 3.04 1.51
Shen Ling Bai Zhu San (Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodes Macrocephala Powder) 601 3.03 1.43
Zhi Gan Cao Tang (Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction) 594 3.01 1.48
Gan Mai Da Zao Tang (Licorice, Wheat, and Jujube Decoction) 603 2.99 1.64
Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang (Tangkuei Decoction to Tonify the Blood) 607 2.98 1.56
Bao He Wan (Preserve Harmony Pill) 615 2.97 1.47
Er Xian Tang (Two-Immortal Decoction) 607 2.96 1.64
Wen Dan Tang (Warm the Gallbladder Decoction) 596 2.96 1.47
Shao Yao Tang (Peony Decoction) 602 2.94 1.61
Shi Quan Da Bu Tang (All Inclusive Great Tonifying Decoction) 597 2.94 1.59
Ba Zheng San (Eight-Herb Powder for Rectification) 619 2.93 1.53
Da Bu Yin Wan (Great Tonify the Yin Pill) 615 2.93 1.55
Ping Wei San (Calm the Stomach Powder) 607 2.93 1.47
Shen Tong Zhu Yu Tang (Drive Out Blood Stasis from a Painful Body Decoction) 603 2.93 1.58
Qi Ju Di Huang Wan (Lycium Fruit, Chrysanthemum and Rehmannia Pill) 605 2.92 1.53
Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan (Clear the Qi and Transform Phlegm Pill) 604 2.92 1.61
Ban Xia Hou Po Tang (Pinellia and Magnolia Bark) 614 2.91 1.44
Huo Xiang Zheng Qi San (Agastache Powder to Rectify the Qi) 605 2.91 1.6
Si Shen Wan (Four-Miracle Pill) 597 2.91 1.58
Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang (Drive Out Blood Stasis Below the Diaphragm Decoction) 607 2.9 1.77
127
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (Coptis Decoction to Relieve Toxicity) 603 2.9 1.61
Da Chai Hu Tang (Major Bupleurum Decoction) 614 2.89 1.67
Ge Gen Tang (Kudzu Decoction) 610 2.89 1.6
Li Zhong Wan (Regulate the Middle Pill) 608 2.89 1.55
Mai Men Dong Tang (Ophiopogonis Decoction) 608 2.89 1.54
Ren Shen Bai Du San (Ginseng Powder to Overcome Pathogenic Influences) 603 2.89 1.52
Sang Ju Yin (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Decoction) 601 2.89 1.5
Yu Nu Jian (Jade Woman Decoction) 594 2.89 1.59
Ding Chuan Tang (Arrest Wheezing Decoction) 606 2.88 1.69
Yi Guan Jian (Linking Decoction) 592 2.88 1.61
Zhi Sou San (Stop Coughing Powder) 594 2.88 1.57
Er Miao San (Two-Marvel Powder) 609 2.87 1.63
Ling Jiao Gou Teng Tang (Antelope Horn and Uncaria Decoction) 600 2.87 2.28
Wu Zhu Yu Tang (Evodia Decoction) 593 2.87 1.77
Xiao Feng San (Eliminate Wind Powder from True Lineage) 593 2.86 1.55
Xiao Jian Zhong Tang (Minor Construct the Middle) 590 2.86 1.89
Zhen Wu Tang (True Warrior Decoction) 596 2.86 1.63
Xian Cheng Qi Tang (Minor Order the Qi Decoction) 591 2.85 1.66
Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San (Ligusticum Chuanxiong Powder to be Taken with Green Tea) 610 2.84 1.69
Gui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang (Cinnamon Twig, Peony, and Anemarrhena Decoction) 605 2.84 1.66
Ma Zi Ren Wan (Hemp Seed Pill) 608 2.84 1.62
Sheng Mai San (Generate the Pulse Powder) 601 2.84 1.45
Tao He Cheng Qi Tang (Peach Pit Decoction to order the Qi) 596 2.84 1.66
Da Cheng Qi Tang (Major Order the Qi Decoction) 611 2.83 1.8
Jian Bi Tang (Remove Painful Obstruction Decoction from Medical Revelations) 605 2.83 1.85
Jiao Ai Tang (Ass-Hide Gelatin and Mugwort Decoction) 602 2.83 2.07
Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang (Notopterygium Decoction to Overcome Dampness) 602 2.83 1.7
Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang (Perilla Fruit Decoction for Directing Qi Downward) 599 2.83 1.63
Shi Xiao San (Sudden Smile Powder) 604 2.82 1.78
Yue Ju Wan (Escape Restraint Pill) 585 2.82 1.67
128
Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Tang (Pinellia, Atractylodis Macrocephalae, and Gastrodia Decoction) 614 2.81 1.65
Gu Jing Wan (Stabilize the Menses Pill) 599 2.81 1.69
Wu Pi San (Five-Peel Powder) 600 2.81 1.61
Zhen Gan Xi Feng Tang (Sedate the Liver and Extinguish Wind Decoction) 593 2.81 1.88
Ge Gen Huang Lian Huang Qin Tang (Kudzu, Coptis, and Scutellaria Decoction) 611 2.8 1.78
Qing Wei San (Clear the Stomach Powder) 606 2.8 1.68
Run Chang Wan (Moisten the Intestines Pill) 598 2.8 1.6
Zuo Jing Wan (Left Metal Pill) 584 2.8 1.7
Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin (Universal Benefit Decoction to Eliminate Toxin) 601 2.78 1.8
Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang (Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodis Macrocephalae and Licorice Decoction) 602 2.77 1.91
Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (Tonify the Yang to Restore Five (Tenths) Decoction) 607 2.76 1.9
Er Zhi Wan (Two-Ultimate Pill) 607 2.76 1.77
Wu Wei Xiao Du Yin (Five-Ingredient Decoction to Eliminate Toxin) 590 2.76 1.77
Xiang Su San (Cyprus and Perilla Lead Powder) 591 2.76 2.03
Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang (Pinellia Decoction to Drain the Epigastrium) 611 2.75 1.58
Xiao Huo Lou Dan (Minor Invigorate the Collaterals Special Pill) 594 2.75 1.82
Da Jian Zhong Tang (Major Construct the Middle) 607 2.73 1.88
Dang Gui Liu Huang Tang (Tangkuei and Six-Yellow Decoction) 606 2.73 1.83
Gan Cao Xie Xin Tang (Licorice Decoction to Drain the Epigastrium) 604 2.73 1.88
Du Qi Wan (Capital Qi Pill) 605 2.72 2
Fu Yuan Huo Xue Tang (Revive Health by Invigorating the Blood Decoction) 604 2.72 1.98
Huang Lian E Jiao Tang (Coptis and Ass-Hide Gelatin Decoction) 608 2.72 1.85
Qing Hao Bie Jia Tang (Artemisia Annua and Soft-Shelled Turtle Shell Decoction) 601 2.72 2.06
Dao Chi San (Guide Out the Red Powder) 607 2.71 1.79
Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang (Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shaving Decoction 604 2.71 1.95
Liu Yi San (Six-to-One Powder) 599 2.71 1.97
Sang Piao Xiao San (Mantis Egg-Case Powder) 602 2.71 2
Tong Xie Yao Fang (Important Formula for Painful Diarrhea) 600 2.71 1.74
Xie Xin Tang (Drain the Epigastrium Decoction) 593 2.71 1.73
Yin Chen Hao Tang (Artemisia Yinchenhao Decoction) 590 2.71 1.63
129
Zhen Ren Yang Zang Tang (True Man’s Decoction to Nourish the Organs) 590 2.71 1.97
Dan Shen Yin (Salvia Drink) 604 2.7 1.81
Shou Tai Wan (Fetus Longevity Pill) 597 2.7 2
Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang (Regulate the Stomach and Order the Qi Decoction) 598 2.7 1.7
Bei Mu Gua Lou San (Fritillaria and Trichosanthes Fruit Powder) 616 2.69 1.73
Chai Ge Jie Ji Tang (Bupleurum and Kudzu Decoction) 613 2.69 1.7
Mu Li San (Oyster Shell Powder) 602 2.69 1.84
Qing Ying Tang (Clear the Nutritive Level Decoction) 599 2.69 1.95
Xuan Fu Dai Zhe Tang (Inula and Hermatite Decoction) 586 2.69 2.11
Bai Hu Tang (White Tiger Decoction) 616 2.68 1.75
Jin Suo Gu Jing Wan (Metal Lock Pill to Stabilize the Essence) 602 2.68 1.85
Bai He Gu Jin Tang (Lily Bulb Decoction to Preserve the Metal) 618 2.67 1.63
Sang Xing Tang (Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction) 600 2.67 1.74
Xiao Ji Yin Zi (Cephalanoplos Decoction) 593 2.67 2.19
Nuan Gan Jian (Warm the Liver Decoction) 602 2.66 1.99
Qing Wen Bai Du San (Clear Epidemics and Overcome Toxin Decoction) 603 2.66 1.99
Qing Zao Jiu Fei Tang (Eliminate Dryness and Rescue the Lungs Decoction) 602 2.66 1.85
Sheng Hua Tang (Generation and Transformation Decoction) 597 2.66 1.84
Sheng Jiang Xie Xin Tang (Fresh Ginger Decoction to Drain the Epigastrium) 597 2.66 1.82
Ding Xiang Shi Di Tang (Clove and Persimmon Calyx Decoction) 602 2.65 2.1
Jin Ling Zi San (Melia Toosendan Powder) 603 2.65 2.09
Yang He Tang (Yang-Heartening Decoction) 587 2.65 1.98
San Zi Yang Qing Tang (Three-Seed Decoction to Nourish One’s Parents) 600 2.64 1.83
Wan Dai Tang (End Discharge Decoction) 592 2.64 1.8
Xiang Ru San (Elsholtzia Powder) 589 2.64 2.17
Zhu Ling Tang (Polyporus Decoction) 591 2.64 1.6
Wei Jing Tang (Reed Decoction) 594 2.62 1.88
Xie Bai San (Drain the White Powder) 587 2.62 1.71
Bei Xie Fen Qing Yin (Dioscorea Hypoglauca Decoction to Separate the Clear) 610 2.61 2.04
Qing Gu San (Cool the Bones Powder) 603 2.61 1.96
130
Xie Huang San (Drain the Yellow Powder) 585 2.61 1.8
Xing Su San (Apricot Kernel and Perilla Leaf Powder) 592 2.61 1.73
Bai Tou Weng Tang (Pulsatilla Decoction) 617 2.6 1.9
Sheng Ma Ge Gen Tang (Cimicifuga and Kudzu Decoction) 599 2.6 1.73
Tai Shan Pan Shi San (Powder that Gives the Stability of Mount Tai) 593 2.6 1.98
Tian Tai Wu Yao San (Top-quality Lindera Powder) 596 2.6 1.9
Liang Fu Wan (Galangal and Cyprus Pill) 603 2.59 2.04
Zhu Ye Shi Gao Tang (Lophatherus and Gypsum) 584 2.59 1.88
Shi Hui San (Ten Partially-Charred Substance Powder) 595 2.58 2.09
Jia Jian Wei Rui Tang (Modified Polygonatum Odoratum) 601 2.57 2.05
Shi Pi Yin (Bolster the Spleen Decoction) 598 2.57 1.86
Ji Chuan Jian (Benefit the River (Flow) Decoction) 600 2.56 1.95
Liang Ge San (Cool the Diaphragm Powder) 601 2.56 2.01
Huai Hua San (Sophora Japonica Flower Powder) 601 2.52 1.88
131
Appendix I: Subgroup Analyses
132
Subgroup Analyses by Geographical Region of Practice
Table I1. Foundations of Oriental Medicine
South Central West North West South

East North Central Far West North East
Element Atlantic Central Central
N Mean N Mean N Mean N Mean N Mean N Mean
II_I 104 3.60 477 3.75 277 3.80 190 3.56 66 3.76 35 4.20
III_I 108 3.66 482 3.72 279 3.74 188 3.56 67 3.66 36 4.11
III_J 108 3.81 482 3.88 279 3.92 188 3.65 67 3.90 35 4.17
IIIA 109 3.13 484 3.29 278 3.47 188 3.59 65 3.63 37 3.62
IIA 107 3.28 479 3.31 278 3.50 190 3.75 65 3.75 37 3.68
IIIF 109 3.21 481 3.41 274 3.39 186 3.28 66 3.41 37 3.68
ID4 108 3.92 487 4.23 278 4.17 189 4.10 66 4.14 36 3.78
IIH 106 2.95 475 3.05 274 3.06 185 3.01 66 3.17 34 3.38
IIG 108 3.19 479 3.36 279 3.28 185 3.24 64 3.38 36 3.61
IIID 107 4.02 482 4.00 281 3.90 191 4.00 67 4.06 37 4.32
IIIE 108 4.09 479 4.10 280 4.11 188 4.03 66 4.26 36 4.44
IB1 107 3.64 486 3.79 279 3.90 189 4.05 66 3.98 37 3.76
II_J 107 3.77 478 3.88 277 3.91 188 3.71 66 3.94 37 4.11
IIIB 108 3.93 475 3.96 278 3.95 186 3.96 65 4.08 37 4.32
ID2 108 3.18 482 3.32 277 3.47 183 3.43 67 3.25 37 3.08
IIIG 108 3.05 480 3.29 277 3.24 188 3.18 66 3.26 37 3.43
IIC 108 4.28 479 4.23 275 4.23 186 4.24 67 4.31 36 4.61
IIE 108 4.15 481 4.17 280 4.10 190 4.11 64 4.36 37 4.49
IID 108 4.12 478 4.10 280 4.01 190 4.00 67 4.16 37 4.38
IIIH 106 2.79 480 2.97 281 2.96 189 2.92 65 3.02 37 3.16
IIF 106 3.28 476 3.46 277 3.42 188 3.36 67 3.48 37 3.62
IIIC 108 4.24 482 4.20 280 4.15 186 4.14 67 4.22 37 4.46
ID3 109 3.25 479 3.53 275 3.56 185 3.47 67 3.46 36 3.42
133
IB2 103 3.38 483 3.51 282 3.60 186 3.68 64 3.63 37 3.54
IA1 109 4.20 490 4.26 281 4.31 192 4.37 67 4.42 37 4.14
IA2 107 3.78 480 3.81 280 3.79 190 3.85 67 3.93 37 3.65
IA3 109 4.16 481 4.19 279 4.25 189 4.23 65 4.34 36 4.42
IA4 107 3.97 486 3.98 278 4.12 189 4.05 65 4.23 36 4.00
IC2 106 4.67 480 4.64 277 4.67 186 4.73 64 4.53 37 4.59
ID1 107 4.36 490 4.42 278 4.40 187 4.36 66 4.53 37 4.54
IIB 105 4.01 480 4.03 277 4.08 187 4.11 67 4.16 36 4.19
IC1 109 4.86 489 4.85 281 4.88 189 4.90 64 4.89 37 4.84
134
Table I2. Biomedicine

East North Central Far West North East Atlantic Central Central
Element
IB3b 86 3.12 367 3.23 216 2.99 151 3.29 50 2.90 25 3.64
IC4a 83 3.37 354 3.87 208 3.54 146 3.75 49 3.63 26 4.04
ID2 83 4.47 357 4.59 206 4.44 144 4.58 50 4.42 24 3.96
ID1 83 4.46 356 4.54 209 4.42 144 4.53 50 4.40 24 3.92
IC9a1 85 3.71 355 4.12 209 3.78 148 3.94 50 3.96 26 4.31
IC3a3 84 3.21 347 3.80 211 3.51 148 3.74 50 3.72 25 3.68
IC3b6 85 2.96 357 3.53 214 3.36 150 3.41 50 3.44 25 3.48
IC3c2 86 3.49 361 3.88 215 3.58 150 3.82 49 3.76 26 4.04
IC3c1 86 3.57 361 4.01 214 3.79 150 3.96 49 3.92 26 4.12
IC10c 83 3.65 356 4.08 205 3.81 147 3.86 51 4.06 26 4.19
IC3a2 83 3.25 357 3.79 213 3.54 149 3.72 50 3.66 25 3.68
IC2c 86 3.50 362 3.99 213 3.69 150 3.87 50 4.02 26 4.00
IC11a3 85 3.19 356 3.62 211 3.53 146 3.58 51 3.71 26 3.46
IC5d 84 3.20 355 3.66 211 3.42 147 3.57 50 3.72 25 3.44
IC9d 84 3.43 354 3.94 209 3.66 149 3.70 50 3.72 26 3.65
IC5a 84 3.24 357 3.75 209 3.41 148 3.60 49 3.47 26 3.69
IC5g 83 3.13 349 3.64 208 3.33 145 3.53 50 3.44 25 3.40
IB4a9 85 3.51 363 3.66 215 3.53 150 3.54 51 3.47 27 3.15
IC2e 86 3.30 357 3.77 211 3.45 150 3.69 50 3.78 26 3.81
IC6c 82 3.39 357 3.89 207 3.55 144 3.74 51 3.78 26 3.65
IC1b4 86 3.50 366 3.84 216 3.74 151 3.83 51 4.00 25 4.00
IC2a 86 3.50 360 3.96 213 3.66 152 3.80 49 3.84 25 4.00
IC3c3 86 3.50 359 3.90 214 3.65 152 3.86 50 3.96 26 4.00
IB5a10 82 2.95 365 3.37 214 3.19 149 3.45 51 3.33 26 3.00
IC3b5 86 3.30 358 3.78 214 3.51 150 3.67 50 3.68 25 3.80
135
IC12a 82 3.21 352 3.70 208 3.45 146 3.63 49 3.53 24 3.38
IC6d 82 3.11 351 3.53 207 3.32 142 3.40 50 3.34 26 3.04
IC3b4 86 3.51 361 3.86 214 3.61 153 3.80 49 3.86 26 4.00
IB5b 83 3.22 361 3.70 214 3.56 150 3.61 49 3.69 26 3.58
IC1a3 85 4.04 368 4.27 214 4.09 151 4.17 51 4.35 25 4.52
IC3a1 85 3.41 356 3.90 213 3.65 148 3.79 50 3.82 25 3.80
IB4a29 85 3.22 361 3.45 215 3.28 147 3.37 51 3.10 27 2.96
IC1a2 85 4.06 368 4.29 215 4.08 151 4.19 51 4.37 26 4.54
IC4d 81 3.07 348 3.54 207 3.28 146 3.42 49 3.33 25 3.48
IC2b 84 3.38 362 3.81 213 3.58 151 3.75 50 3.76 26 3.85
IC3b3 86 3.53 363 4.00 213 3.65 150 3.87 50 3.84 26 3.96
IC1b5 85 3.98 361 4.31 214 4.08 150 4.12 51 4.43 26 4.08
IC2d 86 3.55 360 3.95 210 3.67 152 3.90 50 4.00 26 3.96
IC3b2 85 3.59 362 3.98 214 3.70 153 3.79 49 3.96 26 4.04
IC4b 83 3.33 352 3.77 208 3.42 146 3.64 49 3.55 26 3.73
IC9a2 85 3.60 353 4.02 210 3.69 147 3.85 49 3.80 25 4.04
IC6b 83 3.33 356 3.76 209 3.60 145 3.68 51 3.76 26 3.54
IB5a7 83 3.23 364 3.57 210 3.40 149 3.62 51 3.67 25 3.36
IB2b3 82 3.21 372 3.47 215 3.17 150 3.22 49 3.08 27 3.52
IC5f 84 3.14 356 3.58 210 3.33 146 3.56 50 3.48 26 3.35
IC3b1 86 3.51 364 3.93 214 3.65 153 3.85 50 3.94 26 3.88
IC10a 84 3.38 354 3.79 209 3.61 148 3.72 51 3.76 26 3.81
IC6a 85 3.40 354 3.82 209 3.54 145 3.68 51 3.80 26 3.54
IB2b1 86 3.03 373 3.38 216 3.14 152 3.31 50 2.96 27 3.26
IC8a 84 3.86 355 4.21 210 4.04 151 4.11 51 4.27 26 4.00
IB5c 82 3.62 361 4.02 213 3.83 149 3.97 51 3.90 26 4.04
IC8b 85 3.86 360 4.21 210 4.05 151 4.10 51 4.27 25 3.96
IC11a6 85 3.39 354 3.80 211 3.57 145 3.72 50 3.68 25 3.44
IC11b2 85 3.22 355 3.55 211 3.37 147 3.63 50 3.48 26 3.54
IB5a8 83 3.27 365 3.67 213 3.46 151 3.60 51 3.65 25 3.40
136
IB4a34 85 3.13 363 3.47 213 3.39 148 3.53 51 3.27 27 3.37
IB2c5 82 2.49 370 2.75 214 2.59 149 2.75 49 2.59 26 2.88
IC1a4 84 4.14 366 4.36 213 4.19 150 4.25 51 4.43 26 4.54
IC4c 83 3.57 347 3.89 209 3.56 146 3.73 48 3.69 25 3.96
IB5a2 83 3.39 364 3.74 214 3.49 150 3.67 50 3.78 26 3.62
IB5a6 82 3.39 363 3.68 213 3.46 150 3.72 51 3.78 25 3.44
IC7f 83 3.51 357 3.81 209 3.61 148 3.69 50 3.90 26 3.58
IB4a30 84 3.26 363 3.50 216 3.31 149 3.39 51 3.22 27 3.11
IC1b2 86 3.90 368 4.15 214 3.89 151 4.08 51 4.25 25 4.28
IC9c 84 4.02 359 4.23 208 3.96 149 4.07 51 4.35 26 4.08
IB4a20 85 3.74 368 3.89 214 3.72 150 3.87 51 3.98 26 4.12
IB2c4 84 2.50 368 2.89 214 2.73 151 2.78 51 2.84 26 2.88
IC3c4 85 3.54 356 3.89 214 3.61 150 3.78 48 3.88 26 3.92
IC9a5 83 3.33 355 3.70 207 3.48 146 3.55 49 3.45 26 3.65
IB5a9 81 3.21 362 3.59 213 3.39 149 3.52 51 3.57 26 3.23
IC1b3 85 4.00 367 4.31 215 4.10 151 4.14 51 4.37 25 4.32
IC8c 85 3.95 357 4.20 210 3.99 151 4.05 50 4.32 26 4.04
IC9a6 85 3.40 346 3.77 207 3.58 142 3.63 48 3.58 26 3.58
IC9a4 84 3.32 357 3.69 209 3.52 146 3.54 48 3.44 26 3.54
IC11b1 85 3.29 355 3.59 211 3.46 146 3.66 51 3.55 26 3.65
IB2a 85 3.34 374 3.64 217 3.59 146 3.66 51 3.53 27 3.70
IC8d 85 3.78 359 4.07 211 3.93 149 4.00 51 4.14 26 3.88
IC9b1 84 3.56 359 3.88 208 3.65 147 3.69 51 3.75 25 3.92
IB4a35 85 3.53 362 3.82 211 3.61 149 3.78 51 3.69 27 3.89
IB4a36 84 3.39 365 3.60 214 3.41 146 3.62 51 3.41 27 3.26
IC7g 85 3.74 356 4.01 208 3.82 148 3.93 51 4.10 26 3.81
IC9b3 83 3.72 357 4.06 210 3.82 147 3.83 51 4.08 26 3.81
IB5a5 83 3.41 364 3.71 214 3.47 151 3.63 51 3.76 26 3.58
IB4a33 85 3.11 365 3.36 215 3.36 149 3.39 51 3.20 26 3.04
IB4a16 85 3.76 368 3.93 216 3.73 150 3.83 51 3.76 26 4.08
137
IB4a37 85 3.49 361 3.67 212 3.50 147 3.71 51 3.49 25 3.84
IB5a3 83 3.17 365 3.52 214 3.28 151 3.40 51 3.51 26 3.23
IB5a1 83 3.40 366 3.74 212 3.46 150 3.69 51 3.75 26 3.65
IB4a14 83 3.64 363 3.83 213 3.70 149 3.79 51 3.86 27 3.52
IC5c 84 3.67 354 3.97 210 3.64 147 3.86 50 3.98 26 3.85
IC11b3 84 3.38 353 3.72 210 3.48 147 3.71 51 3.63 26 3.50
IB2c1 83 2.52 370 2.86 218 2.71 152 2.76 51 2.71 26 2.73
IB4c 86 4.06 362 4.20 211 3.96 149 4.15 50 4.00 27 4.30
IB4a3 84 3.62 365 3.78 216 3.57 151 3.74 51 3.63 27 3.44
IC5e 84 3.63 356 3.90 210 3.62 145 3.73 50 3.96 25 3.92
IB3c 86 2.74 359 2.85 214 2.76 147 3.00 51 2.67 27 2.96
IC11a5 84 3.60 355 3.86 209 3.72 144 3.85 51 3.82 26 3.92
IB2c6 82 2.32 366 2.64 212 2.46 149 2.61 50 2.44 25 2.40
IC1b1 83 4.20 368 4.36 216 4.10 151 4.27 51 4.39 26 4.42
IC5b 83 3.47 354 3.79 211 3.49 146 3.70 49 3.59 26 3.54
IC8e 83 3.63 356 3.94 210 3.77 148 3.90 51 3.90 26 3.85
IC10e 82 3.71 352 4.02 207 3.77 145 3.88 51 3.76 26 3.85
IC15 83 3.25 348 3.56 206 3.41 145 3.43 50 3.32 23 3.52
IC10b 84 3.70 356 4.01 210 3.81 149 3.87 51 3.98 26 3.96
IC9b2 82 3.51 357 3.82 208 3.63 149 3.66 51 3.80 26 3.77
IB4a27 85 3.61 363 3.70 213 3.54 149 3.65 51 3.69 26 3.85
IC12b 83 3.54 351 3.84 206 3.57 146 3.75 50 3.74 24 3.67
IC12c 81 3.35 348 3.64 202 3.41 144 3.58 51 3.49 24 3.54
IC7d 83 3.25 356 3.55 208 3.42 146 3.49 51 3.49 26 3.27
IC9e 84 3.81 359 4.06 207 3.81 145 3.93 48 4.10 25 3.88
IC10d 83 3.75 354 4.03 210 3.83 148 3.89 51 4.04 25 4.04
IC1a1 86 4.24 367 4.41 215 4.16 151 4.30 51 4.45 26 4.38
IB4b 85 3.47 363 3.76 212 3.58 147 3.68 51 3.63 26 3.73
IB3a 86 2.98 372 3.11 217 3.04 150 3.19 51 2.90 26 3.15
IB5a4 83 3.29 365 3.57 214 3.35 151 3.48 51 3.55 26 3.38
138
IC11a1 85 3.87 356 4.07 210 3.94 145 3.99 51 4.04 26 4.15
IC7b 85 3.84 357 4.05 209 3.89 147 4.07 51 4.12 26 4.12
IB4a5 84 3.54 365 3.69 215 3.52 150 3.61 51 3.41 27 3.59
IC7e 83 3.90 357 4.18 208 3.92 146 4.02 51 4.10 26 3.96
IB4a21 85 3.52 365 3.79 215 3.56 148 3.74 51 3.75 27 3.59
IB2c2 86 2.85 371 3.09 217 2.90 150 2.97 51 3.02 25 3.12
IB4a22 85 3.24 366 3.42 216 3.30 147 3.50 51 3.33 27 3.44
IB4a28 85 3.51 364 3.59 214 3.47 148 3.51 51 3.37 27 3.33
IC9b4 84 3.60 356 3.85 210 3.64 149 3.69 51 3.69 26 3.62
IC11a4 84 3.75 356 4.01 210 3.86 143 3.98 50 3.96 26 3.92
IB4a31 84 3.62 365 3.87 215 3.62 149 3.76 51 3.65 27 3.85
IB4a6 85 3.73 367 3.89 216 3.71 148 3.75 50 3.64 26 3.85
IC9b5 84 3.71 357 3.97 208 3.76 147 3.80 51 3.90 26 3.85
IC7a 85 3.85 357 4.04 210 3.84 148 4.09 51 4.02 26 4.04
IB4a8 84 3.73 365 3.79 215 3.54 150 3.73 50 3.54 27 3.56
IC14 83 3.61 353 3.86 205 3.64 146 3.75 50 3.62 24 3.75
IB2c3 86 2.63 371 2.85 216 2.69 151 2.75 49 2.61 27 2.70
IB2b2 86 3.31 372 3.55 214 3.42 149 3.40 50 3.44 26 3.50
IC9a3 85 3.53 354 3.76 208 3.60 147 3.66 50 3.62 26 3.54
IC7c 84 3.48 356 3.67 209 3.56 148 3.71 51 3.67 26 3.50
IB4a4 84 3.61 366 3.74 216 3.57 150 3.70 49 3.51 27 3.56
IC13b 82 3.67 353 3.89 207 3.74 146 3.82 51 3.84 24 3.67
IB4a23 84 3.20 366 3.42 212 3.31 148 3.41 51 3.29 27 3.37
IIC1 82 4.46 365 4.54 211 4.45 149 4.44 51 4.49 26 4.65
IB4a32 83 3.25 365 3.42 213 3.38 149 3.47 51 3.29 27 3.37
IA 80 3.89 372 3.88 213 3.79 150 3.93 51 3.94 27 4.00
IB4a1 85 3.76 366 3.87 216 3.72 151 3.93 51 3.90 27 3.93
IB4a25 85 3.41 369 3.49 214 3.47 149 3.54 51 3.49 27 3.33
IB4a11 85 3.60 367 3.74 214 3.55 149 3.68 51 3.73 27 3.74
IB4a24 85 3.61 366 3.72 215 3.56 147 3.65 51 3.75 27 3.63
139
IB4a17 85 3.66 366 3.82 213 3.63 150 3.69 51 3.80 27 3.78
IB4a15 83 4.01 368 4.10 214 3.92 150 4.08 51 4.06 26 4.04
IB4a26 85 3.32 365 3.44 215 3.35 147 3.41 50 3.30 27 3.26
IB4a2 85 3.72 366 3.85 216 3.68 151 3.81 50 3.86 27 3.81
IIC2 83 4.53 366 4.60 214 4.49 152 4.49 51 4.67 26 4.65
IB4a19 84 3.65 366 3.83 215 3.67 149 3.80 51 3.76 27 3.74
IC11a2 85 3.76 353 3.91 210 3.82 147 3.90 51 3.94 26 3.85
IB4a10 84 3.63 364 3.74 214 3.56 151 3.58 50 3.70 27 3.63
IB4a7 84 3.76 366 3.84 216 3.67 150 3.76 51 3.80 27 3.70
IID 82 4.72 357 4.75 211 4.62 150 4.72 51 4.67 24 4.79
IC13a 83 3.72 353 3.89 206 3.73 145 3.88 51 3.84 24 3.79
IB4a13 85 3.78 367 3.93 215 3.79 150 3.88 51 3.88 27 3.89
IB4a12 85 3.45 368 3.54 214 3.43 148 3.56 51 3.41 27 3.48
IIC3 83 4.43 364 4.58 214 4.47 152 4.51 51 4.53 26 4.46
IIE2 83 4.70 359 4.64 213 4.58 147 4.57 50 4.72 26 4.69
IIE1 83 4.64 362 4.54 214 4.49 150 4.57 51 4.51 26 4.58
IIB 80 4.69 360 4.73 211 4.63 147 4.71 51 4.76 25 4.68
IB1 83 4.48 366 4.51 218 4.42 153 4.54 51 4.55 27 4.44
IIA 81 4.53 362 4.62 212 4.52 149 4.61 50 4.62 25 4.64
IB4a18 84 3.55 366 3.63 215 3.55 150 3.58 50 3.64 26 3.54
140
Table I3. Acupuncture with Point Location

Element
IA3f1 82 3.22 334 3.62 204 3.70 141 3.57 50 3.56 26 3.04
IA3j3 83 3.33 339 3.47 204 3.28 147 3.25 51 3.27 26 2.85
IA3f3 83 3.05 334 3.46 200 3.50 143 3.48 48 3.67 24 3.29
IA2j 80 2.99 331 3.35 200 3.18 144 3.19 50 2.82 26 3.27
IA3j2 83 3.60 340 3.56 204 3.49 148 3.34 50 3.58 26 3.12
IA3j7 82 3.45 333 3.66 198 3.42 147 3.47 51 3.71 26 3.23
IA3f2 82 3.45 336 3.76 203 3.76 144 3.73 49 3.86 25 3.40
IA2i 81 3.28 336 3.70 200 3.47 147 3.53 51 3.41 26 3.73
IA2d 82 3.99 338 4.17 203 4.18 146 4.06 50 3.84 25 3.76
IA3h 82 3.40 334 3.70 203 3.60 141 3.58 50 3.72 26 3.31
IA3g 80 3.44 333 3.73 202 3.66 143 3.55 50 3.68 26 3.35
IA3e2 81 3.99 337 4.23 202 4.19 148 4.21 47 4.17 26 3.85
IA3j4 82 3.43 336 3.68 206 3.44 148 3.50 51 3.75 26 3.38
IA2h 81 3.74 338 3.97 204 3.88 148 3.89 50 3.74 26 3.62
IA3j5 83 3.71 337 3.80 207 3.45 149 3.52 50 3.64 26 3.50
IA3e4 76 4.16 336 4.36 201 4.38 143 4.50 50 4.46 26 4.27
IA3i 80 3.84 335 3.95 197 3.79 144 4.01 50 3.86 26 3.69
IA3j1 81 3.83 338 3.86 207 3.72 149 3.67 50 3.92 26 3.62
IA1b 83 4.35 333 4.46 203 4.44 145 4.48 50 4.42 26 4.19
IA3c2 79 4.39 334 4.47 203 4.42 146 4.43 49 4.55 26 4.27
IA2g 82 3.85 337 4.10 201 3.99 145 4.00 51 3.82 26 4.00
IA2e 82 4.24 339 4.42 204 4.38 146 4.49 51 4.24 26 4.35
IA2b 83 4.01 339 4.19 205 4.21 146 4.26 50 4.08 26 4.08
IA3c3 82 4.01 334 4.25 202 4.26 143 4.26 50 4.20 26 4.04
IA3e3 81 4.20 338 4.39 203 4.33 147 4.44 49 4.29 26 4.23
141
IA3b 83 4.28 328 4.48 196 4.45 137 4.51 46 4.35 25 4.28
IA3d 81 4.10 335 4.18 201 4.15 141 4.11 50 3.98 26 3.96
IA3c4 81 4.06 335 4.21 203 4.11 145 4.18 50 4.28 26 4.27
IB1 81 4.60 331 4.68 203 4.60 145 4.57 51 4.65 26 4.46
IA3j6 82 3.77 338 3.86 205 3.69 148 3.64 51 3.78 26 3.77
IIA 80 4.75 337 4.80 206 4.72 146 4.84 51 4.73 26 4.92
IA1c 80 4.73 335 4.70 203 4.54 144 4.74 51 4.67 26 4.69
IA2f 82 4.07 337 4.22 203 4.15 148 4.20 50 4.04 26 4.08
IA2a 80 4.76 339 4.79 203 4.73 147 4.86 51 4.69 25 4.80
IB2 81 4.48 332 4.59 203 4.54 144 4.49 50 4.54 26 4.42
IIB 81 4.85 337 4.85 207 4.77 147 4.88 51 4.80 27 4.93
IA3e1 82 4.50 336 4.60 204 4.49 147 4.63 49 4.57 25 4.48
IA2c 81 4.37 339 4.45 203 4.41 146 4.45 50 4.38 26 4.31
IA3a 82 4.72 329 4.78 201 4.69 143 4.80 46 4.67 26 4.81
IA3c1 82 4.29 337 4.39 200 4.31 147 4.41 50 4.42 26 4.35
IA1a 83 4.35 335 4.38 207 4.41 146 4.46 51 4.43 26 4.35
142
Table I4. Chinese Herbology

Element
IIC 56 4.13 283 4.39 147 4.10 107 4.49 41 4.32 20 3.35
IA2c3a 56 4.09 285 4.32 145 4.13 106 4.30 41 4.27 20 4.60
IB1 55 4.33 282 4.52 144 4.25 106 4.49 41 4.54 20 4.75
IB2 55 3.95 282 4.35 143 4.09 106 4.32 41 4.34 20 4.40
IIB 56 3.80 287 3.90 147 3.73 106 3.88 41 3.78 20 3.45
IIE 56 4.14 286 4.41 147 4.16 106 4.59 41 4.49 20 4.40
IA2c1 56 3.84 289 3.99 147 4.03 105 4.10 40 4.00 20 4.25
IF 55 4.47 282 4.46 144 4.20 107 4.52 41 4.56 20 4.60
IA2c3c 55 3.87 283 4.11 143 4.02 105 4.13 40 4.05 19 4.26
IA1a 56 4.57 292 4.67 150 4.49 107 4.72 42 4.79 22 4.86
IA1d 56 4.41 290 4.64 145 4.44 106 4.64 41 4.78 22 4.73
IA1c 56 4.46 291 4.64 147 4.47 107 4.58 42 4.83 22 4.77
IA2a 56 4.11 286 4.26 145 4.13 104 4.30 40 4.48 20 4.40
IE 56 4.25 287 4.29 146 4.03 106 4.38 41 4.24 20 4.30
IA1b 56 4.45 292 4.64 148 4.43 108 4.63 42 4.76 22 4.77
IA2c2 55 3.96 285 4.14 147 4.07 103 4.24 40 4.30 20 4.25
IC2 56 4.04 288 4.10 148 3.89 107 4.16 41 4.22 20 3.95
IID 56 4.09 285 4.38 147 4.10 106 4.42 41 4.27 20 4.10
ID 56 4.43 287 4.43 146 4.23 106 4.56 40 4.50 20 4.55
IB3 54 3.91 277 4.23 145 4.03 103 4.21 41 4.22 19 4.21
IIA 56 4.39 284 4.51 148 4.34 107 4.65 41 4.51 20 4.45
IA2b 55 3.82 290 3.99 146 3.98 105 4.06 40 4.13 20 4.00
IC1 56 4.07 289 4.10 146 3.97 106 4.17 40 4.23 20 4.00
IA2c3b 56 3.95 287 3.95 143 3.95 105 4.09 41 3.93 20 4.10
143
Subgroup Analyses by Years of Experience
Table I5. Foundations of Oriental Medicine
5 Years or Less 6 to 10 Years 11 to 15 years 16 years or more

Element
N Mean N Mean N Mean N Mean
IIA 328 3.40 288 3.32 233 3.49 310 3.63
III_J 329 3.95 290 3.88 236 3.69 308 3.86
IA2 333 3.70 289 3.78 236 3.79 306 3.96
ID2 327 3.33 289 3.25 233 3.31 309 3.47
IB1 333 3.77 287 3.83 234 3.85 313 3.99
IIID 332 4.10 289 4.04 236 3.88 312 3.94
IIIH 328 2.83 290 3.01 230 2.92 313 3.05
III_I 329 3.82 291 3.70 234 3.61 310 3.67
IIIC 327 4.30 288 4.26 238 4.12 310 4.09
II_I 321 3.87 290 3.67 232 3.67 307 3.72
IIH 324 2.95 287 3.07 228 3.07 306 3.13
IA1 336 4.20 292 4.31 237 4.28 315 4.37
IID 330 4.14 289 4.14 238 3.98 306 4.05
ID4 331 4.04 292 4.19 233 4.20 312 4.19
IIIA 329 3.34 287 3.33 235 3.46 314 3.47
ID3 331 3.41 285 3.47 233 3.55 306 3.56
ID1 328 4.47 289 4.33 238 4.41 314 4.43
IIC 325 4.32 288 4.27 234 4.20 307 4.21
IB2 333 3.50 287 3.56 231 3.54 309 3.61
II_J 327 3.89 285 3.86 235 3.78 308 3.88
IA4 332 3.96 290 4.07 232 4.05 312 4.07
IIF 324 3.45 288 3.39 233 3.49 309 3.40
IA3 333 4.23 288 4.19 233 4.18 309 4.28
IIIF 327 3.37 289 3.35 232 3.44 308 3.36
IC2 329 4.64 283 4.61 232 4.69 310 4.69
IIB 328 4.07 288 4.01 231 4.09 308 4.09
IIIE 329 4.15 291 4.12 234 4.07 307 4.12
IIIG 325 3.21 288 3.25 237 3.25 311 3.27
IC1 331 4.87 291 4.84 236 4.89 315 4.87
IIG 327 3.33 288 3.29 230 3.31 309 3.34
IIIB 328 4.00 287 3.95 232 3.95 306 3.98
IIE 328 4.16 290 4.20 233 4.17 312 4.15
144
Table I6. Biomedicine

Element
IB2a 259 3.47 222 3.57 185 3.61 235 3.82
IB4a4 254 3.67 219 3.71 185 3.81 235 3.53
IC4c 245 3.91 211 3.73 174 3.64 227 3.70
IB2c5 257 2.69 221 2.65 182 2.58 230 2.84
IC11b2 248 3.63 214 3.50 178 3.37 235 3.46
ID1 247 4.52 214 4.50 176 4.60 230 4.34
IB3a 259 3.04 224 3.10 183 2.98 236 3.23
IC1b3 256 4.30 222 4.23 182 4.23 234 4.06
IB5c 254 3.96 217 4.02 182 3.97 228 3.78
IC1b4 257 3.91 222 3.83 181 3.78 235 3.68
IC11b3 247 3.71 216 3.66 176 3.48 233 3.63
IC1b2 256 4.18 221 4.05 183 4.06 235 3.96
IC7c 249 3.75 217 3.53 176 3.61 233 3.64
IB4a5 255 3.64 220 3.63 183 3.72 235 3.50
IB2c4 256 2.75 222 2.80 183 2.73 233 2.94
IB5b 257 3.61 219 3.70 178 3.61 229 3.49
IC7e 248 4.08 215 4.09 176 4.15 233 3.94
IB2b1 258 3.17 225 3.31 186 3.18 235 3.38
IC5d 250 3.63 215 3.55 177 3.42 229 3.56
ID2 248 4.55 214 4.54 174 4.60 229 4.40
IC1b5 254 4.23 219 4.24 182 4.27 232 4.07
IB4a1 258 3.88 220 3.89 185 3.90 234 3.71
IC10e 244 3.97 210 3.78 179 3.97 230 3.86
IIC3 256 4.55 222 4.55 179 4.61 234 4.42
IA 258 3.97 219 3.84 181 3.77 235 3.90
IC5a 251 3.69 215 3.62 176 3.49 230 3.55
IB2c2 257 3.01 223 3.01 186 2.91 234 3.10
IC5c 248 3.90 216 3.90 176 3.72 230 3.84
IC2e 255 3.73 215 3.67 182 3.54 228 3.61
IB2c3 258 2.76 223 2.73 185 2.70 234 2.88
IB2c1 257 2.75 222 2.74 185 2.72 236 2.90
IB5a9 255 3.52 219 3.54 179 3.51 230 3.37
IB5a2 257 3.67 219 3.69 182 3.66 230 3.52
IB5a7 256 3.55 216 3.58 180 3.51 230 3.41
IC1a2 256 4.30 222 4.24 182 4.20 236 4.13
IC4b 247 3.70 212 3.59 175 3.53 229 3.64
IIE1 256 4.59 221 4.51 178 4.63 232 4.46
145
IB4b 255 3.69 218 3.74 181 3.70 231 3.57
IB4a29 256 3.30 219 3.32 182 3.47 229 3.34
IB2b2 260 3.39 221 3.56 183 3.42 234 3.53
IB5a4 257 3.51 219 3.53 182 3.49 232 3.36
IB2b3 255 3.31 223 3.36 185 3.22 233 3.38
IC8e 249 3.94 214 3.81 177 3.78 234 3.88
IC3c3 256 3.91 218 3.78 182 3.75 231 3.77
IB5a1 257 3.69 219 3.69 182 3.62 231 3.53
IC7a 250 4.09 217 3.95 178 3.98 233 3.93
IB2c6 249 2.55 219 2.52 183 2.49 233 2.65
IB4a12 256 3.50 220 3.61 184 3.52 234 3.45
IB4a3 256 3.71 220 3.74 185 3.76 234 3.60
IC8c 252 4.19 215 4.10 177 4.03 235 4.10
IB4a2 257 3.85 221 3.82 185 3.83 233 3.69
IC11a2 247 3.98 216 3.85 178 3.87 232 3.83
IC7d 249 3.55 216 3.43 176 3.39 231 3.52
IB4a28 255 3.51 220 3.50 184 3.65 231 3.49
IB5a8 257 3.59 219 3.61 183 3.60 229 3.45
IC5b 250 3.75 215 3.66 176 3.63 227 3.60
IC6d 247 3.48 214 3.36 173 3.33 223 3.42
IC3b4 254 3.84 220 3.76 181 3.69 234 3.78
IB5a6 254 3.65 219 3.66 180 3.61 231 3.52
IC3b1 256 3.91 220 3.76 182 3.80 235 3.81
IB5a3 257 3.42 219 3.46 183 3.42 231 3.31
IC6c 249 3.82 215 3.69 173 3.67 228 3.75
IB4c 256 4.16 219 4.14 182 4.12 229 4.02
IC13b 247 3.88 213 3.79 176 3.88 228 3.74
IC11a5 245 3.89 214 3.77 177 3.83 233 3.76
IID 254 4.72 218 4.68 173 4.79 231 4.65
IC3c2 255 3.85 218 3.72 182 3.72 232 3.76
IC11a1 247 4.10 214 3.97 178 3.97 235 4.00
IB5a5 257 3.63 218 3.68 183 3.61 231 3.55
IB5a10 256 3.33 219 3.35 183 3.26 229 3.22
IC14 246 3.84 214 3.71 177 3.77 225 3.72
IC12b 243 3.78 212 3.65 178 3.76 228 3.74
IB4a30 255 3.35 221 3.38 182 3.48 231 3.40
IB4a37 254 3.63 220 3.63 182 3.69 226 3.56
IC5e 248 3.83 215 3.80 176 3.70 229 3.80
IIA 252 4.58 219 4.63 178 4.66 229 4.53
IC7g 249 4.00 215 3.90 177 3.95 234 3.87
IC9a2 249 3.91 214 3.82 181 3.93 226 3.81
146
IC7b 250 4.07 216 3.94 177 4.02 233 3.97
IC3b5 254 3.73 219 3.60 180 3.65 230 3.63
IB4a33 256 3.33 221 3.33 183 3.40 232 3.28
IB4a36 256 3.53 221 3.53 182 3.59 230 3.47
IC11a4 247 4.02 214 3.93 176 3.93 234 3.90
IC1a3 255 4.26 221 4.20 183 4.21 235 4.14
IC11b1 246 3.63 216 3.56 178 3.51 235 3.51
IC10d 247 3.97 213 3.93 176 3.86 234 3.98
IB4a22 258 3.40 221 3.39 182 3.47 232 3.35
IC6b 250 3.68 214 3.70 176 3.59 229 3.70
IC4d 244 3.48 212 3.39 173 3.36 226 3.41
IC9a1 248 4.00 215 3.94 181 4.05 230 3.93
IB1 261 4.47 223 4.43 183 4.51 231 4.55
IB3c 257 2.80 219 2.83 181 2.85 227 2.92
IC2a 255 3.89 217 3.80 183 3.78 230 3.81
IIC2 257 4.60 222 4.59 179 4.56 235 4.49
IB3b 255 3.13 222 3.17 184 3.13 234 3.24
IC3c4 251 3.82 216 3.71 182 3.80 230 3.78
IC9c 248 4.14 215 4.06 181 4.13 233 4.17
IC9a4 246 3.63 215 3.52 181 3.59 229 3.59
IC2d 255 3.89 217 3.88 183 3.78 229 3.85
IIC1 255 4.51 222 4.50 177 4.55 231 4.45
IC8d 252 4.04 216 4.00 177 3.93 236 4.02
IC1a4 256 4.30 220 4.35 179 4.29 235 4.24
IC9d 247 3.77 213 3.70 179 3.80 233 3.81
IC5f 251 3.50 216 3.48 178 3.39 226 3.50
IB4a8 256 3.70 220 3.71 185 3.75 232 3.65
IC11a3 248 3.62 215 3.56 179 3.55 234 3.51
IC3b6 251 3.47 217 3.43 181 3.40 231 3.37
IC13a 245 3.89 213 3.78 178 3.88 227 3.81
IB4a17 256 3.73 222 3.73 184 3.81 230 3.71
IC4a 246 3.76 213 3.74 176 3.66 230 3.71
IIB 251 4.69 219 4.70 176 4.76 230 4.66
IC9a6 245 3.70 209 3.60 176 3.67 225 3.65
IC10b 248 3.96 216 3.86 179 3.89 233 3.95
IB4a23 256 3.36 220 3.37 183 3.44 230 3.34
IB4a14 254 3.81 221 3.81 183 3.72 229 3.74
IIE2 253 4.65 219 4.64 177 4.67 229 4.57
IB4a6 256 3.84 221 3.81 184 3.80 232 3.74
IC10a 248 3.77 213 3.68 179 3.70 232 3.67
IC9e 245 4.01 213 3.92 179 3.95 231 3.94
147
IB4a10 255 3.65 219 3.69 185 3.70 232 3.61
IC1b1 257 4.33 222 4.24 183 4.30 233 4.24
IB4a9 255 3.56 221 3.58 185 3.63 232 3.54
IC9b3 247 3.98 214 3.89 180 3.93 233 3.93
IC1a1 255 4.35 222 4.35 183 4.34 236 4.26
IB4a13 258 3.93 221 3.86 185 3.85 232 3.84
IC9b5 248 3.91 213 3.82 178 3.89 234 3.83
IB4a35 253 3.74 221 3.70 182 3.79 231 3.72
IC5g 249 3.54 208 3.48 174 3.45 228 3.49
IC3c1 255 3.96 218 3.88 181 3.87 232 3.91
IC2c 257 3.92 218 3.84 182 3.84 230 3.87
IB4a31 256 3.72 222 3.75 183 3.80 231 3.81
IC2b 255 3.76 217 3.71 183 3.71 231 3.68
IC9b1 249 3.76 213 3.75 178 3.74 234 3.82
IC8a 250 4.16 216 4.15 176 4.09 235 4.08
IC9b2 247 3.76 214 3.68 180 3.70 233 3.75
IB4a16 258 3.84 221 3.86 185 3.90 233 3.82
IB4a34 255 3.44 221 3.42 183 3.45 230 3.38
IC3b2 254 3.89 220 3.85 181 3.86 234 3.82
IB4a21 256 3.68 222 3.68 182 3.70 231 3.75
IB4a11 255 3.65 221 3.72 185 3.68 233 3.69
IC9a3 249 3.72 215 3.66 179 3.65 228 3.67
IC9a5 248 3.63 212 3.56 180 3.56 227 3.58
IC11a6 246 3.72 213 3.65 178 3.67 234 3.70
IC7f 249 3.75 216 3.69 177 3.71 233 3.73
IC10c 246 3.97 213 3.91 178 3.95 231 3.96
IC3a1 252 3.78 216 3.79 182 3.74 228 3.80
IB4a27 255 3.67 221 3.62 183 3.64 229 3.69
IC12a 246 3.60 212 3.54 176 3.55 227 3.59
IC3b3 255 3.89 220 3.84 181 3.83 232 3.83
IC8b 252 4.15 217 4.15 178 4.10 234 4.09
IC6a 248 3.71 215 3.72 176 3.66 230 3.67
IC3a3 247 3.70 216 3.65 179 3.66 223 3.66
IB4a24 258 3.63 221 3.69 182 3.65 231 3.68
IB4a18 255 3.57 220 3.60 185 3.60 232 3.63
IC9b4 248 3.76 214 3.71 180 3.76 234 3.74
IB4a15 255 4.06 221 4.07 185 4.02 232 4.02
IB4a25 257 3.50 222 3.51 183 3.49 234 3.46
IB4a19 257 3.80 222 3.76 183 3.77 231 3.76
IB4a32 255 3.39 220 3.42 184 3.43 230 3.39
IB4a26 255 3.39 220 3.39 184 3.43 231 3.41
148
IC3a2 252 3.68 216 3.68 181 3.66 229 3.68
IB4a7 258 3.78 220 3.80 183 3.78 234 3.77
IB4a20 256 3.86 222 3.86 185 3.85 232 3.86
IC15 244 3.47 212 3.47 173 3.46 227 3.48
IC12c 241 3.55 207 3.55 175 3.54 228 3.55
149
Table I7. Acupuncture with Point Location

Element
IA1c 240 4.80 201 4.69 169 4.72 227 4.44
IA3j6 245 3.80 208 3.90 171 3.82 225 3.58
IA3j1 245 3.93 208 3.81 171 3.78 225 3.62
IA3j5 244 3.61 208 3.83 172 3.67 226 3.52
IA3j2 245 3.65 206 3.54 172 3.44 226 3.35
IA3j3 243 3.48 207 3.42 172 3.19 226 3.27
IA3d 236 4.03 203 4.08 168 4.17 226 4.29
IA2j 241 3.25 201 3.32 168 3.26 219 3.07
IA3j7 243 3.55 204 3.68 171 3.51 217 3.43
IA3f3 240 3.44 205 3.59 166 3.46 220 3.35
IA3b 229 4.37 196 4.45 169 4.60 219 4.40
IA3i 241 3.94 200 4.03 167 3.81 222 3.82
IA3e2 241 4.05 204 4.23 168 4.26 227 4.24
IA3e4 240 4.28 202 4.37 168 4.48 220 4.44
IA3e3 242 4.25 205 4.35 170 4.45 225 4.42
IA3j4 242 3.57 205 3.66 172 3.55 227 3.47
IA2i 243 3.58 205 3.58 170 3.64 221 3.46
IA3g 240 3.59 205 3.77 167 3.66 220 3.60
IA3h 240 3.57 202 3.73 167 3.68 225 3.56
IA2d 242 4.02 206 4.15 169 4.12 225 4.18
IA3f1 243 3.58 205 3.67 167 3.57 220 3.52
IA3e1 241 4.47 203 4.56 170 4.62 227 4.63
IA2f 244 4.18 205 4.14 169 4.26 226 4.12
IA3f2 242 3.70 206 3.79 169 3.79 221 3.66
IA2g 244 4.00 201 4.05 170 4.08 225 3.95
IA2b 244 4.14 206 4.20 171 4.13 226 4.25
IA3c2 237 4.38 202 4.44 170 4.50 227 4.49
IA2c 243 4.37 204 4.45 170 4.48 226 4.46
IB2 242 4.50 203 4.55 168 4.61 221 4.52
IA2h 245 3.88 205 3.88 169 3.95 226 3.84
IA3c4 241 4.12 202 4.20 168 4.22 226 4.19
IA3c3 240 4.18 201 4.26 169 4.17 228 4.26
IA3a 236 4.72 198 4.76 169 4.82 222 4.73
IIA 242 4.81 204 4.80 172 4.80 226 4.73
IA3c1 238 4.33 201 4.38 172 4.34 229 4.41
IIB 243 4.84 204 4.85 174 4.87 227 4.79
IB1 243 4.62 202 4.58 169 4.65 221 4.63
150
IA1b 244 4.43 200 4.41 168 4.46 226 4.47
IA2a 243 4.81 203 4.76 171 4.82 226 4.76
IA1a 244 4.39 204 4.38 170 4.41 228 4.43
IA2e 245 4.39 206 4.42 169 4.38 226 4.39
151
Table I8. Chinese Herbology

Element
IIB 193 3.87 170 3.92 129 3.67 168 3.86
IC2 192 4.06 170 4.20 133 3.97 168 4.04
IE 192 4.28 169 4.32 131 4.24 167 4.13
IA1c 193 4.61 171 4.67 133 4.49 171 4.63
IA2c1 189 4.02 170 4.02 132 3.95 169 4.11
IA2c2 187 4.07 169 4.15 129 4.16 168 4.23
ID 189 4.49 169 4.44 132 4.40 168 4.35
IA1b 193 4.64 171 4.63 134 4.49 173 4.57
IC1 192 4.09 169 4.18 132 4.06 167 4.05
IA2b 189 3.95 170 4.05 132 3.95 168 4.08
IA1a 193 4.68 171 4.67 136 4.57 172 4.65
IB1 187 4.46 167 4.38 131 4.47 166 4.49
IA2c3c 189 4.14 164 4.08 129 4.03 165 4.09
IA1d 190 4.61 171 4.64 132 4.54 170 4.59
IA2c3b 189 3.93 168 3.98 130 3.99 168 4.04
IB3 186 4.20 167 4.14 126 4.19 163 4.11
IIC 192 4.31 169 4.23 130 4.25 166 4.32
IID 192 4.31 169 4.31 130 4.22 167 4.28
IIA 193 4.53 168 4.46 131 4.46 167 4.47
IF 189 4.46 168 4.40 131 4.41 164 4.43
IA2a 190 4.23 166 4.25 130 4.25 168 4.28
IA2c3a 191 4.26 169 4.25 130 4.30 166 4.27
IIE 193 4.36 170 4.38 129 4.37 167 4.37
IB2 187 4.27 169 4.26 130 4.27 164 4.27
152
Appendix J: Final FOM, BIO, ACPL, and CH
Examination Content Outline
153
Foundations of Oriental Medicine (FOM) Content Outline
DOMAIN I: Clinical Examination Methods (10% of Total Exam)

A. Looking (Wang)
1. Sprit (Shen) appearance (including color)
2. Face, eyes, nose, ear, mouth, lips, teeth, and throat
4. Physical characteristics (e.g., skin, head, scalp, hair, chest, abdomen, limbs, muscle tone,
hands, and feet)
B. Listening and Smelling (Wen)

1. Sounds (i.e., speech and voice qualities, breathing and bowel)
2. Odors (i.e., body and breath, secretions and excretions)
C. Asking (Wen)
1. Chief complaint
2. Health history [including the “Ten Question” (Shi Wen)]
D. Touching (palpation) (Qie)

2. Abdomen
3. Other body areas
4. Meridians and points
DOMAIN II: Assessment, Analysis and Differential Diagnosis Based on OM/TCM –

Differentiation and Diagnosis (45% of Total Exam)
A. Fundamental theory application of Traditional Chinese Medicine to determine etiology (Bing

Yin) and pathogenesis (Bing Ji)
1. Yin/Yang
2. Five Elements (Five Phases/Wu Xing)
3. Organ theory (Zang Fu)
4. Essential Substances differentiation (i.e., Qi, Blood/Xue, Fluids/Jin-Ye, Essence/Jing)
5. Pathogenic Factors (External, Internal, and Miscellaneous causes of disease) and
pathogenesis
B. Differential diagnosis based on OM/TCM syndrome differentiation

1. Eight Principles differentiation (i.e., Yin and Yang, Interior and Exterior, Cold and Heat,
Deficient and Excess)
2. Six Stages differentiation (Tai Yang, Yang Ming, Shao Yang, Tai Yin, Shao Yin, Jue
Yin)
3. Four Levels differentiation (Wei, Qi, Ying, Xue)
4. Triple Heater (San Jiao) differentiation
154
5. Channel theory (Jing Luo)
pathogenesis
7. Organ theory differentiation (Zang Fu)
8. Root and Branch (Biao Ben)
DOMAIN III: Treatment Principle and Strategy (45% of Total Exam)

Formulate treatment principle and strategy based upon differential diagnosis
A. Treatment principle and strategy based on fundamental theory of Traditional Chinese

Medicine
1. Yin/Yang
3. Organ theory (Zang Fu)
4. Essential Substances differentiation (i.e., Qi, Blood/Xue, Fluids/Jin-Ye, Essence/Jing)
pathogenesis
B. Treatment principle and strategy based on differential diagnosis

1. Eight Principles differentiation (i.e., Yin and Yang, Interior and Exterior, Cold and Heat,
Deficient and Excess)
2. Six Stages differentiation (Tai Yang, Yang Ming, Shao Yang, Tai Yin, Shao Yin, Jue
Yin)
4. Triple Heater (San Jiao) differentiation
5. Channel theory (Jing Luo)
6. Pathogenic Factors (External, Internal, and miscellaneous causes of disease) and
pathogenesis
7. Organ theory differentiation (Zang Fu)
8. Root and Branch (Biao Ben)
155
Biomedicine (BIO) Content Outline
DOMAIN I: Biomedical Model (90% of Total Exam)
A. Clinical Application of Basic Sciences and Pathophysiology

Differentiate normal from abnormal presentation by applying biomedical principles
B. Patient History and Physical Examination

Recognize clinically significant signs and symptoms obtained during history-taking, review of
systems (ROS), and physical examination:
1. History (e.g., chief complaint, present illness, past medical history, family, personal,
social)
2. Review of Systems and Physical Examination
a. General system examination (e.g., respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular)
b. Musculoskeletal (orthopedic) examination
c. Neurological examination
3. Imaging and Laboratory Tests
a. Imaging (e.g., x-ray, MRI, CT)
b. Laboratory (e.g., blood, urine, sputum, stool, saliva)
c. Other (e.g., EMG, EKG)
4. Pharmaceuticals
a. Classification
5. Supplements
a. Classification
C. Clinical Assessment Process

Interpret the clinical significance of information obtained during history-taking and physical
examination to recognize the possibility of the following clinical conditions (See Clinical
Assessment Process Appendix)
D. Clinical Decision-Making and Standard of Care

Analyze information to determine appropriate patient management:
1. Recognize ominous signs (e.g., medical, mental health, abuse)
2. Determine appropriate course of action (including need for referral)
DOMAIN II: Office Safety and Professional Responsibilities (10% of Total Exam)
Recognize and implement appropriate standards regarding the following:
A. Management of Office Emergencies (e.g., burns, seizures, falls, anaphylaxis)
B. Infection Control (e.g., bloodborne pathogens, communicable diseases, universal precautions)
C. Federal Regulations:
1. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
2. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
156
3. Reporting Requirements
D. Ethics and Professional Conduct (e.g., informed consent, conflict of interest, negligence,
boundary violations)
E. Professional Communication
1. Interprofessional interactions
2. Patient and public communication
157
Biomedicine (BIO) Content Outline: Clinical Assessment Process Appendix
Conditions:
Category 1 Red Flag

MSK: Upper extremities
MSK: Lower extremities
Headache (e.g., cluster, tension, migraine, sinus, trauma)
Blood pressure disorders (hypertension and hypotension) X
MSK: Axial (e.g., whiplash, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, spondyolisthesis, TMJ)
Anxiety
Osteoarthritis
Allergies
Menstrual
Sleep disorders (narcolepsy, sleep apnea, insomnia)
Food sensitivity/allergies (e.g., Celiac disease, lactose intolerance)
Menopause
Obesity
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Radiculopathies (e.g., nerve root, sciatica) X
Mood disorders (depression, bi-polar) X
Respiratory Tract Infections (e.g., sinusitis, viral infection, strep throat, bronchitis,
pneumonia)
Atherosclerosis (e.g., coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Osteoporosis
Arrhythmia (e.g., atrial fibrillation, premature ventricular contraction, tachycardia,
X
bradycardia)
Female infertility (e.g., polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis)
Thyroid disorders (e.g., Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease)
Multi-system conditions (Lyme disease, Chronic fatigue, Fibromyalgia,Temporal
Arteritis)
Hyperlipidemia
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (e.g., Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis)
Diabetes
Peripheral neuropathy
Gastritis
Asthma
Stroke X
Pneumothorax X
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Category 2 Red Flag
Myocardial Infarction X
Angina Pectoris X
Raynaud’s disease
Noncontagious skin conditions (cellulitis, shingles, acne, eczema, psoriasis,
alopecia)
Heart failure X
Autoimmune disorders (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid
Arthritis (RA))
Deep Vein Thrombosis X
Uterine (Fibroids and bleeding)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Vertigo X
Hemorrhoids
Viral infections (e.g., infectious mono, influenza, meningitis, conjunctivitis) X
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)/Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Aneurysms X
Anemia
Gall bladder conditions (e.g., cholelithiasis, cholecystitis)
Peptic Ulcer (e.g., H. Pylori, Campylobacter)
Diverticular disease (e.g., diverticulosis, diverticulitis) X
Trigeminal neuralgia
Bell’s Palsy
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Concussion and traumatic brain injury (TBI) X
Bleeding disorders
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) X
Parkinson’s disease
Tuberculosis
159
Category 3 Red Flag
Adrenal disorders (e.g., Cushing's, Addison's)
Infections (UTI, cystitis, pyelonephritis) X
Incontinence
Complications related to pregnancy X
Prostate conditions (benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis)
Breast conditions (e.g., mass, mastitis)
Hepatitis X
Oncology (Lung, Stomach, Colon, Pancreas, Breast, Prostate, Uterine, Bone, Liver, X
Cervical)
Bacterial infections (e.g., staph, MRSA, impetigo, meningitis) X
Eating Disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa) X
Ophthalmology/ENT
Foodborne illness
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Skin cancers (e.g., basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma) X
Male infertility
Cirrhosis
Appendicitis X
Contagious skin conditions (lice, fungal infections, scabies) X
Parasitic infections
Pancreatitis X
Kidney stones X
Dementia (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease)
Childhood infectious conditions (measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis)
Autism spectrum
Leukemia/lymphoma
Suicidality X
Epilepsy
Burns
Hemochromatosis
160
Acupuncture (ACPL) Content Outline
DOMAIN I: Safety and Professional Responsibilities (10% of Total Exam)

Apply standards of safe practice and professional conduct.
A. Management of Acupuncture Office Emergencies (e.g., moxa burns, heat lamp burns, needle
shock, organ puncture, fainting)
B. Infection Control / Precautions (e.g., bloodborne pathogens, communicable diseases, universal

C. Patient Education and Communication
DOMAIN II: Treatment Plan (70% of Total Exam)

Develop a comprehensive treatment plan using acupuncture points based upon a patient’s
presentation and diagnosis.
A. Treatment Plan: Develop an initial treatment plan

1. Point Selection: Based on differentiation (Bian Zhen) (e.g., syndrome/pattern,
meridian/channel pathology)
a. Cautions and contraindications (e.g., pregnancy, needling, organ damage)
b. Point category [e.g., Antique/Five Transporting (Shu), Alarm (Mu)]
c. Channel theory (e.g., primary, muscle, cutaneous region, divergent, extraordinary
vessels)
d. Function and/or indication of points and point combinations
e. Ashi (e.g., trigger points, motor points)
f. Extra points
g. Auricular
h. Scalp
2. Treatment Techniques and Mode of Administration
b. Patient position
c. Point locating techniques
d. Needle selection
e. Needling technique
f. Moxibustion
g. Additional Acupuncture Modalities
1. Cupping
2. Guasha
3. Bleeding (Fang Xue)
4. Intradermal needles, ear balls, seeds, pellets, tacks
5. Electro acupuncture
6. Heat (e.g.,TDP/heat lamp)
7. Topical applications (e.g., liniment, plaster)
h. Related Modalities
161
1. Asian bodywork therapy and other manual therapies
2. Exercise/breathing therapy (e.g., Qi Gong, Tai Ji)
3. Dietary recommendations according to Traditional Chinese Medicine theory
B. Patient Management
1. Re-assessment and modification of treatment plan (e.g., point selection, treatment
frequency)
2. Referral and/or discharge of patient as appropriate
DOMAIN III: Point Identification / Location (20% of total exam)

Identify points by images and/or description
Note: Panel recommends a minimum of 10 images to be seen.
162
Chinese Herbology (CH) Content Outline
DOMAIN I: Safety and Quality (10% of total exam)
A. Herbs and herbal formulas

1. Cautions and contraindications (e.g., condition-dependent, incompatibility)
2. Herb/drug interactions
3. Toxicity
4. Potential adverse effects
B. Herbal purchasing and dispensing

1. Identification of raw herbs by appearance, smell, and taste
2. Identification of products containing endangered species, animal products, and potential
allergens, (e.g., wheat, soy, sulfa)
3. Recognition of potential contamination of stored herbs
4. Identification of product manufacturers in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice
standards
DOMAIN II: Treatment Plan: Develop a comprehensive treatment plan using principles of
Chinese Herbology based upon patient’s presentation and diagnosis (60% of total exam)
A. Recommend Chinese herbs for individual patients based on assessment

1. Treatment strategies/methods of Chinese herbal medicine (e.g., purging, harmonizing,
sweating)
2. Individual herbs
a. functions and indications
b. combinations of Chinese herbs (Dui Yao)
c. tastes, properties, direction, and channels entered
3. Chinese herbal formulas (refer to Appendix list of Chinese herbal formulas)
a. functions and indications
b. ingredients
c. structure (e.g., chief (Jun); deputy (Chen); guiding herbs)
d. modifications
B. Formulate and administer herbal recommendation

1. Form of administration (e.g., decoction, granules, topical)
C. Chinese dietary therapy
163
DOMAIN III: Patient Management: Patient education and treatment evaluation (30% of
total exam)
A. Patient education
B. Treatment evaluation and modification
Note: Panel agreed to use all 160 herbal formulas as shown in the following Formula
Appendix.
164
Chinese Herbology (CH) Content Outline: Formula Appendix

Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Tang (Pinellia, Atractylodis Macrocephalae, and Gastrodia
6.
Decoction)
17. Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San (Ligusticum Chuanxiong Powder to be Taken with Green Tea)
21. Da Jian Zhong Tang (Major Construct the Middle)
28. Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang (Angelica Pubescens and Sangjisheng Decoction)
165
50. Jia Jian Wei Rui Tang (Modified Polygonatum Odoratum)
51. Jian Bi Tang (Remove Painful Obstruction Decoction from Medical Revelations)
56. Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang (Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shaving Decoction
58. Liang Fu Wan (Galangal and Cyprus Pill)
Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang (Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodis Macrocephalae and Licorice
60.
Decoction)
79. Qing Wen Bai Du San (Clear Epidemics and Overcome Toxin Decoction)
166
83. Run Chang Wan (Moisten the Intestines Pill)
84. San Zi Yang Qing Tang (Three-Seed Decoction to Nourish One’s Parents)
167
126. Xiang Su San (Cyprus and Perilla Lead Powder)
128. Xian Cheng Qi Tang (Minor Order the Qi Decoction)
129. Xiao Feng San (Eliminate Wind Powder from True Lineage)
168
Appendix K: Updated and Expanded FOM, BIO,
ACPL, and CH Examination Content Outline
169
Foundations of Oriental Medicine Abbreviated Content Outline

A. Looking (Wang)
4. Physical characteristics of the body

1. Sounds
2. Odors
C. Asking (Wen)
1. Chief complaint
2. Current health conditions
3. Health history

2. Abdomen
3. Meridians
4. Other body areas
DOMAIN II: Assessment, Analysis and Differential Diagnosis based upon Traditional
Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory (45% of Total Exam)
Formulate a differential diagnosis (Bian Zheng)
A. Knowledge and Application of Fundamental theory of TCM physiology (Sheng Li), etiology
(Bing Yin), and pathogenesis (Bing Ji)
1. Yin/Yang theory (e.g., Interior/Exterior, Cold/Heat, Deficient/Excess)
2. Five Elements (Five Phases/Wu Xing) theory
3. Organ (Zang Fu) theory
4. Channel theory (Jing Luo) (including regular channels, Extraordinary channels, Luo-
connecting channels, divergent channels, muscle channels, and skin regions)
5. Essential Substances theory [Qi, Blood (Xue), Fluids (Jin Ye), Essence (Jing), Spirit
(Shen)]
6. Causes of Disease: External (Six Evils), Internal (Seven Emotions), and Miscellaneous
(e.g., diet, excessive sexual activity, excessive physical work or lack of exercise, trauma,
bites, parasites, Phlegm, Blood stasis)
170
B. Formulation of a differential diagnosis based on chief complaint (Zhu Su), prioritization of
major symptoms (Zhu Zheng), knowledge of TCM diseases (Bian Bing), and pattern
identification (Bian Zheng)
1. Eight Principles (Ba Gang) differentiation (i.e., Yin/Yang, Interior/Exterior, Cold/Heat,
Deficient/Excess)
2. Organ (Zang Fu) differentiation
4. Six Stages differentiation (Tai Yang, Yang Ming, Shao Yang, Tai Yin, Shao Yin, Jue Yin)
7. Qi, Blood, Body Fluids (Qi, Xue, Jin Ye) differentiation
8. Triple Burner (San Jiao) differentiation
9. Six Excesses (Liu Yin)
DOMAIN III: Treatment Principle (Zhi Ze) and Strategy (Zhi Fa) (45% of Total Exam)
Formulate treatment principle and strategy based upon differential diagnosis (Bian Zheng)
A. Treatment principle based on differential diagnosis

1. Eight Principles (Ba Gang)
2. Organs (Zang Fu)
3. Meridian/Channel (Jing Luo)
4. Six Stages (Liu Jing)
5. Four Levels (Wei Qi Ying Ye)
6. Five Elements (Wu Xing)
7. Qi, Blood, Body Fluids (Qi, Xue, Jin Ye)
8. Triple Burner (San Jiao)
9. Causes of Disease: External (Six Excesses [Liu Yin]), Internal (Seven Emotions), and
Miscellaneous (e.g., diet, excessive sexual activity, excessive physical work or lack of
exercise, trauma, bites, parasites, Phlegm, Blood stasis)
B. Treatment strategy to accomplish treatment principle
171
Foundations of Oriental Medicine Expanded Content Outline
with KSA/Competency Statements

A. Looking (Wang)
 Observe outward manifestation of Shen (Spirit) (e.g., complexion, expression,
demeanor, and general behavior)
 Identify and relate Shen (Spirit) to pattern/syndrome differentiation*

 Observe normal and abnormal conditions and changes of the face and complexion
(including color, moisture, texture, and organ-indicative locations), eyes, nose, ear,
mouth, lips, teeth and throat
 Identify and relate facial features to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
 Recognize pathological manifestations of the face, including color, moisture, texture, and
organ-indicative locations

 Observe normal and abnormal manifestations, patterns, conditions, and changes of the
tongue and sub-lingual area
 Identify and relate features of the tongue to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
 Recognize pathological manifestations of the tongue and tongue coating, including color,
size, moisture, texture, shape, position, movement, organ-indicative locations
4. Physical characteristics of the body

 Observe form, movement, and physical characteristics (e.g., head, hair, neck, back,
chest, abdomen, extremities, nails)
 Identify and relate form, movement, and physical characteristics to pattern/syndrome
differentiation*
 Recognize pathological significance of form, movement, and physical characteristics
 Observe conditions and changes of the skin
 Identify and relate conditions and changes of the skin to pattern/syndrome
differentiation*
 Recognize pathological significance of conditions and changes of the skin
 Observe normal and abnormal excretions (e.g., phlegm, sputum, saliva, sweat,
discharge, stool, urine)
 Identify and relate conditions and changes of excretions to pattern/syndrome
differentiation*
 Recognize pathological significance of excretions

1. Sounds
 Listen to respiratory sounds
 Identify and relate respiratory sounds to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
172
 Recognize pathological significance of respiratory sounds
 Listen to tonal qualities, voice, and speech
 Identify and relate tonal qualities, voice, and speech to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
 Recognize pathological significance of tonal qualities, voice, and speech
 Listen to abdominal sounds
 Identify and relate abdominal sounds to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
 Recognize pathological significance of abdominal sounds
2. Odors
 Smell body odors
 Identify and relate body odors to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
 Recognize pathological significance of body odors
 Smell breath and mouth odors
 Identify and relate breath and mouth odors to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
 Recognize pathological significance of breath and mouth odors
 Smell excretions (e.g., sweat, urine, feces, leukorrhea, flatulence, wound exudates)
 Identify and relate excretions to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
 Recognize pathological significance of excretions
C. Asking (Wen)
1. Chief complaint
 Inquire about presenting complaint (onset, duration, location, nature, alleviation,
aggravation)
 Inquire about the history and development of chief complaint
 Identify and relate chief complaint to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
 Identify appropriate additional questions based on examination findings and patients’
response to inquiries
2. Current health conditions

 Conduct a review of systems, including the “Ten Questions” (Shi Wen)
 Identify and relate current health conditions to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
3. Health history
 Inquire about personal health history, including previous symptoms, diagnoses, and
treatments
 Inquire about familial history
 Identify and relate health history to pattern/syndrome differentiation*

 Identify the location of radial pulses
 Identify qualities of radial pulses (including rate, depth, strength, and shape) as
indicators of patterns of disharmony and of normal and abnormal states of organ and
173
meridian function
 Identify and relate radial pulses to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
2. Abdomen
 Identify, through palpation, normal and abnormal conditions of the abdomen (e.g.,
temperature, texture, shape, and pain)
 Identify abdominal regions representing organs and meridians
 Identify and relate abdominal palpation findings to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
3. Meridians
 Identify, through palpation, findings along the meridians (e.g., nodules, tenderness,
numbness, temperature, sensitivity)
 Identify and relate meridian palpation findings to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
4. Other body areas

 Identify, through palpation, pain, body sensations (e.g., numbness, tingling, sensitivity),
temperature changes, and quality of tissue (e.g., edema, hardness/softness,
tension/flaccidity)
 Identify and relate palpation findings to pattern/syndrome differentiation*
*Pattern/Syndrome Differentiation:
 Eight Principles (Ba Geng)
 Organs (Zang Fu)
 Meridian/Channel (Jing Luo)
 Six Stages (Liu Jing)
 Four Levels (Wei Qi Ying Ye)
 Five Elements (Wu Xing)
 Qi, Blood, Body Fluids (Qi, Xue, Jin Ye)
 Triple Burner (San Jiao)
DOMAIN II: Assessment, Analysis, and Differential Diagnosis based upon Traditional
Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory (45% of Total Exam)
Formulate a differential diagnosis (Bian Zheng)
A. Knowledge and Application of Fundamental theory of TCM physiology (Sheng Li), etiology
(Bing Yin), and pathogenesis (Bing Ji)
1. Yin/Yang theory (e.g., Interior/Exterior, Cold/Heat, Deficient/ Excess)

 Describe Yin/Yang theory
 Evaluate symptoms according to Yin/Yang theory
 Identify pathologies according to Yin/Yang theory
 Apply Yin/Yang theory to clinical assessment
2. Five Elements (Five Phases/Wu Xing) theory

 Describe Five Elements theory
 Evaluate symptoms according to Five Elements theory
 Identify pathologies according to Five Elements theory
174
 Apply Five Elements theory to clinical assessment
3. Organ (Zang Fu) theory

 Describe Organ theory
 Evaluate symptoms according to Organ theory
 Identify pathologies according to Organ theory
 Apply Organ theory to clinical assessment
 Describe Channel theory
 Evaluate symptoms according to Channel theory
 Identify pathologies according to Channel theory
 Apply Channel theory to clinical assessment
5. Essential Substances theory [Qi, Blood (Xue), Fluids (Jin Ye), Essence (Jing), Spirit
(Shen)]
 Describe Qi, Blood (Xue), Body Fluids (Jin Ye), Essence (Jing), Spirit (Shen)
 Evaluate symptoms according to Qi, Blood (Xue), Body Fluids (Jin Ye), Essence (Jing),
Spirit (Shen)
 Identify pathologies according to Qi, Blood (Xue), Body Fluids (Jin Ye), Essence (Jing),
Spirit (Shen)
 Apply Qi, Blood (Xue), Body Fluids (Jin Ye), Essence (Jing), Spirit (Shen) to clinical
assessment
Miscellaneous (diet, excessive sexual activity, excessive physical work or lack of
 Describe Causes of Disease
 Evaluate symptoms according to Causes of Disease
 Identify pathologies according to Causes of Disease
 Apply Causes of Disease to clinical assessment
B. Formulation of a differential diagnosis based on chief complaint (Zhu Su), prioritization of

major symptoms (Zhu Zheng), knowledge of TCM diseases (Bian Bing), and pattern
identification (Bian Zheng)
1. Eight Principles (Ba Gang) differentiation (i.e., Yin/Yang, Interior/Exterior, Cold/Heat,

Deficient/ Excess)
 Describe Eight Principles differentiation
 Assess and analyze signs and symptoms according to Eight Principles differentiation
 Formulate a diagnosis based on the analysis of Eight Principles differentiation
2. Organ (Zang Fu) differentiation

 Describe Organ pattern differentiation
 Assess and analyze signs and symptoms according to Organ differentiation
 Formulate a diagnosis based on the analysis of Organ differentiation
175
 Describe Channel theory
 Assess and analyze signs and symptoms according to Channel theory
 Formulate a diagnosis based on the analysis of Channel theory
4. Six Stages differentiation (Tai Yang, Yang Ming, Shao Yang, Tai Yin, Shao Yin, Jue Yin)
 Describe the Six Stages differentiation
 Assess and analyze signs and symptoms according to Six Stages differentiation
 Formulate a diagnosis based on the analysis of Six Stages differentiation

 Describe the Four Levels differentiation
 Assess and analyze signs and symptoms according to Four Levels differentiation
 Formulate a diagnosis based on the analysis of Four Levels differentiation

 Describe Five Elements differentiation
 Assess and analyze signs and symptoms according to Five Elements differentiation
 Formulate a diagnosis based on the analysis of Five Elements differentiation
7. Qi, Blood, Body Fluids (Qi, Xue, Jin Ye) differentiation

 Describe Qi, Blood, Body Fluids differentiation
 Assess and analyze signs and symptoms according to Qi, Blood, Body Fluids
differentiation
 Formulate a diagnosis based on the analysis of Qi, Blood, Body Fluids differentiation
8. Triple Burner (San Jiao) differentiation

 Describe Triple Burner differentiation
 Assess and analyze signs and symptoms according to Triple Burner differentiation
 Formulate a diagnosis based on the analysis of Triple Burner differentiation
9. Six Excesses (Liu Yin)

 Describe Six Excesses
 Assess and analyze signs and symptoms according to Six Excesses
 Formulate a diagnosis based on the analysis of Six Excesses
DOMAIN III: Treatment Principle (Zhi Ze) and Strategy (Zhi Fa) (45% of Total Exam)
Formulate treatment principle and strategy based upon differential diagnosis (Bian Zheng)
A. Treatment principle based on differential diagnosis

1. Eight Principles (Ba Gang)
2. Organs (Zang Fu)
3. Meridian/Channel (Jing Luo)
4. Six Stages (Liu Jing)
176
5. Four Levels (Wei Qi Ying Ye)
6. Five Elements (Wu Xing)
7. Qi, Blood, Body Fluids (Qi, Xue, Jin Ye)
8. Triple Burner (San Jiao)
Miscellaneous (diet, excessive sexual activity, excessive physical work or lack of
 Select appropriate treatment principle based on pattern/syndrome differential diagnosis
B. Treatment strategy to accomplish treatment principle

 Select appropriate treatment strategy (e.g., disperse, tonify, cool, warm) to accomplish
treatment principle
 Prioritize treatment focus [e.g., Root and Branch (Biao Ben), acute/chronic,
external/internal, Pathogenic Factors, constitutional, seasonal]
 Adjust treatment principle and/or strategy based on patient’s response, disease
progression, and lifestyle (e.g., substance use, smoking, exercise, diet)
177
Biomedicine Abbreviated Content Outline
A. Clinical Application of Biomedical Sciences (including anatomy, physiology, pathology,

pathophysiology, etc.), Pharmacology, and Nutrients and Supplements (30%)
1. Biomedical Sciences
2. Pharmacology
3. Nutrients and Supplements
B. Patient History and Physical Examination (25%)

Understand clinically relevant information gathered through history taking and physical
examination.
Candidates are expected to understand all aspects of the physical examination process.
They are not expected to be able to perform all aspects of the physical examination
themselves.
1. Patient History
2. Physical Examination
a. General system examination
b. Musculoskeletal examination
3. Imaging, Laboratory Tests, and Other Medical Studies
a. Imaging
b. Laboratory Tests
c. Other Medical Studies
C. Clinical Assessment Process (30%)

Interpret clinically significant information gathered during history taking and physical
examination to recognize pathological conditions (see Appendix C Medical Conditions)
D. Clinical Decision-Making and Standard of Care (5%)

Analyze information to determine appropriate patient management
178
Recognize and implement appropriate office safety standards and demonstrate knowledge of
professional responsibilities
A. Risk Management and Office Safety

B. Infection Control
C. Federal Regulations
D. Reporting and Record-Keeping
E. Ethics and Professionalism
179
Biomedicine Expanded Content Outline
with KSA/Competency Statements
A. Clinical Application of Biomedical Sciences (including anatomy, physiology, pathology,

pathophysiology, etc.), Pharmacology, and Nutrients and Supplements (30%)
1. Biomedical Sciences
 Differentiate normal and abnormal structures and functions of the body systems from
the conventional biomedical perspective
 Recognize signs, symptoms, and morbidities associated with common medical
conditions
 Demonstrate knowledge of medical terminology
2. Pharmacology
 Recognize functional classifications, mechanisms, side and adverse effects related
to commonly used pharmaceuticals (see Appendix A Pharmaceuticals)
 Recognize routes of administration (e.g., intravenous, oral, subcutaneous)
 Demonstrate knowledge of the effects of the use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs of
abuse
 Recognize common, known pharmaceutical-supplement interactions
3. Nutrients and Supplements

 Recognize major classifications, known actions, and potential adverse effects related
to commonly used nutrients and supplements (see Appendix B Nutrients and
Supplements)
 Recognize signs and symptoms associated with abnormal levels of commonly used
nutrients and supplements
B. Patient History and Physical Examination (25%)

Understand clinically relevant information gathered through history taking and physical
examination.
Candidates are expected to understand all aspects of the physical examination process.
They are not expected to be able to perform all aspects of the physical examination
themselves.
1. Patient History*
 Conduct a medical interview to obtain patient history
 Organize information obtained during interview into appropriate sections of the
patient history
 Distinguish the relevant findings obtained during history taking
*Patient History includes: chief complaint, history of present illness, allergies, past
medical history, past surgical history, personal and social history, family history, current
180
medications (prescription and non-prescription), herbs and supplements, review of
systems
2. Physical Examination
 Identify the components of the physical examination
 Recognize how each portion of the physical examination is performed
 Distinguish the relevant findings obtained from the physical examination
a. General systems examination (e.g., vital signs, pulmonary, cardiovascular,

gastrointestinal, integumentary, etc.)
 Understand relevant examination techniques such as observation, auscultation, and
palpation as applied to each system
 Recognize how each portion of the general systems examination is performed
 Distinguish the relevant findings obtained from the general systems examination
b. Musculoskeletal examination
 Understand relevant examination techniques including, but not limited to, range of
motion, muscle strength testing, deep tendon reflexes, dermatomal testing, and
special tests including orthopedic tests
 Recognize how each portion of the musculoskeletal examination is performed
 Distinguish the relevant findings obtained from the musculoskeletal examination
 Understand relevant examination techniques including, but not limited to,
assessment of cognitive function, evaluation of cranial nerves, sensory and motor
function, and reflexes
 Recognize how each portion of the neurological examination is performed
 Distinguish the relevant findings obtained from the neurological examination
3. Imaging, Laboratory Tests, and Other Medical Studies

a. Imaging
 Understand commonly used medical imaging studies (e.g., x-ray, MRI, CT, PET,
colonoscopy, cystoscopy, bronchoscopy, etc.)
 Recognize the significance of information gathered from imaging studies
b. Laboratory Tests
 Understand commonly used medical laboratory tests** (e.g., complete blood count,
basic metabolic panel, urinalysis, liver panel, cardiac panel, thyroid panel, pregnancy
test, and reproductive hormones, etc.) **normal ranges will not be tested
 Recognize the significance of information gathered from laboratory tests
c. Other Medical Studies

 Understand other commonly used medical studies (e.g., EMG, EKG, etc.)
 Recognize the significance of information gathered from these studies
C. Clinical Assessment Process (30%)
181
Interpret clinically significant information gathered during history taking and physical
examination to recognize pathological conditions (see Appendix C Medical Conditions)
 Recognize abnormalities in the function of the body systems including, but not limited to,
respiratory, cardiovascular, urogenital, reproductive, nervous, integumentary,
musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal systems
 Distinguish between relevant and non-relevant findings
 Recognize typical presentations of commonly encountered medical conditions
 Recognize commonly encountered ominous signs including, but not limited to, medical red
flags, mental health red flags, and signs of abuse and trauma
D. Clinical Decision-Making and Standard of Care (5%)

Analyze information to determine appropriate patient management
 Recognize medical conditions that may be treated without referral
 Recognize medical conditions that require co-management
 Recognize medical conditions that require a referral
 Differentiate the most appropriate type of referral*** (emergent, urgent, or routine), i.e., the
timeframe within which the patient should be seen
 Recognize the conventional biomedical prognoses, management, and/or standard of care
for common medical conditions (see Appendix C Medical Conditions)
***emergent (immediate) referral; urgent (24 - 48 hours) referral; routine (48 hours - 7 days)
referral
Recognize and implement appropriate office safety standards and demonstrate knowledge of
professional responsibilities
A. Risk Management and Office Safety

 Recognize situations that require special care or emergency management (e.g., burns,
seizures, falls, anaphylaxis)
 Implement emergency office protocols including contacting emergency services as
appropriate
B. Infection Control
 Identify commonly encountered communicable diseases (e.g., hepatitis, HIV, tuberculosis)
 Identify modes of transmission (e.g., airborne, fecal-oral, vector) and appropriate preventive
measurements for common communicable diseases
 Recognize the appropriate office management of commonly encountered communicable
diseases and hazardous situations
 Recognize and apply universal precautions
C. Federal Regulations
 Demonstrate knowledge of applicable Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) and other federal health agencies’ requirements
 Demonstrate knowledge of applicable Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
(HIPAA) requirements
182
D. Reporting and Record-Keeping
 Demonstrate knowledge of the required contents and maintenance of medical records
 Demonstrate knowledge of mandated reportable conditions (e.g., elder and child abuse,
infectious diseases, bioterrorism)
 Demonstrate knowledge of the definition and purpose of ICD, CPT, E&M codes
 Demonstrate knowledge of insurance types and requirements (e.g., general liability,
malpractice insurance)
E. Ethics and Professionalism

 Demonstrate knowledge of NCCAOM® Code of Ethics and other ethical principles (e.g.,
informed consent, conflict of interest, negligence, boundary violations)
 Communicate effectively and professionally with patients, the public, and other healthcare
providers
183
Appendix A: Pharmaceuticals
Appendix A is a list of commonly used pharmaceutical categories. The exam will focus on but
may not be exclusively limited to the list below.
 allergy/sinus medications  central nervous system (CNS)

 angina medications stimulants/attention deficit medications
 antiasthmatic medications  cough medications
 antibacterial medications  drugs of abuse
 anticancer medications  gastrointestinal medications
 anticoagulant medications  hormonal replacement therapy
 antidepressants  immune modulators
 antidiabetic medications  mood stabilizer medications
 antidiarrheal medications  non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
 antifungal medications (NSAIDs)
 antihyperlipidemic medications  opioids
 antihypertension medications  osteoporosis medications
 antinausea medications  sedatives, anxiolytic and sleep
 anti-Parkinson medications medications
 antiprotozoal medications  sexual dysfunction medications
 antipsychotics  smoking cessation medications
 antiseizure medications  steroids
 antiviral medications  stool softeners/laxatives
 appetite control/weight management  thyroid medications
medications  topical skin medications
 cardiac medications
Appendix B: Supplements
Appendix B is a list of commonly used supplements. The exam will focus on but may not be
exclusively limited to the list below.
 amino acids (e.g., L-glutamine, lysine,  minerals (e.g., calcium, magnesium,

choline) potassium)
 antioxidants (e.g., coenzyme Q10,  mood support (e.g., St. John's wort,
selenium) Sam E, 5 HTP)
 bone health (e.g., glucosamine sulfate,  vitamins (e.g., A, B1-B12, C, D, E, K)
chondroitin sulfate)  Western herbs (e.g., saw palmetto, milk
 digestive support (e.g., enzymes, fiber, thistle)
probiotics)
 hormones (e.g., melatonin, wild yams,
DHEA)
184
Appendix C: Medical Conditions
The conditions (not system headings) listed below are categorized based on how frequently
AOM practitioners reported seeing them in the clinical setting. This list is meant to serve as a
study guide for the NCCAOM Biomedicine Examination Module to help prioritize focus of study.
The exam will focus on but may not be exclusively limited to the conditions below.
The conditions marked with an asterisk (*) signify diseases commonly associated with red flag
signs and/or symptoms. Candidates are strongly advised to familiarize themselves with these
conditions and the red flag signs and symptoms associated with them.
CATEGORY 1 Frequently Seen Conditions
Cardiovascular Musculoskeletal conditions

*Arrhythmias (e.g., atrial fibrillation, Upper extremities
premature ventricular contraction, Lower extremities
tachycardia, bradycardia) Axial (e.g., whiplash, disc herniation, spinal
*Blood pressure disorders (hypertension stenosis, spondyolisthesis, TMJ)
and hypotension) Osteoarthritis
Atherosclerosis (e.g., coronary artery Osteoporosis
disease, peripheral vascular disease)
Neurological conditions
Endocrine and Metabolic conditions *Stroke
Thyroid disorders (e.g., Hashimoto’s *Radiculopathies (e.g., nerve root, sciatica)
thyroiditis, Graves’ disease) Peripheral neuropathy
Pancreatic disorders (e.g., diabetes) Headache (e.g., cluster, tension, migraine,
Obesity sinus, trauma)
Hyperlipidemia Sleep disorders (narcolepsy, sleep apnea,
insomnia)
Gastrointestinal conditions
Gastroesophageal reflux disease Pulmonary conditions
Gastritis Asthma
Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn’s Respiratory tract infections (e.g., sinusitis,
disease, ulcerative colitis) viral infections, strep throat, bronchitis,
Food sensitivity/allergies (e.g., celiac pneumonia)
disease, lactose intolerance) Allergies
Irritable bowel syndrome *Pneumothorax
Mental and Behavioral conditions Reproductive conditions

*Mood disorders (depression, bi-polar) Menstrual
Anxiety Infertility (e.g., polycystic ovarian syndrome,
endometriosis)
Menopause
185
Miscellaneous
Multi-system conditions (Lyme disease,
chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, temporal
arteritis)
CATEGORY 2 Moderately Seen Conditions
Cardiovascular Dermatological conditions

*Myocardial infarction Noncontagious skin conditions (cellulitis,
*Angina pectoris shingles, acne, eczema, psoriasis,
*Heart failure alopecia)
*Deep vein thrombosis
Raynaud’s disease Mental and Behavioral conditions
*Aneurysms Attention deficit disorder (ADD)/Attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Gastrointestinal conditions Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Peptic ulcer (e.g., H. pylori, Campylobacter)
*Diverticular disease (e.g., diverticulosis, Neurological conditions
diverticulitis) *Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Hemorrhoids Parkinson’s disease
Gallbladder conditions (e.g., cholelithiasis, *Vertigo
cholecystitis) Bell’s palsy
Trigeminal neuralgia
Hematological conditions *Concussion and traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Anemia
Bleeding disorders Pulmonary conditions
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Infectious Disease
Sexually transmitted infections Reproductive conditions
Tuberculosis Uterine (fibroids and bleeding)
*Viral infections (e.g., infectious mono,
influenza, meningitis, conjunctivitis) Miscellaneous
Autoimmune disorders [systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid
arthritis (RA)]
CATEGORY 3 Least Frequently Seen Conditions
Endocrine and Metabolic conditions Gastrointestinal conditions

Adrenal disorders (e.g., Cushing’s, *Appendicitis
Addison’s) Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
*Pancreatitis
186
Hematological conditions Infectious Disease
Leukemia/lymphoma *Bacterial infections (e.g., staph, MRSA,
Hemochromatosis impetigo, meningitis)
Childhood infectious conditions (measles,
Mental and Behavioral conditions mumps, rubella, pertussis)
Autism spectrum Parasitic infections
*Suicidality Foodborne illness
*Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia
nervosa) Dermatological conditions
*Contagious skin conditions (lice, fungal
Neurological conditions infections, scabies)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) *Skin cancers (e.g., basal cell, squamous
Dementia (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease) cell, melanoma)
Epilepsy Burns
*Oncology (lung, stomach, colon, pancreas, Ophthalmology/ENT

breast, prostate, uterine, bone, liver,
cervical) Reproductive conditions
*Complications related to pregnancy
Breast conditions (e.g., mass, mastitis)
Male Infertility
Erectile dysfunction (ED)
Prostate conditions (benign prostatic
hyperplasia, prostatitis)
Urinary/Renal conditions
*Kidney Stones
*Infections (UTI, cystitis, pyelonephritis)
Incontinence
187
Acupuncture Abbreviated Content Outline
Domain I: Safety and Professional Responsibilities (10% of Total Exam)

Apply Standards of Safe Practice and Professional Conduct
A. Management of Acupuncture Office Emergencies

B. Infection Control/Precautions
Domain II: Treatment Plan (70% of Total Exam)

Develop a comprehensive treatment plan using acupuncture points based on patient’s
presentation and initial assessment
1. Point Selection: Based on Differentiation and/or Symptoms (e.g., syndrome/pattern,

meridian/channel pathology, circadian rhythm) (35% of Domain II)
(e.g., pregnancy, needling, organ damage
b. Point category
[e.g., Antique/Five Transporting (Shu), Alarm (Mu)]
c. Channel theory
(e.g., primary, muscle, cutaneous region, divergent, extraordinary vessels
e. Ashi points
(e.g., trigger points, motor points)
f. Extra points (Refer to Appendix of Extra Points)
g. Auricular points
h. Scalp areas
2. Treatment Techniques and Mode of Administration – (to demonstrate knowledge of

treatment techniques and modes of administration) (25% of Domain II)
b. Patient position
d. Needle selection
f. Moxibustion
1.) Direct
2.) Indirect
3.) On needle handle
g. Additional acupuncture modalities
1.) Cupping
2.) Guasha
3.) Bleeding
4.) Intradermal needles, ear balls, seeds, pellets, tacks
5.) Electro acupuncture
6.) Heat
7.) Topical applications
h. Related modalities
1.) Asian bodywork therapy and other manual therapies
2.) Exercise/breathing therapy
3.) Dietary recommendations according to Traditional Chinese Medicine theory
B. Patient Management (10% of Domain II)

1. Re-assessment and modification of treatment plan
Domain III: Point Identification/Location (20% of total exam)

(To include both image based questions and questions describing Point location measurements
by description)
A. Identify Points by Images (10%)

B. Identify Points by Description (10%)
Appendix: Extra Points
(Please Note: Additional Extra Points not listed in the Appendix may appear on the exam as
distractors to the correct answer)
Anmian Pigen
Bafeng Qianzheng
Baichongwo Qiduan
Bailao Qipang
Baxie Qiuhou
Bitong Sanjiaojiu
Bizhong Shanglianquan
Dagukong Shangyingxiang
Dangyang Shiqizhuixue/Shiqizhuixia
Dannangxue Shixuan
Dingchuan Sifeng
Erbai Sishencong
Erjian Taiyang
Haiquan Tituo
Heding Waihuaijian
Huanzhong Wailaogong
Huatuojiaji Weiguanxiashu
Jiachengjiang Xiaogukong
Jianqian/Jianneilling Xiyan/Neixiyan
Jingbailao Yaotongxue
Jinjin and Yuye Yaoyan
Juquan Yiming
Kuangu Yintang
Lanweixue Yuyao
Luozhen Zhongkui
Neihuaijian Zhoujian
Neiyingxiang Zigongxue
Acupuncture Expanded Content Outline
DOMAIN I: Safety and Professional Responsibilities (10% of Total Exam)

Apply Standards of Safe Practice and Professional Conduct
A. Management of Acupuncture Office Emergencies

 Recognize and manage acupuncture office emergencies [e.g., moxa burns, heat lamp
burns, needle shock, organ puncture, fainting, stuck needle(s)]
 Recognize the signs and or symptoms of internal hemorrhage or clotting disorders
 Recognize risk factors for individual patients (e.g., patients taking blood thinners,
diabetes)
B. Infection Control/Precautions
 Recognize and apply knowledge of infection control and precautions (e.g., bloodborne
pathogens, communicable diseases, universal precautions, needle stick)

 Communicate and discuss risks and benefits concerning acupuncture treatment with
individual patient
 Communicate and discuss findings with individual patient
 Obtain legal informed consent
 Inform patient of initial treatment/procedure done
 Inform patient when there is a change in condition or treatment that may require a new
plan of action
DOMAIN II: Treatment Plan (70% of Total Exam)

Develop a comprehensive treatment plan using acupuncture points based on patient
presentation and initial assessment
1. Point Selection Based on Differentiation and/or Symptoms (35%)

 Identify pattern and develop treatment plan based on differentiation (e.g.,
syndrome/pattern, meridian/channel pathology, circadian rhythm)

 Recognize cautions and contraindications (e.g., pregnancy, organ damage)
 Determine appropriate points, needling methods and modalities for safe
treatment
b. Point category
 Demonstrate knowledge and use of Antique/Five Transporting (Shu) points (e.g.,
Jing-Well, Ying-Spring, Shu-Stream, Jing-River, He-Sea)
 Demonstrate knowledge of theories and applications of source (yuan) and
connecting (luo) points
 Demonstrate knowledge of theories and applications of Front-Mu (Alarm) points,
Back-Shu (Associated) points and their combination(s) (e.g., excess/deficient,
systemic imbalances)
c. Channel theory
 Demonstrate application of channel theory

 Demonstrate knowledge of functions, indications and application of points and
point combinations (e.g., distal/local, Window of the Sky, Five Elements,
circadian rhythms, Six Stages, Four Levels)
e. Ashi points
 Demonstrate application or the use of Ashi points (including trigger points and
motor points)
f. Extra points (Refer to Appendix of Extra Points)

 Demonstrate the knowledge of indications and application of Extra points
g. Auricular points
 Demonstrate knowledge of functions, indications, applications, precautions and
contraindications of auricular acupuncture points and anatomical areas
h. Scalp areas
 Demonstrate knowledge of functions, indications, applications, precautions and
contraindications of scalp acupuncture
2. Treatment Techniques and Mode of Administration (25%)

 Demonstrate knowledge of treatment techniques and modes of administration

 Recognize cautions and contraindications for individual patient
 Recognize cautions based on anatomy
b. Patient position
 Demonstrate knowledge of appropriate patient position

 Demonstrate knowledge of point location (e.g., anatomical landmarks, Cun
measurement, palpation)
d. Needle selection
 Recognize and demonstrate knowledge of appropriate needle selection (e.g.,
filiform, three-edged, plum-blossom, press tack, intradermal)
 Recognize and demonstrate knowledge and appropriate use of needles (e.g.,
length, gauge, filiform, three-edged, plum-blossom, press tack, intradermal)
 Demonstrate knowledge of needling techniques (e.g., insertion, angle, depth,
stretching skin)
 Demonstrate knowledge of needle manipulation (e.g., arrival of Qi, reinforcing,
reducing, lifting and thrusting, plucking, rotating, twirling)
 Demonstrate knowledge of appropriate needle retention
 Demonstrate knowledge of safe and appropriate needle removal
f. Moxibustion
1.) Direct
 Demonstrate knowledge of functions, indications, contraindications and
application of direct moxibustion (e.g., thread, cone, rice grain)
2.) Indirect
application of indirect moxibustion (e.g., stick/pole, on ginger, box)
3.) On needle handle

application of moxibustion on needle handle
g. Additional acupuncture modalities

application of other acupuncture modalities
1.) Cupping
application of cupping
2.) Guasha
application of Guasha
3.) Bleeding
application of bleeding
4.) Intradermal needles, ear balls, seeds, pellets, tacks

application of intradermal needles
5.) Electro acupuncture

application of electro acupuncture
6.) Heat
application of heat (e.g., TDP/heat lamp)
7.) Topical applications

application of topical applications (e.g., liniment, plaster)
h. Related Modalities
1.) Asian bodywork therapy and other manual therapies
 Demonstrate knowledge of indications and contraindications of Asian
bodywork therapy and other manual therapies
2.) Exercise/breathing therapy

 Demonstrate knowledge of exercise/breathing therapy (e.g., Qi Gong, Tai Ji)
3.) Dietary recommendations according to Traditional Chinese Medicine theory

 Demonstrate knowledge of dietary recommendations according to Traditional
Chinese Medicine theory
B. Patient Management (10%)

1. Re-assessment and modification of treatment plan
 Reevaluate and modify treatment plan (e.g., diagnostic assessment, point selection,
needling technique, other modalities, treatment frequency)

 Recognize and evaluate the need for referral
 Demonstrate the knowledge of referral to other healthcare providers
 Recognize and evaluate appropriate discharge of patient
DOMAIN III: Point Identification/Location (20% of total exam)

(To include both image based questions and questions describing point location measurements
by description)
A. Identification of Points by Images (10%)

 Identify by cun and anatomical landmarks
B. Identification of Points by Description (10%)

 Identify by cun and anatomical landmarks
Appendix: Extra Points
(Please Note: Additional Extra Points not listed in the Appendix may appear on the exam as
Anmian Pigen
Bafeng Qianzheng
Baichongwo Qiduan
Bailao Qipang
Baxie Qiuhou
Bitong Sanjiaojiu
Bizhong Shanglianquan
Dagukong Shangyingxiang
Dangyang Shiqizhuixue/Shiqizhuixia
Dannangxue Shixuan
Dingchuan Sifeng
Erbai Sishencong
Erjian Taiyang
Haiquan Tituo
Heding Waihuaijian
Huanzhong Wailaogong
Huatuojiaji Weiguanxiashu
Jiachengjiang Xiaogukong
Jianqian/Jianneilling Xiyan/Neixiyan
Jingbailao Yaotongxue
Jinjin and Yuye Yaoyan
Juquan Yiming
Kuangu Yintang
Lanweixue Yuyao
Luozhen Zhongkui
Neihuaijian Zhoujian
Neiyingxiang Zigongxue
Chinese Herbology Abbreviated Content Outline
DOMAIN I: Safety and Quality (10% of Total Exam)

3. Toxicity
standards
DOMAIN II: Treatment Plan: Develop a Comprehensive Treatment Plan Using Principles
of Chinese Herbology Based Upon Patient’s Presentation and Diagnosis
(60% of Total Exam)
A. Recommend Chinese Herbs for Individual Patients based on Assessment

sweating)
2. Individual herbs
a. Functions and indications
b. Combinations of Chinese herbs (Dui Yao)
c. Tastes, properties, direction, and channels entered
3. Chinese herbal formulas (refer to Appendix list of Chinese Herbal formulas)
a. Functions and indications
b. Ingredients
c. Structure (e.g., chief (Jun); deputy (Chen); guiding herbs)
d. Modifications
B. Formulate and Administer Herbal Recommendation

C. Chinese Dietary Therapy
196
DOMAIN III: Patient Management: Patient Education and Treatment Evaluation
(30% of Total Exam)
A. Patient Education
B. Treatment Evaluation and Modification
Note: Panel agreed to use all 160 herbal formulas in Appendix.
Appendix of Formulas: Reference of Common Chinese Herbal Formulas

(Please Note: Additional formulas not listed in the Appendix of Formulas may appear on the exam among
the four possible responses for each question)
197
Chinese Herbology Expanded Content Outline
with KSA/Competency Statements (in blue) by EDC
DOMAIN I: Safety and Quality (10% of Total Exam)

 Identify cautions and contraindications for herbs and herbal formulas (e.g., condition-
dependent, incompatibility)
 Recognize potential herb/drug interactions
 Describe strategies to avoid herb/drug interactions
3. Toxicity
 Identify potential toxicity of Chinese herbs and herbal formulas
 Describe strategies to prevent toxicity of Chinese herbs and herbal formulas
 Identify potential adverse effects of Chinese herbs and herbal formulas
 Prevent and resolve the adverse effects of Chinese herbs and herbal formulas

 Recognize the appearance of raw Chinese herbs
 Identify the quality of raw Chinese herbs by appearance, smell, and taste
 Recognize Chinese herbs, herbal formulas and herbal products containing
endangered species, animal products, and potential allergens (e.g., wheat, soy,
sulfa)
 Identify patient allergies to prevent potential allergic reactions to Chinese herbs,
herbal formulas and herbal products
 Apply substitutions for individual endangered species, animal products, and potential
allergens (e.g., wheat, soy, sulfa) in Chinese herbs and herbal formulas
 Identify signs of contamination of stored Chinese herbs and herbal products
 Identify substitutions for contaminated Chinese herbs and herbal products
standards
 Monitor Chinese herbs and herbal products for expiration dates
 Assess the quality of Chinese herbs and herbal products according to current Good
Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) standards
DOMAIN II: Treatment Plan: Develop a Comprehensive Treatment Plan Using Principles
of Chinese Herbology Based Upon Patient’s Presentation and Diagnosis
(60% of Total Exam)
A. Recommend Chinese herbs for individual patients based on assessment
198
sweating)
 Identify treatment strategies/methods of Chinese herbs and herbal formulas
 Apply/prescribe Chinese herbs and herbal formulas based on the treatment
strategies/methods of Chinese herbs and herbal formulas
2. Individual herbs
a.) Functions and indications
 Identify the functions and indications of individual Chinese herbs
 Identify the functions and indications of processed forms of Chinese herbs (e.g.,
honey- processed (mi zhi), vinegar-processed (cu zhi), dry-fried (chao), etc.)
 Apply/prescribe individual Chinese herbs for patients based on presenting signs
and symptoms
b.) Combinations of Chinese herbs (Dui Yao)
 Identify the functions and indications of combinations of Chinese herbs
 Apply/prescribe combinations of Chinese herbs for patients based on presenting
signs and symptoms
c.) Tastes, properties, direction, and channels entered
 Identify characteristics (tastes, properties, directions, and channels entered) of
Individual Chinese herbs
 Apply/prescribe herbs for individual patients based on Chinese herb
characteristics (tastes, properties, directions, and channels entered)
3. Chinese herbal formulas (refer to Appendix list of Chinese Herbal formulas)
a.) Functions and indications
 Identify the functions and indications of Chinese herbal formulas
 Apply/prescribe Chinese herbal formulas for individual patients based on
presenting signs and symptoms
b.) Ingredients
 Identify the ingredients of Chinese herbal formulas
 Apply/prescribe Chinese herbal formulas for individual patients
 Identify potential substitutions for individual ingredients in Chinese herbal
formulas
c.) Structure (e.g., chief (Jun); deputy (Chen); guiding herbs)
 Identify and analyze the structure of Chinese herbal formulas (e.g., chief (Jun);
deputy (Chen); guiding herbs)
 Apply/prescribe Chinese herbs based on the theory of Chinese herbal formula
structure
d.) Modifications
 Modify Chinese herbal formulas based on a patient’s presenting signs,
symptoms, and medical history
B. Formulate and Administer Herbal Recommendation

 Differentiate between forms of administration of Chinese herbs
 Apply/prescribe Chinese herbs, herbal formulas, and herbal products for individual
patients based on forms of administration
 Advise individual patients on the use of Chinese herbs, herbal formulas and herbal
products based on forms of administration
199
 Demonstrate knowledge of preparation methods for individual Chinese herbs and
herbal formulas
 Advise individual patients on the preparation methods for individual Chinese herbs
and herbal formulas

 Demonstrate knowledge of common dosages of individual Chinese herbs and herbal
formulas
 Apply/prescribe appropriate dosages of Chinese herbs and herbal formulas based on
a patient’s presenting signs, symptoms and medical history
C. Chinese dietary therapy

 Identify the characteristics, actions, and indications of foods based on TCM principles
 Advise individual patients on the use of foods and dietary therapy in accordance with
TCM principles
DOMAIN III: Patient Management: Patient Education and Treatment Evaluation

(30% of Total Exam)
A. Patient Education
 Advise individual patients of the benefits and expectations of Chinese herbal therapy
 Advise individual patients of the potential side-effect(s) and risks of Chinese herbal
therapy, including informed consent.
B. Treatment evaluation and modification
 Recognize and anticipate Chinese herbal therapy clinical outcomes for individual
patients
 Assess effectiveness of Chinese herbal therapy in individual patients, based on
presenting signs and symptoms
 Modify treatment plans for individual patients based on effectiveness of Chinese herbal
therapy
 Assess the condition of individual patients for appropriate medical referral and
Intervention
200
Note: Panel agreed to use all 160 herbal formulas in Appendix
Appendix of Formulas: Reference of Common Chinese Herbal Formulas

(Please Note: Additional formulas not listed in the Appendix may appear on the exam as

6. Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Tang (Pinellia, Atractylodis Macrocephalae, and Gastrodia
Decoction)
17. Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San (Ligusticum Chuanxiong Powder to be Taken with Green
Tea)
21. Da Jian Zhong Tang (Major Construct the Middle Decoction)
28. Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang (Angelica Pubescens and Sangjisheng Decoction)
201
50. Jia Jian Wei Rui Tang (Modified Solomon’s Seal Decoction)
55. Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang (Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shaving Decoction)
56. Juan Bi Tang (Remove Painful Obstruction from Awakening of the Mind in Medical
Studies)
58. Liang Fu Wan (Galangal and Cyperus Pill)
60. Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang (Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodis Macrocephalae and
Licorice Decoction)
202
79. Qing Wen Bai Du San (Clear Epidemics and Overcome Toxicity Decoction)
83. Run Chang Wan (Moisten the Intestines Pill from Master Shen’s Book)
84. San Zi Yang Qin Tang (Three-Seed Decoction to Nourish One’s Parents)
203
126. Xiang Su San (Cyperus and Perilla Leaf Powder)
128. Xiao Cheng Qi Tang (Minor Order the Qi Decoction)
129. Xiao Feng San (Eliminate Wind Powder from Orthodox Lineage)
204

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National Certification Commission for

Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine

Foundations of Oriental Medicine

Zijian Gerald Wang

SURVEY METHODOLOGY .................................................................................4

SURVEY RESULTS ................................................................................................7

POST JOB ANALYSIS MEETING ACTIVITY................................................34

Survey Overview: The Content Validation Model

Purpose of the Job Analysis Study

Task element list

Task Element List and Survey Rating Scale

The following instructions were provided to respondents:

There are 5 sections in this survey:

Sampling Methodology, Data Collection and Analyses

a. Diplomate of Acupuncture (FOM, BIO, and ACPL)

Population of all U.S. States

Random Sampling Within States

Results are divided into three sections:

Survey Adequacy and Reliability Information

Drop-down list: Completely

TABLE 1. Survey Adequacy

FOM BIO ACPL CH

These free-text responses, without any edits, can be found in Appendix E.

TABLE 2. Survey Reliability

Title Frequency Importance

35.0 32.4 31.6

FIGURE 3. Years of Experience as an AOM Practitioner.

Table 3. NCCAOM Certifications

Certification Frequency Percent

FIGURE 4. Number of NCCAOM Certifications Held.

FIGURE 5. Geographical Region of Current Practice.

FIGURE 6. Number of States with Practice.

Drop-down list: Not providing direct patient care

Primary Practice Setting

FIGURE 7. Primary Practice Setting.

Drop-down list: Not practicing in a group practice as a primary practice setting

20.0 17.8 18.3

FIGURE 8. Primary Group Practice Settings.

What style(s) of AOM do you practice? (Select all that apply)

Selection list: Traditional Chinese Medicine

FIGURE 9. AOM Styles.

FIGURE 10. Number of AOM Styles Practiced.

Mean Frequency and Importance Ratings

Domain 1: Clinical Examination Methods

Domain 2: Assessment, Analysis and Differential Diagnosis based on OM/TCM

Domain 3: Treatment Principle and Strategy

Domain 2: Assessment, Analysis and Differential Diagnosis based on OM/TCM

Domain 3: Treatment Principle and Strategy

No task elements were flagged in the subgroup analysis for experience.

TABLE 4. Descriptive Statistics of FOM Content Domain Weights.

Domain N Minimum Maximum Mean (%)

Clinical Examination Methods 1237 0 100 32.86

Decision Criteria for Determining FOM Examination Blueprint

SME Panel Decisions

1. Dietary Principles to be added as a subdomain in both the Acupuncture with Point

Final Examination Content Outline

TABLE 5. Final FOM Examination Weight Distribution.

Domain Weight (%)

Clinical Examination Methods 10

Mean Frequency and Importance Ratings

Domain 1: Biomedical Model

Domain 1: Biomedical Model

Domain 2: Safety and Professional Responsibilities

Domain 1: Biomedical Model