Research Journal The Pendulum 2018 Compressed

THE PENDULUM
Print ISSN 2467-6527
Volume 13 | Issue 1
Academic Year 2018-2019
THE PENDULUM
The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College
Volume 13 | Issue 1 | SY 2018-2019 | Print ISSN 2467-6527
The Pendulum is a compendium of student-research outputs

published once a year by the Research and Publication Center of
UM Tagum College.
EDITORIAL STAFF
Larcyneil P. Pascual
Editor-in-Chief
Dr. Evelyn P. Saludes

Consultant
Dr. Gina Fe G. Israel

Prof. Marck Lester L. Navales
Associate Editors
BOARD OF REVIEWERS
Engr. Randy E. Angelia

University of Mindanao
Dr. Nestor C. Nabe Dr. Amelie L. Chico

University of Mindanao University of Mindanao
THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 3

3
Volume 13 | Issue 1 | 2018 | Print ISSN 2467-6527
About the Journal
The Pendulum is the official Undergraduate Research Journal
(URJ) of UM Tagum College produced annually. This journal is
committed to providing undergraduate student-researchers the
right avenue to publish their research outputs.
About the Title

The Pendulum. Italian scientist Galileo Galilei was the first to
study the properties of pendulums, beginning around 16021. It
refers to a weight hung from a fixed point so that it can swing
freely backward and forward. This symbolizes the vision of the
Research Center to be recognized for its significant contribution
in the generation of new knowledge for the improvement of the
quality of life. More so, as in the clock, its unremitting movement
provides accuracy of time to make everyone works. In UM Tagum
College, the Pendulum, which symbolizes the Research
Department makes all other departments and disciplines work to
achieve the ultimate goal of quality education as enshrined in the
expressed vision, mission, and core values of the institution.
1Drake,Stillman (2003). Galileo at Work: His scientific biography.
USA: Courier Dover. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-486-49542-2.
© 2018 URJ. All rights reserved

THE PENDULUM Copyright © 2018 Edition | Volume 13| Issue 1 by the
undergraduate student-researchers, and the University of Mindanao. All
rights reserved. Printed in Davao City, Philippines. Reproduction without
permission from the Research and Publication Center is strictly prohibited.
Publisher The University of Mindanao

Matina Campus, Davao City, Philippines
UM Tagum College, Undergraduate Research Journal

8100 Mabini St., Tagum City, Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084) 655-9607 Local: 128
Email: rpc.umtagum@umindanao.edu.ph
Website: http://tagum.umindanao.edu.ph
Print ISSN 2467-6527
4 THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 4

Editorial Preface
This undergraduate research journal primarily tackles
about the various researches undertaken by the
undergraduate student-researchers.
In this issue, the journal highlights the six researches

explored by the Criminology and Engineering students. The
group of Debie G. Filipinas, Mariel D. Sadji, and Dexie Mary
P. Tacuban investigated the Phenomenon behind the
behavior of Solvent Users. Likewise, the team of Kennard M.
Palen, Alice Escaso, and Jaymark Mituda embarked on
studying the Crime Prevention And Reduction Strategies in
Maco Comval Province.
Moreover, the team of Dominic Joseph D. Galon,

Wenie C. Guadalquiver had investigated the Phenomenon of
Parenting Practices toward Juvenile Delinquency which
aimed to determine the parenting practices of parents with
delinquent children. It also investigated the parents coping
mechanism in the different problems that beset the family
and their insights or views in dealing the delinquent behavior
of their children.
In addition, the group of Jenefe S. Tactaquin, Ace

John D. Eder, and Jeffrey S. Jamaquilan had explored the
Stories of High-Risk Prisoners in Maximum Prison in an
attempt to determine the stories of inmates inside the
maximum security and how they adjusted themselves inside
the institution.

5
On the other hand, the research team of Godofredo
Jipus, Marvin Jake Jalain, Elora Moquerio, and Quinn Ursal
developed a modification of Laparoscopic Surgery Simulator
Trainer Set. The research project aimed to add some unique
features not present in the existing design, such as video
recording, online chat, and graphical user interface are
added.
Lastly, the group of Keene Clyde T. Agliam, Ruel O.

Calimotan, Glen D. Espinosa, and Rosemarie D. Jayectin
investigated the Electronic time – lapse slider. The research
project aims to highlight that motion control on camera rail
through the use of stepper motor.
One of the academic core functions of the research

center is to disseminate the research findings and results to
our respective stakeholders. Similarly, this is to give our
student-researchers a right venue to publish their
researches and to take pride of their work. This journal came
into being to manifest the importance of research in our
daily lives.
-Editor-in-Chief

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Children in The Mist: A Phenomenological Study 8

On Minor Solvent Users
Debie G. Filipinas, Mariel D. Sadji,
and Dexie Mary P. Tacuban
Adviser: Dr. Dan O. Gomez
Crime Prevention and Reduction Strategies 39

Kennard M. Palen, Alice Escaso, and Jaymark Mituda
Adviser: Dr. Helen F. Fungo
Juvenile Delinquency: A Phenomenological 52

Inquiry of Parenting Practices
Dominic Joseph D. Galon, Wenie C. Guadalquiver,
and Shiela Mae D. Nogalo
Adviser: Dr. Dan O. Gomez
Life in Maximum Prison: Stories of 84

High-Risk Prisoners
Jenefe S. Tactaquin, Ace John D. Eder,
and Jeffrey S. Jamaquilan
Adviser: Dr. Jose Elmer S. Oficiar, Jr.
Laparoscopic Surgery Simulator Trainer Set 115

Godofredo Jipus, Marvin Jake Jalain,
Elora Moquerio, and Quinn Ursal
Adviser: Engr. Artemio Ian D. Palijo, III
Electronic Time – Lapse Slider 126

Keene Clyde T. Agliam, Ruel O. Calimotan,
Glen D. Espinosa, Rosemarie D. Jayectin
Adviser: Engr. Artemio Ian D. Palijo, III

7
Children in The Mist: A Phenomenological Study
On Minor Solvent Users
Debie G. Filipinas1, Mariel D. Sadji1, Dexie Mary P. Tacuban1,

Dr. Dan O. Gomez2
1
Department of Criminal and Justice Education
2
Department of Teacher Education
UM Tagum College, Philippines
1,2
rpc.umtagum@umindanao.edu.ph
ABSTRACT
This phenomenological study entitled “Children in the mist: A

phenomenological study on minor solvent users” studies the
perceptions of young delinquents in their reasons of using
solvents, harmful effects of solvents on their heath, emotions,
experiences and behavior of a minor who engage in this
delinquent acts by conducting an interview to the participants
whose under in the custody of Department of Social Welfare
Development at Tagum City. This study aimed to make the
society aware why these minors are engaged in the situation
where they can become delinquents which can cause harm and
may be unacceptable exploit in the norms of society. The purpose
of this phenomenological was to present the experiences, coping
mechanisms and significant insight of minor solvent users through
an in-depth interview and focus group discussion. Results of the
analysis support the presence as well as absence of solvent users’
effects, according to minor solvent users’ personal experiences
and in their own words.
Keywords: Criminal Justice Education, minors, solvent users,

solvent abuse, Philippines.

INTRODUCTION
Minors who are abusing solvents are not a new

phenomenon. A literature study has confirmed that solvent
abuse is very rampant in countries such as United Kingdom,
Australia, and United States. Another disastrous
consequence of volatile solvents is its disruptive effect. High
concentrations of most solvents can cause narcosis
(dizziness, nausea, fatigue, loss of coordination, coma, and
the like). This can increase the chances for mistakes and
accidents. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of
many solvents can cause brain damage (Lehmann, 2012).
For many years, inhalants have been a serious public
health concern and among the most dangerous forms of
substance use. Inhalants are associated with harmful
outcomes that rival or exceed those characteristics of other
substances. They disproportionately afflict vulnerable
subpopulations, including the poor, select minority groups,
the mentally ill, and persons involved with the juvenile and
criminal justice systems. Inhalants can lead to “sudden
sniffing death” and serious accidents (Dinwiddie, 2012).
The social sciences offer two kinds of explanations
for phenomena: those based on empirically established
relationships between which a causal link is asserted (e.g.
some young people do X because they have low self-
esteem) and those based on the reasons people give for
doing something (e.g. some young people do X because
they want to defy authority, or because they like the
particular kind of 'high' that X offers). Although attempts to
explain inhalant use have drawn on both approaches, the
causal connections between inhalant use and its correlates
remain far from clear (Oetting, 2011).

9
Abused inhalants are voluntarily inhaled for their
euphorigenic effects by a surprisingly high proportion of
American adolescents. According to the 2013 Monitoring the
Future study, the 30-day prevalence rate for intentional
volatile solvent use among American 8th graders, or mostly
12- to 14-year-olds, was 2.7%. This prevalence is higher
than all usage rates for all other illicit drugs except
marijuana, and this trend has held steady for the past two
decades (Johnston, 2013).
Research Questions
1. What are the reasons of these children in using solvents?

2. How did they live their lives as solvent users?
3. What are their significant insights of their experience?
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This introduces the methodology used in this

investigation on the query in finding out the perception on
minor solvent users. This also described the methods of
using solvents and the factors contributing the delinquency
of these minors. The investigation involved 14 minor
participants; whose backgrounds were based on the
institution they attend to. The approach to this investigation
was qualitative. One form of qualitative study is the
phenomenological study. A Phenomenological study
describes the meaning for several individuals of their
describing what all participants have in common as they
experience a phenomenon (Creswell, 2007).

Research Participants
In this phenomenological study, the participants were

taken from representations of minor solvent users under
DSWD Center in Tagum City. Those minors who used
solvent that may lead them to do unusual and uncertain acts
while under the influence of solvents. According to Dornyie
(2007) the size of a focus group interview ranges into 24
people. Fewer than six (6) people wouldn’t limit the potential
of the collective wisdom whereas too large a sixe makes it
difficult for everyone to participate. Whom designing a focus
group interview the two key technical to decide are (a)
whether to have a homogeneous or heterogeneous people
in a group, and (b) many groups to have.
There were representations of minor solvent users,

the said participants were based on their experience in
inhaling solvents. As to the process we select seven (7)
minors and create a group composed of seven (7) members
for we all know that this study can help them realize to
change their ways of living.
Raagas (2010) suggested that a purpose sampling of

five to twenty individuals who would be used in the
phenomenological study. There were fourteen (14)
participants in the study which were grouped into two. Each
group had seven (7) minors. In this study, it is within the
suggested range number of participants.

11
Table 1
Participants’ Information
Pseudonym Gender Age Study Institution
of Minors Group
Maria Female 17 In-depth DSWDTC
Interview
Onyot Male 14 In-depth DSWDTC
Interview
Kentoy Male 17 In-depth DSWDTC
Interview
Jay Male 13 In-depth DSWDTC
Interview
Bryze Female 16 In-depth DSWDTC
Interview
Ken Male 14 In-depth DSWDTC
Interview
Dodong Male 12 In-depth DSWDTC
Interview
Budok Male 17 Focus DSWDTC
Group
Abadon Male 17 Focus DSWDTC
Group
Burdok Male 16 Focus DSWDTC
Group
Bayong Male 14 Focus DSWDTC
Group
Undo Male 14 Focus DSWDTC
Group
Bunsoy Male 16 Focus DSWDTC
Group
Damulag Male 15 Focus DSWDTC
Group

Data Collection
The following steps were employed in gathering the

data:
First, through purposive sampling technique, the
participants were identified. They were requested to sign a
consent form and agree to the condition stipulated that their
participation is voluntary and that they were willing to
impart their knowledge as needed in the study.
Data Analysis
After transcribing the focus group interview,

statements that relate to the topic were separated into core
ideas that reflect into specific thought. The responses of the
participants were grouped into major themes that reflect the
various aspects of the phenomenon. The data on the focus
group interview were analyzed based on their perception on
query number one (1) on the reason of these young
delinquents by using solvents and other form of inhalants.
The transcribed data that were taken from the
interview conversation for query number two (2) how did
they cope up with their addiction. This gathered information
with our young delinquents will be anatomized in regards
with their rehabilitation process.
In the query number three (3) what are their hopes
of the future. This data in the interview with the minors was
analyzed and the process of living with their new chapter of
sanguineness.
Other issue that was tackled by the participants was
also put into consideration since a qualitative study holds no
restrictions. Our account and perceptions in usage of

13
solvents was also discussed during the interpretation to
concretize the result of the study.
Trustworthiness and Ethical Consideration
When we conducted the qualitative research, we put
into account the responses of our informants. We also
meticulously consider all the details of the data. We checked
and rechecked all the transcriptions and the importance of
the data that relate to each other on their themes.
Credibility is an evaluation of whether or not the
research findings represent a “credible” conceptual
interpretation of the data drawn from the participants’
original data according to Lincoln & Guba (1985). To address
credibility, we used three techniques. First, we presented
the credibility of the experiences as intent of truthfully
illustrating and knowing the facts which are phenomenon in
which our participants are included. Second, in designing
the research procedure, we conducted a focus group
discussion which extracted ideas on the evolution of
solvents and also its process and systems how it is being
used. Third, we deliberately asked the informants to share
some factors which put them in their situation right now.
Our intention here was to create layers of data from each
participant. According to Lincoln & Guba, (1985) this
technique will provide a richer and credible data.
Transferability is the degree to which the findings
of this inquiry can apply or transfer beyond the bounds of
the project according to Lincoln & Guba, (1985). To address
transferability in this study, we have included in the
Appendix about several of the data analysis documents used
to give answer to the research question in order to gain
access to the possible inquiry. This will give other

researchers the facility to transfer the conclusions or
recommendation as bases for further study.
Dependability is an assessment of the quality of the
integrated processes of data collection, data analysis, and
phenomenal explanation. Conformability is a measure of
how well the inquiry’s findings are supported by the data
collected according to Lincoln & Guba (1985) To address the
issues of dependability and conformability in this study, we
banked on an audit trail of the participants responses
wherein their identity was treated with confidentially. After
the video and audio tape was transcribed, the texts were
given back to the respondents for authentication and were
asked to sign a verification form. For conformability, we
asked the audit of a competent peer who is a language
teacher and a master’s in applied Linguistics in Australia.
After the completion of our data analysis, the results in
Chapter Four, and the discussions in Chapter Five, our
auditor had assessed carefully our audit trail with original
transcripts from the interview, data analysis documents. The
auditor had assessed the dependability and conformability
of the study by signing the verification letter.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The participants answered the same sets of questions

through purposive sampling method. The meetings with the
informants were arranged during their free time since they
are under the custodial of Department of Social Welfare and
Development in Tagum City. The Children in the mist: A
phenomenological study on minor solvent users since they
can give information to the study. When asked though the

15
guide question, minor solvent users describe detailed
answers relating to each experience (Oliver, 2006).
The informants’ data were collected through in-depth
interview with seven (7) informants and seven (7)
respondents from focus group discussion.
The focus group discussion and in-depth interview
was conducted with seven (7) participants each group. They
are all minor solvent users rehabilitated in DSWD at Tagum
City. Names of the participants were not mention for the
purpose of confidentiality.
The focus group discussion was exciting because pool
of shared thoughts ideas aroused. Participants’ answers are
related with each other which lead to interaction. They
shared to the group about their experiences and which they
struggle most. All the participants were responsive in
answering question. At first, the participants are
uncomfortable to audio recording and afraid to flash back
memories for some reason but as the interview goes on,
they have overcome such fear. For the in-depth interview,
it was conducted at DSWD, Tagum City considering our
participants are under the custody of the said department.
We used cellphone for recording along with our notebook
for the field notes. Before the interview conducted, we let
the respondents read and understand the informed consent.
After the concerns and clarification and a quick introduction,
the interview started.
Categorization of Data
After the in-depth interview and the focus group
discussion, the audio was transcribed, translated and
analyzed. Three steps were taken during the data analysis

namely: data reduction, data display and conclusion and
verification.
In data reduction, answers of the interviewee were
transcribed, translated, group and organized without using
software. In the data display, findings were presented in a
table shown in table 1, 2, and 3. The presentation of data
made used of three clarifications and the themes were
drawn. In the conclusion drawing and verification,
preliminary thoughts and patterns were developed.
In our qualitative inquiry, trustworthiness of the
findings was established by employing different strategies
to meet the four issues of trustworthiness that demands
attention: credibility, dependability, conformability, and
transferability (Shenton, 2004). It was hard to ensure that
qualitative research is accurate or correct; therefore, the
following four (4) aspects was taken into consideration
when conducting qualitative research (Guba & Lincoln,
2011). Trustworthiness is the quality to be achieved in the
study if the data collected is applicable and consistent.
Trustworthiness of a qualitative study can be increased
maintaining high credibility and objectivity (Gay & Airasians,
2003: Suter, 2006).
Difficult terminologies were given clearer and
appropriate result. Lastly, the triangulation allows
confidence for the conclusion of the study. Data gathered
from related literature, respondents of in-depth and FGD
confirms triangulation coming from varied resources.
As to conformability and dependability, we have an
adviser though keeping record on how qualitative study
conducted. This is to review what has been done and to
consider alternative plan in verifying interpretation and
assumptions.

17
From a qualitative perspective, transferability is
primarily the responsibility of the one doing the generalizing.
The researcher can enhance transferability by doing a
thorough job of describing the research context and the
assumptions that were central to the research. The person
who wishes to “transfer” the result to a different context is
then responsible for making the judgment of how sensible
the transfer is.
Table 2. Essential Themes and Core Ideas of Informant’s

Reasons Using Solvents
Essential Themes Core Ideas
Influenced by ¥ My friends
Friends ¥ My friends encourage me
because they said it helps me
forget my problems
¥ My friends influence me to
enter this thing
¥ The one who influence me are
my friends, because they told
me the effect of this solvent is
so good
¥ I was influenced by my friends
and to the people around me
who’s using solvent. They said
it is good, so I tried
¥ The one who really influence
me was my peers
¥ I enter this because of my
friends, of course they are my
friends
¥ My peers joined me then they
let me try to sniff it what is
really the effect of rugby.
That’s it
¥ I was just hanging out with my
friends until they let me try it
¥ Because of my friends that’s
why I engage in using solvent
¥ My friends and the people I
know who used rugby
Craved leading to ¥ My friends but sometimes I

Addiction stole money from my parents
¥ We stole money from the
house to buy some solvent and
we go anywhere to buy that
thing because were too addict
¥ Sometimes I beg money from
the people who walks along the
street
¥ I’ll ask money from my mother,
I told her I have something to
buy but I am going to buy
rugby
¥ I beg to others and sometimes
I work so that they will give me
money
Escaped from the ¥ The effect in my life was, I act

Problems like I don’t have any problems
and I always laugh. And my
family, there’s no closure
anymore. I am always in my
19
friends and always living in the
street doing my vices, I’m not
on my proper thinking as long
as I enjoyed what I am doing
¥ I can tell that I felt satisfied
because it can take away my
hunger and my problems to my
family. It also makes me happy
¥ It can disappear problems and
you don’t mind anything but
just to laugh, like you’re high
¥ I like it because I can’t
remember anymore my
problems
¥ I felt like I was high, I feel so
happy and always smile and I
don’t mind any problems, it
disappeared because of this
rugby
¥ I enjoy. I don’t feel any hunger
and I forget any problems
Influenced by Friends
Commonly, friends or peer groups contribute a lot in
terms of influencing one’s life or behavior. Aside from family,
they are the one whom always accompanied us, thus we
can directly say that we get some their behavior. Many
studies show that peer groups play a big role of molding you
as a person.
The result is parallel to the words of Berks (2005).
Peer influence on behavior gradually becomes more
dominant. Peer groups have an even stronger influence than
that of parents, although that extreme position has been
refuted by other researchers. Gradually, children discover
that others can share their feelings or attitudes or have quite
different ones. The perspectives of others will affect how
children feel about their own families. Children usually have
a “family” view of their own and of other cultures. So, when
confronted with other perspectives, they often need to
rethink their own viewpoints. It is often difficult for children
to adjust to the idea that other families can function radically
differently from their own and yet hold many of the same
attitudes and beliefs and be equally nurturing and secure.
The peer group serves as a barometer for children
examining themselves and their feelings about self and
family.
Crave Leading to Addiction

Most of the minor solvent users experience difficulties
in supporting their vices. Thus, they need to steal or beg
money from others in order to support their vices and
continuously satisfy their selves from cravings as solvent
addicts.
The findings are parallel to the words of Godfrey
Gunatilleke (1992). Supported by friends and neighbors and
flush with remittance of money, children will indulge anti-
social activities such as drinking alcohol and taking drugs.
Other vices may follow, the one reinforcing the others. To
maintain these habits, they may even steal money from their
mother, sell household effects, or borrow from others in the
name of the family.
Escaped from the Problems

Minors uses or engage in using solvents have the
same reason, to forget and escape from their problems.

21
They think that using solvents may help them to escape
from the harsh reality not knowing they are making
problems of their own and putting lives in danger.
The result is parallel to the words of Burns (1996).
People face problems in different ways. Some escape
through movies, books, or video games. Some seek help
from counselors. Sometimes people react to problems by
using mood-altering substances like alcohol or drugs.
Because solvents are cheap and readily accessible, they are
a substance of choice for many people
Table 3. Essential Themes and Core Ideas on How did they

live their Lives as Solvent Users
¥ I’m no longer ashamed. I am
Uninhibited to Show confident even if my act was
one’s Actions wrong
¥ Before I am a shy person but
because of that thing I don’t
feel any shyness
¥ Because I used solvent I ‘am
no longer ashamed. I have a
lot of new friends but sad to
say they are also an addict
¥ I never feel ashamed
anymore, I feel I’m no longer
ashamed
Casted Away ¥ My friends avoid me because

I used this thing
¥ My good friends before
started to avoid when they
caught me using solvents and
because I am a rugby boy and
might be bad influence to
them
¥ They started to avoid me
because I am now a solvent
addict and a bad influence to
my fellow youth
¥ In the surroundings. From the
start I was influenced by this
solvent I notice people around
me especially my old friends
who don’t use solvent were
getting afraid of me
¥ It is hard for me because I
became an addict and people
get scared of me
Felt uneasy and ¥ I crave and feel uneasy. I

Uncomfortable don’t understand my situation
if I can’t use this thing
¥ Uneasy and sometimes
craving for it
¥ Uneasy, cough and colds and
you’re easily infected by flu
¥ I feel uncomfortable because
my body is craving for it. I’m
not feeling well if I can’t use
that solvent
¥ It changes a lot because, if
there’s no rugby in my life, it
was felt like I was uneasy, I
always search for it and I felt
weak if I can’t use it and my
head is aching

23
¥ If I can’t use rugby I became
uneasy and I can’t understand
what to feel
¥ For me, I became uneasy if I
can’t sniff rugby because of
course, it became my habit
and my body look for it
¥ It is hard because if I don’t

have money I became uneasy
¥ I feel weak and uneasy
¥ I always feel uneasy because
I always find its taste
Uninhibited to Show some Actions

The minors who are under the influence of solvents
became shameless. They don’t care how they act and
behave when they are under the influence of solvent. The
way they communicate, or approach is far different from a
normal one, others are out of their selves for they do and
act like crazy or mentally disordered.
The result is parallel to the words of Dr. Simon
(2010). Disordered characters also have a deficient sense of
shame. They almost never think of how some action of
theirs might negatively reflect the kind of person they are.
This is such an important point because it could easily be
said that a key feature of the most disordered individuals is
that they neither care enough nor think enough about how
their patterns of behavior reflect on their character. What’s
more, when disturbed characters do perceive that someone
is judging them in a negative manner, they easily think that
it’s the other person who has the problem. Some of the most
severely disturbed characters might even count it as a badge

of honor that they are not affected by the opinions of others
and hold onto their grandiose and unrealistic self-images
despite a track record of wreaking havoc in the lives of those
they work or live with. Over time, their shameless thinking
fosters the development of quite a brazen attitude.
Casted Away
The informants stated that they were avoided by
their friends and other people since they took up solvents
because others thought that they are bad influence to them.
The findings are agreed with the words of Brady
(1992). Most people stayed away from solvent users
because they are afraid to be harmed. Thus, the best
solution in most cases is for a person to walk away from the
other person who uses solvents and spreading the idea of
solvent abuse. There are others who are bad influence and
staying away from them for good is a right choice.
Felt Uneasy and Uncomfortable

Under the influence of solvents, users can undertake
uneasiness and unpredictable behavior. Solvents such as
rugby may cause uneasiness of the body.
The findings are agreed with the words of Swinnder
(2012), People who use inhalants regularly can develop
tolerance. This means that more and more of the substance
is needed to produce the same effects. Regular use also
leads to a persistent craving for the high, which makes it
hard to stop using. When regular use is stopped, withdrawal
symptoms may include nausea, loss of appetite, tremors,
anxiety, depression and paranoia.

25
Table 4. Themes and Core Ideas on the significant insight
on their Experiences in Using Solvents

¥ I changed because I was
Difficulty in rehabilitated, and their
Changing treatment cured me. It’s really
hard for me to stop using
solvent
My experience changed my life
because it’s really not easy to
become an addict of that thing
and when I was rehabilitated it
is a big help for making me
realize that I made mistake and
I need to change for my future
Realization on the ¥ I realized that solvent is

Effects of Solvents dangerous when my family and
friends advise me. I also
realized because of this
rehabilitation center that using
solvent is wrong
¥ I have changed because of the
seminar I had attended here in
the rehabilitation center and to
all the advices the doctors gave
me
Ruined One’s Life ¥ Since the DSWD keep us. They
teach what the effects of rugby
in our health are

¥ It’s true that we must not use
solvents because it can ruin our
life and you’re losing insight of
the future because you’re out
of your mind
¥ I have learned a lot. Like it can
ruin your life if you continue
using and become addictive. If
you’re curious what it feels then
just try and don’t use for your
daily lives because the effect is
dangerous to your health
¥ That rugby can destroy and
could make you addicted
¥ Rugby can destroy our life
Use Experience because you think it is right but
for Inspiration in it is not
Achieving Goals in ¥ It is not good; it has bad effect
Life to the body and mind.
¥ I will reach my goals. I won’t go

back to that thing, because it’s
so hard to handle it. I will
continue my dream to reach it
and make my past experience
as an inspiration in life
¥ For the past experience of my
life as a solvent user, I will
reach my goals by thinking that
if I use solvent, I have no goals
to achieve. So, I use it as an
inspiration for reaching my
goals in life
¥ I will use it as an inspiration in
life and even if I am a solvent
27
user, I can still reach my goals.
I will motivate myself and that
experience is not a hindrance of
my success
¥ I use my past experiences as a
steppingstone for me to reach
my dreams because all people
deserve second chances
¥ I will use it as an inspiration to
become a good one, to study
hard and to reach my goals in
life
¥ Because of my experience, I
will work hard to change my life
Difficulty in Changing Life

Some of the minor solvent users realize their wrong
doings after being rehabilitated. The treatment of the
rehabilitation center makes them realize their wrongful acts
and through moral supports of their family, it helps them to
renew their life as a new one.
The finding is parallel to the words of Marilyn J. White

(2016). Moral supports from family members can help out
in convincing an individual to enter a rehab center. That his
loved ones are willing to lend a hand and to give their full
support will encourage him to change his life for the better.
Support from close friends will add further inspiration and
will strengthen the confidence of the person to move
forward.

Realization on the Effects of Solvents
It is really important to have these rehabilitation
centers and people who are willing to help these minors to
change their way of living, to guide them towards their right
path so they could be productive in the near future and a
law-abiding citizen in the community. And so, this process is
very conducive for the youth who are engaged in this kind
of vices.
The findings are parallel to the words of Gray (1997).
Drug rehab will help a person not only detox while the body
rids itself of harmful toxins due to solvents but supervise the
process as well. Withdrawal symptoms can be quite
uncomfortable, uneasiness and cause a person to continue
using in order to avoid these but by sticking with the process
a person has a better chance of breaking the cycle of
addiction and continues his life and achieves goals in life.
Through group counseling, a person can hear from others
dealing with addiction and learn new strategies in avoiding
temptations to use this strategy in themselves.
Ruined One’s Life

Using solvents may cause of destroying one’s life. It
may ruin relationship with families, friends and loved ones
because of being distant from them or not giving much
attention and also, it may cause death.
The result agrees with the concept of Mundy (2010),
solvent abusers risk an array of other devastating medical
consequences. The highly concentrated chemicals in
solvents can induce irregular and rapid heart rhythms and
lead to fatal heart failure within minutes of a session of
prolonged sniffing. Using of solvent can cause death. In

29
terms of dealing with other people they became distant and
relationships with others are being fragmented.
Use experience for Inspiration

in Achieving Goals in Life
We thought that most of minor solvent users became

immoral or lose their right path for taking up this kind of
vices. But aside from that, some of them also used this kind
of experiences to lift up their lives and to achieve their goals
in life.
The findings are parallel to the words of Beckman
(1980). In substance abuse treatment, clients' motivation to
change has often been the focus of clinical interest and
frustration. Motivation has been described as a prerequisite
for treatment, without which the clinician can do little. Same
study conducted by Appelbaum (1972) and Miller (1985),
that lack of motivation has been used to explain the failure
of individuals to begin, continue, comply with, and succeed
in treatment.
Until recently, motivation was viewed as a static trait
or disposition that a client either did or did not have. If a
client was not motivated for change, this was viewed as the
client's fault. In fact, motivation for treatment connoted an
agreement or willingness to go along with a clinician's or
programs particular prescription for recovery. Furthermore,
motivation was often viewed as the client's responsibility,
not the clinician's (Miller and Rollnick, 1991). Although there
are reasons why this view developed that will be discussed
later, this guideline views motivation from a substantially
different perspective.

CONCLUSION
This phenomenological study that we conducted has
given us so much a learning and motivating experiences. At
the beginning, we thought that in the in-depth interview and
focus group discussion, we will just sit there and ask the
questions we prepared for them. We thought it’s all about
listening to their answers to catch information about their
experiences they’ve been through, but at the surcease of
the activity, we felt we was dealing with our younger
brothers who’s been lost their way and abandoned their
dreams, that instead of experiencing a well and proper
living, and instead of gaining knowledge at the school. We
met youth’s that didn’t lose hope even they ruined their lives
with the help of other people.
The experiences shared by these youths give us a lot

of knowledge to make us understand their situation and to
guide them to be far from doing vices such as using
solvents, in spite of difficulties that they are going through
we realized that they are still youths who need guidance,
care and adjuration.
Lastly, we hope that this research will help the youths

to avoid engaging in vices which can destroy their lives, their
family to help them guide in their right direction and of
course the society to not criticize these youths but to help
them pull their selves from the down point of their lives.

31
REFERENCES
Aboriginal Drug and Alcohol Council (SA) Inc. (2000). Petrol

sniffing and other solvents: a resource kit for
aboriginal communities. Adelaide, S.A.: Aboriginal
Drug and Alcohol Council (SA) and Department of
Human Services (SA).
American Heritage Dictionary of the English, Fifth Edition, (2011).

Inhalant use, abuse, and dependence among
adolescent patients: commonly comorbid problems.
Journal of American Academic Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry.
Australasian Centre for Policing Research. (2004). The policing

implications of volatile substance misuse: a discussion
paper prepared for the commissioners' drugs committee
of the conference of police commissioners of Australasia
and the south west pacific region. Marden, South
Australia: Australasian Centre for Policing Research.
Australian Drug Foundation. (2004). Young people, volatile

substances and the law. Melbourne: Australian Drug
Foundation (www.druginfo.adf.org.au).
Bailey, S. (2006). Academic writing: a handbook for

international students, Abingdon: Routledge.
Bates, (2010). How to write a paper in scientific journal style

and format. Bates College. How to Cite Other Sources
in Your Paper
Baydala, L. (2010). Psychiatric symptoms in adolescents who

abuse volatile substances. Addiction Research.

Beauvais, F. Edwards, R.W., & Oetting, E.R., (1988). Social and
psychological factors underlying inhalant abuse. In R. A.
Crider & B. A. Rouse (Eds.), Epidemiology of Inhalant
Abuse: An Update. NIDA Monograph No. 85Rockville, MD:
National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Beauvais F. & Jumper-Thurman (2010). Volatile solvent use;

Patterns by gender and ethnicity among school
attenders and dropouts. Drugs and Society.
Beckman M. (1980). Inhalant use and delinquent behavioramong

adolescents: A comparison of inhalant users and other
drug users. Addiction.
Berg IJ, Deelman BG, Van Hout MS, Wekking EM, (2011).
Psychother psychosom. Psychosocial and
cognitive training therapies on adult patients.
Berks, H. (2005). Peer Influence. “How peer groups influence

one’s behavior”.
Bowen, SE. (2006). Preparing a qualitative research-based

dissertation: lessons learned. Western Carolina
University
Bowen, SE., & Hannigan G., (2010). High prevalence of substance

use disorders among adolescents who use marijuana
and inhalants. Drug and Alcohol Dependence.
Bowen SE., Garland J., & Segal R., (2011). Trends in death
associated with abuse of volatile substances 1971–2004.
London: Division of Community Health Sciences, St
George's University of London.

33
Brady, J.E., (1992). “Why users avoided by people”. Study on
the effect of user’ s environments.
Burns L. (1996)). Adolescent psychological health problems and

delinquency among volatile substance users in a school
sample in South London. Drugs: Education, Prevention
and Policy
Cairney S, Dingwall KM, Fredrickson A, Maruff P, (2011). Drug

alcohol dependents.
Clavet, G.J., Mason, W., McGarvey, E.L., & Waite, D. (1999).

Adolescent inhalant abuse: Environments of use.
American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse.
Commission for Children and Young People. (2002). Volatile

substance misuse in Queensland. Brisbane:
commission for children and young people. PDF
available from the commission for children and young
people and child guardian. Website
(www.ccypcg.qld.gov.au)
Corbin, Juliet & Strauss, Anselm (2014). Basics of qualitative

research techniques and procedures for developing
grounded theory (2nd edition). Sage Publications:
London.
Creswell, John W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry research design:
choosing among five approaches.
Creswell, J.W. & Miller, D.L. (2000). Determining validity in

qualitative inquiry. Theory into practice. Title: A
Comparison of Need within a Social Business Model:
Residentially Stable and Residentially Unstable Substance
Abusers.
Dell D. & Hopkins C. (2011). Inhalant abuse: a volatile
research agenda. NIDA Research Monograph 129.
Rockville, MD: National Institute of Drug Abuse.
Denzin, Lincoln, Y.S. & Norman K. (2000). Handbook of

qualitative research hard cover. 11 May 2000.
Dinwiddie, S.H., Johnson, & Reich, T., (2013). The relationship of

solvent use to other substance abuse. The American
Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse.
Dornyei, Zoltan (2007). Book research methods in applied

linguistics
Dr. Simon (2010). Inhalants. Substance Abuse Treatment

Advisory.
Fujimaki H, Toxico Lett, & Win Shwe TT (2010). A whiff of

death: Fatal volatile solvent inhalation abuse.
Southern Medical Journal.
Garland, J. (2011). Preparing a thesis or dissertation at Oregon

state university.
Graziano, Anthony M. & Raulin, Michael L. (2010). Research

methods: a process of inquiry, 8th edition. State
University of New York at Buffalo.
Gray, W. (1997). Volatile solvents abuse: a global overview.

Geneva: World Health Organization.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in

qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative
research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

35
Gunatilleke, Godfrey (1992). Substance misuse research: review
of evidence relating to volatile substance abuse in
Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Substance Misuse
Research Program.
Hall (2010). Volatile substance use in Mount Isa: Community

solutions to a community identified issue. Paper
presented at the Inhalant Use and Disorder
Conference, Townsville.
Howard (2010). Inhalant misuse in youth: Time for a coordinated

response. Medical Journal of Australia.
Ives, R. (2006). Volatile substance abuse: a review of
findings in ESPAD 2003. Drugs: Education Prevention
and Policy.
Juvenile Law. West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2.

(2008).“Juvenile Delinquency”.
Kerridge (2011). Volatile substance abuse: background paper.

Perth, WA: Prepared for the Western Australian
Solvents Abuse Working Party.
Lehmann, Melanie (2012). A demonstration project which

shows how on community dealt with petrol sniffing:
report on the youth development and recreation
program at Mimili. Canberra: Australian Government
Publishing Service.
Lin & Bates (2011) “Sudden sniffing death” Psychiatric and

neurological effects of chronic solvent abuse. Canadian
Journal of Psychiatry.

Maria Elena Medina-Mora, Silvia L. Cruz & Tania Real, (2014).
Inhalant abuse by adolescents. Journal of
Adolescent Health.
Merriam, S. B. A. (2002). Qualitative research in

practice: Examples for discussion and analysis (1st ed.).
San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Methods and
Methodology.
Mill, J.S. (2012). Philosophers' Imprint Volume 3, Daniel

Jacobson. The Diversity of Utilitarianism
Miller, W. R. & Rollnick, S. (1991). Motivational interviewing:

Preparing people to change addictive behavior. New York:
Guilford Press, 1991.
Moustakas, Clark. (1994). Phenomenological research methods.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. TITLE: The
Phenomenology of Leadership. Phenomenological
Research Methods, 1994.
Munday, (2010). Where legislation stops and duty of care begins:
a summary of the experience of police in
Townsville in dealing with volatile substance abuse. Paper
presented at Australian Institute of Criminology
Conference "Inhalant Use and Disorder".
National Inhalant Abuse Taskforce. (2005). National directions on
inhalant abuse: consultation paper. Melbourne:
National Inhalant Abuse Taskforce.
National Institute of Drug Abuse (2012). Management response

to inhalant use: guidelines for the community care and
drug and alcohol sector. Melbourne: Department of
Human Services, State Government of Victoria.

37
Northern Territory of Australia. (2006). Volatile substance abuse
prevention act 2005. Darwin: Northern Territory
Government.
Perron, P. (2010). Volatile substance abuse: evaluation and
treatment. Human Toxicology.
Raagas, (2010). Bibliographies and References Lists. How to
Format a Bibliography or References List in the American
University Thesis and Dissertation Template.
Sherman, C. (2002). Parenting practices: parenting practices
across children’s temperament and cultures (Doctoral
dissertation, Washington State University).
Silverman, David (2000). Doing qualitative research. A
practical handbook. Fourth edition. David Silverman
Visiting Professor in the Business School, University
of Technology, Sydney.
Swinnder H. (2012). Effects of solvents on health. “What are the
effects of solvents in users”.
White, Marilyn J. (2016). School students and drug use: 1996
survey of alcohol, tobacco and other drug use among
victorian secondary school students. Melbourne: Drug
Treatment Services Unit, Aged, Community and Mental
Health Division, Department of Human Services.
William JF, Storck M. (2010). American academy of pediatrics

committee on substance abuse, american academy police
on native american child health, pediatrics.
Youth Affairs Council of Victoria Inc. (2001). Inquiry into the

inhalation of volatile substances: a submission to the
drugs and crime prevention committee. Melbourne: youth
affairs council of victoria inc.
Zalesky, J.L. (2010). Substances being abused by Adolescents.

Substance inhaled of young adults.

Crime Prevention and Reduction Strategies
Kennard M. Palen1, Alice Escaso1, Jaymark Mituda1,
Dr. Helen F. Fungo2
1
2
1,2
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this study was to identify the crime
prevention and reduction strategies in Maco Comval
Province. The variables of this study included crime
prevention campaign which was indicated by of impact of
these measures, effect to the community and deterrence to
other criminal threats and efficiency of its community
relations programs regarding strategies of crime prevention
which was indicated by of public relation efforts and
community service activities. The study utilized the
quantitative non-experimental research. The respondents
were the young people male of 117 and female 131, there
were 300 samples distributed with questionnaires. Validated
researcher made questionnaires was the tools in gathering
data with Mean, Pearson-r and Regression analysis. Results
revealed that there is a significant relationship between
influence of crime prevention campaign and the efficiency
of community relation in Maco Comval Province. The domain
of crime prevention campaign shows a significant
relationship in the dependent variable which is efficiency of
its community relations programs regarding crime
prevention.
Keywords: Criminology, Reduction Strategies, Success,
Prevented, Philippines.
39
INTRODUCTION
The idea of crime prevention involves the notion that

it is better to stop crime in the first place than simply
punishing it after it was happened. The role of the criminal
justice system is of course oriented. To detecting and
punishing crimes that have already taken place. But this fact
itself has always been considered to have preventative
dimension. The high like hood of detection by the police,
and determine by the police, and deterrent effects of
punishment have been seen as form of crimes prevention.
But the traditional criminal’s criminal justice agencies have
prevention as a sort of side effect or unintended
consequences of their main aim of detection and
punishment.
CAIRO-Egyptian police shot dead two members of

the Muslim Brotherhood, one of them a senior leader of the
outlawed Islamist group, the interior ministry said. The
ministry charged that Mohamed Kamal headed the military
wing of the movement of ousted president Mohamed Morsi,
although the group has always denied having one. It said
that he and fellow brotherhood member Yasser Shehata
were killed in a firefight when police raided their hideouts
southeast of the capital (Mudhala, 2008).
In the Philippines residents express a rising sense of

fear and violation in the wake of three fresh drug-related
killings early Tuesday morning, with two of the victims found
just outside a Manila Campus and the third on a Pateros
street where two other murders took place last week. Hours
before classes opened at Sta. Catalina College in Sampaloc,

two men stabbed in the chest and with their faces wrapped
in packaging tape lay a few feet from the school’s entrance
gate on Legarda Street. Police said that the three men are
victims of extra judicial killings (Bautista, 2015).
Davao City – There has been an improvement in the

peace and order situation in Tagum City according to the
report of city mayor Allan Rellon during his State of the City
Address on Wednesday. Rellon said the city’s monthly crime
rate is down from 93.39 percent in 2013 to 88.94 percent
last year. During his one-hour and 20-minute speech, Rellon
said peace and order is one of the priorities of his
administration. He said the Special Task Group Tagum’s
Finest arrested 41 individuals who were involved in illegal
drugs last year, which is higher compared to 28 arrested in
2013.
The group acts as force multipliers for the national

police and the security and traffic management offices.
Rellon said there are currently 49 members of the Tagum’s
Finest which patrols in the city 24 hours daily. He said the
crime solution efficiency of Tagum City Police rose from
8.61% in 2013 to 63.39% in 2014. Rellon addressed an
estimate of 5,000 participants during the SOCA. Rolan
Caimere (2013). However, it has been observed that though
the crime rate decreases from 93.39% to 88.96%, this may
still be considered as high. Thus, may still instil fear among
the residents. This prompted the researches to conduct a
study in the Crime Prevention and Reduction Strategies.

41
Research Questions
1. What is the level of implementation of crime prevention
and reduction strategies in terms of
1.1 Visibility;
1.2 Surveillance; and
1.3 Controlling Community crimes?
2. Is there a significant difference on the extent of
implementation of crime prevention and reduction strategies
when analyzed according to:
2.1 gender; and
2.2 age?
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This study used the descriptive method of research.

Pertinent data on the level of crime prevention and
reduction strategies in Barangay Poblacion Maco Comval
Province where gathered through determine the study.
Descriptive research involves collecting data in order to test
and answer questions on the hypothesis concerning current
status of the subject of the study. A descriptive study
determines and supports the way things are. Descriptive
data are usually collected through a question survey,
interviews or observations (Cryom, 2010).
The respondents of this study were the residents of

Barangay Poblacion Maco Comval Province. The said area
was selected to conduct study to determine the level of
crime prevention and reduction strategies. The said area has

a police outpost and consists of 21 puroks under the said
barangay but through the use of random sampling method
only 8 puroks were considered as the respondents of the
study which has a total population 3,211 out of the said total
population, we have come up to 150 respondents. The
researchers were motivated to. Conduct the study on the
said area due to the fact that crime rate is at high rate. The
respondents were selected at random sampling in the
different puroks of the said Barangay of Poblacion Maco
Comval Province to determine the level of crime prevention
and reduction strategies.
Table 1
Distribution of Respondents
PUROK Gender TOTAL

AGE FAMILIES
Male FEMALE
1-A 191 203 394 1-100 91
1-B 226 230 456 1-100 112
2 213 259 472 1-100 143
3 247 225 472 1-100 226
4 85 109 194 1-100 80

43
5 115 171 286 1-100 82
6 139 140 279 1-100 82
7 181 221 410 1-100 94
8 117 131 248 1-100 70
Data Collection
To gather the need data, the researches secured
permission from the Philippine National Police and
Management Plan in Brgy. Poblacion Maco. Upon getting
permission from dean’s office, the researchers used the
universal sampling method. Then, the researchers proceed
to the dry run of the questionnaire and the actual collection
of the data with the used of the researcher-made
questionnaire.
Those who were chosen as respondent were

requested to respond to the formulated statements in the
research instruments and retrieval of the distributed data
followed. The official statistician calculated the statistics
based on the problem statement of the study. Formulation
of the needed tables and frequencies were also be needed.
The thesis and the research’s advisers were

consulted every now and then. With the data statistically
analyzed, there was extensive discussion of the sub-
problems.
Statistical Tools
The data gathered were analyzed according to

appropriate statistical tools the following statistical tools will
be employed in the study.
Mean. This was utilized to determine the level of
crime prevention and reduction strategies.
T-test. This was utilized to determine the difference
and the perception of the respondents when grouped
according to gender.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). This was used to
determine the significant deference of the perception of the
respondents when grouped according to age.
The extent crime prevention and reduction strategies

in Poblacion, Maco Comval Province. in terms of visibility,
surveillance and controlling community crimes. Table 2
shows the extent of crime prevention and reduction
strategies in Brgy. Poblacion Maco, Comval. Among three
indicators Visibility got the highest mean of 3.37 which
means that implementation of crime prevention and
reduction strategies in this aspect is occasionally observed.
This is followed by surveillance which posted a mean of 3.09
with a descriptive equivalent of moderate and controlling
community crimes which got a mean of 3.00 with a standard
deviation of 0.51 with a descriptive equivalent of moderate.
The overall result posted a mean of 3.16 with a standard
deviation of 0.34 with a descriptive equivalent of moderate

45
which means that implementation of crime prevention and
reduction strategies are very occasionally observe.
The ratio response rate of the respondents did not

decrease and increase across the question given by the
researchers. Moreover, their answers are probably the same
and equal with regards to their age and gender provided by
response rate reduction. This result was explained in terms
of the knowledge of the residents and the researchers.
Table 2
Level of Crime Prevention and Reduction Strategies
Items Mean SD Description
Visibility 3.37 0.58 Moderate
Surveillance 0.50 Moderate

3.09
Controlling 3.00 0.51 Moderate

Community Crimes
Average 3.16 0.34 Moderate

Difference on the Level Crime Prevention and
Reduction Strategies, when grouped
according to Gender
To determine the extent of some crime prevention
and reduction Strategies in Barangay Poblacion, Maco were
respondent grouped according to their gender. Analysis of
variance was used. Analysis is shown in Table 3.
As shown male obtain and a mean of 3.17 while
female obtain and a mean of 3.15 the computed t-value is
0.421 was higher than the p-value 0.675. Since the
tabulated t-value is lower, the null hypothesis which states
that there is no significant difference on the extent of crime
prevention and reduction strategies is not rejected. Thus,
there is no significant difference in the extent of some crime
prevention and reduction strategies when grouped
according to gender.
Difference on the Level of Crime Prevention and
Reduction Strategies, when grouped
According to Age
Presented in Table 4 are the data on the significant

difference on the extent of crime prevention and Reduction
strategies in Poblacion Maco, Comval Province by age of 25
year old below got a mean of 3.09, 26-36 years old got a
mean of 3.22, 37-47 years old got a mean of 3.17, 48 years
old above got a mean of 3.11 using f-value. Showed a
computed f-value 0.945 which lower than p-value 0.421, the
null hypothesis which states that there is no significant
difference on the extent of crime prevention and reduction
strategies is not rejected. Therefore, there is no significant
difference in the extent of crime prevention and reduction
47
strategies. This implies that the perception of the resident s
in Brgy. Poblacion Maco Comval Province regarding these
factors does not vary significant.
Table 3
Significant difference of Crime Prevention and Reduction
Strategies when grouped According to Gender
Gender Mean SD T value P value Decision

X=0.05
Male 3.17 0.31
Female 3.15 0.38
0.421 0.675 Ho is not

rejected
Table 4
Significant difference of Crime Prevention and Reduction
Strategies when grouped According to Age
Age Mean SD F-value P-value Decision

@x=0.05
25- 3.09 0.40

below
26-36 3.22 0.40
37-47 3.17 0.30
48 3.11 0.26 0.945 0.421

above Ho is not
rejected
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are drawn based from

foregoing finding: The extent of crime prevention and
reduction strategies is moderate as perceived by the
respondents of Barangay Poblacion, Maco Comval, there
was no significant difference on the extent of crime
prevention and reduction strategies in Barangay Poblacion,
Maco Comval when grouped according to gender and there
was no significant difference on the extent of crime
prevention and reduction strategies in Barangay Poblacion,
Maco Comval when grouped according to age.

49
REFERENCES
Cherrie (2012), Family based prevention of offending: A meta-

analysis, The Australian and New Zealand Journal of
Criminology, 36 (2): 127‐151.
Crowe (2010), Youth crime FIPs information system: Summary
Report. Department for Education.
Dardick (2013), Antisocial behavior by young people: Key Issues
in Designing Undertaking Evaluations of Interventions.
London: Policy Research Bureau.
Del Rosario (2004), The Hidden Truth: data analysis can be a
strategic weapon in your company’s management and
control of fraud, Intelligent Enterprise.
Gold Bat (2015), Physical crime prevention: Successful Case
studies (2nd ed.) harrow and Heston, New York, 1997,
ISBN 979-09115772334
Gracia (2010), Treating offending children: What works? Legal
and Criminological Psychology, 10, 133‐148.
Hence (2014), Blueprints for violence prevention: Multisystemic
Therapy (Boulder: Centre for the study and prevention of
violence)
Jacob (2010), Anti‐social behavior family intervention projects
monitoring and evaluation. Department for Education
Statistical release.
Jacobs (2010), Computer crimes and preventive measures in
cyber law, Journal of Social Welfare and Management, Vol
2(2), p63 - 70, 2010
Khalib Mudhala (2015), Situational crime prevention: Successful
Case Studies (2nd ed.) Harrow and Heston, New York,
1997, ISBN 978-0911577389.
Maclaren (2013), Benefits and costs of prevention and early
intervention programs for youth. Olympia: Washington
State Institute for Public Policy.
Mallaga (2003), .Crime prevention publicity campaigns" (PDF).
U.S. Department of Justice.

Martin (2014), Classification for effective rehabilitation:
Rediscovering Psychology. Criminal Justice
Behaviour.17:19‐52.
Miller (2013), Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Approach.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Pence (2010), Preventing youth crime: evidence and
opportunities. New York.
Philippine daily Iinquirer (2013), Situational crime prevention:
Successful Case Studies (2nd ed.) Harrow and Heston,
New York, 1997, ISBN 978-0911577389.
Reiss (2010), Crime prevention through environmental design.
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Rolan Caimere (2013), Opportunities for computer crime:
considering systems risk from a criminological
perspective, European Journal of Information Systems,
Vol 15, p 403 - 414, 2006.
Saad (2012), An empirical test of school‐based environmental and
individual interventions to reduce the risk of delinquent
behavior. Criminology 24:705‐731.
Sarmiento (2012), The death and life of great american cities.
New York: Random House
Soriaga (2001), Crime prevention through environmental design.
2nd edition. Boston: Butterworth - Heinman.
Yolly Bautista (2015), Fighting computer crime: A New
Framework for protecting Information. Wiley Computer
Publishing, New York.

51
Juvenile Delinquency: A Phenomenological Inquiry
of Parenting Practices
Dominic Joseph D. Galon1, Wenie C. Guadalquiver1,
Shiela Mae D. Nogalo1, Dr. Dan O. Gomez2
1
2
1,2
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of the phenomenological study was to
determine the parenting practices of parents with
delinquent children. It also investigated the parents coping
mechanism in the different problems that beset the family
and their insights or views in dealing the delinquent behavior
of their children. Qualitative phenomenological design was
used with validated interview guide as the tool in gathering
the response of the subject of the investigation. The study
employed the in-depth interview and focus group discussion
with 14 parents’ participants in Pantukan, Compostela
Valley. The parents have shared that their parenting
practices where they give corporal punishment, giving
admonition, and giving criticism. The parents also expressed
that their coping mechanism in dealing the behavior of their
delinquent children were such as giving advises and
whenever that their child did not change, they only prefer
to ask guidance and prayed and supplicated to our Almighty
God. While the insights or views they shared were about the
values of discipline, understanding the child and the
circumstances.
Keywords: Criminology, Juvenile Delinquency, Parenting
Practices, Philippines

INTRODUCTION
Authorities on child development have generally

accepted the assumption that parents, as primary caregivers
exert the most significant influence on the development of
their children. The discipline style they use has a great
impact. The development of children learned social skills and
behaviors are subject to significant molding and
modification by the environments in which they grow and
develop. Therefore, the opinion that child-rearing practices,
plays an important role in the child’s development and how
children carry themselves in life.
Specific child-rearing techniques may lead to certain

behavioral consequences such as delinquency and
aggression among those whose parents are harsh,
excessively lenient or inconsistent. There are a variety of
behavioral and emotional difficulties experienced by children
such as they become more nervous and irritable, more sulky
and moody, more depressed and lonely, more impulsive and
disobedient, lack of responsibility, lack of respect for adults,
inability to delay gratification, lack of boundaries, inability to
play, lack of motivation, lack of empathy for others and the
child being over assertive (Gottman, 2011).
Parents may have problems in coping with day-to-

day life to the extent that there is little space left to devote
to be an effective and loving parent. The values about child-
rearing therefore may affect the behaviors developed by a
child and can have implications for whether the child
survives developmentally. It therefore seems, according to

53
the researcher, that more in-depth investigations about the
importance of parental styles are required (Lerner, 2010).
Children grow up in and the social environments in

which they live can have major effects on their well-being
and living in nontraditional households are at a greater risk
for a wide variety of negative outcomes including
involvement in delinquency compared to those from married
households. Children in different family structures also
experience many forms of monitoring, supervision,
involvement, and attachment they receive from their
parents and these factors may also play a role in
determining why adolescents turn to juvenile delinquency
(Hoeve, 2010).
Research on parenting shows that parenting

practices contribute to different outcomes across children.
For example, mothers who used harsher and controlling
practices (authoritarian) were more likely to have children
who displayed aggression in later childhood. Harsh discipline
was related to both physical aggression and to delinquency,
and increased the probabilities of being depressed, abusing
a spouse and having lower occupational achievement in
adulthood (Giles-Sims, 2011).
Research Questions
1. What are the parenting practices of parents with
children’s delinquent behaviors?
2. How do the parents cope with the behavior of their
delinquent children?
3. What are the insights of the parents about their
parenting practices in dealing with the delinquent
behavior of their children?
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This study introduces the methodology used in the

investigation on the query in finding out the perceptions of
parents on their parenting practices. The investigation
involved 14 parents’ participants. The approach to this
investigation was qualitative. One form is the qualitative
study approach. A phenomenological study describes the
meaning for several individuals of their describing what all
participants have in common as they experience a
phenomenon (Creswell, 2007).
In phenomenological study, it addresses the common

questions of everyday experiences believed to be important
sociological or psychological phenomena of the typical group
of people wherein it focused in describing the incidents from
the perspectives of those who have experienced it (Miriam
et al., 2002).
Denzen and Lincoln (2000) pointed out also that the

observers’ focus is on how members of the social world
apprehend and act upon the objects of their experience as
if they are things separate and distinct from themselves.
Roles of the Researcher
In this study, we took the role of the moderator or a

recorder and a chronicler or as analyst in the discussion.
According to Dornyei (2007) in focus group interviews the
interviewer is usually referred to as the ‘moderator’ and this
special name reflected the fact that the researcher’s role
55
from that in one-to-one interviews. He added that although
they still need to ask questions, during the session they need
to function more as facilitators of the discussion than as
interviewers in the traditional sense. Because the dynamic
of the focus group is one of the unique features of this
method, the researcher’s role inevitably involved some
group leadership functions, including making sure that
nobody dominates the floor and that even the shyer
participants have a chance to express their views.
In this phenomenological study, the participants were

taken directly from the chosen parents in the place of
Pantukan, Compostela Valley who had delinquent children
less than 18 years of age. According to Dornyei (2007), the
size of a focus group ranges between 6-10 (sometimes 12)
people. Fewer than six people would limit the potential of
the ‘collective wisdom’ whereas too large a size makes it
difficult for everyone to participate.
One of the most important tasks in the study design

phase is to identify appropriate participants because
informants are the very people who can best provide
information on their lived experiences, culture, awareness,
knowledge, and expertise regarding the phenomenon under
inquiry. Decision about selection was based on the research
question and theoretical perspective. However, our
informants were chosen trough purposive sampling
technique. Purposive sampling considers difficult to locate,
it may be the only option (Creswell, 2013).

The participants answered the same sets of questions
through purposive sampling method. The meetings with the
respondents were arranged during their free time since they
have their own errands. The reasons of their parenting
practices, how they exhibit their behavior and their
realizations being in that predicament give information to
the study. When ask through the guide questions, each
student describes detailed answers relating to each
experience (Olver, 2006).
The informant’s data were collected through in-depth

interview with 7 informants and 7 respondents from Focus
Group Discussion.
The focus group discussion and in-depth interview

were conducted with seven (7) participants each group,
regardless of gender. They are all parents in Pantukan,
Compostela Valley coming from different Barangay. Names
of the participants were not mentioned for the purpose of
confidentiality.
Table 1
In-Depth Interview Research Participants
Pseudonym of their Age Offense

Children
Slark 14 Truancy
Alchemist 14 Truancy
Pudge 13 Chewing or Smoking
Tobacco at School
Jakiro 16 Use of Tobacco inside
the classroom

57
Gyrocopter 16 Use of Tobacco inside
the classroom
Morphling 14 Cheating
Puck 12 Bullying when it
Amounts to Assault
Table 2
Focus Group Discussion Research Participants
Pseudonym of Age Offense

their Children
Mirana 17 Possessing Small
Amounts of
Marijuana
Abadon 17 Possessing Small
Amounts of
Marijuana
Traxex 16 Sneaking Out of
Home After Curfew
Tinker 14 Mischief/Criminal
Nuisance such as
picking of flowers in
a restricted house
Zeus 14 Providing or Enabling
Youth to Use
Tobacco
Magina 16 Providing Another
Youth to Use
Tobacco
Furion 15 Stealing of money

Data Collection
The following steps were employed in gathering the

data:
First, through purposive sampling technique, the
participants were identified. We showed them the letter
signed by our adviser and department head which was the
permission to conduct the study in that particular Barangay
and Schools. They were requested to sign a consent form
and agree to the condition stipulated that their participation
was voluntary and that they were willing to impart their
knowledge as needed n the study.
Second, the participants were given an orientation

about the study and were asked to participate through a
focus group interview as a means of data collection. The
process started with an introductory phase, in which the
moderator welcomed the participants, outlines the purpose
of the discussion and sets the parameters of the interview
in terms of length and confidentiality. The researcher also
spent some time explaining why they recorded the interview
and what sort of technical issues this raises in a group
discussion (particularly talking one at a time). It is important
to emphasize that the discussion is about personal
interviews and experience and therefore there are no right
or wrong answers (Dornyei, 2007).
Third, after the participants were found and chosen,

we used in-depth interview as our primary data collection
tool. According to Boyce (2006), in-depth interviewing is a
qualitative research technique that involves conducting
intensive individual interviews with a small number of

59
respondents to explore their perspectives on a particular
idea, program, or situation. He further stated that in-depth
interviews require thorough understanding in the processes
behind observed results and access changes in people’s
perception of their well-being especially when you want
detailed information about a person’s experiences, thoughts
and behaviors or want to explore new issues which are deep
and complex.
Lastly, as researchers, we give the informants the

opportunity to voice out their opinions and share their
stories about their experiences for learning. In order to
maintain the interviewing process, we carried out the
discussion easily by paying attention and elegant to what
has been specifically asked. In addition, we rely more
heavily on interactive interviews in where the respondents
maybe interviewed in several times to follow up on a
particular issue and review such documents we gathered
and record any potential useful data thoroughly, accurately,
and systematically, using field notes, photographs and
audiotapes.
Data Analysis
Before the data were analyzed, all the interviews,

observations, and documents were transcribed and
translated in English. The process of transcribing allowed us
to become familiar with the data. After transcribing the one
on one interview, we created a Microsoft observations,
documents, and journal entries. All files were protected by
setting a password and save for interviews. In this study,
we followed the phenomenological study design where the

data are analyzed by finding out about the essential or
underlying meaning of lived experience of this phenomenon
for the person or group of people (Patton, 2002). The
interviews, observations, and documents will be used to
conduct the analysis.
Themes salient across all cases were kept as well as

those that were extremely different. For the thematic
analysis, we adopted Clarke (2006) step-by-step guidelines.
We used the word guidelines to highlight the flexibili0.ty of
this qualitative analytic method. These guidelines were:
familiarizing our self with the data; generating initial codes;
reading throughout each transcript to immerse in the data;
reviewing themes; defining and naming themes and
producing the report.
Credibility is an evaluation of whether or not the

research findings represent a “credible” conceptual
interpretation of the data drawn from the participants’
original data according to Lincoln & Guba (1985). To address
credibility, we used three techniques. First, we presented
the credibility of the experiences as intent of truthfully
illustrating and knowing the facts which are phenomenon in
which my participants are included. Second, in designing the
research procedure, we conducted a focus group discussion
which extracted ideas on parent’s idea, different techniques
and preparations to achieve their goals. Third, we
deliberately asked the informants to share their experiences
as parents. Our intention here was to create layers of data

61
from each participant. According to Lincolin & Guba, (1985)
this technique will provide a richer and credible data.
Transferability is the degree to which the findings

of this inquiry can apply or transfer beyond the bounds of
the project according to Lincoln & Guba, (1985). To address
transferability n this study, we have included the Appendix
about several of the data analysis documents used to give
answer to the research question in order to gain access to
the possible inquiry. This will give other researchers the
facility to transfer the conclusions or recommendations as
bases further study.
As for transferability, sufficient information on the

context was carried out on the result but not generalizing
based in the information from the participants in the
mentioned setting. A study is trustworthy, if the reader of
the research report judges it to be so, this makes the
research worthwhile.
Dependability is an assessment of the quality of the

integrated processes of data collection, data analysis, and
phenomenal explanation.
Conformability is a measure of how well the

inquiry’s findings are supported by the data collected
according to Lincoln & Guba (1985). To address the issues
of dependability and conformability in this study, we bank
on an audit trail of the participant’s responses wherein their
identity was treated with confidentially. After the video and
audio tape was transcribed, the texts were given back to the
respondents for authentication and were asked to sign a

verification form. After the completion of our data analysis,
the results in Chapter Four, and the discussions in Chapter
Five, our auditor had assessed carefully may audit trail with
original transcripts from the interview, data analysis
documents. The auditor had assessed the dependability and
conformability of the study by signing the verification letter.
As to conformability and dependability, we have an

adviser through keeping records on how qualitative study
conducted. This is to review that has been done and to
consider alternative plan in verifying interpretations and
assumptions.
Ethical Consideration
Many parents want the good for their children. Many

realized that being a parent requires more attention to their
children. Love and care is one of the best ways to show their
affections to their children. Having delinquent children is a
big problem for them. Being a parent is just a serious
situation and sensitive issue that we should always consider.
Graciano and Raulin (2010) considered ethical

consideration as the integral part of the research design
process. Silverman (2007) added that ethical consideration
can be clarified by consulting the ethical guidelines of one’s
professional association.
Since the participants were parents, we were able to

approach them slowly. Since the groupings of the
participants were congenial in nature, we also considered
the bonds they already made.

63
We had explained to them the importance of their
information in the outcome of the study. I ensured it that
parents were never discussed poorly during the conduct of
the study. This was considered in order to have a smooth
flow of gathering the needed data. We also presented to the
participants the procedure in data gathering in order for
them to feel at ease during the process. The questions
during the focus group interview were also considered to
suit on the social and cultural backgrounds of the
participants. Individual differences were not a problem
during the data gathering.
After the in-depth interview and the focus group
discussion, the audio was transcribed, translated and
analyzed. Three steps were taken during the data analysis
namely: data reduction, data display and conclusion and
verification.
In data reduction, answers of the interviewee were
transcribed, translated, group and organized without using
any software. In the data display, findings were presented
in a table shown as in Table 3, 4, and 5. The presentation
of data made used of three classifications and the themes
were drawn. First classification is general which means at
least 50% of the participants mentioned the item in their
response during the interview. Second, typical means 25%
to 9% mentioned the item and lastly the variant which
means less than 25%mentioned the item. In the conclusion
drawing and verification, preliminary thoughts and patterns
were developed.

Table 3. Essential Themes and Core Ideas on Parenting
Practices of Parents with Delinquent Children
Essential
Core Ideas
Themes
Corporal ¥ “For me, I often whipped and

Punishment scolded them in order for them to
know that they are wrong. I also
advised them always and teach
them what good things should
they do and makes them
conscience whenever they make a
mistake.”
¥ ” For me, just like yours, I also

whipped my children in the
buttocks but as long as it takes too
long, I observed that my children
were already immune of an ache
that’s why I prefer to scold them.”
¥ “My way of putting

punishment to my
child is by means of
knelling a salt, and
whipped a belt on
his buttock,
because it is not
good to disregard
his bad attitude.”
¥ “When they were

young I always
whipped them but
65
when they reached
in teenage age I
often scold them.”
Giving ¥ “I always encourage him to tell

Admonition about his problem so that I will be
able to help him.”
¥ “I respect with my child’s opinion

because not all the time we are
perfect. When we talked about
problems, yes I encouraged my
children to share and voice out
their problems so that I am aware
and then I may able to help
them.”
Giving Criticism ¥ “I will never criticize the attitude

of my child, instead I am telling
that what you’re doing is bad and
I told the reason why I punish
him.”
¥ “I often criticized them by

teaching what is right and what is
wrong because it is for his own
good.”

Corporal Punishment
The parents who had a delinquent children behavior

uttered that one of their parenting practices was corporal
punishment. We found out that most of the parents who
used this kind of punishment try to manage their children’s
behavior. They gave this punishment in order to discipline
their child, but it doesn’t mean that all children who
experienced this punishment turned out to be aggressive or
delinquent.
The result agreed to the statement of Larzelere

(2012) that giving corporal punishment is the sole use to
show obedience and to prevent the wrong-doing from
happening again though giving this kind of punishment can
make children feel lonely, sad and abandoned and also
produced feelings of anxiety and guilt to the parents even
when the use of this kind of punishment is considered
appropriate.
Giving Admonition
Parent is an important component in child’s life

because they support their child, explore and develop
strategies that will help their children deal with behaviors
that may be causing concern. As children having a problem
regarding with their life’s experiences or whenever they had
misbehavior, parents are encouraging their children to tell
whatever it maybe because counseling children can help
child to develop positive attitude to life, recognized their
strengths and express themselves.

67
This finding is parallel to the words of Keat,(2008)
that child counseling can help children cope better with their
emotions, understand problems, develop necessary coping
skills and make positive choices and encouraged them to
explore and express their feelings through one of many
media depending on the child’s individual preference
example talking with their problems.
Giving Criticism
Communication between parents and child is utmost

important especially when parents are criticizing their
children when their behavior does not meet their
expectations. So, when parents communicate effectively
with their children, they are more likely to have children who
are willing to do what they are told. Such children know
what to expect from their parents, and once children know
what is expected of them, they are more likely to live up to
these expectations. They are also more likely to feel secure
in their position in the family and are thus more likely to be
cooperative.
The result agrees to the statement of Collins, W. A.,

& Laursen, B. (2011) stated that when parents communicate
effectively with their children, they are showing them
respect. Children then begin to feel that they are heard and
understood by their parents, which is a boost to self-esteem.
On the other hand, communication between parents and
children that is ineffective or negative can lead children to
believe that they are unimportant, unheard, or
misunderstood.

Table 4. Essential Themes and Core Ideas on Parents with
Delinquent Children
¥ “As his father, I ignore my

Giving Pieces of delinquent child’s behavior, but
Advice I always guide him no matter
what because this is our
responsibility.”
¥ “Whenever they have a

contention, I always talked to
them and never tolerate their
bad behavior. Then if ever they
always argue about anything
else, I always intervened and if
ever they’re not obeying, I
prefer to put them inside the
sack and hang them!”
¥ “I always remind him if ever he

did not listen, he will be the
one who face his future.”
¥ “I also advised and talked to

him that if necessary, he must
not do such thing that causes
him harm. Then, if there such
case that he was involved in
drug addiction if possible, he
must let himself away for doing
such thing especially that our
government as of today were
so strict.”

69
¥ “For me, I always give advice
to him that he should avoid his
bad friends that may be the
reason to ruin his future.”
¥ “For me, I always talked to

them and then advice to
change their behavior but
sometimes because of their
bad behavior I prefer to
neglect them because they
disrespect me.”
Prayer and ¥ “For me, as a parent, I always

Supplication hope and pray to God that He
may help me to change my
child’s behavior. I did all
everything and I do not know if
I have a fault in raising my
child.”
¥ “For me, I often please them to

return to Lord God and always
to keep praying and allow them
to attend worship always
because it is the only way to
change our child for being
irresponsible.”
¥ “When they not changed, all I

need is to surrender them to
the Lord.”

Coping of Parents on the
Delinquent Behavior of Children
When parents didn’t know how to handle the

delinquent behavior of their children, they think some ways
in order to cope their problems. Most of them experienced
a physical and emotional stressed, and one way of dealing
their problems with regards to their children was they give
such pieces of advice. Another way is prayer and
supplication, we come to God in prayer for a variety of
reasons such as to worship Him, to confess our sins and ask
for forgiveness, to thank Him for His blessings, to ask for
things for ourselves, and/or to pray for the needs of others.
So, when parents felt that they didn’t know how to deal their
child when they were incorrigible, and experienced
difficulties in raising their child in proper ways they ask for
divine providence to help them overcome their problems.
Giving Advises
Parents were also likely the same with teachers. They

also gave advice to their children especially in handling their
delinquent behavior of their children. Having such behavior
can affect their daily lives because they were not able to do
their work because they were always thinking to their
children, and whenever they got home, they saw them
fighting and arguing. We found out that most of them
experienced a physical and emotional stressed, and one way
of handling the different behavior of their children was by
giving an advice, warmth, and support because as they
observed the reason why their children having this kind of
behavior, they lacked parental supervision.

71
The finding was parallel to the statement of Onyehalu
(2012) that delinquents come from homes that lacked
normal parental love and care. Attention, love and warmth
go a long way in assisting the child’s emotional development
and adjustment. Children at adolescence stage require
parental love, care, warmth and serious attention to adjust
adequately, in the environment in which he/she finds
him/herself.
Prayer and Supplication

We found out that those parents we have interviewed
struggled in handling the behavior of their children and lost
hope and did not know how to manage their behavior and
they only preferred to ask guidance and mercy to the Lord
especially when they did everything of their best for their
children. They realized that though they gave all the needs
and support to their children but the fact was because of
their busy life in their livelihoods they didn’t even monitored
their child, they couldn’t have such bonds as like other family
did, and most of all they found out that their children were
with those peers who were having a bad behavior that
makes also their children bad because they did not feel the
presence of their parents.
The result matches with the concept of Keijsers

(2010) emphasizing that parental attachment or closeness,
social bonds with parents has also been measured with
terms such as parental monitoring, supervision, and
involvement. Of these, parental monitoring and supervision
have received much support to examine the factors that
impact why family structures cause crime and delinquency.

Table 5. Essential Themes and Core Ideas on Insights of the
Parents in Dealing with the Delinquent Behavior of Children
Value of Discipline ¥ “I cannot deny the fact that I

found difficulty in raising my
child especially that today we
lived in a very modernized
technology because as we all
know, youth as of today are
so addicted to a so-called
computer.”
¥ “I didn’t find difficulty in

disciplining my child because
my way of disciplining them
is strict and that is the reason
why they follow.”
¥ For me, I didn’t also find

difficulty in disciplining my
child because he was my
child and I know my child’s
behavior.”
Prayer and ¥ “When my child was so

Supplication upset, I never compete him
because if both of us were so
upset, it will lead us on
quarrel so it is better that one
of us will humble ourselves.”
¥ “For me, when my child is

upset, I didn’t let him know
73
that I am upset too because
I do not know what he might
do because it is better to talk
when he was in cool mind.”
Establish Parent ¥ “For me, I never threatened

Child them a punishment but
Communication rather I prefer to talked to
them in a good manner
because the law from the
past compared now was so
different because as we lived
in this world that is full of
poverty there still have a
person commit such bad
acts, so I always disappoint
them in making a bad
decisions.”
¥ “For me, I was not able to

threaten my child by giving
him punishment but rather
I’d always give him advice
and talked to him because
when they grow up then you
have always threatened him
by giving punishment, they
may become defiant.”

Insights of the Parents in Dealing with
the Delinquent behavior of Children
From the insights of the parents about their parenting

practices, they take it as a lesson in dealing the delinquent
behavior of their children. It also make them to realize that
Value of Discipline to ensure their children develop the six
life skills necessary to become a healthy adult,
Understanding the Child and the Circumstances Involved
with the child whenever they’re upset, and Establish Parent-
Child Communication with regards in putting punishments
could help their children away for being a delinquent.
Value of Discipline
During the interview we had conducted, parents

found out that they didn’t find difficulty in disciplining their
child because for them discipline is not a way to keep
children controlled, but an approach to keep them practicing
the right self-control and putting discipline to their children
is effective, constructive, and lenient because they only give
instructions rather than punishment.
The finding is parallel to the statement of Gershoff

(2012) further draws a distinction between discipline and
punishment, highlighting the important role that discipline
plays in emphasizing instruction about what is valuable and
the consequences of actions and giving inductive discipline
has been found to be more effective in terms of promoting
children’s internalization of moral and social values.

75
Understanding the Child and
the Circumstances Involved
Parents are responsible for making sure their children

learn to manage their sea of emotions. So, whenever they’re
child is on a situation of being upset, they try hard to first
accept and acknowledge what they are feeling because they
want their children to know that they love and value them
no matter what emotion they are facing at the moment.
The result has relevance to the idea cited by Kierkus,

Johnson,& Hewitt (2010) that parents influence their
children’s behavior has demonstrated how parental
monitoring, parenting style, parental warmth, and
attachment affect youth behavior and factors, such as
anger, depression, disruptive behavior and also children,
who have lived in foster homes, have been considered
important in this study that parent should value the emotion
of their children.
Therefore, understanding your child is one of the most

important things that you should learn as a parent. It is very
helpful in becoming effective in guiding and nurturing your child
as they grow and mature. You need to bear in mind that your
child has a unique personality trait that remains consistent
throughout life. As much as possible, have time to talk to your
children as this is crucial to gaining information and
understanding.
Establish Parent-Child Communication

Parents who threatened their children are more likely
to have a delinquent child when they grow up because for
them, the more you threatened your child with punishment
the more they become delinquent. As we conducted our
research, there were several parents who didn’t threatened
their child a punishment, but they preferred to talk and
advice their children in order that they will grow well. We all
know that children grow up in different family structures, so
we cannot deny the fact that children grow up in which they
live can have major effects on their well-being.
According to Hoeve (2010) children grow up in and

the social environments in which they live can have major
effects on their well-being especially that they lived in
different family structures also experience many forms of
monitoring, supervision, involvement, and attachment they
receive from their parents and these factors may also play
a role in determining why adolescents turn to juvenile
delinquency. In his study, it is clearly stated that threatening
the child with punishment depends only by family structures
they live in especially what kind of parents they have.
CONCLUSION
This phenomenological study that we have
conducted has given us so much of a learning experience
though we are busy, but we have still time to make this
study. There are times that we felt down and lose hope that
we might not finished this study because making this
qualitative study can take too long and much money to be
used but as we started to conduct an interview it made us
inspired because we knew that we are near to finish this
study.
The stories shared by the parents have strengthened
our desire to love more and pay back what they have done
to us. We clearly understood their feeling how difficult it is
77
when we speak about the bad behavior, we’ve been
showing such as feeling of apprehension, depressed,
anxiety and being worried of everything to their child. As we
listened to their statements, we felt pity and crying because
we realized that being a parent is not easy especially that if
you are having a delinquent children behavior. We cannot
deny the fact that even how good you are as parent there
is always a child who has such a delinquent behavior.

REFERENCES
Areepattamannil, S. (2010). Parenting practices, parenting style,

and children’s school achievement. Psychological
Studies, 55(4), 283-289.
Asher, A. J. (2012). Exploring the relationship between parenting

style and juvenile delinquency. Department of Social
Studies and Family Work. Faculty of Miami University.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A

social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Bates, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (2011). Parents' monitoring‐relevant

knowledge and adolescents' delinquent behavior:
evidence of correlated developmental changes and
reciprocal influences. Child development, 74(3), 752-
768.
Bukaliya, R., &Mapuranga, B. (2015). Assessing the effects of

child rearing practices on the academic performance of
primary school learners: a perspective from the teachers,
parents and learners. International Journal, 13.
Burt, S. A., Barnes, A. R., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2010).

Parental divorce and adolescent delinquency: ruling
out the impact of common genes. Developmental
psychology, 44(6), 1668.
Collins, W. A., & Laursen, B. (2012). Parent-adolescent

relationships and influences. Handbook of
adolescent psychology, 2, 331-362.

79
Dalal, R. S., & Bonaccio, S. (2010). What types of advice do
decision-makers prefer? Organizational Behavior and
Human Decision Processes, 112, 11-23.
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (2011). Parenting style as context:

An integrative model. Psychologicalbulletin, 113(3),
487.
Demuth, S., & Brown, S. L. (2010). Family structure, family
processes, and adolescent delinquency: The significance
of parental absence versus parental gender. Journal
of research in crime and delinquency, 41(1), 58-81.
Fletcher, A.C.; Jefferies, B.C. Parental mediators of associations
between parental authoritative parenting and early
adolescent substance use. J. Early Adolesc. 2010, 19,
465–487.
Gashi, M. (2015). The impact of the relations with parents on

delinquent behaviors of juveniles. European Journal of
Research in Social Sciences Vol, 3(3).
Gershoff, E. T. (2011). Corporal punishment, physical abuse, and
the burden of proof.
Gottman, J. 2011. The heart of parenting. How to raise an
emotionally intelligent child. London: Bloomsbury
Giles-Sims, J., Straus, M.A., & Sugarman, D.B. (2011). Child,

maternal, and family characteristics associated with
spanking. Family Relations, 44(2), 170-176.
Hair, E. C., Moore, K. A., Garrett, S. B., Ling, T., & Cleveland, K.
(2010). The continued importance of quality parent–
adolescent relationships during late
adolescence. Journal of research on
adolescence, 18(1), 187-200.
Hoffmann, J. P. (2015). Parenting and delinquency. The
Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile
Justice, 1, 161.
Hoeve, M. (2010). The relationship between parenting and

delinquency: A meta-analysis. Abnormal Child
Psychology, 37, 749-775.
Jeynes, W. H. (2011). Parental involvement research: Moving to

the next level. School Community Journal, 21(1), 9.
Keat, D. B. (2008). Fundamentals of child counseling.Houghton

Mifflin Harcourt (HMH).
Keijsers, L., Frijns, T., Branje, S. J., & Meeus, W. (2010).
Developmental links of adolescent disclosure, parental
solicitation, and control with delinquency: moderation by
parental support. Developmental psychology,45(5), 1314.
Kierkus, C. A., Johnson, B. R., & Hewitt, J. D. (2010). Cohabiting,

family and community stressors, selection, and juvenile
delinquency. Criminal justice review, 35(4), 393-411.
Kierkus, C. A., & Hewitt, J. D. (2010). The contextual nature of

the family structure/delinquency relationship. Journal of
Criminal Justice, 37(2), 123-132.
Lamborn, S.D., & Steinberg, L. (2009). Parenting practices and

peer group affiliation in adolescence. Child
Development, 64(2), 467-482.
Larzelere RE, Kuhn BR. (2012;8:1-37). Comparing child outcomes
of physical punishment and alternative disciplinary tactics:
a meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev.

81
Levin, K. A., & Currie, C. (2010). Family structure, mother-child
communication, father-child communication, and
adolescent life satisfaction: A cross-sectional multilevel
analysis. Health Education, 110(3), 152-168.
Lerner, R.M. Castellino, D.R., Terry, P.A. Villarruel, F.A., &

McKinney, M.H. (2010). Developmental contextual
perspective on parenting. In M.H. Bornstein (Ed).
Mack, K. Y., Leiber, M. J., Featherstone, R. A., & Monserud, M. A.

(2010).Reassessing the family-delinquency association:
Do family type, family processes, and economic
factors make a difference. Journal of Criminal
Justice, 35(1), 51-67.
Manning, W. D., & Lamb, K. A. (2012). Adolescent well‐being in

cohabiting, married, and single‐parent
families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(4), 876-
893.
Marcotte, G., Marcotte, D., & Bouffard, T. (2011). The influence

of familial support and dysfunctional attitudes on
depression and delinquency.
Mmari, N.K., Blum, W.R., &Teufel-Shone, N. (2010). What

increase risk and protection for delinquent behaviors
among American India youth? Findings from three tribal
communities. Youth & Society, 41, 382-413.
Odgers, C. L., & Moretti, M. M. (2010). Aggressive and

antisocial girls: Research update and
challenges. International Journal of Forensic
Mental Health, 1(2), 103-119.

Okorodudu, G. N (2011) efficacy of recreational exercises and
rational emotive behavioural therapies for
adolescent stress management. Perspective in
Education; International Research and Development. 22
(3); pp 172 – 185.
Onyehalu, A. S. (2012). Juvenile delinquency: trend, causes and

control measures, the behavior problem of the Nigerian
child: a publication of the Nigerian society for
educational psychologists (NISEP), 12 – 19.
Parks, A. B. (2013). The effects of family structure on juvenile
delinquency.
Rubin, K.H., Burgess, K.B., & Hasting, P.D. (2002). Stability and
social-behavioral consequences of toddlers’ inhibited
temperament and parenting behaviors. Child
Development, 73(2), 483-495.
Robinson, C.C., Mandleco, B. Olsen, S.F., & Hart, C.H. (2012).

Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting
practices: development of a new measure. Psychological
Reports, 77,819-830.
Sung, S. C. (2007). Parenting Practices: Parenting Practices

across Children’s Temperament and cultures (Doctoral
dissertation, Washington State University).
Wampler, R. S., & Downs, A. B. (2010). Parent and peer

attachment in minority males at high risk for
delinquency. Clinical Social Work Journal,38(1), 107-
119.

83
Life in Maximum Prison: Stories of High-Risk
Prisoners
Jenefe S. Tactaquin1, Ace John D. Eder1,
Jeffrey S. Jamaquilan1, Dr. Jose Elmer S. Oficiar, Jr.2
1
2
1,2
ABSTRACT
This study attempted to determine the stories of inmates
inside the maximum security and how they adjusted
themselves inside the institution. The informants were all
inmates in maximum security. The case study research was
a qualitative approach using two (2) methods: the key
Informant In-Depth interview in which the researchers
explored a real life, either single case or multiple cases
overtime and cross-cases analyzes the comparison of data
from different cases. The in In-Depth Interview consisted of
three (3) informants all were inmates. The Key Informant
In-Depth Interview and Cross-case analysis was the method
utilized to establish the data triangulation. There were nine
(9) themes generated based on the results on the cross case
analysis, namely: Factors causing fears and Apprehension,
Lonesomeness and Anxieties, Equal and Friendly Treatment,
Coping Mechanism and Motivating Factors, Eschewal of
Conflict, Spiritual Involvement and Activities, Chief End of
being in Jail, Hopes and Aspirations and Realizations. The
researchers recommended for further studies about inmates
inside maximum not just their experiences but also other
aspect being a prisoner.
Keywords: Criminology, inmates, maximum security,
Multiple Case Study, Philippines.
INTRODUCTION
Prison populations are experiencing rapid increases

and many more offenders are dying in prison. This study
investigated key variables associated with death anxiety
among a group of aging prisoners. For this research, 102
respondents residing in a maximum-security prison with a
mean age of 59 completed Templer's Death Anxiety Scale.
A regression analysis showed that age, inmate social
supports, and a number of health-related variables were
important predictors of death fear. The finding revealed that
fear of death is slightly higher among older prisoners than
for similar age groups in the community. Qualitative
information based on personal narratives found that some
inmates see death as an escape, while others expressed
fears of dying in prison or the stigma associated with
imprisonment (Aday, 2006).
This article uses national data on prisons in the

United States to examine the effects of deprivation,
overcrowding, and their interaction on the likelihood of
prison suicide. Our central argument is that overcrowding is
a pivotal feature of prison environments that conditions the
effects of deprivation. Findings provide substantial support
for this hypothesis. For example, at low levels of
overcrowding, minimum-security facilities evidence a lower
probability of prison suicide, but at high levels, they are as
likely to experience a suicide as their medium- and
maximum-security counterparts. Theoretical and policy
implications of the findings are discussed (Huey & Mcnulty,
2005).

85
Identification of offenders at greater risk to behave
violently in prison is important to a number of audiences.
Correctional personnel are vitally interested in this issue as
part of inmate classification and the associated allocation of
security resources. Capital juries are often concerned with
the likelihood of future serious institutional violence by
offenders as they weigh the imposition of a death sentence
(Cunningham & Goldstein, 2003).
A number of years ago, Florida was having quite

some difficulty with prisoners escaping. In 1988 they had
38,059 prisoners of which 139 had escaped, an
unacceptable number no doubt. So, in an effort to lower the
number of escapes and mountain a safer environment for
officers and inmates, the Florida Department of Corrections
developed and implemented a comprehensive external
security-auditing program. The goal was not to set-up a
point system, but rather to have a second set of eyes, the
auditors, work jointly with the facility staff to help identify
security related problems (Price, 1999).
The Prison system of the Bureau of Corrections in the

Philippines is under the umbrella of the Department of
Justice and is responsible in the safekeeping and security of
the inmates in the country. There are seven (7) correctional
institution and Penal Farm all over the country and is
maintained by a superintendent and his staff. Necessary
measures have been practiced ensuring custody and control
over inmates, yet, there are still reports and incidents of
escapes (Tesoro & Tootson, 2000).

Research Questions
1. What are the stories of the high-risk prisoners in

maximum security?
2. How do they adjust in the high-risk environment?
3. What are their insights on their situations?
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
In order to have a better understanding on in-depth

analysis of the inmates in maximum security was conducted.
The investigation involved three (3) in-depth interviews, to
give information in regards to study. Case study research is
a qualitative approach in which the investigator explores a
real life, either single case or multiple cases over time,
through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple
sources of information such as interviews, observation,
audio-visual material, documents, and reports and
generates a case description and case themes (Creswell,
2013).
The defining features of multiple case studies such

as: it begins with the identifications of the specific case; then
the unusual interest that needs to described and detailed,
which is called intrinsic case, or the intent of the case study
is to understand a specific issue, problem, or concern, which
is also called instrumental case. Further, it presents as in-
depth understanding of the case; it selects multiple cases
to analyze and compare and involve analysis of multiple
87
units within the case; it involves a description of the case;
it organizes themes or issues into chronology, analyzed
across cases for similarities and differences among the cases
or presented as a theoretical model; and it often ends with
conclusions formed by the researcher about overall meaning
derived from the cases, termed as assertions patterns or
explanations (Creswell, 2013).
In multiple cases, researchers often provide a

detailed account of each of the informants, and then analyze
through a procedure called “cross-case analysis”. Cross-case
analysis is a research method that con mobilizes knowledge
from individual case studies through compare and contrast,
and in doing so, produces new knowledge (Khan &
Vanwynsberghe, 2008).
Furthermore, it is suggested, that case studies are

valuable in creating deep understanding of particular
people, problems or situations in comprehensive ways which
can focus on a variety of different things.
Role of the Researcher

The role of the researcher in qualitative research is
an important matter to be considered in the successful
pursuit of investigation of any social phenomena. In this
study, we are highly inclined and qualified to pursue this
investigation because we are also a students, and has
encountered distressful experience, pain, and frustration,
despite of our best qualifications, of which we can also relate
the feelings of our informants. Besides, we possess some
abilities and aptitude in writing, keen observation, great
interest in psychology, and deep concern to help our fellow

mentors to also overcome distress and maintain a healthy
living for good. Although, we have some biases, especially
that we can feel what our subjects are feeling, but we see
to it that theories and related studies are respected and
considered.
We followed some criteria for selection of participants

like the type or nature of the phenomenon, suitable
characteristics of the subjects, and theoretical perspective
(Denzin et al., 2008). The informants of this study are three
inmates, in Davao Penal Farm, Davao del Norte Philippines,
and who had really involved in different crimes. Moreover,
we chose three informants because this number of case
study, and already sufficient to provide information with
regards to the opportunity to identify and generate the
themes of the cases, as well as for the cross- case analysis.
Creswell (2013) recommended that in case study research,
it should not be more than four or five cases in a single
study. Moreover, Wollcott (2008) emphasized that excessive
number of cases will just dilute the level of details that a
researcher can provide.
The three participants involved in this multiple case

study are the maximum inmates in Davao Penal Farm, all
this informants were involved in different crimes. As the
researchers of this study, we focus on this three (3)
informants as the subject of this case study based on the
gravity of the crimes they committed.

89
A recruitment strategy was also utilized in looking for
participants. This refers to a project-specific plan for
identifying and recruiting people to participate in a research
study with some human skills and techniques (Bernard,
2011). There were series of acts which we did in recruiting
the subjects for my research. We approached the school of
our prospect informants and showed them my letter to
conduct a study approved by the schools division
superintendent. With the assistance the gatekeepers, who
were mostly subject coordinators, assigned by the principal
to help me out, we was able to connect and communicate
with our participants. Then, we got the permission or
informed consent of our participants through: using good
rapport; giving honest intension and respect; being not
coercive; and providing benefits and possible risks.
Data Collection
During the data collection, we used in-depth

interview as my primary data collection tool. According to
Boyce (2006), in-depth interview is a qualitative research
technique that involves conducting intensive individual
interview with a small number of respondents to export their
perspectives on a particular idea, program, or situation. She
stresses further, that in-depth interview are useful when you
want detailed information about a person’s experience,
thoughts and behaviors or want to explore new issues which
are deep and complex.
On the other hand, we used a portable recorder for

documentation of what has accurately and truthfully
transpired, with the participant’s permission. Moreover, we

also noted and recorded their bodiless expression and
emotions, the kind of interaction that happened between me
and my informant, including the atmosphere during the
interview, and others. We made them recalled everything
that happened in their lives in the past. Recalling is a very
insecure way of collecting data, but it has advantaged in
relation to the goal of getting non-verbal information as well
(Kvale & Brinkmann, 2009). In ending my conversation with
the participant, we gave them gratitude and appreciation for
the time, effort and generosity for providing me information
relevant to the study, and promised them for full
confidentiality and respect for the data received.
After the interview, we kept all data from each

informant and place them in a file in my computer, with the
assigned code “PDPSTidi” (Psychologically Distressed Public
Secondary Teachers in-depth interview) each of them, and
locked with password, so that we would be the only one who
has access. We used pseudonyms to protect the identity of
the informants. Through this, the securities of data, as well
as the confidentiality of my informants are protected.
Data Analysis
Before the data were analyzed, all the interviews,

observation, and documents were transcribed and
translated in English. The process of transcribing allowed us
to become acquainted with the data. We created Microsoft
observations, documents, and journal entries. All files were
protected by setting a password. All files were saved Word
files for the interviews, in our Flash Drive, for which we have
the only access. In this study, we followed the multiple case

91
study design where the data is analyzed case by case
through thematic analysis and later by cross-case analysis
(Smith et al., 2009). The interviews, and documents, will be
analyzed for each case. Following the case-by case, all them
will be used to conduct the cross-case analysis.
Themes salient across all cases were kept as well as

those that were extremely different. For the thematic
analysis, we adopted Clarke (2006) step-by-step guidelines.
I used the word guidelines to highlight the flexibility of this
qualitative analytic method. These guidelines are:
familiarizing myself with the data; generating initial codes;
reading throughout each transcript to immerse in the data;
reviewing themes; defining and naming themes, producing
the report.
Trustworthiness is highly essential to any research

inquiry. Curtin and Fossey (2007) emphasized that
trustworthiness is the degree which the findings are an
authentic reflection of the personal and lived experiences of
the phenomenon under investigation. With so many
considerations to establish and achieve trustworthiness, we
chose to follow and apply the concepts of Shenton (2004).
Hence, we employed four important criteria in assuring
trustworthiness such as credibility, transferability,
dependability and confirmability in our study.
To achieve transferability, we will provided

background date to establish context, and wrote the
detailed , sufficient and careful context information about

the participants’ experiences by means of a thick description
of each case for comparison to be made (Polit & Beck, 2010;
Shenton, 2004). Transferability shows that the findings are
applicable in other contexts. Moreover, we made clear the
boundaries of the study because this additional information
is important before any transference is made (Patton,
2005).
In order to address dependability, we applied three

basic techniques by Shenton (2004): full description of the
implemented research design, the in-depth methodological
description, and the inquiry audit. The processes done in the
study should be reported in detail to ensure that the findings
are consistent, thereby enabling a future researcher to
repeat the work (Miles et al., 2013). To ensure further the
full description of the implemented research design. We
included the operation detail of date gathering and reflective
appraisal of the project that is, evaluating the effectiveness
of the process undertaken. On the other hand, each
participant was interview thoroughly using a detailed
question guide and impromptu open-ended questions
related and significant to the issue under inquiry, then
everything that transpired included the emotions displayed
by the interviewee was recorded and written without cut.
Further, we ensured that confirmability of the

inquiry was established, through the use of audit trail,
triangulation and member checking. Confirmability is the
degree of neutrality, which the findings of a study are
shaped by the respondents and researcher bias, motivation,
or interest (Miles et al., 2013). An audit trail is a transparent
description of the research steps taken from the start of a

93
research project to the development and reporting of the
findings (Bowen, 2009).
One important aspect of the audit trail was the

establishment of a reference index for the transcript of
interviews. As such, there was no need for me to append
the interview transcript. This form is part of my personal file
that could be readily accessed in case of audit. The
reference code is indicated in every citation of the
transcripts as verbalized by the participants. Moreover, the
role of triangulation must again ne emphasized in this
portion on the aspects like the methods, sources, analysis,
and perspectives (Patton, 2005). Here, steps must be taken
to ensure as far as possible that the work’s findings are the
results of the experiences and ideas of the information’s to
reduce the effect of investigator bias (Shenton, 2004).
We also requested all of our participants to sign the

certificate of verification. Prior to that, we made sure that
the informants were given the opportunity to read the
transcripts of dialogues in which they have provide during
the interviews and that our interpretations of the data are
shared with the participants, and they have the opportunity
to discuss and clarify the interpretation. Hence, all of these
four criteria are substantial and effective enough to ensure
trustworthiness and credibility when followed properly can
equate validity and reliability in qualitative research.
Ethical Considerations
In all human studies, ethical consideration is
imperative and should be implemented by any researcher,
especially in qualitative research. We observed respect with

our informant’s rights. The right of every individual for
privacy and of communication according to article III,
section three of Philippine constitution of 1987 and republic
Act 10173, the data privacy act of 2012. It is the right of the
person to be free from undesired publicity or disclosure and
to enjoy his private life not made public against his will. The
law connotes further, the violation of human right, a
corresponding penalty well be imposed (Rivas & Nael,
2010). Hence, in this study of mine, we incorporated the
basic ethical principles used in the Belmont report such as
respect for persons, beneficence, and justice translated into
several acts or processes accepted by the research world
and the academe (Shore, 2006).
Likewise, we see to it that as a researcher, we should

be oriented and sensitive in respecting an individual’s
human rights and ensuring that this are not violated in the
course of participation. Before giving the informed consent
to the potential participants, they were fully oriented on the
following: our name, address, phone number, and the
position; the research topic; purpose of the study;
procedures they will be experiencing; the risks and benefits
to be expected; how the findings are to be reported; privacy
and anonymity; and a promise of confidentiality and correct
data interpretation. Moreover, agreement was completely
voluntary and potential informants were not coerced to
participate. It was stressed that their consent to participate
can be withdrawn at any stage of the interview.
With regards to the risks and benefits the participants

may receive, we frankly told them, that there might be some
risks and issues that will be expected along the journey of

95
investigation. However, we also encouraged and assured
them of the benefits they could get out the research. One
thing, we set aside monetary incentive to each of the
participants that is fair enough, plus the ownership of their
rich stories being disclose.
We also emphasized the promise of confidentiality,

anonymity and correctness of data interpretation.
Informants were guaranteed that what they tell to us will be
keep confidential and will not be passed in to anyone
outside. Furthermore, the real identities of informants were
hidden by using pseudonyms during data analysis and the
final book itself.
After all the data were collected, transcribed and

translated in English, we applied the techniques and
processes such as thematic analysis for individual cases,
cross-case analysis for multiple cases, and numeration
procedures. Significant phases or statements that emerged
from the transcript were identified as core ideas and
categorized similar concepts into clustered. They were listed
and grouped accordingly to determine patterns and
connections between those ideas called as major themes.
Smith et al. (2009) defines numeration as the number of
times the thematic statements emerged in transcript.

Profile of Participants
Before the conduct of the in-depth interview, we ask

the participants to fill out the questionnaire about their
personal information necessary for the research, as
enumerated in the profile of the participants. These are the
questions that establish the profile of the participants in in-
depth interview:
No. of
Crime
Informants Gender Age sentence to
committed
be served
Changed Life
Male 42 Murder
Romel imprisonment
Changed Life
Male 38 Murder
RR imprisonment
Changed Life
Male 46 murder
Caloy imprisonment
Informants identification although their real names

were hidden through their pseudonyms such as number of
years in maximum security, age and gender. The three
participants involved in this multiple case study were:
Changed Romel, 42 years old; Changed RR, 38 years old;
and Changed Caloy, 46 years old (pseudonyms or not their
real names)

97
Table 1. Essential Themes and Core Ideas on the Stories of
High-Risk Prisoners in Maximum Security
¥ It’s so new and I feel so

Factors causing afraid that maybe they will
Fears and harass me especially since
Apprehension my case is murder.
¥ All I can say here in
maximum is that is so
dangerous that with just little
action of mistakes they will
punish you extremely.
¥ Our life here in prison is so
dangerous because of the
other inmates. What if they
will do harmful things to us?
Lonesomeness and ¥ You know boy, the loneliness

Anxieties to my family and also to life I
could ever have outside this
bar.
¥ Normally, most of us can feel
loneliness and also to be
afraid because other inmates
is also criminals. I miss my
family especially when they
didn’t visit me, well in times
of loneliness we reminisce

those times we are free and
also the regrets we fell
because why I did that kind
of crime.
¥ in cannot be avoided that
your family can’t visit you and
I just feel very lonely for I
think that I’m alone now.
Equal and Friendly ¥ For me, the full security here

Treatment in jail is okay because they
treat all the prisoners equally.
¥ They treat us family in terms
of food, task assigned to us
and also for disciplining each
of the prisoner.
¥ The treatment of the jail
guard is ok. They treated us
like their siblings
The first theme in the first research question pointed

by the three informants, which means that fears and
apprehension is one of the factors that arises while they
were in the maximum security. Based on the study, it is
displayed through specific factors such as they are afraid of
harassment, punishment for mistakes and danger caused by
other inmates. This is supported by Ganh (2013) that
according to findings from a survey of one thousand one
hundred eighty-two (1182) inmates and shed some light on
the dynamics of fear and apprehension in prison. Most
prisoners reported feeling safe of the time, although a small
number of prisons locations consistently were rated as
unsafe. Prisoners with direct experiences of victimization
were more fearful and apprehended than those without.
99
In addition, lonesomeness and anxieties is also
part of their stories inside the maximum security. Specific
factors like loneliness to their families, reminiscing memories
and regrets and feeling alone Lewis (2010) stated in his
theory that lonesomeness and anxieties are the factors
considerably unavoidable when someone is being detained
or contained in a place unknown to him, lonesomeness often
occurs when you don’t have some to trust and talk to aside
from family members while anxieties occurs when we feel
uncomfortable or uncertain towards something.
Another developed theme for the stories of the high-

risk prisoners is equal and friendly treatment, from the ideas
of full security and equality, task assignments and discipline
and the good treatment. This theme is supported by Luders
(2009) every person is equally important and has the same
rights regardless of their ethnic background, gender,
disability, religion, belief, age or sexual orientation. It’s our
goal to convince our citizens of the facts that diversity
means advancement for all of us. A society free from
discrimination not only results in a higher quality of life, it
also more productive.
Table 2. Essential Themes and Core Ideas on the How the
Prisoners Adjust in a High-Risk Environment
Coping Mechanism ¥ In times of loneliness, I just

and Motivating reminisce those times we are
Factors free and also the regrets we fell
so that we can cope with and
adjust ourselves.
¥ Everything I have I share to
them so I can be along to them
¥ I just participated in all the
activities here like attending
bible sharing, sports and
making handicrafts and all
other programs inside the jail
Eschewal of
Conflict ¥ As I fit myself in the
environment which full of
absurd people all I can do is to
be amicable.
¥ All I did is to be companionable
and they did in vice versa
¥ I’m just being companionable,
kind and friendly with them.
Spiritual ¥ That what I’m saying for that

Involvement and we should be friendly and went
Activities
101
to church. And also, to help
gave advice those bad things.
¥ Every morning since the church
is open, I went there and open
my bible and talk to god. Lastly
in night last call signifies that
we must go to our respective
quarters then I just went out
just to go to restroom.
¥ Just deal with the people
nicely, you go to church. If you
have problems, you just go to
the one who manage, and then
the barangay will also go to the
warden of maximum security.
In our study, in the second research question, the

theme coping mechanism and motivating factors was
developed, this is from the ideas of reminiscing those times
while they were free, sharing to others what they have and
participating in all activities and programs inside the jail.
Coping mechanism and motivating factors according to the
study these were essential tools as observed during the
qualitative study. These factors driven the inmates to do
things that could divert their attention into something that
would make them feel certain and motivates themselves to
do well inside the jail thinking by doing it they be given
parole someday Chua (2010).
Another adjustment theme developed is Eschewal

of Conflict, to avoid conflict they fit by being amicable to
others, being companionable and being kind and friendly as
well. As they live behind bars prisoners tend to do some
actions to avoid conflicts with other inmates for some
reasons which we don’t know. In the study conducted,
inmates try to become sociable and dwells among
themselves to other not engaged to some conflicts can be
brought and gained new comrades inside the jail to live their
lives properly and harmoniously Adams (2011).
Furthermore, spiritual Involvement and

activities was also developed from the core ideas of going
to church and giving advices, bible sharing and talking to
God, and dealing with people nicely. It reflected as survival
because of God’s grace, belief that God is good all the time,
and acts of praying during worst time. Moreover,
participants claimed spiritual values as techniques in their
distress such as Godly love for students, joy and happiness
in teaching, and patience in handling students. This finding
is supported by a study which showed that religious coping
moderates stress inside the jail among, which means that
spirituality, plays a very important role in reducing the
effects of distress in a person (Bin Othman et al., 2010).
Table 3. Essential Themes and Core Ideas on the Insights

of High-Risk Prisoners on their Situations
Chief End of being ¥ Discipline yourself, respect the

in Jail others, love your family and
above all be afraid in God.
¥ You should do good things
¥ Limited and just we have the
same routine every day, it feels
so boring.
103
Hopes and ¥ give your full service and stop
Aspirations yourself to engage into your
doings
¥ God will forgive me and I wish
that my family will still accept
me
¥ Desires and hopes in are now
down as our happiness, It feels
¥ like we have no hopes.
Realizations ¥ A lot, first and for most is

patience, not engaged in
trouble and most especially
serve respect to everyone.
¥ it is just the trust in God and
respect to others.
I’ve realized that life is full of
uncertainties and since I’ve
been here for a long time, I
just be with them respect one
another to degrade my life
sentence.
Insights of High-Risk Prisoners
in Maximum Security in their Situation
From the experience of our participants, through the

third question the theme chief and of being in jail was
developed. It is from the ideas of the prisoners specifically:
disciplining you, doing good things and having limited
actions. There are probably many reasons why this
happens. And I won’t pretend to know all of them. Certainly,
the severity of the loss is the factors, and the
encouragement that available to the person is a factor as
well. But there is one reason that stands out never quite
moving on. Wright (2006)
Moreover, the theme hopes, and aspirations

developed from the insights of the participants with each
other by means of hoping for forgiveness, wishing for
acceptance so as the desires for hope and happiness is
breaking.
And finally, from the core ideas of the participants,

the theme realizations came up. This is from the ideas of
having patience, serving respect, which life is full of
uncertainties and of course trusting in God. It realizes the
awareness that the world is impermanent. All regimes
subject to fall to test and regain the truth among the things
committed wrong. Realizations come to the point of all of
ways were exhausted (Hanh, 2014).
105
CONCLUSION
It is very evident in this study, those inmates having

different life stories that brought them inside the jail that
affects how their lives grow. Relatively, they should do
something to guard themselves from any intrusion of harm
by having full awareness of the findings and
recommendations that this piece offers. Based on the
findings of the study inmates inside the jail have different
stories.
Moreover, from among the stories fears and

apprehension is the most common stories they told us.
Furthermore, coping approaches inmates employed
different tools depending in the situation for them to dwell
enough with others. Significantly, in spiritual activities is the
most utilized coping strategy. In addition, on insights,
inmates have different thoughts they realized living inside
the jail that promotes or help them out to live their lives.
REFERENCES
Aday, R. H. (2006). Aging prisoners' concerns toward dying

in prison. OMEGA Journal of Death and Dying,
52(3), 199- 216.
Agha, A. (2011). Meet mediatization. experiences and

responses to prison life. 124(2), 135-167.
Bennett, J., Crewe, B., & Wahidin, A. (Eds.). (2013).

Understanding prison staff.
Beer, R. (2005). Factors related to suicide in New York state

prisons. International journal of law and psychiatry,
28(3), 207-221.
Bernard, H. R. (2011). Research methods in anthropology:

qualitative and quantitative approaches. Rowman
Altamira.
Binswanger, I. A., Stern, M. F., Deyo, R. A., Heagerty, P. J.,

Cheadle, A., Elmore, J. G., & Koepsell, T. D.
(2007). Release from prison—a high risk of death for
former inmates. New England Journal of Medicine,
356(2), 157-165.
Blau, J. R., Light, S. C., & Chamlin, M. (2010). Individual and

contextual effects on stress and job satisfaction a study
of prison staff. Work and Occupations, 13(1), 131-156.
Boin, A. (2001). Securing safety in the dutch prison system:

pros and cons of a supermax. The Howard Journal of
Criminal Justice, 40(4), 335-346.
107
Bowen, R. A., Rogers, A., & Shaw, J. (2009). Medication
management and practices in prison for people with
mental health problems: a qualitative study. International
Journal of Mental Health Systems, 3(1), 1.
Boyce, C., & Neale, P. (2006). Conducting in-depth interviews:

A guide for designing and conducting in-depth
interviews for evaluation input (pp. 3-7). Watertown,
MA: Pathfinder International.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in

psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2),
77-101.
Browne, A., Cambier, A., & Agha, S. (2011). Prisons within

prisons: the use of segregation in the United States.
Federal Sentencing Reporter, 24(1), 46-49.
Byrne, M. W. (2005). Conducting research as a visiting scientist

in a women's prison. Journal of Professional Nursing,
21(4), 223-230.
Caporaso, J. G., Bittinger, K., Bushman, F. D., DeSantis, T. Z.,

Andersen, G. L., & Knight, R. (2010). PyNAST: a
flexible tool for aligning sequences to a template
alignment. Bioinformatics, 26(2), 266-267.
Carroll, D (2010). Linguistic analysis to assess the effect of a

mindfulness intervention on self-change for adults in
substance use recovery. Substance abuse, 31(2), 79-85.
Condon, L., Hek, G., Harris, F., Powell, J., Kemple, T., & Price,
S. (2007). Users’ views of prison health services: a
qualitative study. Journal of advanced nursing, 58(3),
216-226.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research:
techniques and procedures for developing grounded
theory. Sage publications.
Corcoran, K. (2010). Perceptions and influences of a state

prison smoking ban. Journal of Correctional Health Care,
18(4), 293-301.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative,

quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage
publications.
Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Plano, V. L. C., & Morales, A.

(2007). Qualitative research designs selection and
implementation. The counseling psychologist,
35(2), 236-264.
Crewe, B., Warr, J., Bennett, P., & Smith, A. (2013). The
emotional geography of prison life. Theoretical
Criminology, 1362480613497778.
Cunningham, M. D., & Goldstein, (2003). Nothing to lose. A

comparative examination of prison misconduct rates
among life-without-parole and other long-term high-
security inmates. Criminal justice and behavior, 33(6), 683
705.
Curtin, M., & Fossey, E. Appraising the

(2007).
trustworthiness of qualitative studies: guidelines
for occupational therapists. Australian Occupational
Therapy Journal, 54(2), 88-94.
109
Denzin, N. K. (2008). The new paradigm dialogs and
qualitative inquiry. International Journal of
Qualitative Studies in Education, 21(4), 315- 325.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). Strategies of qualitative

inquiry (Vol. 2). Sage
Drake, D. (2011). The ‘dangerous other ‘in maximum-

security prisons. Criminology and criminal justice,
1748895811408836.
Dye, M. H. (2011). The gender paradox in prison suicide rates.

Women & Criminal Justice, 21(4), 290-307.
Forde, N., Singh, K., Cooke, G. S., Mills, E. J., von Schoen-
Angerer, T., Kamarulzaman, A., & du Cros, P. (2012).
Expanding access to treatment for hepatitis C in
resource-limited settings: lessons from HIV/AIDS.
Clinical infectious diseases, cis227.
Holloway, I., & Wheeler, S. (2013). Qualitative research in

nursing and healthcare. John Wiley & Sons.
Huey, M. P., & McNulty, T. L. (2005). Institutional conditions

and prison suicide: Conditional effects of deprivation
and overcrowding. The Prison Journal, 85(4), 490-514.
Jacobson, J. M (2012). Evaluation of the recognizing and

responding to suicide risk training. Suicide and life-
threatening behavior, 42(5), 471-485.
Khan, S., & VanWynsberghe, R. (2008, January). Cultivating the

under-mined: Cross-case analysis as knowledge
mobilization. In Forum Qualitative
Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research (Vol.
9, No. 1).
Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). Interview: learning the craft
of qualitative research interviewing. Det kvalitative
forskningsintervju. Oslo: Gylden dala kademisk.
Laurell, J., Belfrage, H., & Hellström, Å. (2010). Facets on the

psychopathy checklist screening version and
instrumental violence in forensic psychiatric patients.
Criminal Behaviorr and Mental Health, 20(4), 285-294.
Liebling, A. (2008). Incentives and earned privileges revisited:

Fairness, discretion, and the quality of prison life.
Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and
Crime Prevention, 9(S1), 25-41.
Loeb, S. J., & AbuDagga, A. (2006). Health‐related research on

older inmates: Integrative review. Research in nursing &
health, 29(6), 556-565.
Martin, J. L., Lichtenstein, B., Jenkot, R. B., & Forde, D. R.

(2012). “They can take us over any time they want”
correctional officers’ responses to prison crowding. The
Prison Journal, 92(1), 88-105.
Mears, D. P., & Reisig, M. D. (2006). The theory and practice of

supermax prisons. Punishment & Society, 8(1), 33-57.
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: a guide to design

and implementation: revised and expanded from
qualitative research and case study applications in
education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2013). Qualitative

data analysis: A method sourcebook. SAGE Publications,
Incorporated.
111
Miller, F. A., Paynter, M., Hayeems, R. Z., Little, J., Carroll, J.
C., Wilson, B. J.,& Chakraborty, P. (2010).
Understanding sickle cell carrier status identified
through newborn screening: a qualitative study.
European Journal of Human Genetics, 18(3), 303-308.
Morris, P. K. (2008). Imprisoned in Jamaica an exploratory study

of inmate experiences and differential responses to
prison life in a developing country. International
Criminal Justice Review, 18(4), 435-454.
Niederhoffer, N., & Szabo, B. (2000). Cannabinoids cause

central sympathoexcitation and bradycardia in rabbits.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental
Therapeutics, 294(2), 707-713.
Neal, J. M. (2010). Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and

patient safety: an evidence-based analysis. Regional
anesthesia and pain medicine, 35(2), S59S67.
Nunn, A. (2009). Methadone and buprenorphine prescribing

and referral practices in US prison systems: results from
a nationwide survey. Drug and alcohol dependence,
105(1), 83-88.
Patton, M. Q. (2005). Qualitative research. John Wiley & Sons.
Picken, J. (2012). The coping strategies, adjustment and

well-
being of male inmates in the prison environment.
Internet Journal of Criminology, 1-29.
Price, J. L. (1999). Tangles and plaques in nondemented aging

and preclinical alzheimer's disease. Annals of
neurology, 45(3), 358-368.
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2010). Generalization in quantitative
and qualitative research: myths and strategies.
International journal of nursing studies, 47(11), 1451-
1458.
Reeves, S., Albert, M., Kuper, A., & Hodges, B. D. (2008). Why
use theories in qualitative research. Bmj, 337(7670),
631-634.
Robinson, A., Shore, B. M., & Enersen, D. L. (2006). Best

practices in gifted education: An evidence-based
guide. Sourcebooks, Inc.
Shefer, G., & Liebling, A. (2008). Prison privatization In search

of a business- like atmosphere? Criminology and
criminal justice, 8(3), 261-278.
Sapsford, R., & Jupp, V. (Eds.). (2006). Data collection and

analysis. Sage.
Schlosser, J. A. (2008). Issues in interviewing inmates:

Navigating the methodological landmines of prison
research. Qualitative Inquiry.
Seiter, R. P. (2008). Corrections: an introduction. Pearson

Prentice Hall.
Schenk, A. M., & Fremouw, W. Individual

J. (2012).
characteristics related to prison violence: A critical
review of the literature. Aggression andViolent
Behavior, 17(5), 430-442.
Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in

qualitative research projects. Education for information,
22(2)
113
Smith, A. H. K., Dixon, A. L., & Page, L. A. (2009). Health- care
professionals’ views about safety in maternity
services: a qualitative study. Midwifery, 25(1), 21-31.
Sparkes, A. C., & Smith, B. (2009). Judging the quality of

qualitative inquiry: Criteriology and relativism in
action. Psychology of sport and exercise, 10(5),491-
497.
Stake, R. E. (2013). Multiple case study analysis. Guilford

Press.
Tesoro, F., & Tootson, J. (2000). Implementing global

performance measurement systems: a cookbook
approach. Pfeiffer.
Tewksbury, R. (2010). Prisons in the last ten years. Victims

and Offenders, 5(3), 240-252.
Way, B. B., Miraglia, R., Sawyer, D. A., Beer, R., & Eddy, J.
(2005). Factors related to suicide in New York state
prisons. International journal of law and psychiatry,
28(3), 207-221.
Wilson, S., & Cumming, I. (2009). Psychiatry in prisons: a

comprehensive handbook (Vol. 31). Jessica Kingsley
Publishers.
Yin, R. K. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods.

Sage publications.
Laparoscopic Surgery Simulator Trainer Set
Godofredo Jipus1, Marvin Jake Jalain1,
Elora Moquerio1, Quinn Ursal1, Engr. Artemio Ian D. Palijo, III2
1,2
Department of Engineering Education
1,2
ABSTRACT
Laparoscopic Surgery has experienced a boom during the
1990’s. The benefits of this approach were apparent that
laparoscopic surgery became the standard care without any
randomized prospective trial comparing it to the open
surgery. Here, performing the kind of surgery requires
mental alertness, patience, and mastery. In order to address
the mentioned requirements, Laparoscopic Trainer Set was
then formulated. It allows Practice-Surgeons to train himself
and be familiar to different apparatus that will be used
during the operation. A lot of Laparoscopic Trainer Sets
already exist. Thus, the idea of our project is to make some
modifications to the existing design. Features such as video
recording, online chat, and graphical user interface are
added. Planning, organizing, implementing, and controlling
are the steps that are followed by the designers. As a result
of the completing the above procedure, we invent the
Laparoscopic Surgery Simulator Trainer Set. In conclusion,
the project design is said to be functional based from the
requirements asked from the designed proposal.
Keywords: Electrical Engineering, Laparoscopic Surgery,

Practice-Surgeons, Philippines.
115
INTRODUCTION
Simulator is one of the greatest discoveries in the

field of medical surgery that backed the refinement and
efficiency of laparoscopic imaging techniques. Technological
innovations gather new insights and low-cost alternatives to
learn and practice laparoscopy using simulator. The main
drive of laparoscopic simulators propels surgeons to keep up
with the rapid pace of medical knowledge that is available
and incorporate these changes into their practices to
improve patient care (Blomberg, 2015).
In the same vein, surgical learning is changing from

primarily real life experiences to simulation, because it
allows trainees to make mistakes and then learn from their
errors in a safe, protected environment. This offers surgeons
to assess and develop technical and non-technical skills.
Through repetitive practice at their own pace can achieve
proficiency of such skills, However, expert assistance and
remedial feedback are absolutely necessary for learning
many of the skills (Mahmood & Darzi, 2004).
Likewise, the training of surgeons is compared to the

type conversion training of pilots. The general objective of
this training is to teach the trainee how to safely control,
navigate and manage a particular aircraft. The trainees have
to learn the new checklists of specific procedure during
takeoff and landing, become familiar with the aircraft
systems and train all sorts of emergency scenarios. The high
level of realism during training have made a zero flight
training possible, this type of training takes place completely
outside a real aircraft. The perceived information from the
environment should be simulated accurately to ensure
effective training (Role of Training in Laparoscopy, 2006).
In Berlin, a broad spectrum of gynecological topics

were presented at the 22nd Annual Congress of the
European Society of Gynecological Endoscopy (ESGE) which
variety of presentations which could be of interest to
laparoscopic surgeons of other specialties. It was deeply
emphasized that student surgeons need extensive practice
to learn the correct techniques. Even though the
development of fellowship programs provide professional
skills, it is not enough to face the responsibility as a main
surgeon (Hirschelmann & De Wilde, 2014).
More so, the Philippine Association of Laparoscopic
and Endoscopic Surgeons (PALES) pursues international
excellence in the practice of laparoscopic and endoscopic
surgery. They also aim to promote competent, ethical and
compassionate laparoscopic surgeons. In 2014, Dr. Jose
Macario V. Faylona, President of Philippine Association of
Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgeons (PALES) voiced his
intention to conduct more workshops to further advance and
standardize the practice of laparoscopy in our country.
(Philippine Association of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic
Surgeons website).
Thorough training in laparoscopic surgery through
the aid of laparoscopic simulator strengthens the foundation
of a student surgeon, thus, will substantially benefit the
student reaching his/her full potential in this field. According
to Dr. Manuel S. Tesoro, a surgeon of Davao Regional
Hospital stated that the training in laparoscopic surgery is
not yet present in Tagum City, but they have initiated future
plans toward this endeavor.
117
Objectives of the Study
General Objectives
The proponents aim to:
a. Design a system that will help surgeon professors

assess the proficiency of performance of their
practicing surgeons by reviewing unedited
surgical videos.
b. Design a system that will serve as a mainstream
method to help student surgeons to achieve
proficient laparoscopic skills with the use of
simulation.
Specific Objectives
Specifically, the proponents aimed to:
a. Design a laparoscopic simulator trainer set.

b. Design a system that allows surgeon professors
to track, evaluate and review the performance of
a student surgeon through a server-based
database locally.
c. Provide a system that would allow live
laparoscopic training videos streamed online.
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researchers followed the procedure Planning,
Organizing, Implementing, Controlling and Evaluation.
In planning, the researchers are looked for

technologies that are beneficial to the community. They are
then settled to make some improvisations in the field of
Biomed. By then, the idea of the design was formulated.
With the help of some engineers and a doctor, the
brainstorming of the design was of great help to the
completion of the planning.
In organizing, the researchers chose the appropriate

components and devices to be used. Microsoft Visual Studio
is chosen in making Graphical User Interface (GUI) and
Microsoft Access for its database.
In implementing, several trials and troubleshooting

are made while coding the program that allows us to record
the video from the camera, stream the video online, and
connect the GUI to the database for the desired outcome of
the system.
In controlling, the designers monitored the
development of the system, its improvisations and updates
to ensure the accomplishment of the plan. By following the
procedures, the project design worked effectively according
to the researcher’s desire.
As to the successful result of the design, it was then

observed that the system functions accordingly after several
trials.
119
Flowchart
INTERNET
Duplicate
Screen
GUI
SOURCE
CODE
Scissors
Laparoscopic and
Dome Graspers
Training
Modules
Cost and Benefit Analysis
The table compares the Laparoscopic Surgery
Simulator Trainer Set and Pyxus Pro
Pyxus Pro
Laparoscopic
Surgery Simulator
Trainer Set
¥ HD Web Camera ¥ 15.6”
Specifications plug-and-play monitor
¥ Black dome with ¥ Fixed
top light camera
¥ 3 activity module
modules ¥ LED light
¥ Built-in program source
integrated with a ¥ 2 grasping
website for live forceps
streaming online ¥ 2 trocars
and video chat
¥ Built-in program ¥ without

Features integrated with driver
a website for software
live streaming ¥ Plug-in and
online go
¥ Built-in program ¥ Fixed
for live camera
mentoring
online with
three ways of
viewing
121
¥ Portable and
affordable with
a similar look
and feel of an
actual
laparoscope
¥ Fully adjustable
camera head
with 0°, 30°, or
45° scope
¥ Reliable
alternative to
costly virtual
trainers
¥ Can be used
with a wide
variety of skill
development
exercises
¥ Without
grasping
forceps and
trocar
Cost P 4,885.63 up to P 32,432.23
P 7,000.00
Findings of the Study
One of the difficulties in making the Laparoscopic
Trainer Set is the making of the dome. It is difficult for us
to select the best material to be used. The selection and
availability of the components is a burden since we are not
familiar to some of the components suggested to us by our
advisers.
Adjustments and some concerns where all addressed
in the final stage of the project. The main issues that are
very complex to address is how the cameras are organized
so that it will not function randomly when being accessed
by the program and the trouble giving two tasks for one
camera. Minor issues are slow laptop processor speed and
the slow internet connection. These issues affect the total
performance of the project.
The main issue is solved by specifying in the program
the task for each camera. Yet, the proponents observed that
when two tasks were given to one camera it will only
execute either of the two. To remedy this dilemma, the
proponents decided to add a camera making one task for
each camera.
Slow laptop processor speed affects the functionality
of the program when being used. The laptop screen hangs
up or the program itself will take several seconds to run.
This issue is addressed by using a laptop having a 3rd or 4th
generation processor speed which is capable of running
heavy programs. Slow internet connection depreciates the
quality of live video streaming. This will cause an inaccurate
viewing because of the delay of actions being streamed live.
This issue is addressed by using a reliable 1mbps up to
2mbps internet connection.
123
CONCLUSION
1. The technology nowadays has paved its way to for a

costless communication. As surgeons need to cope
up with the growing demand of their services and so
for the procedures on acquiring the skills of
laparoscopic surgery. One of the best ways of
learning is by mentoring and by the use of
Laparoscopic Surgery Simulator Trainer Set.
2. Based on the output of the project, the proponents
have concluded that the implementation of this
project will fill the gap on communication between
the surgeon professors and practicing surgeons. The
mainstream of this project provides a more reliable
way for surgeon professors to monitor their students
even in long distances.
3. The convenience of having a real time performance
assessment will ease and lessen the delays
experience by both student and teacher.
REFERENCES
Online e-sources
http://card`1inalsantos.com.ph/whats-new-in-csmc/one-on-one-
medical-expert/dr-ernesto-tan-minimally-invasive-surgery/
http://cardinalsantos.com.ph/philippine-center-advanced-
surgery-holds-first-minimally-invasive-surgery-workshop/
http://endolapsurgery.blogspot.com/2007/12/don-edward-o-
rosello-md.html
http://www.ddh.com.ph/newsroom/hospital-news/the-first-ever-
total-laparoscopic-hysterectomy-in-southern-mindanao/
http://archive.sunstar.com.ph/davao/feature/2013/09/24/keepin
g-times-304946
http://www.laparoscopytoday.com/2014/02/news-from-esge-
european-society-for-gynaecological-endoscopy.html#more
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6923/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015467/
http://www.flsprogram.org/
https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/courses/course-search/laparoscopic-
surgery.html
http://www.keele.ac.uk/health/postgraduate/individualmodules/l
aparoscopicskillsinsurgicalpractice/
http://bart.sys.virginia.edu/hci/CT/main.asp
125
Electronic Time – Lapse Slider
Keene Clyde T. Agliam1, Ruel O. Calimotan1,
Glen D. Espinosa1, Rosemarie D. Jayectin1,
Engr. Art Ian D. Palijo, III2
1,2
Department of Electrical Engineering
1, 2
ABSTRACT
Motion control on camera rail through the use of stepper motor

is one of the latest developments and technologies on
photography and videography. This latest trend brought major
impacts to the cinematography business. Our design aims to
provide the photographers and amateur camera operators a more
convenient operation of time-lapse through the use of slider
railing system. Electronics Time-Lapse Slider produces only
still images which are then used to create time-lapse video. Time-
lapse photography is the opposite of slow-motion; you capture a
bunch of photos of the same thing over a period of time then play
them back in sequence in a shorter amount of time. This design
in general pays to take the user’s time efficiently and has the
greatest advantage to properly evaluate the subject(s). The user
is provided with Graphical User interface (GUI) to ask for the
following inputs, Input A: Number of Frames; Input B:
Time Interval between frames; Input C: Duration; Input
D: Total Time; and Input E: Shutter Speed
Keywords: Electrical Engineering, camera rail, photography,

time-lapse, Philippines.
INTRODUCTION
Photography and videography employed a wide use for

art, recreational purposes and mostly communications. Way
back then, photography seems to capture more details than
a painting or a sculpture. Thus, the discovery of cameras
gives people nowadays the access to capture every
moment. A photograph and a video are the addends for
cinematography. Cinematography isn’t just about looking
into your camera and shoots a picture. It is the keen eye of
a wild and creative imagination. The captures serve as the
visual expression that gives a meaning to the humanity. As
part of the technological advancements, new machineries
arise that yield to better capturing. But still, users find
difficulties to capture a portrait that would satisfy their
passion and interes (Chronos Project, 2013).
One of the known cinematographers said, “The new

generation of digital cinema cameras is not perfect. Though
they shoot in 4K, many are large and heavy, and they are
all expensive, often costing $50,000 each. They also tend to
have rolled shutters. These qualities of modern digital
cinema cameras make them awful for the kind of work that
I want to do, such as strapping them to a high-performance
motorcycle and driving them at 100 miles an hour. The
cameras are too heavy, and we can’t make it do what we
want” (Behnam Rashidian 2014).
“As the trend of technology starts to arise, problems

with motion pictures and dynamism of movies come with it
in the film industry. We aim to produce a movie that is
dynamic and would not bore the audience especially when
127
a subject is focus”, says one the Film makers in the
Philippines (Philippine Center for Creative Imaging, 2015).
Overcoming these sceneries requires a bigger

imagination. The acquisition of new technologies to do
things that weren’t possible. This is where innovation takes
place. It accommodates higher performance and low cost.
The researchers aim to apply engineering know-how to
integrate on this machine vision research.
Objectives of the Study

General Objectives
¥ To generate a design that would give convenience to
camera operators and amateur videographers.
¥ To design an electronic time lapse slider (for Camera)
in capturing better images and videos.
Specific Objectives
¥ To create a controlling element that will drive the
shutter (of the camera) and the motor in the
Electronic Time Lapse.
¥ To provide a mounted universal gantry plate (holder)
for cameras.
¥ To integrate a user-friendly interface needed for
specifications.
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This study followed the procedures Planning,

Organizing, Implementing, Controlling and Evaluation.
During planning, the designers have researched on new

technologies which will be used for the good of the
community. It was found out that camera slider for time-
lapse photography has been used internationally in many
applications. Because of this observation, the proponents
have come up with the idea of designing a related/similar
device to improve the quality of capturing images through
DIY (Do It Yourself) electronic time-lapse slider.
The researchers sought some advice from the

faculty, and they have suggested glancing through some
tutorials of DIY electronic time-lapse to get concise details
contributory to the design. The researchers also have
sought some inputs from the local photographers to gather
essential specifications of creating electronic time-lapse
slider device.
In organizing, the proponents chose appropriate

slider, stepper motor plus its compatible shield, LCD (Liquid
Crystal Display), DSLR camera, belt and pulley, and Arduino
board that qualify the minimum requirements for the project
design. Arduino was chosen in creating Graphic User
Interface (GUI).
129
Throughout the implementation, trial and error was
applied in coding the program which links to the Arduino
board, the GUI and the stepper motor to achieve the desired
system. The proponents also have customized shutter
triggering circuit and conducted some series of tests to meet
the desired output as well. Troubleshooting was done every
time errors were encountered.
In the process of controlling, the designers monitored
the entire system from time to time to update the designs’
improvement to ensure the attainment of the plan. Finally,
following these processes makes the design project works
efficiently and effectively according to the desired project.
When the integration was done, the designers
implemented the system through testing, and it was
observed that the system functions normally after series of
tests.
POWER
SUPPLY
(12V
ARDUINO
CONTROL BOARD
Figure 1. System Flow Chart
SHUTTER
MOTOR CIRCUIT
C
Figure 1 shows the system flowchart of Electronic Time-
lapse Slider device. When the system is supplied with a 12V
DC battery, the Arduino board automatically powered on.
The board then sends signal to the controller likewise giving
power to it. Depending upon the users’ inputs, data will be
sent to the boards’ memory. The Arduino board will send
output signals to the stepper motor and to the shutter circuit
as well, thus completing the flow of the system to capture
desired number of images in a given time.
Description of Equipment
Figure 2. DSLR (Digital Single-Lens Reflex) Camera

The DSLR camera used for acquiring images (Figure 2)
Figure 3. Sevenoak Camera Slider
131
A 1200cm slider retrofitted with Nema 17 stepper motor,
20-tooth 20x2mm pulley on one end and a string of GT2
belt between them (Figure 3)
Figure 4. Controller
The Controller composed of Arduino board, motor shield,
LCD for display and 3x4 matrix keypad for users’ inputs
(Figure 4).
Findings of the System

Some significant things were found out along the
implementation of the design. The researchers discovered
that the system must need a fully charged 12 V DC battery
in order to secure flawless operation. For the system to
operate, a range of 9V-12V must be supplied which depends
upon the minimum and maximum holding voltage rating of
the board.
It was also found out that the motor whimpers if
manually reversed for prior new operation. In the research,
the proponents use stepper motor. To fix the issue, the
software is utilized in performing the automatic reverse
operation.
In the design, the proponents used Arduino Mega

2560. A board that is far better because of its multiple
inputs. It is noticed that if the motors’ speed is increased or
having a longer time-lapse operation, its’ microcontroller
heats up. This unavoidable occurrence is simply because of
the motor in which most of its power depends on the signal
and power generated by the board.
There were also significant things found in

programming the software implementation. The researchers
used the Arduino since it is more specific and less
complicated in terms of commands and coding schemes.
During the period of programming the software and upon
implementing it after, there were problems encountered.
There were certain inputs which give undesired outputs.
During several trials, the motor starts to vibrate, but found
out that after each trial, the supply must be removed or
turned off first before attaching into the board to recalibrate
the motor from its default calibration. Inputs that ranges
100 and upwards of frames will result whimpering of the
motor. This is because the variable which holds the value of
the motors’ speed is declared as an integer, thus giving a
negative value. By modifying and creating specific functions
of the program implemented, those issues were soon
resolved.
133
Cost and Benefits Analysis
The table compares of the CineDrive Motion Control
and Electronic Time-lapse Slider.
Electronic
CineDrive Motion
Time-lapse
Control
Slider.
¥ Has 5ft Slider ¥ Uses 3.94 ft

Specificatio (1.524 meters) slider (1.2
ns meters)
¥ Includes 3-axis
CineDrive system ¥ Stepper
motor’s
¥ Support PC shaft steps
requirements – 1.8° full step
(OS: Windows 7, (200 steps
Service Pack 1) full
(Screen revolution)
resolution: 1366
x 768) (CPU: Intel ¥ Motor’s
i3, 2 GHz) holding
(Memory: 4 GB) weight is
4.5kg
¥ Vertical Weight
Capacities ¥ Maximum
50 Series: 7.5 lbs. number of
200 Series: 30 lbs. frames is
900
¥ Motor Dynamic
Speed Ranges
(Horizontal):
50 Series: 13.96"
per second (35.46
cm per second)
50 Series with
Speed Doubler
Pulley: 27.92" per
second (70.92 cm
per second)
¥ Wireless iPad & ¥ Have a

Features Windows controller
untethered device
control retrofitted
with GUI
¥ Pan and tilt interface
motor options controllable
by buttons
¥ Can be used for
horizontal to ¥ Database
vertical slider oriented
orientations. system
¥ Working via a ¥ Monitors
wired or wireless and counts
connection (tether specified
ed) and continue inputs
working after even through
if disconnected display
Windows or iPad
device
(untethered)
135
¥ Allows users to
connect up to 4
devices to one
CineDrive brain
and control moves
¥ Multi-axis camera
motion control
system
¥ For live-action,
time-lapse or stop-
motion.
¥ Database oriented
system
Cost Ø Php Ø Php

124,199.61 14,266.
(camera not included) 00
(camera not
included)
Electronic Time-lapse Slider
Electronic Time-lapse Slider
CineDrive Motion Control

CineDrive Motion Control
Both systems were compared in terms of their key

features Bothandsystems
cost value. were In compared
some aspects, in termsthe of CineDrive
their key
features and cost value. In some aspects, the
THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College CineDrive
137
THE PENDULUM:
Volume 13 | Issue 1 | The
2018 | Print
Official ISSN 2467-6527
Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 137
137
Motion Control has greater reliability compared to the
designed project because of its functions. One of the
differences between systems is that CineDrive Motion
Control can be use for live-action, time-lapse or stop-
motion while Electronic Time-lapse Slider features only
time-lapse application. The two systems are both efficient
for it’s built to give users robust keyframe motion control
at their fingertips. The advantage of Electronic Time-lapse
Slider is that it is low-cost yet economical on the other hand
the disadvantage of CineDrine Motion Control is that it is
very costly. Both systems are user-friendly devices, requires
lesser maintenance and lightweight.
CONCLUSION
The designers conclude that project Electronic Time-

lapse Slider is a functional system used to help
photographers and time-lapse makers in acquiring better
images automatically.
In accordance with its monetary budget, the design

is much cheaper than the compared system because of its
components being used. Unlike the CineDrive which has
revolutionary multi axis camera motion control, the
design only uses Graphical User Interface which is
applicable only for time-lapse.
The reliability of the design is not that efficient

compared to CineDrive Motion Control system. It is
realized further that the components being used really
affect the output of the whole system. This only means
that there are still imperfections in the design and even
though it is functional, it is still not qualified to compete
in the market’s existing products.
In the period of the study, the proponents learned

about basic programming using the Arduino that helps
creating wide ideas in managing other functions and
purposes that can be made through logical research. The
analytic and synthetic thinking of the science of electronics
aids each proponent to come up with the desired design
project according to all its objectives.
139
REFERENCES
Online (e-sources)
http://bart.sys.virginia.edu/hci/CT/Components.asp
http://bart.sys.virginia.edu/hci/CT/Driving%20the%20Camera.a
sp
https://diylaparoscopy.wordpress.com/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4198645/
http://nezhat.com/laparoscopy-myths/
http://nezhat.com/laparoscopy/
http://www.celebrationsurgeons.com/news-room/press-
releases/video-games-help-doctors-improve-surgical-skills
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone
.0057372#pone.0057372-1
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23467109
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S17439191130
00599
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Surgery/GeneralSurgery/5089
http://www.laparoscopyhospital.com/HD-Endoscopic-
Camera.html
http://www.laparoscopic.md/instruments/laparoscope
http://www.surgical-science.com/company-news/news-from-
surgical-science/denmark-simulation/
141
142

Research Journal The Pendulum 2018 Compressed

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Research Journal The Pendulum 2018 Compressed

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THE PENDULUM

Print ISSN 2467-6527

The Pendulum is a compendium of student-research outputs

Dr. Evelyn P. Saludes

Dr. Gina Fe G. Israel

Engr. Randy E. Angelia

Dr. Nestor C. Nabe Dr. Amelie L. Chico

THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 3

About the Title

© 2018 URJ. All rights reserved

Publisher The University of Mindanao

UM Tagum College, Undergraduate Research Journal

4 THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 4

In this issue, the journal highlights the six researches

Moreover, the team of Dominic Joseph D. Galon,

In addition, the group of Jenefe S. Tactaquin, Ace

THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 5

Lastly, the group of Keene Clyde T. Agliam, Ruel O.

One of the academic core functions of the research

6 THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 6

Children in The Mist: A Phenomenological Study 8

Crime Prevention and Reduction Strategies 39

Juvenile Delinquency: A Phenomenological 52

Life in Maximum Prison: Stories of 84

Laparoscopic Surgery Simulator Trainer Set 115

Electronic Time – Lapse Slider 126

THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 7

Debie G. Filipinas1, Mariel D. Sadji1, Dexie Mary P. Tacuban1,

This phenomenological study entitled “Children in the mist: A

Keywords: Criminal Justice Education, minors, solvent users,

8 THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 8

Minors who are abusing solvents are not a new

THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 9

1. What are the reasons of these children in using solvents?

This introduces the methodology used in this

10 THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 10

In this phenomenological study, the participants were

There were representations of minor solvent users,

Raagas (2010) suggested that a purpose sampling of

THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 11

12 THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 12

The following steps were employed in gathering the

After transcribing the focus group interview,

THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 13

14 THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 14

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The participants answered the same sets of questions

THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 15

16 THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 16

THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 17

Table 2. Essential Themes and Core Ideas of Informant’s

Essential Themes Core Ideas

Craved leading to ¥ My friends but sometimes I

Escaped from the ¥ The effect in my life was, I act

Crave Leading to Addiction

Escaped from the Problems

THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 21

Table 3. Essential Themes and Core Ideas on How did they

Casted Away ¥ My friends avoid me because

Felt uneasy and ¥ I crave and feel uneasy. I

THE PENDULUM: The Official Undergraduate Research Journal of UM Tagum College 23

¥ It is hard because if I don’t

Uninhibited to Show some Actions