UNIT 1

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or

software think intelligently.
• According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and
engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.
• AI is about studying how human brain thinks and how humans learn, decide, and work
while trying to solve a problem.
• Then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and
systems.
• AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such
as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.

Philosophy of AI

The philosophy of artificial intelligence is a branch of the philosophy of technology that explores
artificial intelligence and its knowledge and understanding of intelligence, ethics and free will.

The philosophy of artificial intelligence attempts to answer these questions

• Can a machine act intelligently? Can it solve any problem that a person would slove by
thinking?
• Are human intelligence and machine intelligence the same?
• Can a machine have a mind, mental status in the same sense as the human being?Can a
machine think and behave like humans do?”

Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in machines
that we find and regard high in humans.

Goals of AI

• To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn,
demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
• To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that understand,
think, learn, and behave like humans.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

• Develop problem-solving ability. ...
• Incorporate knowledge representation. ...
• Facilitate planning. ...

1
• Allow continuous learning. ...
• Encourage social Intelligence. ...
• Promote creativity. ...
• Achieve general intelligence. ...
• Promote synergy between humans and AI.

1. Develop problem-solving ability

• AI systems offer methods to deal with uncertain situations or handle the incomplete
information.

2
 • The problem-solving ability of AI makes our lives easier as complex tasks can be
assigned to reliable AI systems that can aid in simplifying critical jobs.

2. Incorporate knowledge representation

• AI research revolves around the idea of knowledge representation and knowledge
engineering.

3. Facilitate planning
Intelligent agents provide a way to predict the future. AI-driven planning determines a
procedural course of action for a system to achieve its goals and optimizes overall performance
through predictive analytics, data analysis, forecasting, and optimization models.

4. Allow continuous learning

• Learning implies the ability of computer algorithms to improve the knowledge of an AI
program though observations and past experiences

• AI primarily uses two learning models–supervised and unsupervised–where the main

distinction lies in using labeled datasets. As AI systems learn independently, they require
minimal or no human intervention. For example, ML defines an automated learning
process.

5. Encourage social Intelligence

Affective computing, also called ’emotion AI,’ is the branch of AI that recognizes, interprets,
and simulates human experiences, feelings, and emotions.

6. Promote creativity
AI promotes creativity and artificial thinking that can help humans accomplish tasks better.

Programming Without and With AI

The programming without and with AI is different in following ways −

Programming Without AI Programming With

AI

A computer program without AI can answer the specific questions it is A computer program
meant to solve. with AI can answer
the generic questions
it is meant to solve.

AI programs can
Modification in the program leads to change in its structure.
absorb new

3
 modifications by
putting highly
independent pieces
of information
together. Hence you
can modify even a
minute piece of
information of
program without
affecting its
structure.

Modification is not quick and easy. It may lead to affecting the program Quick and Easy
adversely. program
modification.

AI Techniques

In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties −

• Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.

• It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
• It keeps changing constantly.
AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that −

• It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.

• It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
• It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.
AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped with.

ELEMENTS OF AI
The key elements of AI include:

• Natural language processing (NLP)

• Expert systems
• Robotics
• Intelligent agents
• Computational intelligence

4
 Natural Language Processing

NLP is a branch of AI that allows machines to use and understand human language.
• It is built into products such as automatic language translators used in multilingual
conferences, text-to-speech translation, speech-to-text translation, and knowledge
extraction from text.

Recent applications of NLP in the oil and gas industry include:

• Extracting information from the details of production, which can be used to improve operational
efficiency
• Interacting with machines to troubleshoot unexpected problems in a timely and accurate manner

Expert Systems

• Expert systems are machines or software applications that provide explanation and advice
to users through a set of rules provided by an expert.
• Examples of this are found in the fields of medicine, pharmacy, law, food science, and
engineering, and maintenance. In the oil and gas industry

Examples of expert system applications in the oil and gas industry include:

• Drilling planner to advise on choosing drilling bits and their speed of rotation, mud weight, and
geo steering based on geological information

5
 Robotics

• Intelligent robots are mechanical structures in various shapes that are programmed to
perform specific tasks based on human instructions.
• Depending on the environment of use (land, air, and sea), they are called drones and
rovers.

Intelligent Agents

• Multi-agent systems (MAS) are a subfield of AI that builds systems capable of making
decisions and take actions autonomously.

• These systems are capable of maintaining information about their environment and
making decisions based on their perception about the state of the environment, their past
experiences, and their objectives.

• Agents can also interface with other agents to collaborate on common goals.

Uses of MAS include:

• Managing supply chain

• Addressing various production- and maintenance-related tasks
• Processing and managing the distributed nature of the oil and gas business
• Verifying, validating, and securing data streams in complex process pipelines
• Getting insights from data to increase operational efficiency
• Scheduling maintenance
• Preventing theft and fraud.

Computational Intelligence

• Computational Intelligence is the aspect of AI that focuses on utilizing and deriving value
from data.
• It uses the knowledge-discovery and data-mining processes to develop ML workflows to
learn from historical data and predict future events.

6
INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence is the ability of a system to calculate reason, learn from experience, store and retrieve
information from memory, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural language
fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.

Types of Intelligence

Intelligence Description Example

The ability to speak, recognize, and

use mechanisms of phonology
Linguistic intelligence Narrators, Orators
(speech sounds), syntax (grammar),
and semantics (meaning).

The ability to create, communicate

Musicians,
with, and understand meanings
Musical intelligence Singers,
made of sound, understanding of
Composers
pitch, rhythm.

The ability of use and understand

relationships in the absence of Mathematicians,
Logical-mathematical intelligence
action or objects. Understanding Scientists
complex and abstract ideas.

The ability to perceive visual or

spatial information, change it, and
Map readers,
re-create visual images without
Spatial intelligence Astronauts,
reference to the objects, construct
Physicists
3D images, and to move and rotate
them.

The ability to use complete or part

of the body to solve problems or
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence fashion products, control over fine Players, Dancers
and coarse motor skills, and
manipulate the objects.

The ability to distinguish among

Intra-personal intelligence one’s own feelings, intentions, and Gautam Buddhha
motivations.

The ability to recognize and make Mass

Interpersonal intelligence distinctions among other people’s Communicators,
feelings, beliefs, and intentions. Interviewers

7
We can say a machine or a system is artificially intelligent when it is equipped with at least one
and at most all intelligences in it.
Intelligence Composed of:
The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of −

• Reasoning
• Learning
• Problem Solving
• Perception
• Linguistic Intelligence

• Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgment, making
decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types −
Inductive Reasoning Deductive
Reasoning

It starts with a
general
statement and
examines the
It conducts specific observations to makes broad general statements. possibilities
to reach a
specific,
logical
conclusion.

Even if all of the premises are true in a statement, inductive reasoning allows for If something
the conclusion to be false. is true of a
class of things
in general, it
is also true for
all members
of that class.

8
 Example −
"All women
of age above
60 years are
Example − "Nita is a teacher. Nita is studious. Therefore, All teachers are grandmothers.
studious." Shalini is 65
years.
Therefore,
Shalini is a
grandmother."
• Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practising, being
taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects of the
study.
The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-enabled systems.
Learning is categorized as −
o Auditory Learning − It is learning by listening and hearing. For example, students
listening to recorded audio lectures.
o Episodic Learning − to learn by remembering sequences of events that one has
witnessed or experienced.
o Motor Learning − It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For example,
picking objects, Writing, etc.
o Observational Learning − to learn by watching and imitating others.
o Perceptual Learning − It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has seen before.
For example, identifying and classifying objects and situations.
o Spatial Learning − It is learning through visual stimuli such as images, colors,
maps, etc. For Example, A person can create roadmap in mind before actually
following the road.
o Stimulus-Response Learning − It is learning to perform a particular behavior when
a certain stimulus is present. For example, a dog raises its ear on hearing doorbell.
• Problem Solving − Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process
of selecting the best suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal
are available.
• Perception − It is the process of acquiring, selecting, and organizing sensory information.
Perception presumes sensing
Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the verbal
and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.

Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence

• Humans understand by patterns whereas the machines understand by set of rules and data.
• Humans store and recall information by patterns; machines do it by searching algorithms.
• Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is missing or distorted;
whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.