13

13 Lab 5: Statistical Analysis

Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

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 Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

LAB 5: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS..............................................................................................................13-1

13.1 OBJECTIVES:............................................................................................................................. 13-5
13.2 SOME SCHEMATIC UPDATES:..................................................................................................... 13-5
13.2.1 Sources and Terminations:........................................................................................................13-5
13.2.2 Simulation Setup Update:..........................................................................................................13-6
13.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS – THE BASICS:......................................................................................13-6
13.3.1 Setup Stochastic variables:........................................................................................................13-7
13.3.2 Setup Statistical Analysis Specifications (Yield Spec):.............................................................13-8
13.3.3 Setup Statistical Analysis (Yield Controller):...........................................................................13-8
13.3.4 Perform Statistical Analysis Simulation:..................................................................................13-9
13.3.4.1 Run a Single Point Simulation:.....................................................................................................13-9
13.3.4.2 Simulate the Yield analysis:........................................................................................................13-10
13.3.5 Display Statistical Analysis Results:.......................................................................................13-10
13.3.5.1 Display Yield Value:...................................................................................................................13-10
13.3.5.2 List Performance vs. MC Trial:...................................................................................................13-11
13.3.5.3 Plot Performance vs. MCTrial:...................................................................................................13-11
13.3.5.4 Plot Statistical Variable vs. MCTrial:.........................................................................................13-13
13.3.5.5 Histogram Representations:........................................................................................................13-13
13.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS – MULTIPLE VARIABLES, MULTIPLE SPECS:........................................13-14
13.4.1 Add Statistical Variables:........................................................................................................13-15
13.4.2 Add Yield Specifications:.........................................................................................................13-15
13.4.3 Display the Results:.................................................................................................................13-17
13.4.3.1 Yield:...........................................................................................................................................13-17
13.4.3.2 Performance and Variables vs. Monte Carlo Trial:....................................................................13-17
13.4.3.3 Histograms:..................................................................................................................................13-19
13.4.3.4 Statistical Distribution Graphical Display:.................................................................................13-20
13.4.4 Statistical Analysis for a Larger Lot:......................................................................................13-20
13.5 REVIEW OF LAB5:................................................................................................................... 13-22

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Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

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 Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

13.1 Objectives:

 Assign statistical variation to specified receiver parameters

 Perform yield analysis of receiver to observe worst case variations of gain and noise
figure as parameter values vary

13.2 Some Schematic Updates:

13.2.1 Sources and Terminations:

1. Open the project d:\users\ads\CommSys_Lab5_prj.

2. Open the design “a_rcvr”.

3. “Save As…” the design with the new name “b_rcvr_yld_basics”.

4. Remove the following items:

- “P_1Tone” sources on RF and LO inputs

- “AC” controller

5. Add a “Term” item (to ground) to the input port (RF port). Set its parameters:

 Instance Name to RF_Port

 Num to 1

6. Set the parameters for the output termination (IF port):

 Num to 2

7. From the “Sources-Freq Domain” library, add a “V_1Tone” source to the LO

input. Connect a ground to its negative terminal. Set its parameters:

 Instance Name to LO_Port

 Freq to LO_freq – units set to None

S-parameter analysis with frequency conversion requires a V_1Tone source for the local
oscillator (P_1Tone is considered a port for S parameters calculations, so it would increase
the S matrix dimensions with 1, from 2x2 to 3x3).

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Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

13.2.2 Simulation Setup Update:

Insert the S-parameter controller from the “Simulation-S_Param” library. Set the parameters:

a. Under “Frequency” tab:

 Sweep Type to Single point

 Frequency to RF_freq – units set to None

b. Under “Parameters” tab:

 Enable AC frequency conversion to ON (check box)

c. Under “Noise” tab:

 Calculate noise to ON (check box)

d. Under “Display” tab:

 FreqConversion to ON (check box)

 CalcNoise to ON (check box)

 Freq to ON (check box)

 all others to OFF (remove check from box, if the case)

Save the design (should already have the name “rcver_yld_basics”).

13.3 Statistical Analysis – the Basics:

The statistical analysis requires setting up statistical variables and measurements. The simple
case of a single statistical variable and a single yield specification is not very common in real
life, and hence not that useful in day by day engineering practice. But this case will be used
to show the basic concepts and steps needed to perform this type of analysis:

- setup statistical (stochastic) variables

- setup yield specifications

- setup yield analysis process control.

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 Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

13.3.1 Setup Stochastic variables:

Add statistical variation to the LNA noise figure:

1. Edit the parameters of the component LNA (double click on it, for example).

2. Select the “NF” parameter and select the “Optimization/Statistics Setup” button.

3. Select the “Statistics” tab and set the following parameters:

 Statistics Status to Enabled

The LNA noise figure may vary between 2.0 and 3.0 dB, with all values in that range being
equally probable. To specify this condition set the following parameters:

 Type to Uniform

 Format to min/max

 Nominal value to 2.5 dB

 Minimum value to 2.0 dB

 Maximum value to 3.0 dB.

4. Click OK in the setup box and OK in the main dialog box. The newly edited
component should appear as shown below.

Amplifie r
LNA
S 21=dbpola r(12,0)
S 11=pola r(0,0)
S 22=0+j*0
S 12=0.
NF=2.5 dB s ta t{ uniform 2 dB to 3 dB }
Save the design (it should already have the name “b_rcvr_yld_basics”).

13.3.2 Setup Statistical Analysis Specifications (Yield Spec):

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Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

Insert the “YieldSpec” component from the “Optim/Stat/Yield” component library. Set the
yield specification parameters as follows:

 Expr to nf(2)

 SimInstanceName to SP1 (name of the S-par controller)

 Min to leave blank

No minimum noise figure specification is required

 Max to 5 _dB

Leave the remaining fields blank. Be sure to add the yield specification item to the
schematic.

13.3.3 Setup Statistical Analysis (Yield Controller):

1. Place a “Yield” element from the “Optim/Stat/Yield” library. Edit the parameters of the
Yield Controller:

a. Under “Setup” tab:

 Yield Spec to Spec1

Click on the arrow in the field at the right of the dialog box. Below the Edit text,
select “Spec1” and select the “Add” or “Set” button to specify the instance name
“Spec1”.

 Number of iterations to 100.

b. Under Parameters tab:

 check all three boxes under the “Data to save” heading.

Click OK and add the yield controller to the schematic.

5. Verify that the completed YieldSpec and Yield items appear as shown.

6. Save the design (the name should already be set to “b_rcvr_yld_basics”).

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 Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

YieldS pec Yield

S pec1 Yield1
Expr="nf(2)" NumIters =100
S imIns tanceNa me="SP1" PPT_Mode=none
Min= Sha dowModelType=none
Max=5 _dB See d=
Weight= SaveSolns =yes
S ave= SaveRa ndVa rs =yes
Range Var[1]= SaveSpecs =yes
Range Min[1]= YieldSpe cNa me[1]="S pec1"
Range Max[1]= Status Le vel=2

13.3.4 Perform Statistical Analysis Simulation:

13.3.4.1 Run a Single Point Simulation:

Before running a yield analysis on the receiver, it would be desirable to perform a single-
point simulation and observe the noise figure.

1. Deactivate the “YieldSpec” and “Yield” items

2. Simulate - the dataset name should default to “b_rcvr_yld_basics”.

3. Display the data:

a. Open a new DDS window and select the default dataset “b_rcvr_yld_basics”.

b. Insert a “List” with the measurement “nf(2)” and check the “Suppress Table
Format” box under the “Plot Options” tab in the “Plot Traces and Attributes”
window.

fre q nf(2)
836.5MHz 5.199

This is the noise figure from port 1 to port 2.

4. Record the receiver noise figure below and check its value against the receiver
budget noise figure computed in Lab 2.

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Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

Receiver noise figure = ______ dB Receiver budget noise figure = ______ dB

Save the data display with the new name “b_rcvr_yld_basics” (“Save As…”).

13.3.4.2 Simulate the Yield analysis:

1. Activate the “YieldSpec” and “Yield” items.

2. Simulate with the same dataset name (“b_rcv_yld_basics”).

Yield analysis will be performed with the LNA noise figure being randomly perturbed for
each of the 100 iterations. Look at the text in the Status window as the yield analysis is
running.

13.3.5 Display Statistical Analysis Results:

13.3.5.1 Display Yield Value:

When the simulation is finished, find the Current Yield expressed in percent (this is actually
the final yield) and record the yield below:

Receiver yield = ______ %

The yield value can be displayed in the data display window. Use the same data display
window (named “b_rcvr_yld_basics”). Bring in a “List” item and display the variable named
“YIELD” (it usually appears near the end of the list of variables).

Yie ld
17.000

Note that Yield is displayed directly in percentage (17%).

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 Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

13.3.5.2 List Performance vs. MC Trial:

The ADS allows yield analysis data to be displayed in a variety of ways.

In the “b_rcvr_yld_basics” data display window look at the “List” item displaying the
variable nf(2). Check the “Transpose Data” box under the “Plot Options” tab. Click on the
lower right corner of the list bounding box and drag it downward until the first five trials
appear. The list should look similar to the figure shown:

nf(2)
mcTrial
fre q=836500000.000
0 5.199
1 4.976
2 5.197
3 4.947
4 5.307

Note a new parameter called mcTrial (Monte Carlo trial) which appears in the list.

QUESTION: Note the random variation of the noise figure over the first five trials of yield
analysis. What is the yield value for those first five trials?

Yield (first five trials) = ______ %

13.3.5.3 Plot Performance vs. MCTrial:

1. The DDS equation feature allows the dataset contents to be post-processed per the
user’s requirements. One such application is viewing performance (in this case -
noise figure) vs. yield analysis trial on a grid. Write the following equation in a DDS
window:

nf_vs_trial = nf(2)[::,0]

NOTE about syntax: As a general rule, a dataset contains multi-dimensional data, i.e. data
that is a function of several independent parameters. If only a subset of data is desired for
display, indices must be used to specify the data subset. (Please review the Data Indexing,
the “::” operator in Lab. 2, if needed.) Wildcards are supported when an entire subset is
desired using the following syntax:

[::,0] - The first argument indicates the yield analysis trials. If all the data for all trials is
desired, the :: wildcard is used. If the data for just the 7th trial was desired, the :: would be
replaced by 7. The second argument is the frequency index. Since there is just one input
frequency (RF frequency = 836.5 MHz), its index is “0”.

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Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

2. Add the equation to a rectangular plot. The plot should look similar to the one
pictured below:

Eqn nf_vs _tria l=nf(2)[::,0]

5.6

5.4
nf_vs _tria l

5.2

5.0

4.8
0 20 40 60 80 100

mcTrial

Note the random appearance of the noise figure data as a function of yield analysis trial.
This is due to the uniform variation of the LNA noise figure and the random nature of the
Monte Carlo process.

3. Another way to display this is described here. Open a new “Rectangular Plot”
item. Use the “Add Vs…” button to plot the “nf(2)” as a function of
“YIELD.mcTrial”. The plot should look like this:

5.6

5.4
nf(2)

5.2

5.0

4.8
0 20 40 60 80 100

YIELD.mcTrial

Note the plots in the last two steps are identical (they represent the same function). The last
two steps show two different ways to display the same thing.

13.3.5.4 Plot Statistical Variable vs. MCTrial:

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 Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

In the DDS window, insert a new “Rectangular Plot” and display the “NF” variable.

3.0

2.8

NF 2.6

2.4

2.2

2.0
0 20 40 60 80 100

mcTria l

13.3.5.5 Histogram Representations:

The histogram is built in the data display window, using the “histogram” function.

Place the following equations in the data display window:

Eqn his t_NF=his togra m(NF)

Eqn his t_nf2=his togra m(nf(2)[::,0])

Add two “Rectangular Plot”’s and display the two previously defined equations (scroll down
to the “Equations” position). The results should look like the one in the figure.

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Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

Eqn his t_NF=his togra m(NF)

Eqn his t_nf2=his togra m(nf(2)[::,0])

20

15
his t_NF

10

0
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2

indep(his t_NF)

20

15
his t_nf2

10

0
4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

indep(his t_nf2)

Save the data display (the name should already be “b_rcvr_yld_basics”.

13.4 Statistical Analysis – Multiple Variables, Multiple Specs:

In real life, there are multiple stochastic variables that contribute to the overall statistical
distribution, not only one. Also, there are multiple “objectives”, identified by yield
specifications that define the pass/fail test of a product.

As an example, the case of two statistical variables and two yield specifications is shown.

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 Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

13.4.1 Add Statistical Variables:

The gain of the LNA will be defined as a new statistical variable.

1. “Save As…” the schematic with the new name “c_rcvr_yld”.

2. Add a “VAR” item (name it “Statistical_Variables”) and define a new variable

named “lna_gain”; set the parameters for this variable.

The Edit Parameters window can be used, or the information can be typed in directly on the
schematic (use the stat function and curly braces):

lna_gain = 12 stat { gauss +/- 5%}

 Statstics to Enabled

 Type to Gaussian

 Format to +/- Delta%

 Nominal Value to 12 _dB

 Delta % to 5

3. Set the S21 parameter of the LNA

 S21 to dbpolar (lna_gain,0).

13.4.2 Add Yield Specifications:

1. Insert another YieldSpec. Its name should default to “Spec2”.

2. Set “Spec2” parameters:

 Expr to “dB(S21)”

 SiminstanceName to “SP1” (name of S-param controller)

 Min to 25 _dB

The two yield specifications should appear as shown.

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Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

YieldS pec YieldS pec

Spec1 S pec2
Expr="nf(2)" Expr="dB(S 21)"
SimIns tanceName="SP 1" S imIns tanceName="S P1"
Min= Min=25 _dB
Max=5 _dB Max=
Weight= Weight=
Save= S ave=
RangeVar[1]= RangeVar[1]=
RangeMin[1]= RangeMin[1]=
RangeMax[1]= RangeMax[1]=

3. In the Yield controller, go to the Setup tab add Spec2 to the Yield Specs field.

Yie ld
Yie ld1
NumIte rs =100
P P T_Mode =none
S ha dowMode lType =none
S e e d=
S a ve S olns =ye s
S a ve Ra ndVa rs =ye s
S a ve S pe cs =ye s
Yie ldS pe cNa me [1]="S pe c2"
Yie ldS pe cNa me [2]="S pe c1"
S ta tus Le ve l=2

4. Run the simulation

Note the final yield in the Status window and record the yield value:

Yield = _____ %

QUESTION: Why has the yield decreased from the yield found in the previous yield
analysis?

_______________________________________________________________________

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 Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

13.4.3 Display the Results:

13.4.3.1 Yield:

1. Open a new data display window. Make sure the default data set is “c_rcvr_yld”
and save the window with the name “c_rcvr_yld”.

2. Bring in a “List” item and display the Yield.

Yie ld
29.000

13.4.3.2 Performance and Variables vs. Monte Carlo Trial:

1. Write the equations:

Eqn nf_vs _tria l=nf(2)[::,0]

Eqn ga in_vs _tria l=dB(S 21[::,0])

2. Use a stacked plot to display:

- the variables: - NF

- lna_gain

- and the performance: - receiver noise figure

- receiver gain

as a function of yield analysis trial.

These plots can be used to identify, if necessary, the value combinations of the statistical
variables that generate the worst-cases performance parameter values. It would be necessary
to zoom in the graphics to make a more accurate determination in the case of a large number
of trials.

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Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

Yie ld
27.000

Eqn nf_vs _trial=nf(2)[::,0]

Eqn gain_vs _trial=dB(S 21[::,0])

3.0
NF

2.5

2.0

14

13
lna _ga in

12

11

10

6.0
nf_vs _tria l

5.5

5.0

4.5

27
ga in_vs _tria l

26

25

24
0 20 40 60 80 100

mcTria l

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 Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

13.4.3.3 Histograms:

In the data display window, write the equations:

Eqn his t_NF=his togram(NF)

Eqn his t_lna_gain=his togram(lna_gain)

Eqn his t_nf2=his togram(nf(2)[::,0])

Eqn his t_rx_gain=his togram(dB(S 21[::,0]))

Bring in individual “Rectangular Plot”’s and display the four equations.

20 30

15
20
his t_nf2
his t_NF

10

10
5

0 0
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0

indep(his t_NF) indep(his t_nf2)

25
25

20
20
his t_lna_gain

his t_rx_gain

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
10.5 11.0 11 .5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14 .0 24.0 24 .5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26 .5 27.0 27.5
indep(his t_lna _ga in) indep(his t_rx_gain)

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Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

13.4.3.4 Statistical Distribution Graphical Display:

The gaussian distribution of lna_gain can be seen by a scatter plot. In the DDS window, use
Add Vs to plot mcTrial on the y axis vs. lna_gain on the x axis. Select the measurement,
and press the Trace Options button. Select the Trace Type tab, and specify a Scatter plot.
The graph should appear similar to the one below:

100

80
YIELD.mcTria l

60

40

20

0
10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5
lna _ga in
QUESTION: The gaussian nature of lna_gain can be discerned from the plot. What type
of appearance would the plot have if a uniform distribution was specified for lna_gain?

13.4.4 Statistical Analysis for a Larger Lot:

The results of statistical measurements in real-life are meaningful for large enough lots.
Consequently, the statistical analysis simulations must run for a sufficiently high number of
trials in order for the results to have statistical meaning. This is equivalent with a large real-
life lot of products.

The previous simulations used only 100 trials, which is not enough. In the schematic window
increase the number of trials (specified in the “Yield” controller) to 1000 trials. Re-run the
simulation and look at the results in the data display window.

The data display window should appear as shown here.

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 Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

Note the noise figure histogram is looking “almost” flat. This is consistent with the definition
of the NF statistical variable, which is defined as having a uniform distribution. Hence, its
histogram should look as a constant (if the number of trials is sufficiently large).

As opposed to NF, the histogram of the lna_gain looks like a Gaussian distribution, which
exactly the distribution assigned to this variable.

As expected, the results are more “meaningful” from the statistical point of view.

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Lab 5: Receiver Yield Analysis

13.5 Review of Lab5:

In this lab, yield analysis was performed to observe the system performance as parameter
values were randomly varied with a defined probability distribution function. Yield
specifications were defined to reflect the system specification for noise figure and gain of the
receiver. The yield performance was observed relative to the yield specifications defined.

This is a useful tool for evaluating the worst case performance of a system. It is also very
useful for evaluating the statistical performance of the system before the design goes into
production. Performing statistical analysis in the design stage can be very cost effective
relative to modifying a design after it has already gone to production.

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