A STUDY ON DERIATIVES AND THEIR APPLICATION

Submitted by:
UMESH BIKRAM SHAH
Grade: ‘XII’
Faculty: Science ‘P2’
Roll: ‘44’
Submitted to:
Department of Mathematics

Triton International SS/College

Subidhanagar, Tinkune, Kathmandu
ABSTRACT;

;
 INTRODUCTION
Derivative, in mathematics, the rate of change of a function with respect to a
variable. Derivatives are fundamental to the solution of problems in calculus and
differential equations.
The derivative is the first of the two main tools of calculus (the second being the
integral). The derivative is the instantaneous rate of change of a function at a point
in its domain. This is the same thing as the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
the function at that point. In order to give a rigorous definition for the derivative,
we need the concept of limit introduced in the preceding section. Given a
function f, we can define a derivative function f' to take on the value of the
derivative of f  at each point in the domain.
Once we have taken the derivative of a function f , we can take the derivative
again. This is called the second derivative of the original function f, and equals the
"instantaneous rate of change of the instantaneous rate of change" of f. 
History/Background:
Sir Isaac Newton was a mathematician and scientist, and he was the first person
who is credited with developing calculus. It is is an incremental development, as
many other mathematicians had part of the idea. Newton’s teacher, Isaac Barrow,
said “the fundamental theorem of calculus” was present in his writings but
somehow he didn’t realize the significance of it nor highlight it. As Newton’s
teacher, his pupil presumably learned things from him. Fermat invented some of
the early concepts associated with calculus: finding derivatives and finding the
maxima and minima of equations. Many other mathematicians contributed to both
the development of the derivative and the development of the integral.
Newton was, apparently, pathologically averse to controversy. Ironically, the
person who was so averse to it ended up embroiled in the biggest controversy in
mathematics history about a discovery in mathematics. It was a cause and effect
that was not an accident; it was his aversion that caused the controversy.
The controversy surrounds Newton’s development of the concept of
calculus during the middle of the 1660s. Between 1664 and 1666, he asserts that
he invented the basic ideas of calculus. In 1669, he wrote a paper on it but refused
to publish it. He wrote two additional papers, in 1671 and 1676 on calculus, but
wouldn’t publish them. In time, these papers were eventually published. The one
he wrote in 1669 was published in 1711, 42 years later. The one he wrote in 1671
was published in 1736, nine years after his death in 1727. The paper he wrote in
1676 was published in 1704. None of his works on calculus were published until
the 18th century, but he circulated them to friends and acquaintances, so it was
known what he had written. This wasn’t just hearsay, and he used the techniques of
calculus in his scientific work
But Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently invented calculus. He invented
calculus somewhere in the middle of the 1670s. He said that he conceived of the
ideas in about 1674, and then published the ideas in 1684, 10 years later. His paper
on calculus was called “A New Method for Maxima and Minima, as Well
Tangents, Which is not Obstructed by Fractional or Irrational Quantities.” It was
six pages, extremely obscure, and was very difficult to understand