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Peristaltic transport of a generalized

Burgers’ fluid: Application to the
movement of chyme in small
intestine
Dr. Dharmendra Tripathi
Acta Astronautica

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Acta Astronautica 69 (2011) 30–38

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Acta Astronautica
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actaastro

Peristaltic transport of a generalized Burgers’ fluid: Application to

the movement of chyme in small intestine
Dharmendra Tripathi a,n, S.K. Pandey b, S. Das b
a
Mathematics Group, BITS—Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
b
Department of Applied Mathematics, IT—BHU, Varanasi 221005, India

a r t i c l e in f o abstract

Article history: The present investigation deals with the peristaltic transport of generalized Burgers’
Received 29 August 2010 fluid with fractional element model in a channel. The analysis is carried out under long
Received in revised form wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions. An efficient mathematical tool,
10 December 2010
namely, Adomian decomposition method, is used to obtain the analytical approximate
Accepted 21 December 2010
solutions of the fractional differential equation. The channel is governed by the
Available online 21 January 2011
propagation of sinusoidal waves that help the walls contract and relax but not expand
Keywords: beyond the natural boundary. The expressions of axial velocity, volume flow rate and
Peristaltic transport pressure gradient are obtained. The effects of the fractional parameters and the material
Fractional generalized Burgers’ model
constants are discussed on pressure difference and the friction force across one
Small intestine
wavelength. The comparative studies for various models of viscoelastic fluids such as
Channel flow
Adomian decomposition method fractional generalized Burgers’ model, generalized Burgers’ model, fractional Burgers’
model and Burgers’ model are performed. It is inferred that the movement of
viscoelastic chyme with generalized Burgers’ model through the small intestine is
favorable in comparison to the movement of viscoelastic chyme with fractional
generalized Burgers’ model.
& 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction experimental attempts have been made to understand

Peristalsis is of prime importance in many biological
systems involving humans and animals. It is the mechan-
ism of fluid transport that occurs when a progressive
wave of area contraction or expansion propagates along
the length of a flexible vessel. The transportation of food
bolus in esophagus, chyme in intestines, urine in the
ureters and blood through blood vessels (arteries, veins,
arterioles, venules, capillaries, etc.) are some examples of
peristaltic transport. Study of the mechanism of peristal-
sis from both the mechanical and physiological points of
view has been the object of scientific research. Since the
first investigation by Latham [1], several theoretical and
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: dtripathi.rs.apm@itbhu.ac.in (D. Tripathi).
peristaltic action. Based on his experimental work, Burns
and Parkes [2] studied the peristaltic motion of a viscous
fluid in a channel and Shapiro et al. [3] investigated the
peristaltic pumping under the assumptions of long wave-
length and low Reynolds number.
Viscoelastic fluids play an important role in fluid
mechanics and are appropriate for studying engineering
and biological applications. Viscoelastic fluids are non-
Newtonian and possess both the viscous and elastic
properties. Most of the biological fluids such as blood,
chyme and food bolus are found to be viscoelastic in
nature. Some researchers studied the peristaltic flow of
viscoelastic fluids with Maxwell model [4–10] and Jeffrey
model [11–15] through a channel/tube. They discussed
the effect of relaxation and retardation time on the
peristaltic transport. Recently, Hayat et al. [16,17] and
Hayat and Noreen [18] have studied the steady peristaltic

0094-5765/$ - see front matter & 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.12.010
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D. Tripathi et al. / Acta Astronautica 69 (2011) 30–38 31

flow of Carreau, fourth grade and Phan-Thien-Tanner defined as

fluids whereas non-steady peristaltic flow of magneto- Z t
1 f ðtÞ
hydrodynamic, micro-polar and casson fluids through J a f ðxÞ ¼ dt, a Z 0, x Z 0
GðaÞ 0 ðxtÞ1a
finite length tube have been investigated by Pandey and
Tripathi [19–21].
J 0 f ðxÞ ¼ f ðxÞ
Rheological models with fractional time derivatives have
played an important role to study the viscoelastic proper-
ties. Some authors have investigated unsteady flows of
m
viscoelastic fluids with fractional Maxwell model (FMM) Definition 2.2. Let f ðxÞ 2 c1 , m 2 N [ f0g, then the
[22–26] and fractional Oldroyd-B model (FOBM) [27–29]. Caputo fractional derivative of f(x) is defined as
They used integral transforms to obtain the expression for Dam f ðxÞ ¼ Jma f m ðxÞ, m1 o a o m, m2N
velocity field and discussed the effect of fractional para- m
d f ðxÞ
meters and viscoelastic parameters on the flow pattern. The ¼ a¼m
dxm
,
accelerated flows and simple flows of viscoelastic fluids
with the following properties:
with fractional Burgers’ model (FBM) have been presented
by Khan et al. [30] and Hayat et al. [31] who used J a Jb f ðxÞ ¼ J a þ b f ðxÞ, a, b Z0, f ðxÞ 2 cm , m Z1
respectively the Fourier sine transform and fractional
Laplace transform to find the solution. Fetecau et al. [32] Gðb þ1Þ a þ b
J a xb ¼ x , a 40, b 4 1, x 40
have determined the steady-state solutions for three types Gða þ b þ 1Þ
of unsteady oscillating flows of viscoelastic fluid with
m1
X
fractional generalized Burger’s model (FGBM) by using xk
J a Dam f ðxÞ ¼ f ðxÞ f k ð0 þ Þ , x 40, m1 o a r m
Fourier sine transform. The study on magneto-hydrody- k¼0
k!
namic pipe flow of a fractional generalized Burgers’ fluid
in a porous space using modified Darcy’s relationship has
been reported by Hayat et al. [33] and an exact solution has 3. Mathematical model
been obtained by Khan and Hayat [34].
Recently, Tripathi et al. [35] have incorporated the The constitutive equation of shear stress–strain rela-
application of fractional element models of viscoelastic tionship of generalized Burgers’ fluid with fractional
materials in the study of bio-fluids flow. They discussed model [32–34] is given by
the effects of fractional parameters and relaxation time on ! !
peristaltic flow. This result has been again extended for ~ a @a ~ a @2a ~ b @b ~ b @ 2b
1 þ l 1 a þ l 2 2a t~ ¼ 1 þ l 3 b þ l 4 2b g_ ð1Þ
generalized fractional Maxwell model, fractional second @t~ @t~ @t~ @t~
grade model and fractional Oldroyd-B model [36–38].
where t, ~ t~ , g_ , m and l~ 1 , l~ 2 , l~ 3 , l~ 4 symbolize respectively
Keeping in view the studies mentioned above, an attempt
is made to study the peristaltic transport of generalized time, shear stress, rate of shear strain, viscosity and material
Burgers’ fluid with fractional element model under the constants and a and b are the fractional parameters such
assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds num- that 0o a r b r1. This model reduces to the generalized
ber. This model is applicable to study the movement of Burgers’ model if a = b =1, it gives fractional Burgers’ model
chyme in the small intestine. Approximate analytical for l~ 4 ¼ 0and for l~ 4 ¼ 0, a = b =1, we get Burgers’ model. It
solution of the fractional differential equation is obtained reduces to fractional Oldroyd-B, fractional Maxwell, fractional
by Adomian decomposition method (ADM). The influ- second grade models, respectively, when l~ 2 ¼ l~ 4 ¼ 0,
ences of material constants and fractional parameters on l~ 2 ¼ l~ 3 ¼ l~ 4 ¼ 0, l~ 1 ¼ l~ 2 ¼ l~ 4 ¼ 0 and with a = b =1, these
pressure difference across one wavelength and friction models reduce to Oldroyd-B, Maxwell and second grade
force are discussed. The elegance of method can be models. Classical Navier–Stokes model is obtained by sub-
attributed to its simplistic approach in seeking the stituting l~ 1 ¼ l~ 2 ¼ l~ 3 ¼ l~ 4 ¼ 0.
approximate analytical solution of the problem. The governing equations of motion for incompressible
fluids are
  @t~ @t~ ~
9
r @@t~ þ u~ @@x~ þ v~ @@Z~ u~ ¼  @@px~~ þ @xx~~ x~ þ @Zx~ Z~ >
=
  ð2Þ
2. Basic definitions @t ~
~
r @@t~ þ u~ @~ þ v~ @@Z~ v~ ¼  @@Zp~~ þ Z~~ x þ @t@ZZ~~ Z~ >
~
;
@x @x

The following definitions [39] are used for solving the ~ x~ , v,

where r, u, ~ Z~ , p~ are the fluid density, velocity,
fractional differential equations:
axial coordinate, transverse velocity, transverse coordi-
nate, pressure, respectively.
Definition 2.1. The Reimann–Liouville fractional operator The physical parameters are non-dimensionalized as
of order 0r a r1 of a function f(x)Acm, m Z  1 is follows:

~ cl~ 1 cl~ 2 cl~ 3 cl~ 4

9
x ¼ xl , Z ¼ Za~ , l1 ¼ l , l2 ¼ l , l3 ¼ l , l4 ¼ l , t¼ ct~
l , u¼ u~
c =
e ð3Þ
h~ 2
Q~ d;
Re ¼ rca
f ~
v¼ v~
cd
, h¼ a , f¼ a , d ¼ la , p ¼ pa
mcl , Q¼ ac , t¼ at~
mc , m
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32 D. Tripathi et al. / Acta Astronautica 69 (2011) 30–38

where h, ~ f e , Q~ are transverse displacement of the walls, case of general fractional order linear PDE by putting time
amplitude of the wave, volume flow rate and their counter- fractional derivatives a =1 and b =1.
parts without  are the corresponding parameters in the
dimensionless form. The parameters l, a and c symbolize 4. Solution of the problem
the wavelength, the semi-width of the channel and the
wave velocity, respectively. Re stands for the Reynolds Eq. (12) is simplified as
number while d is defined as the wave number. !
a
Eqs. (2) with the help of Eqs. (1) and (3) under the @2a f l @a f 1 b @b b @
2b
þ 1a a þ a f ¼ 1 þ l3 b þ l4 2b A ð13Þ
assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number @t 2a l2 @t l2 @t @t
give rise to
    2  9 where f ðx,tÞ ¼ @p=@x and
a a a 2a b @b b @2b
1 þ l1 @t@ a þ l2 @t@ 2a @p
@x ¼ 1 þ l3 @t b þ l 4 @t 2 b
@ u =
@Z2 !
ð4Þ 3 Q þ h1 þðf=2Þ
@p
¼0 ; A¼  a
@Z l2 h3
Boundary conditions are given by with the initial condition
   
@uðx, Z,tÞ  
 @p  d @p  f ðx,0Þ ¼ 0, f uðx,0Þ ¼ 0: ð14Þ
 ¼ 0, uðx, Z,tÞ ¼ 0,  ¼ 0,  ¼0
@Z   @x  dt @x 
Z¼0 Z¼h t¼0 t¼0
Eq. (13) can be written as
ð5Þ " #
a a
2a l1 @ f 1
Integrating Eq. (4) with respect to Z, and using the first f ðx,tÞ ¼ J þ f jðtÞ ð15Þ
condition of Eq. (5), we get la2 @ta la2
! ! 
a 2a b 2b where
a @ a @ @p b @ b @ @u
1 þ l1 a þ l2 2a Z ¼ 1 þ l3 b þ l4 2b  
@t @t @x @t @t @Z t b t 2b
jðtÞ ¼ A 1 þ lb3 b
þ l4 ð16Þ
ð6Þ Gð1bÞ Gð12bÞ
Further integrating Eq. (6) from h to Z, it yields The Adomian decomposition method [41,42] assumes
! ! infinite series solutions for unknown function f(x,t) given
1 a 2a b 2b
a @ a @ @p 2 2 b @ b @ by
1 þ l1 a þ l2 2a ðZ h Þ ¼ 1 þ l3 b þ l4 2b u
2 @t @t @x @t @t
X
1
ð7Þ f ðx,tÞ ¼ fn ðx,tÞ ð17Þ
Rh n¼0
The volume flow rate is defined as Q ¼ 0 udZ, which,
by virtue of Eq. (7), reduces to where the components f0, f1, f2,y are usually determined
! ! recursively as
a 2a b 2b
h3 a @ a @ @p b @ b @
 1þ l1 a þ l2 2a ¼ 1 þ l3 b þ l4 2b Q f0 ¼ 0
3 @t @t @x @t @t " #
la1 @a f0 1
ð8Þ f1 ðx,tÞ ¼ J 2a þ f0 jðtÞ
la2 @ta la2
The transformations between the wave and the labora- " #
tory frames, in the dimensionless form, are given by 2a la1 @a f1 1
f2 ðx,tÞ ¼ J þ f1 jðtÞ
la2 @t a la2
x ¼ xt, y ¼ Z, U ¼ u1, V ¼ v, q ¼ Q h ð9Þ
^
where the left side parameters are in the wave frame and " #
2a la1 @a fn 1
the right side parameters are in the laboratory frame. fn þ 1 ðx,tÞ ¼ J þ fn jðtÞ , n Z0 ð18Þ
la2 @t a la2
The mathematical model for the geometry of peristal-
tic wall [40] in the wave frame is given by and the values are obtained as
2
h ¼ 1f cos ðpxÞ ð10Þ f0 ¼ 0,
 
The time-averaged flow rate Q is given by t 2a b t b þ 2 a b t 2b þ 2a
Z 1 Z 1 f1 ¼ A þ l3 þ l4
f Gð1 þ2aÞ Gð1b þ2aÞ Gð12b þ 2aÞ
Q¼ Q dt ¼ ðq þ hÞdt ¼ q þ1 ð11Þ  
0 0 2 t 2a b t b þ 2 a b t 2b þ 2a
f2 ¼ A þ l3 þ l4
Eq. (8), in view of Eqs. (9) and (11), gives Gð1 þ2aÞ Gð1b þ2aÞ Gð12b þ 2aÞ
    a 3a b þ 3a

@2a @p la1 @a @p 1 @p l1 t b t b t 2b þ 3a
þ þ a A a þ l3 þ l4
@t 2a @x la2 @ta @x l2 @x l2 Gð1 þ 3aÞ Gð1b þ 3aÞ Gð12b þ 3aÞ
! !
b 2b
3 b @ b @ Q þh1þ ðf=2Þ  
¼  a 1 þ l 3 b þ l 4 2b 1 t 4a b t b þ 4a b t 2b þ 4a
l2 @t @t h3 A a þ l3 þ l4
l2 Gð1 þ 4aÞ Gð1b þ 4aÞ Gð12b þ 4aÞ
ð12Þ
 
It is obvious that an integer order linear partial t 2a b t b þ 2 a b t 2b þ 2a
f3 ¼ A þ l3 þ l4
differential equation (PDE) can be viewed as a particular Gð1 þ2aÞ Gð1b þ2aÞ Gð12b þ 2aÞ
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D. Tripathi et al. / Acta Astronautica 69 (2011) 30–38 33

 
la t 3a b t b þ 3 a b t 2b þ 3a α = 1/5
A 1a þ l3 þ l4 α = 2/5
l2 Gð1 þ3aÞ Gð1b þ 3aÞ Gð12b þ 3aÞ 2
α = 3/5
! Δp α = 4/5
1
l21a 1 t 4a
b t b þ 4a Q
þA  a þ l3
l22a l2 Gð1 þ 4aÞ Gð1b þ 4aÞ
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

b t 2b þ 4a -1
þ l4
Gð12b þ 4aÞ
  -2
la t 5a b t b þ 5 a b t2b þ 5a
þ 2A 21a þ l3 þ l4
l2 Gð1 þ 5aÞ Gð1b þ 5aÞ Gð12b þ 5aÞ -3

  -4
1 t 6a b t b þ 6 a b t 2b þ 6a
þA þ l 3 þ l4
l22a Gð1 þ 6aÞ Gð1b þ 6aÞ Gð12b þ 6aÞ Fig. 1. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of a at
  f = 0.4, t =1, b = 4/5, l1 = 5, l2 = 1, l3 = 2 and l4 = 1.
t 2a b t b þ 2 a b t 2b þ 2a
f4 ¼ A þ l3 þ l4
Gð1þ 2aÞ Gð1b þ2aÞ Gð12b þ2aÞ
a 3a b þ 3 a

l t b t b t 2b þ 3a β = 4/5
A 1a þ l3 þ l4 2 β = 3/5
l2 Gð1 þ3aÞ Gð1b þ 3aÞ Gð12b þ 3aÞ
Δp β = 2/5
! 1 β = 1/5
l21a 1 t 4a
b t b þ 4a Q
þA  a þ l3
l22a l2 Gð1 þ 4aÞ Gð1b þ 4aÞ
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

b t 2b þ 4a -1
þ l4
Gð12b þ 4aÞ
! -2
l3a 2la t 5a b t b þ 5a
A 13a  2a1 þ l3 -3
l l 2
Gð1 þ 5aÞ 2
Gð1b þ 5aÞ
 -4
b t 2b þ 5a
þ l4
Gð12b þ 5aÞ Fig. 2. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of b at
! f = 0.4, t =1, a = 1/5, l1 = 5, l2 = 1, l3 = 2 and l4 =1.
2a
2l1 la1 t 6a b t b þ 6a
A 3a
 2a þ l3
l l
2
Gð1 þ 6aÞ2
Gð1b þ 6aÞ
3
 2b þ 6a
b t λ1=8
þ l4 Δp λ1=7
Gð12b þ 6aÞ
2 λ1=6
a   λ1=5
l t 7a b t b þ 7a b t 2b þ 7a
3A 31a þ l3 þ l4
l Gð1 þ 7aÞ
2
Gð1b þ 7aÞ Gð12b þ 7aÞ
1
 8a b þ 8 a 2b þ 8a

1 t b t b t Q
A þ l3 þ l4
l32a Gð1 þ 8aÞ Gð1b þ 8aÞ Gð12b þ 8aÞ
ð19Þ 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

and so on. -1
Proceeding in the similar manner the components
fn(x,t), n Z0 are obtained and finally the series solution Fig. 3. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of l1 at
f = 0.4, t =1, a = 1/2, b = 2/3, l2 = 1, l3 = 1 and l4 =1.
is thus entirely determined. Finally, we approximate the
solution of Eq. (17) by truncating the series as
Z 1  
f ðx,tÞ ¼ lim FN ðx,tÞ @p
N-1 F¼ h dx ð21Þ
0 @x
where
N
X 1 5. Numerical results and discussion
FN ðx,tÞ ¼ fn ðx,tÞ
n¼0
In this section numerical results are displayed through
The pressure difference across one wavelength (Dp) and Figs. 1–23 to show the effects of various pertinent para-
the friction force (F) across one wavelength are given by meters such as fractional parameters (a,b), material con-
Z 1 stants (l1, l2, l3, l4), time (t) and amplitude (f) on the
@p pressure difference and friction force across one wave-
Dp ¼ dx ð20Þ
0 @x length. In order to estimate the quantitative effects of the
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34 D. Tripathi et al. / Acta Astronautica 69 (2011) 30–38

4 t = 1.0
λ 2 = 0.7
λ 2 = 0.8 1.5 t = 0.8
3 λ 2 = 0.9 Δp t = 0.6
Δp
λ 2 = 1.0
t = 0.4
1
2

1 0.5
Q Q

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-1 -0.5

Fig. 4. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of l2 at Fig. 7. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of t at
f = 0.4, t = 1, a = 1/2, b = 2/3, l1 = 5, l3 =1 and l4 = 1. f = 0.4, l1 = 5, l2 = 1, l3 = 1, l4 =1, a = 1/5 and b = 4/5.

0.4 λ3 = 3
λ3 = 2 4 φ = 0.7
λ3 = 1 Δp φ = 0.6
Δp 0.3
λ3 = 0 φ = 0.5
2 φ = 0.4
0.2

Q
0.1
Q
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-0.1 -2

Fig. 5. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of l3 at Fig. 8. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of f at
f = 0.4, t = 1, a = 1/2, b = 2/3, l1 = 5,l2 = 1 and l4 =1. t = 1, l1 = 5, l2 =1, l3 =1, l4 = 1, a = 1/2 and b = 2/3.

λ 4 = 3.0
λ 4 = 2.0 1 α = 1/5
0.5 λ 4 = 1.0 F α = 2/5
λ 4 = 0.5 α = 3/5
Δp
Q 0.5 α = 4/5

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

-0.5
-0.5 Q

-1
-1

Fig. 6. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of l4 at Fig. 9. Friction force vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of a
f = 0.4, t = 1, a = 1/2, b = 2/3, l1 = 5, l2 =1 and l3 = 1. at f = 0.4, b =4/5, l1 = 5, l2 = 1, l3 = 2, l4 = 1 and t = 1.

various parameters involved in the results of the present

analysis, we used the MATHEMATICA software. It is noted
that only five terms of the series are used in evaluating the
approximate solutions. It is evident that the solution can be
improved by further computing more terms. The numerical
evaluations of the approximate analytical results are
obtained for pressure difference across one wavelength
(Dp) and friction force (F) for various values of parameters
and different models like fractional generalized Burgers’
model, generalized Burgers’ model, fractional Burgers’
model, Burgers’ model, fractional Oldroyd-B model, Old-
royd-B model, fractional Maxwell model, Maxwell model,
fractional second grade model, second grade model and
Newtonian model.
This section is mainly divided into three parts. In the
first part from Figs. 1–8, we have discussed the effects of
relevant parameters on the relation of pressure and time-
averaged flow rate. The effects of the same parameters on
‘‘the friction force versus the time-averaged flow rate’’ are
shown in Figs. 9–16. Figs. 17–23 are plotted to show the
variation in pressure against the time-averaged flow rate
for different models (fractional and integral) of viscoelas-
tic fluids at fixed amplitude f =0.4 and time t =1.
Figs. 1–8 demonstrate that there is a linear relation
between pressure and the time-averaged flow rate. It is
worth mentioning that an increase in the averaged flow
rate makes the pressure fall and thus the maximum flow
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D. Tripathi et al. / Acta Astronautica 69 (2011) 30–38 35

β = 4/5 λ 4 = 3.0
1 0.3
β = 3/5 λ 4 = 2.0
F β = 2/5 F λ 4 = 1.0
0.2
0.5 β = 1/5 λ 4 = 0.5
0.1

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-0.1
-0.5 Q Q
-0.2

-1 -0.3

Fig. 10. Friction force vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of b Fig. 14. Friction force vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of
at f = 0.4, t = 1, a = 1/5, l1 =5, l2 = 1, l3 = 2 and l4 =1. l4 at f = 0.4, t =1, a = 1/2, b = 2/3, l1 = 5, l2 = 1 and l3 =1.

1.5 t = 1.0
λ1 = 8 0.75
λ1 = 7 t = 0.8
1 t = 0.6
F λ1 = 6 F 0.5
λ1 = 5 t = 0.4
0.5 0.25

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-0.25
-0.5 Q
Q -0.5
-1 -0.75
-1.5
Fig. 15. Friction force vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of t
Fig. 11. Friction force vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of at f = 0.4, l1 = 5, l2 = 1, l3 =1, l4 = 1, a = 1/5 and b = 4/5.
l1 at f = 0.4, t =1, a = 1/2, b = 2/3, l2 = 1, l3 = 1, l4 = 1.

1.5 φ = 0.4
φ = 0.5
F 1 φ = 0.6
F 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
φ = 0.7
0.5
-0.5 Q

-1 λ 2 = 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

λ 2 = 0.9 -0.5
λ 2 = 0.8 Q
-1.5 λ 2 = 0.7 -1

-2 -1.5

Fig. 16. Friction force vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of f
Fig. 12. Friction force vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of
at t =1, l1 =5,l2 = 1, l3 = 1, l4 = 1, a = 1/2 and b =2/3.
l2 at f = 0.4, t =1, a = 1/2, b = 2/3, l1 = 5, l3 = 1, l4 = 1.

0.2 λ3 = 3 0.2 FGBM

λ3 = 2
F λ3 = 1 Δp FBM
0.15
0.1 λ3 = 0
0.1

0.05 Q
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Q 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-0.1
-0.05

-0.2
Fig. 17. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for FGBM (t = 1, l1 = 5, l2 = 1,
Fig. 13. Friction force vs. time-averaged flow rate for various values of l3 =1, l4 = 1, a = 1/2, b = 2/3, f =0.4) and FBM (t= 1, l1 = 5, l2 = 1, l3 = 1,
l3 at f = 0.4, t =1, a = 1/2, b = 2/3, l1 = 5, l2 = 1 and l4 =1. l4 =0, a =1/2, b =2/3, f = 0.4).
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36 D. Tripathi et al. / Acta Astronautica 69 (2011) 30–38

1.5
Δp GBM 30000 FOBM
BM OBM
1 Δp
20000

0.5 10000
Q Q

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-10000
-0.5
Fig. 21. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for FOBM (a = 1/2,b = 2/
Fig. 18. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for GBM (t =1, l1 =5, l2 =1,
3,t = 1, f = 0.4, l1 = 5, l2-0,l3 =1,l4 = 0) and OBM (a = 1, b =1, t= 1, f =0.4,
l3 = 1, l4 = 1, a = 1, b = 1, f = 0.4) and BM (t =1, l1 = 5, l2 = 1, l3 = 1, l4 = 0, l1 = 5, l2-0, l3 = 1, l4 =0).
a =1, b = 1, f = 0.4).

15000
1.5
FGBM FMM
Δp GBM 10000 MM
Δp
1

5000
0.5
Q
Q
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

-0.5 -5000

Fig. 22. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for FOBM (a = 1/2, b = 2/3,
Fig. 19. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for FGBM (t =1, l1 =5, l2 =1, t = 1, f =0.4,l1 = 5, l2-0, l3 = 0, l4 = 0) and OBM (a =1, b =1, t = 1, f =0.4,
l3 = 1, l4 =1, a =1/2, b = 2/3, f =0.4) and GBM (t = 1, l1 = 5, l2 = 1, l3 =1, l1 = 5, l2-0, l3 = 0, l4 = 0).
l4 = 1, a = 1, b = 1, f = 0.4).

12.5
0.4 FBM FSGM
10 SGM
BM Δp
Δp 0.3 7.5 NM

0.2 5

0.1 2.5
Q Q

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-2.5
-0.1
-5

Fig. 20. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for FBM (t=1,l1 =5,l2 =1, Fig. 23. Pressure vs. time-averaged flow rate for FSGM (a =1/2, b =2/3, t=1,
l3 =1,l4 =0,a =1/2, b =2/3, f =0.4) and BM (t=1, l1 =5, l2 =1, l3 =1, l4 =0, f =0.4, l1 =5, l2-0, l3 =0, l4 =0), SGM (a =1, b =1, t=1, f =0.4, l1 =5, l2-0,
a =1, b =1, f =0.4). l3 =0, l4 =0) and NM (a =1, b =1, t=1, f =0.4, l1 =0, l2-0, l3 =0, l4 =0).

rate is achieved at zero pressure and the maximum
pressure occurs at zero time-averaged flow rate. Fig. 1
illustrates the variation in Dp versus Q for various values of
a(=1/5, 2/5, 3/5, 4/5) at fixed values of parameters f =0.4,
t=1, b =4/5, l1 =5, l2 =1, l3 =2 and l4 =1. Fig. 2 depicts the
relation Dp vs. Q , for the values of b(=1/5, 2/5, 3/5, 4/5) at
f =0.4, t=1, a =1/5, l1 =5, l2 =1, l3 =2 and l4 =1. It is evident
from both the figures that the pressure decreases with an
increase in a while it increases with an increase in b. The
influences of different material constants such as l1(=5, 6,
7, 8), l2(=0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0), l3(=3, 2, 1, 0) and l4(=3, 2, 1,
0.5) on the pressure-time-averaged flow rate relationship
are shown in Figs. 3–6 at fixed parameters f =0.4, t=1,
a =1/2, b =2/3. It is revealed that pressure increases by
increasing l1 whereas it decreases with an increase in l2.
It is found that the behaviors of l3 and l4 are similar to that
of l1. Fig. 7 presents the variation in pressure with the time-
averaged flow rate for various values of t(=0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0)
at fixed parameters f =0.4, a =1/5, b =4/5, l1 =5, l2 =1, l3 =1
and l4 =1. Fig. 8 shows the variation in pressure against the
time-averaged flow rate for various values of f(=0.4,0.5,
0.6,0.7) at t=1, a =1/2, b =2/3, l1 =5, l2 =1, l3 =1 and l4 =1. It
is observed that the pressure increases with an increase in
the magnitude of both the parameters t and f.
Figs. 9 and 10 depict the effects of a and b on the
friction force (F) vs. Q relation. The influences of the
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D. Tripathi et al. / Acta Astronautica 69 (2011) 30–38
material constants (l1, l2, l3, l4) on the friction force
against the time-averaged flow rate are illustrated through
Figs. 11–14. The variation in F with Q for different values of
t and f is presented through Figs. 15 and 16, respectively.
From Figs. 9–16, it is observed that the behavior of the
friction force is opposite to that of the pressure under the
influence of all other parameters.
It is found that the effects of the fractional parameters
and the physical parameter on the ‘‘pressure-time-aver-
aged flow rate’’ and ‘‘friction force-time-averaged flow
rate’’ curves are similar to the results obtained in previous
investigations [35–38].
Figs. 17–23 are plotted to show that the variations in
Dp vs. Q relationship for different fractional and ordinary
models of fluids such as FGBM (t=1, l1 =5,l2 =1, l3 =1,l4 =1,
a =1/2, b =2/3, f =0.4), GBM (t=1, a =1, b =1, f =0.4, l1 =5,
l2 =1, l3 =1, l4 =1), FBM (t=1,l1 =5, l2 =1, l3 =1, l4 =0, a =
1/2, b =2/3, f =0.4), BM (t=1, a =1, b =1, f =0.4, l1 =5, l2 =1,
l3 =1, l4 =0), FOBM (t=1, l1 =5, l2-0, l3 =1, l4 =0, a =1/2,
b =2/3, f =0.4), OBM (t=1, a =1, b =1, l1 =5, l2-0, l3 =1,
l4 =0, f =0.4), FMM (t=1, a =1/2, b =2/3, f =0.4, l1 =5, l2-0,
l3 =0, l4 =0), MM (l1 =5, l2-0, l3 =0, l4 =0, t=1, a =1, b =1,
f =0.4), FSGM (t=1, a =1/2, b =2/3, l1 =0, l2-0, l3 =1, l4 =0,
f =0.4), SGM (t=1, l1 =0, l2-0, l3 =1, l4 =0, a =1, b =1,
f =0.4) and NM (t=1, a =1, b =1, f =0.4, l1 =0, l2-0, l3 =0,
l4 =0). It is evident that relation between them is linear. It is
observed that the pressure for ordinary models is more
significant in comparison to their corresponding fractional
models. Also the pressure for different fractional models of
viscoelastic fluids is observed in the order FOBM4FMM4
FSGM4FGBM4FBM. Similar observations are found for
ordinary models of viscoelastic fluids as OBM4MM4
SGM4NM4GBM4BM. The results for FMM, FSGM and
FOBM are obtained as the limiting cases in the present
analysis and it is found that the pressure-averaged flow rate
curve is similar to that for FMM, FSGM and FOBM in
previous investigations [35–38].
6. Conclusions
It is found that the pressure difference across one
wavelength diminishes by increasing the time-averaged
flow rate. It is further observed that pressure decreases
with an increase in a but b has an opposite impact on
pressure. It is also revealed that pressure for fractional
models of viscoelastic fluids is more than that for corre-
sponding classical models. This may be interpreted phy-
sically as that the small intestine works less for propelling
viscoelastic chyme of generalized Burgers’ model than
that of fractional generalized Burgers’ model. Further,
pressure rises with increase in the magnitudes of l1, l3
and l4 but it decreases when l2 is increased. It is also
revealed that the material constants l1, l3 and l4 oppose
the movement of viscoelastic chyme through small intes-
tine, while the other material constant l2 helps it. An
increase in f enhances the pressure and t too does so.
Finally, it is found that the effects of all physical para-
meters on friction force are opposite to those observed for
pressure.
37
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