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where tr(Ak) is the trace of the matrix Ak. Thus, we can express ci in terms of the trace of powers
of A.
In general, the formula for the coefficients ci is given in terms of complete exponential Bell
polynomials as[nb 2]
Examples
For instance, the first few Bell polynomials are B0 = 1, B1(x1)
= x1, B2(x1, x2) = x2
1 + x2, and B3(x1, x2, x3) = x
3
1 + 3 x1x2 + x3.