THE ETRUSCANS

Classical Architecture
 HISTORY OF THE
ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION

 THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

HISTORY OF THE
ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION

The Roman name, Etruscan, is the origin of the present name, Tuscany,
which refers to their heartland, and Etruria, which can refer to their wider
region.

 THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

HISTORY OF THE
ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION

Etruscan civilization originated

in ancient Italy which, in the
present corresponds to the
land of Tuscany.

 THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

HISTORY OF THE
ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION

The Etruscans did not depend on

colonization but they conquered
empires. Italy being in the center of
the Mediterranean sea, the arts and
culture of the Romans spread over
Europe, Western Asia and Northern
Africa which later brought about the
Roman Empire.

 THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

HISTORY OF THE
ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION

Rome was founded within or adjacent to the the Etruscan land, which suggests
that early Rome was dominated by the Etruscans until 396 BC when Romans
sacked Veii.

 THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

HISTORY OF THE
ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION

When Rome was still in its infancy, Etruscans were powerful

and prosperous. By the 6th century BC they had a federation
of twelve city states.

 THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

HISTORY OF THE
ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION

They were also rich in mineral

sources like metal ore, copper, tin,
silver, iron, and others which brought
about the common practice of metal
working in their trading world.

 THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

HISTORY OF THE
ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION

The mining and commerce of

metal led to the enrichment of
the Etruscans and to the expansion
of their influence in the Italian
peninsula and the Western
Mediterranean sea.

 INFLUENTIAL FACTORS GEOGRAPHICAL

OF ARCHITECTURE

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS
OF ARCHITECTURE GEOGRAPHICAL

Etruscan settlements were frequently built on a hill, the steeper the better
and surrounded by thick walls, as if for the purpose of defense.

 THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS
OF ARCHITECTURE GEOLOGICAL

The main materials used in construction were

brick and wood. Stone was used primarily in
defensive structures and
terracotta for decoration.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS
OF ARCHITECTURE CLIMATICAL

North Italy has the climate of the temperature region of Europe, Central Italy
is genial and sunny, while the south is almost tropical.

This variety of climatic conditions is sufficient to account for diversity of

architectural features and treatment in the peninsula itself, while the differing
climates of the various Roman provinces produced local modifications in
detail.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS SOCIAL &

OF ARCHITECTURE POLITICAL

The early government of the Etruscan cities was

based on a monarchy but later developed into rule
by an oligarchy who supervised and dominated all
public positions and a popular assembly of citizens
where these existed.

The Etruscan state government was essentially a

theocracy.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS SOCIAL &

OF ARCHITECTURE POLITICAL

Etruscan society had various levels of social status

from foreigners and slaves to women and male
citizens.

Males of certain clan groups seem to have

dominated key roles in the areas of politics,
religion and justice.

Women enjoyed more freedom than in most other

ancient cultures

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS
OF ARCHITECTURE RELIGIOUS

The religion of the Etruscans was

polytheistic with gods for all those
important places, objects, ideas,
and events, which were thought to
affect or control everyday life.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS
OF ARCHITECTURE RELIGIOUS

AFTERLIFE
The presence of both precious and ETRUSCA DISCIPLINA
everyday objects in Etruscan tombs
The religion of the Etruscans was
is an indicator of a belief in the
polytheistic with gods for all those
afterlife which they considered a
important places, objects, ideas,
continuation of the person's life in
and events, which were thought to
this world, much like the ancient
affect or control everyday life.
Egyptians.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS
OF ARCHITECTURE CULTURAL

ETRUSCAN ART
The greatest artistic legacy of
the Etruscans is their tomb wall
paintings which show a glimpse
into their lost world. Only 2% of
tombs were painted, which
indicates only the elite could
afford such luxury.
POTTERY
Bucchero is the indigenous pottery
of Etruria and has a distinctive,
almost black glossy finish. They were
commonly placed in tombs and were
exported widely throughout Europe
and the Mediterranean.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS
OF ARCHITECTURE CULTURAL

Bronze work had been another

Etruscan speciality dating back to
the Villanovan period. All manner
of daily items were made in the
material, but the artist's hand is
best seen in small statuettes and,
particularly, bronze mirrors which
were decorated with engraved
scenes, again, usually from
mythology.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS
OF ARCHITECTURE CULTURAL

The Tuscan column, arched gate, private villa

with atrium, tombs with niches for multiple
funerary urns, and large-scale temples on
impressive raised stepped platforms are all
Etruscan architectural features the Romans
would adopt and adapt.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS
OF ARCHITECTURE CULTURAL

Other cultural influences include the victory

procession which would become the Roman triumph;
and the Etruscan robe in white, purple or with a red
border, which would become the Roman toga.

Also, Etruscans passed on many words to their

successors in Italy, and through their alphabet, itself
adapted from Greek, they would influence northern
European languages with the creation of the Runic
script.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS
OF ARCHITECTURE CULTURAL

Etruscan cities teamed with Carthage to successfully defend their trade

interests against a Greek naval fleet at the Battle of Alalia (aka Battle of the
Sardinian Sea) in 540 BCE. Such was the Etruscan dominance of the seas and
maritime trade along the Italian coast that the Greeks repeatedly referred to
them as scoundrel pirates.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS
OF ARCHITECTURE CULTURAL

In the 5th century BCE, though, Syracuse was the dominant Mediterranean
trading power, and the Sicilian city combined with Cumae to inflict a naval
defeat on the Etruscans at the battle at Cumae in 474 BCE. Worse was to
come when the Syracusan tyrant Dionysius I decided to attack the Etruscan
coast in 384 BCE and destroy many of the Etruscan ports. These factors
contributed significantly to the loss of trade and consequent decline of many
Etruscan cities seen from the 4th to 3rd century BCE.

 ARCHITECTURAL ATTRIBUTES
CHARACTERS AND EXAMPLES

 THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

ARCHITECTURAL ATTRIBUTES
CHARACTERS AND EXAMPLES

The Etruscans, who were the early inhabitants of West central Italy, were great
builders. Their methods were taken over by the Romans. They made remarkable
advances in the organization of large scale undertakings, such as the construction
of city walls and sewers, the draining of marshes and the control of rivers, and the
cutting of channels to regulate the water level of lakes.

 THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

ARCHITECTURAL ATTRIBUTES
CHARACTERS AND EXAMPLES

They were credited with the earliest use of the true or radiating arch, and with
the invention of a new order of architecture called the Tuscan. Etruscan towns
were fortified with powerful stone walls, several feet thick, which were
alternatively of the cyclopean type, like that of the Aegeans of polygonal
work, or of fine squared and bonded masonry laid in alternate times more
than two feet high. No mortar was used.

 THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

ARCHITECTURAL ATTRIBUTES
CHARACTERS AND EXAMPLES

Podium - a continuous
pedestal, also the
enclosing platform of the
arena of an amphitheater.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

ARCHITECTURAL ATTRIBUTES
CHARACTERS AND EXAMPLES

The Arch of Augustus, Perugia-buitt of large

blocks of travertine stones, without mortar.

 THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

ARCHITECTURAL ATTRIBUTES
CHARACTERS AND EXAMPLES

The Temple of Juno Sospita, Lanuvium the plan has three cells for three deities and a front
portico with. two rows of four columns, widely spaced and approached by walk insteps.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

ARCHITECTURAL ATTRIBUTES
CHARACTERS AND EXAMPLES

Etruscan Tomb (corneto-Tarqufnia) of many rock-cut

tombs at Etruscan Tarquinia, near me present cometo.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

ARCHITECTURAL ATTRIBUTES
CHARACTERS AND EXAMPLES

The Necropolis Cerveteri is one of the most remarkable burial sites. The tombs
are laid out systematically along paved streets, like a town for the living.

 NOTABLE IN ETRUSCAN
TERMINOLOGIES ARCHITECTURE

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

NOTABLE IN ETRUSCAN
TERMINOLOGIES ARCHITECTURE

TERRACOTTA CUNICULUS TUSCAN ORDER TUFA CELLA

a type of earthenware, is a clay-based unglazed

or glazed ceramic, where the fired body is
porous.

Etruscan terracotta votive head of a youth

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

NOTABLE IN ETRUSCAN
TERMINOLOGIES ARCHITECTURE

TERRACOTTA CUNICULUS TUSCAN ORDER TUFA CELLA

diversionary water channel, used by ancient

civilizations on the Italian Peninsula. As the
general ancient Italian use derives from the
Etruscan use, the term has a special
significance of Etruscan cuniculi.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

NOTABLE IN ETRUSCAN
TERMINOLOGIES ARCHITECTURE

TERRACOTTA CUNICULUS TUSCAN ORDER TUFA CELLA

simplest of the five orders of Classical Roman

architecture, which were codified in the
Renaissance. It resembles the Doric order but
has a simpler base and an unadorned frieze.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

NOTABLE IN ETRUSCAN
TERMINOLOGIES ARCHITECTURE

TERRACOTTA CUNICULUS TUSCAN ORDER TUFA CELLA

a kind of limestone that is very common in Italy. The

Etruscans and the Romans used tufa a lot in early temples
and in their tombs. But gradually they started using finer
stones like travertine and marble instead. By the time of
Julius Caesar, tufa was mainly used where it wouldn't
show in the foundations of buildings, or where it was
going to be covered with slabs of marble or stucco.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

NOTABLE IN ETRUSCAN
TERMINOLOGIES ARCHITECTURE

TERRACOTTA CUNICULUS TUSCAN ORDER TUFA CELLA

the frequently hidden inner part

of a Greek or Roman temple that
housed the image of the deity.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

NOTABLE IN ETRUSCAN
TERMINOLOGIES ARCHITECTURE

DOMUS OPUS CAEMENTICIUM COLLONADE

the type of house occupied by

the upper classes and some
wealthy freedmen during the
Republican and Imperial eras. It
was found in almost the major
cities throughout the Roman
territories.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

NOTABLE IN ETRUSCAN
TERMINOLOGIES ARCHITECTURE

DOMUS OPUS CAEMENTICIUM COLLONADE

Roman concrete, was a material

used in construction during the
late Roman Republic until the
fading of the Roman Empire.

THE ETRUSCANS HISTORY FACTORS ATTRIBUTES TERMS

NOTABLE IN ETRUSCAN
TERMINOLOGIES ARCHITECTURE

DOMUS OPUS CAEMENTICIUM COLLONADE

a long sequence of columns

joined by their entablature, often
free-standing, or part of a
building

 MEMBERS

Cassandra Marie C. Panizal Leader

Research

Meghan Ashley B. Bantog Assistant Leader

Presentation
Research

Jobelle L. Bernacer Research

Ivan Lee S. Oropesa Research