FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI

KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL DAN

PEMBUATAN UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL
MALAYSIA MELAKA

PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRIC & ELECTRONICS

BMMA1313 REV:02

LAB 3: APPLICATIONS OF KIRCHOFF’S LAW: MESH

ANALYSIS
LAB 4: INTRODUCTION TO THE FUNDAMENTAL OF AC CIRCUITS

1. MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BADRUDDIN BIN RAHMANSA

NAMES OF GROUP MEMBERS & (B092210047)
MATRIX NUMBER
2.

3.

4.

COURSE / SECTION

NAME OF INSTRUCTOR 1.

2.

EXAMINER’S COMMENT VERIFICATION STAMP

TOTAL MARKS :

REV NO DESCRIPTION DATE OF REVISION

01 Contents reviewed after 5 years. 30/8/2018

02 Contents reviewed & updated. 9/11/2022

03

04
1.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the experiment, the student should be able to:

 Measure the period, amplitude, peak-to-peak voltage and frequency of a given AC
waveform using an oscilloscope.
 Determine the phase relation between two waveforms (leading or lagging).
 Measure the phase angle between two AC waveforms by displaying two waveforms
simultaneously on a dual-channel oscilloscope.

2.0 EQUIPMENT

i. Equipment/Instruments:
Signal/ Function generator – 1 unit
Digital Oscilloscope – 1 unit
Multimeter – 1 unit
Breadboard – 1 unit

ii. Components:
Resistor 33Ω – 1 pcs
Capacitor 0.33µF – 1 pcs
Capacitor 1µF – 1 pcs
Capacitor 10µF – 1 pcs
Inductor decade box (3mH, 6mH and 10mH) – 1pcs
Jumper wire (if necessary)

3.0 SYNOPSIS & THEORY

Sine Wave

The period of a waveform is the length of one cycle as shown in Figure 5.1. Since the horizontal
scale of an oscilloscope is calibrated in seconds, you can measure the period T directly on the
screen, then determine frequency from the relationship
1
ƒ=
T (1)

Figure 5.1

For example, if the time base is set to 20µs per division and one cycle is 4 divisions, then
4(20 µs) = 80 µs = 12.5 kHz

2
 Fig 5.2 illustrates the phase shifts of a sine wave. The zero crossing of sine wave A is at 0° and the
corresponding zero crossing of sine wave B is at -30°. Thus, there is a phase angle of 30° between
sine wave A and wave B. In this case, the positive peak of sine wave B occurs earlier than the
positive peak of sine wave A. Therefore, sine wave B is said to lead sine wave A by 30°. In other
words, sine wave A lags behind sine wave B by 30°.

The formula for determining phase angle, Ø from the oscilloscope display is

∅=[360/ D].Y (2)

Where Y is the division of the shifted sine wave and D is the division for one cycle sine wave.

Ø = -30o

Y D
Figure 5.2

RC Circuit

In AC analysis, both R and XC are treated as phasor quantities, as shown in the phasor diagram of
Figure 5.3(a). Since Z is the phasor sum of R and XC, its phasor representation is shown in Figure
5.3(b). A repositioning of the phasor as shown in Figure 5.3(c), forms a right triangle which is
called the impedance triangle. The length of each phasor represents the magnitude in Ohm, and the
angle Ө is the phase angle of the RC circuit and represents the phase difference between the source
voltage and the current.

Figure 5.3

Capacitance, C is in Farad, F while capacitance reactance, XC is in Ohm, Ω. The formula of X C is

1
X =
mC =
1 (3)
c 2nfC

3
From Pythagorean Theorem, the magnitude of the impedance can be expressed in terms of the
resistance and capacitance reactance as

Z = JR2 + X2 (4)
C

The magnitude of the impedance (Z), as shown in the RC circuit in Fig 4, is expressed in Ohm.

Figure 5.4
The phase angle, Ө is expressed
as
Xc
8 = tan−1 (5)
R

RL Circuit

A basic inductor comprises a length of wire which is formed into a coil. This winding of coil has
significant resistance which is called winding resistance, RW. So in this case, we use Rtot instead
of R, where
Rtot = R + Rw (6)

In RL circuits, we can see from Figure 5.5(a), XL appeared at a +90° angle with respect to Rtot.
The phasor representation is shown in Figure 5.5(b) while the repositioning of the phasor is shown
in Figure 5.5(c).

Figure 5.5

Inductance, L, is in Henry, H, while resistance reactance, XL, is in Ohm, Ω. The formula of X L is

XL = mL = 2nƒL (7)

4
 The magnitude of the impedance, Z, of the series RL circuit can be expressed in terms of the
resistance and reactance as

Z = √R2 + X 2 (8)
tot L

The magnitude of the impedance (Z), as shown in the RC circuit in Figure 5.6 is expressed in Ohm.

Figure 5.6
The phase angle, Ө is expressed
as
XL
8 = tan−1 (9)
Rtot

4.0 PROCEDURE

1) Measuring the frequency of a sinusoidal waveform signal

• Set the signal generator and oscilloscope as Table 5.1 :

Signal Generator Oscilloscope

Amplitude 3Vp Coupling AC
Frequency 2kHz Time base (µs/div) Autoset
Vertical amplitude (volt/div) Autoset
Table 5.1

• Connect the output of the signal generator to the CH1 of the oscilloscope as shown in
Figure 5.7.

Figure 5.7

• Press the Autoset button on the oscilloscope to get the best view of the waveform.

5
• Press the‘ zoom in’ button on the oscilloscope to view only one cycle of the signal. Sketch
the waveform.

F=2kHz

F = 10kHz

F = 50 kHz

6
 • Measure the distance, D and calculate the period, T of the signal/waveform. Record the
result in Table 5.2.
• Repeat steps 1 to 5 for f = 10kHz and 50kHz.

Frequency Horizontal setting Distance, D Period, T

setting (kHz) (µs/div) (div) (µs)
2 100 5 500
10 20 5 100
50 5 4 20
Table 5.2

2) Measuring the phase angle difference

1)RC circuit

4 Calculate the phase angle difference for each capacitor value in Table 5.4 using Equation
(5). Record them in Table 5.4.
5 Set the signal generator and oscilloscope as Table 5.3:

Signal Generator Oscilloscope

Amplitude Will be adjusted later Coupling AC
Frequency 2kHz Time base (µs/div) Autoset
Vertical amplitude (volt/div) Autoset
Table 5.3
6 Assemble the circuit in Figure 5.8 and use your signal generator output as your
input/source voltage, Vs for your circuit in Figure 5.8.

Figure 5.8

7
7 Connect CH1 of the oscilloscope to the input voltage, Vs and CH2 of the
oscilloscope to the output voltage, VR (voltage across the resistor).
8 Adjust the setting of the signal generator to get a sinusoidal waveform with 6Vp-p on
the oscilloscope.
9 Press the Autoset button on the oscilloscope to get the best view of the waveform.
10 Measure the phase angle difference between Vs and VR. Record them in Table 5.4.
11 Sketch both waveforms (Vs and VR) on the same graph for capacitance, C = 0.33µF.
12 Repeat steps 3 to 7 for capacitance, C = 1µF and 10µF.

Capacitance, C Phase Angle, Ø

(µF) (degree)
Calculation Measurement Lead/Lag
0.33 −1 Xc ΔT Vr lead Vs
tan θ=
r T
1 11.36 µ
Xc= ¿ X 360º
2 πFC 0.5 m
=241.14 =81.792

−1 241.14
tan
33 Ω
=82.207
1 Xc ΔT Vr lead Vs
tan−1 θ=
r T
1 32.825 µ
Xc= ¿ X 360º
2 πFC 0.5m
=79.57 =23.634

79.57
tan−1
33Ω
=67.47
10 −1 Xc ΔT
tan θ=
r T
1 105.386 µ
Xc= ¿ X 360º
2 πFC 0.5 m
=7.95 =75.87

−1 7.95
tan
33Ω
=13.544
Table 5.4

0.33u
8
8
 1u

10u

9
9
2) RL circuit

13 Use a multimeter to measure the winding resistance, Rw of your inductor/inductor

decade box for L= 3mH, 6mH and 10mH and record in Table 5.5 (Please note that
Rw value depends on inductance value).
14 Calculate the phase angle difference for each inductance value in Table 5.5 using
Equation (9). Record them in Table 5.5.
15 Replace the capacitor with the inductor/inductor decade box and repeat steps 3 to 7
for L = 3mH, 6mH and 10mH.
16 Sketch both waveforms (Vs and VR) on the same graph for inductance, L = 3mH.

Inductance, L Winding Phase Angle, Ø

(mH) resistance, (degree)
RW (Ω) Calculation Measurement Lead/Lag
3 2-3
−1 Xc ΔT Vr lag vs
tan θ=
R + Rw T
Xc= 2 πF l 59.77 µ
¿ X 360º
=2 π (2 k)(3 m) 0.5 m
=37.699 =43.034

−1 37.699
tan
3 6Ω
=46.32
6 3-4 Xc ΔT Vr lag vs
tan−1 θ=
R + Rw T
Xc= 2 πFl 85.454 µ
¿ X 360º
=2 π (2 k)( 6 m) 0.5 m
=75.398 =61.527

−1 75.398
tan
36Ω
=64.47
10 4-5
−1 Xc ΔT Vr lag vs
tan θ=
R + Rw T
Xc= 2 πFl 91.935 µ
¿ X 360º
=2 π (2 k)(10 m) 0.5 m
=125.66 =66.193

−1 125.66
tan
36 Ω
=74.013
Table 5.5

L = 3mH

1
0
 L = 6mH

L = 10mH

1
1
5.0 CONCLUSION

Write your conclusion based on what you have learned from this lab activity.

1
2
 SCORE (LEVEL X
CLO 2: Construct electrical circuits and measure voltage, current and resistance using appropriate instruments. (PLO5, P3).
WEIGHTAGE)
Assessment Criteria Sub criteria Level 0 1 2 3 Weight        
Able to
relate types
Not able to Able to relate Able to relate types
Relate types of setup of
relate types of types of of experiment
to the P1 experiment 1  
experiment experiment setups setups with no
experiment/simulation. setups with
setup with many errors errors
minimal
errors      

Selects Selects and Selects and

inappropriate applies applies the
Demonstrate proper Selects and applies
Procedural skills required appropriate skills appropriate
preparation to set up appropriate skills
Skills P2 by the task and required by the skills to the 1  
the simulation for AC specific to the task
makes critical task, but makes task without
analysis without error.
errors in some non-critical significant
applying them errors in doing so errors
     
Able to
Laboratory follow
Follows instructions to Completely not Able to follow Able to follow
Experiment instructions
simulate the circuit P3 able to follow instructions with instructions with no 2  
with
model for AC analysis instructions full guidance guidance
minimal
guidance      
Able to
Assemble assemble
Completely not Able to assemble Able to assemble
equipment/components laboratory
able to assemble laboratory laboratory
appropriate for the AC P4 equipment 2.5  
laboratory equipment with equipment with no
analysis with
equipment full supervision supervision
experiment/simulation. minimal
Use of supervision      
equipment Uses tools,
Uses tools, equipment Uses tools,
Demonstrate proper Uses tools,
equipment and and equipment and
use of tools, equipment equipment and
P5 materials with materials materials with a 0.5  
and materials to solve materials with
limited with high degree of
the task given. some competence
competence considerable competence
competence      
Lab assessment 7%