SUBJECT: SCIENCE

CLASS X
SESSION 2022-23
General Instructions
● The assignment is designed in such a way so as to facilitate students to comprehend the concepts
properly so that they can attempt the topic- related questions given at the end.
● These questions are designed and selected keeping in mind CBSE Board Exams.
● Students are expected to read page no 01-05 of Ch 01: Chemical Reactions and Equations from
their NCERT book before starting with the assignment itself for better comprehension.

CH 01: Chemical Reactions and Equations

(HANDOUT-01)

Physical and Chemical changes

Some changes are accompanied by the formation of new substances whereas; in some changes no new
substance is formed. Based on these, changes are classified as:
● Physical change
● Chemical change
Physical change
A physical change is one in which no new substance is formed.
For example; melting of ice, freezing of water, boiling of water, glowing of a bulb, cutting of paper etc.
In a physical change—
● Temporary change occurs
● Energy changes may be involved
● It is a reversible change
● Change in state may occur
Chemical change
A chemical change is one in which one or more new substances are formed.
For examples; cooking of food, rusting of iron, heating of Lead nitrate, souring of milk, ripening of fruit
etc.
In a chemical change—
● New substances are formed
● Energy changes are involved
● Colour changes
● Generally permanent change takes place

Let’s learn more about chemical reactions………

Characteristics Of Chemical reactions
During a chemical reaction, some easily observable changes are known as characteristics of a chemical
reaction. These characteristics indicate that a chemical change has taken place, although this evidence is
not conclusive.
● Evolution of a gas
● Formation of a precipitate
● Change in colour
● Change in temperature
● Change in state

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Let’s learn more about the characteristics of chemical reactions with help of examples.

Evolution of Gas: Some chemical reactions are characterized by the evolution of a gas.
Zinc reacts with Hydrochloric acid to produce Zinc chloride and Hydrogen gas

Zn(s) +2 HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Formation of Precipitate: Some chemical reactions are characterized by the formation of precipitate (an
insoluble substance). When lead nitrate reacts with potassium iodide the resulting products are lead iodide
(yellow precipitate) and potassium nitrate.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → 2KNO3 + PbI2
Yellow ppt

Formation of yellow coloured Lead iodide

Change in Colour: Chemical reactions in which change in colour is observed.

Eg: When citric acid is added to Potassium permanganate solution, purple colour of solution disappears.
Change in Temperature:
Exothermic reaction is a reaction in which energy is released and the temperature of the solution
decreases.
Eg: Reaction between quick lime (CaO) and water (H2O)

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat

Endothermic reaction is a reaction in which heat is absorbed thereby increasing the temperature of
the solution.
Eg; When silver chloride is exposed to sunlight, it is decomposed to form silver. During this reaction,
white silver chloride changes into greyish white silver metal. This is also known as photolytic
decomposition reaction as it takes place in the presence of sunlight.
sunlight
2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2
White Grey

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Change in state: Chemical reaction in which physical state of the chemical compound changes.
Eg; Solid Magnesium ribbon burns giving dazzling white flame in powdered form (white ash) of
Magnesium oxide.
2 Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Chemical equation
Representation of a chemical change in terms of symbols and formulae of the reactants and products is
known as the chemical equation of the reaction.
● The substances, which initiate a chemical reaction, are called Reactants.
● The substances which are produced as a result of Chemical Reaction are called Products
Types
● Unbalanced (Skeletal): Unequal number of atoms of different elements in reactant and product.
● Balanced: Equal number of atoms of elements in reactant and product.

Balancing of chemical equations

The number of atoms of each element should remain the same before and after the reaction.
Balancing
To make the number of atoms of all the elements equal on both the sides in a skeletal equation.
A simple equation is balanced by Hit and trial method.
Steps involved in balancing a chemical equation

Balance If required
elements that the whole
Start with the
appear only equation is
compound
once on each multiplied by
Write the that has the Elementary
side of the some suitable
correct maximum substances
arrow first. number in
skeleton atoms or are balanced
Then balance order to
equation. maximum last of all.
elements that make all the
kinds of
appear more coefficients
atoms. than once on whole
a side. numbers.

NOTE: Stoichiometric Coefficients can be in fractions too.

Following link would help in understanding balancing equations:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jISjQvdyhs

Following questions are to be discussed in the class.

Q1. Translate the following word equations into balanced chemical equations.
(a) Phosphorus burns in presence of chlorine to form Phosphorus penta chloride. (1)
(b) Burning of natural gas. (1)
(c) The process of respiration. (1)
(d) Ammonium chloride + Lead(III) nitrate to give Ammonium nitrate + Lead(III) chloride. (1)
(e) Iron(III) nitrate + Magnesium sulphide to give Iron(III) sulphide + Magnesium nitrate. (1)
(f) Aluminum chloride + Sodium carbonate to give Aluminum carbonate + Sodium chloride. (1)
(g) Sodium phosphate + Calcium hydroxide to give Sodium hydroxide + Calcium phosphate. (1)

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(h) Magnesium ribbon is burnt in atmosphere of Nitrogen gas to form solid Magnesium (1)
nitride.
Q2. Balance the following chemical equations.
(a) NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4 (1)
(b) Pb + H3PO4 → Pb3(PO4)2 + H2 (1)
(c) Al2(SO4)3 + Ca(OH)2 → Al(OH)3 + CaSO4 (1)
(d) Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2 + H2O (1)
(e) AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3 (1)
(f) Pb3O4 + HCl → PbCl2 + Cl2 + H2O (1)
(g) NH4NO3 → N2O + H2O (1)
(h) KOH + H2CO3 → H2O + K2CO3 (1)
NOTEBOOK WORK: Following questions are to be done in your notebook.
NCERT Text Book
Pg 06 Q2, 3
Pg 15 Q4, 5, 6, 7

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