UNIT 4.

BUSINESS

REDUCTIONS OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

Task 1. Choose the correct forms of subordinate clause reduction.

1. Since he didn't want to hurt her feelings, he didn't tell her the truth.

A. Not wanting to hurt her feelings, he didn't tell her the truth.

B. Since not wanting to hurt her feelings, he didn't tell her the truth.

C. Since he didn't want to hurt her feelings, he didn't tell her the truth. - NO CHANGE
POSSIBLE

2. As the teacher gave a difficult test, he let them use a dictionary.

A. Giving a difficult test, the teacher let them use a dictionary.

B. Given a difficult test, the teacher let them use a dictionary.

C. As the teacher gave a difficult test, he let them use a dictionary. - NO CHANGE
POSSIBLE

3. Although the weather was awful, we went on a hike.

A. Although awful, we went on a hike.

B. Although the weather was awful, we went on a hike. - NO CHANGE POSSIBLE

C. Being awful, we went on a hike.

4. While I was watching TV, I found out the news.

A. While watching TV, I found out the news.

B. While I was watching TV, I found out the news. - NO CHANGE POSSIBLE

C. I watching TV, I found out the news.

5. As he didn't want to interrupt, he let her finish the telephone call.

A. Not wanting to interrupt, he let her finish the telephone call.

B. As he didn't want to interrupt, he let her finish the telephone call. - NO CHANGE
POSSIBLE

C. Wanting not interrupt, he let her finish the telephone call.

6. Though it's not a question I can answer, I can give you some advice.

A. Though I can answer, I can give you some advice.

B. Though being not a question, I can give you some advice.

C. Though it's not a question I can answer, I can give you some advice. - NO CHANGE
POSSIBLE
Task 2. Reduce these sentences, using the given words.

1. When Sandra graduated from university, she applied for a job. (UPON)

Upon graduating from university, she applied for a job.

2. When you are walking alone at night in Paris streets, be careful. (WHEN)

When walking alone at night in Paris streets, be careful.

3. All the old museums must be renovated until they are opened for public again. (UNTIL)

All the old museums must be renovated until opened for public again.

4. After we ate dinner, we went out for a walk. (AFTER)

After eating dinner, we went out for a walk.

5. After he had been promoted, he became more interested in his job. (AFTER)

After having been promoted, he became more interested in his job.

6. Unless we are paid fairly, we will go on a strike. (UNLESS)

Unless paid fairly, we will go on a strike.

7. If they were treated fairly, they wouldn't lose the game. (IF)

If treated fairly, they wouldn’t lose the game.

Task 3. Match the sentence halves.

A B
1. Since the price of petrol started to
rise ...
2. The government should subsidize public
transport ...
3. Although the number of people buying
new cars reduced in the second half of the
year …
4. There are cars …
5. Even though cars are becoming more
environmentally friendly, ...
6. Winter is the time ...,
7. When the combustion engine was first
invented, ...
8. Whereas cycling used to be a popular
way of getting around in many Asian
countries, ...
a. because reduced ticket prices will
stimulate the public to use it more.
b. which run on electricity rather than
petrol.
c. the overall number of cars on the road
went up by a significant amount compared
to the previous year.
d. there has been a vast increase in the
number of people using the buses and
trains.
e. the pollution in many major cities is
becoming worse
f. today bicycles have been replaced with
motorbikes and scooters
g. when people generally make more
journeys in private vehicles
h. no one had any idea how detrimental
the fumes were
 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. e 6. g 7. h 8. f

Task 4. Reduce these sentences, using participle clause.

1. Since Ellen returned to school, she has been very busy.

Since returning to school, Ellen has been very busy.

2. While May was shopping at the grocery store, she ran into one of her teachers.

While shopping at the grocery store, she ran into one of her teachers.

3. When I reached the summit of Stone Mountain, I took a photograph of the park below.

When reaching the summit of Stone Mountain, I took a photograph of the park below.

4. Before I came to the U.S., I had taken some English classes.

Before coming to U.S., I had taken some English classes.

5. My dog will run to the street when he is given the chance.

My dog will run to the street when given the chance.

6. Butter melts quickly when it is heated.

Butter melts quickly when heated.

7. While they are studying for tests, students should avoid all distractions.

While studying for tests, students should avoid all distractions.

8. Before you attend the workshop, you must first register in person or by phone.

Before attending the workshop, you must first register in person or by phone.

Task 5. Rewrite these sentences. Change them to full sentences.

1. Looked after carefully, these boots will last for many years.
If these boots are looked after carefully, they will last for many years.

2. Not wanting to hurt his feelings, I avoided the question.

Because I don’t want to hurt his feelings, I avoided the question.

3. Having lived through difficult times together, they were very close friends.
Because they had lived through difficult times together, they were very close friends.

4. Waiting for Ellie, I made some tea.

While I was waiting for Ellie, I made some tea.

5. Standing in the queue, I realised I didn't have any money.

While I was standing in the queue, I realized I didn’t have any money.
6. The bomb exploded, destroying the building.

The bomb exploded, which destroyed the building.

7. Used in this way, participles can make your writing more concise.

If participles are used in this way, it can make your writing more concise.

8. Filled with pride, he walked towards the stage.

He was filled with pride when he walked towards the stage.

9. Having been made redundant, she started looking for a new job.

She started looking for a new job after she had been made redundant.

10. Having finished their training, they will be fully qualified doctors.

They will be fully qualified doctors after they have finished their training.