Reservoir and Reservoir Fluid

• Two Required Basic Fundamentals:

• Porosity:
• Void space
• Permeability:
• Ability for fluid to flow through rock

• Most Common Reservoir Rocks:

• Sandstone's ~ 60%
• Carbonates ~ 39%

Reservoir Engineering
 Reservoir Rocks
Definition : Any rocks in suitable stratigraphic position
with possessing both the porosity and permeability
necessary to contain oil, gas or both, in commercial
quantities. (North, 1985)
Two most fundamental properties of reservoir rocks are:
•Porosity = storage capacity of the rock (for it to be an effective
porosity)
•Permeability = the ability of fluids to pass through a porous
material
 Type of Reservoir Rocks
The reservoir rocks could be :
•Sandstone
•Carbonate rocks
•Other rocks such as shale, volcanic rocks,
fractured basement etc.
Clastic Depositional Environment
In tidal regions the most significant features are caused by the mixing of sand- and
mud-sized fractions from the asymetrical currents. Lenticular bedding occur when
sand is trapped in troughs in the mud as sand waves migrate across a muddy
substrate. If mixing produces minor mud layer in a sandy substrate the pattern is called
flaser bedding.
Shoreface model

Characteristic of Core:
1. Fine to Very Fine Sandstone
2. Abundant glauconite Mineral
3. Mica Mineral content Interpreted ShorefaceFacies
4. Carbanaceous Content
5. Bioturbated structure rich
6. Thinny shale drape/ lamination
RESPONSES OF REEF GROWTH TO REGRESSION,
STABLE SEA-LEVEL AND TRANSGRESSION
DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS AND PRODUCT

( Loucks and Brown , 1988 )

Well-log Response of Parasequence Sets
( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
 A
A 4823’
gl sf

mf
A mf

B B 4901 4889 Legend

B C cd : clay dispersed
gl : glauconite
mf : macrofossil
sf : shell fragment

4875 cd bt : bioturbated
md : mud-drape
vb : vertical burrow
db : direct. burrow
C mf
cd

C cd mf

mf

4925 D
F
D 4922 E 4924
E
bt bt
4932
F G md 4947
md bt
F G vb/db
vb
D md md bt
md mf
md
db

E md

12 FINAL PRESENTATION G
07/12/2021
 N

75328
#5
#10
#4 #3
#6 #1 #11

#2 #7
#8

73328
N
1.68 km

#5 #4 #10 #3 #6 #1 #8 #7
#9

714480 1 Km 717480

13 FINAL PRESENTATION 07/12/2021

 N

75328
#5
#10

Correlation
#4 #3
#6 #1 #11

#2 #7
#8

73328
N

#5 #9
#7
#6 #8
#4 #3
714480 1 Km 717480
#1

14 FINAL PRESENTATION 07/12/2021

Batuan Inti Interval 4 Interval :8420’-8452’(2542.7mSSTVD – 2552.8mSSTVD)
Koreksi kedalaman : 2.4m, sehingga interval kedalaman
menjadi 2545.1mSSTVD – 2555.2mSSTVD.

Litologi:
Photo 1
Photo 2 • Batulanau, abu terang, ukuran butir sangat halus, masif,
struktur flaser, lenticular dan bioturbasi
• Batulempung, abu gelap, kekerasan sedang, struktur
lenticular.
• Batupasir, putih-abu terang, ukuran butir sedang, sortasi
buruk, terdapat fragmen batuan beku, terdapat struktur
wavy bedding, flaser dan load cast pada kedalaman 8442’.

Lingkungan Pengendapan :
• Intertidal Mud Flat, (batulempung & batulanau) dan
Photo 3 Intertidal – Sand Flat (batupasir)

Oil show:
Lenticular
• Dead oil show (8442,5ft); Trace oil show (8445 ; 8447,5 ;
Wavy bedding
Siderite nodule
8450 ft).
Flaser

Kedalaman : 8449.3ft
Monocrystalline quartz 40%,
Polycrystalline quartz 23%, Lithic
Wavy bedding
Load cast
fragments 4%,
Organic matter 1%, Feldspar <1%,
Bioturbation
Flaser Muscovite <1%.
Flaser Visible Porosity : 14%
Photo 1 Photo 2 Photo 4
Sikuen Stratigrafi Sumur SF-1

Fasa
Regresi

Fasa
Transgresi
Porosity
( Volume of Voids ) x 100
Total Volume of Rock
• Represented by: f
• Range from 5 to 30%
• Primary: formed during deposition
• Secondary: formed after deposition

rhombohedrally packed grain sorting, silt, clay and

spheres: f = 26% cementation effect porosity

Reservoir Engineering
Three Main Types of Porosity
1. Inter Connected
• multiple pore throat passages

2. Connected
• single pore throat passages

3. Isolated
• no connection between pores

• 1 + 2 = Effective Porosity

Reservoir Engineering
Example

Inter Connected Isolated Porosity

Porosity

Connected Porosity
Reservoir Engineering
Primary Porosity

Intragranular Porosity (Limestone's)Intergranular Porosity (Sandstone's)

Reservoir Engineering
Secondary Porosity

• Fenestral (Shrinkage) • Solution (Leaching of • Fracture

• Intercrystalline (Between Solution)
Crystals) - Mold
- Vuggy

Reservoir Engineering
Relationship between
porosity and permeability
for the different types of
pore systems
 Classification of porosity

Porosity scale (Koesoemadinata, 1980) :

•0-5 % : Diabaikan (negligible)

•5-10 % : Buruk (poor)
•10-15 % : Cukup (fair)
•15-20 % : Baik (good)
•20-25 % : Baik sekali (very good)
•>25 % : Istimewa (excellent)
 Permeability
Permeability is the ability of fluids to pass through a porous material.

Original work on permeability was carried out by H Darcy (1856) which

was further developed by Muskat and Botset (1931) who resulted a
formula for rate of flow.

where
Q = rate of flow
K = permeability
(P1-P2) = pressure drop across the sample
A = cross-sectional area of the sample
L = length of the sample
µ = viscosity of the fluids
 Permeability
The unit of permeability is the Darcy, defined as the
permeability that allows a fluid of 1 centipoise (cP)
viscosity to flow at a velocity of 1 cm/s for a pressure
drop of 1 atm/cm.

Usually reservoir have permeabilities much less than

a Darcy, the milidarcy (md) is commonly used.
Classification of permeability

Quality scale of permeability (Koesoemadinata,

1980):

< 5 mD : Ketat (tight)

5 – 10 mD : Cukup (fair)
10 – 100 mD : Baik (good)
100 – 1000 mD : Baik sekali (very good)
Sandstone classification
SANDSTONE RESERVOIR
Quartz Sandstone
This rocks type is important due to most of sandstone reservoir
is quartz sandstone.
It is commonly a very good quality of reservoir because it has
well sorting, rounded grain and less of matrix.
Example of this type in Indonesia:
- Ngrayong member of Tawun Formation in northern East Jawa
- Talang Akar Formation in South Sumatera Selatan and western
part of Java Sea
- Air banakat Formation in South Sumatera
- Tanjung Formation in Kalimantan
- Keutapang Formation in Aceh.
Greywacke Sandstone
Greywacke sandstone is commonly composed by various
types of clast including chert, igneous rocks, mafic
mineral and others.
Important textural properties posses of greywacke is
abundant of matrix and poorly sorted texture that
reduced porosity.
Greywacke commonly occurs in association with turbidit
deposits.
• Arcosic Sandstone
This rocks type are commonly composed by quartz and feldspar.
Usually clean, with less of matrix contain but its grain morphology is
still angular grains with moderately sorted.
Arkosic sandstone is very common as a result of weathering of granites.
 Siliciclastic Sedimentary Textures

Grain-size

Udden-Wentworth scale

(Folk, 1974).
 Siliciclastic Sedimentary Textures
Grain Morphology
Three aspects of grain morphology are the shape, sphericity and
roundness.

• The shape or form of grain is measured by various ratios of the long,

intermediate and short axes.
• Sphericity is a measure of how closely the grain shape approaches
that of a sphere.
• Roundness is concerned with the curvature of the corners of a grain
and six classes from very angular to well rounded.
 Grain shape classification

Roundness and Sphericity

Sorting
Fabric
 Relationship between porosity,
permeability and sedimentary texture
The textural parameters of an unconsolidated sediment
that may effect porosity and permeability:
-grain shape (roundness & sphericity)
-grain size
-Sorting
-fabric (packing, grain orientation)
Permeability is a function of size, form and distribution
of pores space and type and quantity of fluids, rate
fluids flow, length and cross-section of rocks and
pressures drop along fluidal flows.
 Relationship between Porosity,
Permeability and grain shape
Increasing roundness

High
Sphericity

Low
Sphericity

Fraser (1935): porosity might decrease with spericity, because spherical

grains may be more tightly packed than subspherical ones.
 Relationship between Porosity,
Permeability and grain size
-Theoretically, porosity is independent of grain size for
uniformly packed and graded sand.
-In practice : coarser sands sometimes have higher
porosities than do finer sand (Sneider et al., 1977).
-This disparity may be due to separate but correlative
factors such as sorting and/or cementation.
-Permeability declines with decreasing grain size
because pore diameter decrease and hence capillary
pressure increase.
Porosity Tests
• E-Logs ----------> Gives Total Porosity Values
• Sonic Logs
• Neutron Logs
• Density Logs

• Core Tests ----------> Gives Effective Porosity Values

• Water Saturation
• Gas Saturation
• Mercury Injection

Reservoir Engineering
 Permeability

• There must be some continuity between pores to have

permeability.
• Unit of Permeability is the Darcy.
• It is defined as that permeability which will allow a fluid of one
centipoise viscosity to flow at a velocity of one centimeter per second
for a pressure drop of one atmosphere per centimeter.

Reservoir Engineering
Effect of Grain Size on Permeability

Reservoir Engineering
 In-Situ Saturation and Wettability

Rock matrix Water Oil and/or gas

Volume of fluid
S
Pore volume
Reservoir Engineering
Contact Angle as a Measure of Wetting

Reservoir Engineering
Saturation
• Amount of water per unit volume = f (Sw)
• Amount of hydrocarbon per unit volume = f (1 - Sw)

Reservoir Engineering
Saturation vs Grain Size

Reservoir Engineering
Permeability & Fluid Saturation
• Relations between Permeability and
Fluid Saturation
• Absolute Permeability: Permeability of
rock if 100% saturated with 1 fluid.
• Effective Permeability: Permeability of
1 phase only if more than 1 phase
exists.
• Relative Permeability: Effective
Permeability / Absolute Permeability
• Which Permeability do we use in
Darcy's Law?

Reservoir Engineering
Mineral mineral clay diklasifikasi berdasarkan struktur
kristal mereka dalam grup-grup sbb:
- montmorillonite ( suatu bentuk smectite)
- illite
- kaolinite
- chlorite
- mixed-layer minerals.
Tabel 7-1 memperlihatkan sifat sifat masing masing
grup yang penting untuk evaluasi formasi.
Terlihat bahwa harga Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC):
besar untuk montmorillonite dan illite,
kecil untuk chlorite dan kaolinite.