.

Answer for section A

1. F-test and its interpretation
F-test is used in order to perform the statistical test that helps the person conducting the test in
finding that whether the two population sets that are having the normal distribution of the data points
of them have the same standard deviation or not.
1
The interpretation of F is by using F-distribution table comparing the F-calculated and F-table value, i.e.
accept null hypothesis (Ho) if F-calculated less than F-table and accept alternative hypothesis (Ha) if F-
calculated greater than F-table (visversa)
2. Research hypothesis
Research hypothesis is an educated guess/prediction about possible differences, relationships or causes
of research problems or tentative solution to the problem, which can be test to accept the possible
hypothesis or reject the hypothesis.
3. Primary data
Primary data is the type of data that is, collected by researcher directly from main source/field.
Primary data is collecting new data from fields that does not already exist.

Secondary data is the data that has already, been collected through primary source and made readily,
available for researcher to use their own research.
4. Descriptive research
Descriptive research analyzes the question “what is?” and collects data from one or more groups, and
then analyzes it in order to describe present conditions.
5. Sample size determination
Sample size determination is the mathematical estimation of the number of subjects/units to be included
in a study.
Optimum sample size, determination is required for the following reasons:

 To allow for appropriate analysis

 To provide the desired level of accuracy
 To allow validity of significance test.
6. Mean

Mean is the sum of all the scores divided by the number of scores and often referred to as the average
Mean is a good measure of central tendency or simply the location of the middle in a distribution of
scores.
7. Scientific method
Scientific method is the method that a step-by-step procedure for solving problems on the basis of
empirical observations.
Here are the major elements:

 Begin with a “felt difficulty.”

 Write a formal “Problem Statement.”
 Gather literature information.
 State hypothesis.
2
  Select a target group (population).
 Draw one or more samples, as needed.
 Collect data.
 Analyze data.
 Test the null, or statistical, hypothesis.
 Interpret the results.

Answer for section B

1. Explain Characteristics of scientific Research
a. Objectivity
Objectivity is looking for objective reality that willing to accept empirical results contrary to their own
opinions or values.
B. Precision
Precision is carefully design instruments to be as accurate as possible and Accurate measurement in
the research process.
C. Verification

Verification means researchers report their findings in a way that allows others to replicate their
studies — to check the facts in the real world.

D. Empiricism.
The root of “empiricism” refers to the “employment of empirical methods, as in science,” or “derived
from observation or experiment; verifiable or provable by means of observation or experiment.” not on
abstract philosophizing or theologizing.
E. Goal: Theories
The goal of scientific research is theory construction, not the mere cataloging of empirical data.
2. What is the reason to write the research proposal? What are the proper structures of
good research proposal?
The reasons to write the research proposal:-

FOR Academic- Can be assigned as an assignment, they can lead to a thesis or dissertation, or

FOR Professional- they can be necessary for funding and grant applications.

For convincing the examiners the research problem

For convincing the examiners the research method.

3
The structures of proposal :-

 Title
 Abstract
 Introduction and/or background
 Research question
 Preliminary Literature review
 Theoretical framework
 Methodology
 Research design and method
 Ethics
 Communicating the results
 Significance of Research
 Timeline
 Budget
 References
3. Explain the purpose of writing introduction in research proposal or report?
The purpose of the Introduction should be to supply sufficient background information to allow the
reader to understand and evaluate the results of the present study without needing to refer to previous
publications on the topic.
4. Discuss the use of central tendency in statistical analysis
A. Mean is the sum of all the scores divided by the number of scores and often referred to as the
average
Mean is, used to measure central tendency or simply the location of the middle in a distribution of
scores.
Median

B. Median is the middle value when a variable’s values are, ranked in order; the point that divides a
distribution into two equal halves.
Median is commonly, used with a small number of scores or when the data contain extreme scores,
known as outliers.
C. Mode

Mode is the most common data point is, called the mode.
Mode is used to know the most frequented score of data

4
5. Write detailed note on the various method of data collection
Observation
Observation refers to the process of observing and recording events or situations. The technique is
particularly useful for discovering how individuals or groups of people or animals (and in some instances
inanimate objects) behave, act or react.
Questionnaires

A questionnaire is a type of survey where respondents write answers to questions posed by the
researcher on a question form. A number of respondents are, asked identical questions, in order to gain
information that can be, analyzed, patterns found and comparisons made.
Questionnaires are extremely flexible and can be, used to gather information on almost any topic
involving large or small numbers of people.

Interviews
Interviews are limited to cases where the subjects of study are humans. Interviews are a type of survey
where questions are, delivered in a face-to-face encounter by an interviewer. The interview is like a
conversation and has the purpose of obtaining information relevant to a particular research topic.

Focus groups
Focus group is a qualitative data collection method in which trained moderator conduct collective
interview of typically, 6-8 participants.
Document analysis
Document answers who, why, where and how of the data documentation are the context around the
data collection.
Experiment
IN An Experiment, the features of data collections are control over variables, careful measurement, and
establishing cause and effect relationships. An experiment is an investigation in which a hypothesis is
scientifically tested. In an experiment, an independent variable (the cause) is manipulated and the
dependent variable (the effect) is measured; any extraneous variables are controlled.
An advantage experiment is that experiments should be objective. The views and opinions of the
researcher should not affect the results of a study.
Mathematical modeling
IN Mathematical modeling, the structure is, formulated in a mathematical model, usually a set of
equations that describe the relations among the most typical characters that appear in the phenomenon.

A model is a point of connection between empirical data and the theoretical paradigms of the reference
discipline, since it justifies the empirical data on the basis of the paradigms but it validates as well the
paradigms through empirical data.

5
6. Explain the steps involved in problem formulation, why it is very important in research process?

 Identify a broad field or subject area of interest to you.

 Dissect the broad area into subareas. exhaustive list of the subareas from various sources
 Select what is of most interest to you
 Raise research questions. At this step ask yourself, ‘What is it that I want to find out about in this
subarea?’ Develop research questions
 Formulate objectives. Both your main objectives and your sub-objectives now need to be
formulated, which grow out of your research questions. The main difference between objectives
and research questions is the way in which they are written.
The importance of Problem formulation/statement
The problem statement defines the essence of your study and identifies the variables you will study.
Characteristics of a Problem statement
a. Limit scope of your study

The problem statement helps limit your study by focusing your attention on the particular variables
you want to investigate.

b. Current theory and/or latest research

The problem statement should reflect the most recent discoveries in your field of interest. You will
refine your problem as you conduct the literature review. A clear understanding of your specific
problem will help you gather pertinent data from your field and discover if you are proposing a
redundant study.

c. Meaningfulness
Is your problem statement meaningful? Is it important to your field? The problem may focus on
something you personally want to know, but this is not enough to establish the need for the study.
d. Clearly written
The problem statement is usually a single sentence which isolates the variables of the study and
indicates how these variables will be studied

Answers for section C

1. “The search for facts should be made by the scientific method rather than by an arbitrary method
(trial and error)” explain
The scientific method is that all searching for fact is a step-by-step procedure for solving problems on
the basis of empirical observations and experiments.

6
2. Describe the technique of analysis of variance
A. ANOVA (Analysis of variance)
ANOVA is, a statistic to measure any significant differences between three or more independent
samples (Means)
B.ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance)

ANCOVA is, when there might be a preexisting difference among groups and the variable where that
difference manifest is, related to the dependent variable.
C. MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance)
MANOVA is the family of analyses of variance that, it has more than one dependent variable.

Answers for section D

1. Under what condition would you recommend the following sample types?

a. probability sampling
When we need to generalize validly, of a sample to some defined population that the sample has been
drawn from that population.
In the extent to which the outcomes of a study result from the variables that were, manipulated,
measured, or selected rather than from other variables not systematically treated.
b. non-probability sampling
Non-probability sampling is a sampling method in which not all members of the population have an equal
chance of participating in the study, unlike probability sampling.
Non-probability sampling designs are, used when the number of elements in a population is either
unknown or cannot be individually, identified.
Researchers use this method in studies where it is impossible to draw random probability sampling due
to time or cost considerations and do not want to generalize the sample to the whole population and
sample chosen is according to the person's own judgment.
c. simple random sampling
Simple random sampling is applied, when the researcher want to select members from population by
giving equal chance to be, selected – free of bias
d. Multi-stage sampling is applied in big inquires extending to a considerable large geographical area,
say, the entire country.
e. Stratified sampling is, applied when, a population from which a sample is to be drawn does not
constitute a homogeneous group; stratified sampling technique is generally applied in order to obtain a
representative sample

7
Answers for section E
1. Middle score in the distribution is Median as score occurring with the frequency is Mode
2. What should you do if you find outliers in your data?

Outlier is an extreme value in a set of data, which is much higher or lower than the other numbers and
affect the mean value of the data.it, should be remove or change outliers during post-test analysis by
changing the value of outlier’s data.

3. When would you use a median rather than a mean?

We use median when, the collected data score is exposed to outliers.
4. What is, meant by experimental validity and reliability?
Experimental validity is when the observed change in the dependent variable is due to the independent
variable.(internal validity)
An Experimental reliability is a concept used to evaluate the quality of the experiment and it indicates
the consistency across time (test-retest) reliability.

Questions and Answers

8
9
10
11
Answers.
Section ( A)
1). Internal validity of experiment
2). Mean
3). Group minus one (G-1)
4).Mean square b/n groups and Mean square with in group( F=mse b/mse with in gro.)

5). Median
6). Stratified sampling

12
Section (B)
7). A. Case of delay in Malawi
B. Road construction project
C. investigation of…
8). the problem: Delay in road construction
Objective: identifying Cause of delay in completing road construction project in Malawi.
Methodology: Relative importance index (RII) and spearman’s Rank correlation coefficients.
Result/outcome: Cause of delay has negative impact on timely completion, so stakeholders should pay
attention to cause of delays.
9). the research type is quantitative, data analysis method is statistical, the research design is
experimental.
10). Dependent variable: Delay in completing road construction
Independent variables: shortage of fuel, insufficient contractor cash flow, shortage of foreign
currency…………………………etc.
11). the type research is experimental.
Dependent and independent
Dependent variable: Delay in completing road construction
Independent variables: shortage of fuel, insufficient contractor cash flow, shortage of foreign
currency…………………………etc.
Research question and hypothesis

Questions
1. How to identify the main factor that causes of delay.?
2. How to identify the rank of factor that causes of delay?
3. How to identify most frequent factor that causes of delay?

Hypothesis
The study hypothesis is that, the causes of delay are affect negatively the completion of road
construction projects.
12). Given
L=3 and F=2 and n=Lf=32=9
Solution, Y=f(x1, x2)

13
Design

Equation: =Y=a+bx1+cx2+dx1x2

13). Solution

Test for: Ho=Ha and Ho ≠ Ha

Calculate value of ( T )

Degree of confidence=95%95/100=0.951-0.95=0.05

Use the formula of T-test

T=1-2/√Sd1/n1 +sd2/n2
2
1.6-5.5 sd2/10 +sd2/10=1.6-5.5√(1.07)
/ /10+(0.85)2/10 =-3.9√0.11449 +0.7225

=-3.9√0.18674=-3.9/0.432=-9.027= │-9.027│=9.027 or

5.5-1.6/sd2/10 +sd2/10=5.5-1.6 √(1.07)2/10+(0.85)2=9.027

Df1=n-1=10-1=9 and df2=n2-1=10-1=9
14
The n1 +n2 =9+9=18
From T-table: T- table=2.12
T-calculated>T-table9.02>2.12
Alternative hypothesis is accepted and the Null hypothesis is rejected.
14). Given

Df b/n groups=2 and Df with in groups=25

=0.05 and Confidence level of 95%

Find value of F from table for =0.05 and Confidence level of 95%

Value of F from table=3.394 therefore, the F ratio to be significant, the calculated F value must
greater than 3.39.
15).

1 2 3 4 5
S. Agree S. Disagree Agree Disagree Slt,
disgree
Delay of road
construction
Lack of experience 
of construction
manager
Funding shortage 
by owner

15
 Questions

Answer
1. A observational method
B. Correlational study

C. Male and Female (sex) is independent variables and Aggressiveness is dependent variable.

16
Questions

17
 Answers
No Answer A column B column
1 h Person undertaking study a Directional hypothesis
2 b Relationship b/n a single independent variables b Dependent variable
& a single dependent variable
3 f Information gathered c Deductive reasoning
4 c It is a process by which specifies are inferred d Simple hypothesis
from general principles
5 a Specifies not only the existence but the e Inductive reasoning
expected direction of the relation ship
f Data
h Investigator

6. What are the different forms of research report or communication can take?

Answer
1. INTRODUCTION-A brief on the chapter
2. SUMMARY- This is an extended abstract
3. CONCLUSIONS- Must be derived from the summary
4. RECOMMENDATIONS- Should come from the conclusions

7. The null hypothesis always predicts that there will be no difference b/n the group being studied

8. The Quantitative research approach relies on d/t observation and experimentation in acquis ion of new
knowledge.

Multiple choice
9. b
10. c
11. c
12. c

18
Questions

19
Answers
1). Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase
our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.”

The purpose of research is:

a. problem solving and acquiring new knowledge and

b. it reduces the complexity of problems

c. In short, research is used for the purposes of:

 describing phenomena
 explaining phenomena
 predicting phenomena
 controlling phenomena
 comparing phenomena

2). Source of research titles

A. observation

B. Experience

C. From reading (Literature review)

D. from goggle
20
Our research proposal is Causes of Delay in Construction Projects in Bangladesh

3). The general objective of our assignment is identifying the causes of delay of building construction
projects in Bangladesh, and the important causes of delay in large building projects.

Specific Objective our assignment is

 To identify the main factor that of Causes of delay

 To identify the hierarch of factor that causes of delay
 To identify most frequent factor that causes of delay

4). Purpose of Literature Review in proposal writing

 differentiating what has been done from what needs to be done,

 discovering important variables related to the topic,
 synthesizing and gaining a new perspective,
 identifying relationships between ideas and practices,
 rationalizing the significance of the problem,
 identifying the main methodologies and research techniques that have been used, and
 Placing the research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments.

5). Interpret the result and conclusion and recommendation of the graph given above.

Construction time is independent variable and cost is dependent variable that as construction time
increase, the cost expense is decrease b/c during first stage of construction the quantity of activities
are high and needs high cost.

Conclusion: large number of money is needed at first stage of construction.

Recommendation: stakeholders have to provide sufficient money at first stage of construction.

6). Abstract

7). What is plagiarism? Plagiarism means using another‟s work without giving credit.

Plagiarism is dishonest and/or misleading, because it misrepresents the work of another as your own.

Avoiding Plagiarism
1. Use your own words and ideas.
– Practice is essential to learning. Each time you choose your words, order your thoughts, and convey

21
 your ideas, you can improve your writing.
2. Give credit for copied, adapted, or paraphrased material.

– If you copy and use another’s exact words, you must use quotation marks and cite the source.
– If you adapt a chart or paraphrase a sentence, you must still cite your source.

Paraphrasing is restating the author's ideas, information, and meaning in your own words.

If study population is < 10,000

8). nf=n/1+ (n)/(N)

Where
 nf= desired sample size, when study population <10,000
 N= estimate of the population size
Given

N=500

n=100

nf=n/1+(n)/(N)
100/1 +100/500=100 + 0.2=100.2

The desired sample size= 100.2

9). Reference citation by using Information-prominent and Author prominent style

A. Author prominent style

Ebhohimen et al. (2015) has concluded that, Time, cost and quality are three major variables that are of
primary concern to the parties involved in procurement of building projects.

B. Information-prominent: - “Time, cost and quality are three major variables that are of primary
concern to the parties involved in procurement of building projects”.

10). Reference styles

a). Harvard style of reference.

Abdulcanlyu Adbayo, Abdulhateef Adwale, John Ebhohimen, International journal of construction
engineering and management 2015,4(3)26-34
b). APA (American psychological association) citation style
A.A, A.A, J.E, International journal of construction engineering and management (2015), 26-34
22
 Questions

Answers for Section A

1. What is Inductive Reasoning and Research?
Deductive Reasoning thinking from stated general principles to specific elements.
Inductive Reasoning thinking from specific elements to general principles.

23
Research is any honest attempt to study a problem systematically or to add to man’s knowledge of a
problem
Research is the application of the scientific method and a systematic process of collecting and logically
analyzing information (data)
Research is the systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or
solve a problem.
Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase
our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.”
2. What is research proposal?
A research proposal is a document of usually three to seven pages that informs others of a proposed
plan of research.

A research proposal is a guiding way or plan that shows how to do research.

3. What is cluster sampling?
Cluster sampling is that the researcher divided the population in to smaller groups known as cluster,
the randomly select among those cluster to form sample.
Cluster sampling often used to study large population especially, those are widely geographically,
dispersed.
Cluster sample- in cluster sampling, only the selected clusters are studied.
4. What is null hypothesis?
Null hypothesis is that, when the researcher assume that, there is no significant difference b/n the two
variables or groups Ho=Ha or variance,1= variance,2.
Alternative hypothesis is that, when the researcher assume that, there is significant difference b/n the
two variables or groups  Ho≠Ha or variance,1≠ variance,2.
5. What is Exploratory Research?
Exploratory research is, conducted when there are few or no earlier studies to which references can be,
made for information
Exploratory research is a type of research conducted because a problem has not been clearly, defined.

Answers for Section B

1. Explain parts of technical report
1. Abstract is a summary of all sections that can help the reader decide whether or not to read the
whole report
2. Introduction is an outline of the reports focus and scope that presents the issue, background
information and hypothesis.
24
 3. Literature review is a review of what others have written on the issue, which defines ‘agap’ in the
existent research.
4. Mythology is an explanation of the ways you choose to conduct your research and a rationale for
your choice.
5. Result is a presentation of the information gained from the research
6. Discussion is an evaluation of results that refers to the purpose of the study, a review of findings,
analysis and limitations.
7. Conclusion is summary that can serve as abases for recommendation, and perhaps discussion of
limitation.
8. Recommendation is a personal statements about what is to be done, who is to do it and how.

9. Reference is all list of texts used.

2. Explain the features of different types of research
A. Historical research
Historical research analyzes the question “what was?” and it studies documents and relics to determine the relationship of
historic events and trends to present-day practice.

The goal of historical research is to in explain the underlying causes of present practices.

B. Descriptive Research
Descriptive research analyzes the question “what is?” and collects data from one or more groups, and
then analyzes it in order to describe present conditions.
The goal of descriptive research is to accurately, and empirically describe differences between one or
more variables in selected groups.
C. Exploratory research
Exploratory research is initial research to clarify and define the nature of problem and conducted
because a problem has not been clearly, defined by researches done before or no studied.
D. Correlational Research
Correlational Research it analyzes the question “what is and why is ” and describes
association/relationship between variables of interest in the study.
Correlational Research do not show cause and effect

The goal of correlational research is to establish whether relationships exist between selected
variables.
E. Experimental Research
Experimental research analyzes the question “what if?” and carefully controlled procedures to
manipulate one (independent) variable effect on other (dependent) variables.

25
An experiment is a research situation where at least one independent variable, called the experimental
variable, is deliberately manipulated or varied by the researcher.
The goal of experimental research is to establish cause-effect relationships between independent and
dependent variables.
F. Explanatory research
Explanatory research is a continuation of descriptive research, builds on exploratory and descriptive
research, and goes on to identify the reasons for something that occurs.it describes the characteristics,
to analyze and explain why or how something is happening.
3. What is the significance of literature review in research proposal /report?

 distinguishing what has been done and what needs to be done,

 discovering important variables relevant to the topic,
 synthesizing and gaining a new perspective,
 identifying relationships between ideas and practices,
 rationalizing the significance of the problem,
 identifying the main methodologies and research techniques that have been used, and
 Placing the research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art
developments.
4. Give three examples of research ethical practices

 Reflect on any ethical issues that may arise from the proposed research.
 Include a discussion of the ways in which the participants/subjects might be at risk in this
study and the steps taken to protect their rights.
 Discuss who will approve the research.
 Focus on potential benefits, risks/harm, storage of data, informed consent, confidentiality,
anonymity, privacy, right to withdraw from the study, and communication of research
findings.

5. Distinguish b/n an experimental and survey. Explain survey method of research and Explain
different sampling techniques

An experimental research involves comparing two groups on one outcome measure to test some
hypothesis regarding causation. The groups are experimental or treatment group and control group, a
group of units which have no treatment imposed.

Experimental research is best method when the purpose of research is to determine causal influence
b/n variables.

Surveys gather data at a particular point in time with the intention of describing the nature of existing
conditions, or identifying standards against which existing conditions can be, compared, or determining
the relationships that exist between specific events.

Typically, survey method is, used to scan a wide field of issues, populations, programs etc. in order to
measure or describe any generalized features.
26
A. Probability (Random) Sampling

 Simple random sampling—All members have equal chance to be selected – free of bias
 Systematic random sampling - selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame
In Systematic random sampling case, we choose every Nth individual e.g. every 5th, 10th, etc., the first
one to be included should be randomly selected.

 Stratified random sampling- Stratification is the process of dividing members of the population into
homogeneous subgroups before sampling ( Male, female etc). a random sample is drawn from all
the strata/sub group
 Multistage sampling- sampling is, carried out in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units at
each stage.

Multistage sampling- sampling is sampling method that divided the population in to groups or cluster
to conduct the collection of data.

 Multiphase sample- A sampling procedure in which some information is collected from the whole
sample and additional information is collected, at the same time or later, from sub samples of the
entire sample
 Cluster sampling is that the researcher divided the population in to smaller groups known as cluster,
the randomly select among those cluster to form sample.
Cluster sampling often used to study large population especially, those are widely geographically,
dispersed.
B. Non-Probability Samples

 Convenience sample
Convenience sample it uses participants who are easily accessible to the researcher and who meet the
criteria of the study.
Purposive/theoretical/ judgmental sampling:
In this type, the researcher based on knowledge and expertise of the subject, selects or hand picks the
elements of the study.

 Quota sampling:
In this case, the population are divided into strata then the researcher determines which strata are to
be studied, then computes number of participants needed for each strata, once quota for each strata is
determined, the subjects are solicited via a convenience sampling method.
Snowball sampling:
It is a particular type of convenience sampling in which the researcher net works with a small sample of
accessible participants and use them to assist in identifying other participants with the specific trait.

27
6. Where one-way ANOVA is can be, used and how you interpret the result?
ANOVA is can be, used to statistic measure of any significant differences between three or more
independent samples (Means)
The interpretation of ANOVA is by using F-distribution table comparing the F-calculated and F-table
value, i.e. accept null hypothesis (Ho) if F-calculated less than F-table and accept alternative hypothesis
(Ha) if F-calculated greater than F-table (visversa)
7. Describe factors considered by researcher before selection of research title
INTEREST

If possible; choose a topic that interests you.

You'll have to spend a lot of time and energy on it, and there's more chance you'll do a good job if it's
something you want to know more about.
Worthiness-impact on industry or the community
SCOPE
Your topic must be manageable.
Avoid choosing a topic that is too broad or too narrow.

TIME
Choose a project that can be finished in the time you have.
It is better to do a smaller project well than to do a sloppy job on a more elaborate project.
CLARITY
Be clear about what topic you are researching.

Not having a clear idea of what you're looking for is dangerous because you are likely to get off track
and waste time you can't afford
8. What is empirical study and an empirical study based on?
Empirical study is the type of study that indicates closeness of the findings to reality and Confidence
refers to the probability that our estimations are correct.
It finds a solution empirically (based on observation and experience more than upon theory and
abstraction). i.e. the research bases its findings on direct or indirect observation as its test of reality or
An empirical study based on the result derived from observation or experiment; verifiable or provable
by means of observation or experiment.”

28
Answers for Section C
1. a. Questionnaire survey
b. correlational studies b/c relationships among two or more variables

c. independent variable is managers level of experience

d. dependent variable is delay in production or delay in construction

Questions

29
Answers
1). a. Writing ways for students of master or PhD to attain a high position in the social structure.

b. To professionals in research methodology- source of livelihood/ income.

c. To philosophers and thinkers -the outlet for new ideas and insights

d. To literary men and women-the development of new styles and creative work;
e. To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the generalizations of new theories.
2). The scientific research result is temporary, open-ended truth, b/c always there is researcher who
develop the result already found and they fill the gap.
3). The scientific method is a step-by-step procedure for solving problems on the basis of empirical
observations.

The steps

1. Begin with a “felt difficulty.”

What is your interest? , What questions do you want answered? , How might a theory be, applied in a
specific situation? And The felt difficulty is the beginning point for any study (but it has no place in the
proposal).
2. Write a formal “Problem Statement.”
The Problem establishes the focus of the study by stating the necessary variables in the study and what
you plan to do with them.
3. Gather literature information.
The Problem establishes the focus of the study by stating the necessary variables in the study and what
you plan to do with them.
4. State hypothesis.
On the basis of the literature search, write a hypothesis statement that reflects your best tentative solution
to the Problem .
5. Select a target group (population).
Select who, will provide your data? How will you find subjects for your study? Are they accessible to
you?
6. Draw one or more samples, as needed.
Draw, how many samples will you need? What kind of sampling will you use?
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 7. Collect data.
What procedure will you use to actually collect data from the subjects? And
Develop a step-by-step plan to obtain all the data you need to answer your questions
8. Analyze data.
What statistics will you use to analyze the data? And
Develop a step-by-step plan to analyze the data and interpret the results.

9. Test the null, or statistical, hypothesis.

On the basis of the statistical results, what decision do you make concerning your hypothesis?

10. Interpret the results.

What does the statistical decision mean in terms of your study? Translate the findings from “statistics”
to English.

4). Characteristics of research

a. objectivity

Objectivity is the ability to see the situation during study accurately without the influence of emotion,
prejudice or biases (follow only experiment result and not follow your personal opinion or feelings).

b. Precision:- Reliable scientific knowing requires precise measurement, carefully design

instruments to be as accurate as possible and accurate measurement is a vital ingredient in the
research process.

Precision also refers to closeness of the findings to reality and Confidence to the probability that our
estimations are correct.

c. Verification
Science analyzes world processes, which are systematic and recurring and Researchers report their
findings in a way that allows others to replicate their studies — to check the facts in the real world.

d. Empiricism.
The root of “empiricism” refers to the “employment of empirical methods, as in science,” or “derived
from observation or experiment; verifiable or provable by means of observation or experiment.”
And not on abstract philosophizing or theologizing.
e. Goal: Theories
The goal of scientific research is theory construction, not the mere cataloging of empirical data. The
inductive process of scientific knowing begins with the specifics (collected data) and leads to the general
(theories).

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5). what is Plagiarism? And how do you use other’s work?

a. Plagiarism means using another‟s work without giving credit.

Plagiarism is dishonest and/or misleading, because it misrepresents the work of another as your own.

b. While use an other’s work Give credit for copied, adapted, or paraphrased material.
– If you copy and use another‟s exact words, you must use quotation marks and cite the source.
– If you adapt a chart or paraphrase a sentence, you must still cite your source.
6). Factors to be considered when selecting title/topic (Criteria for prioritizing title)

1. INTEREST
If possible, choose a topic that interests you and You'll have to spend a lot of time and energy on it, and
there's more chance you'll do a good job if it's something you want to know more about.
2. Worthiness-impact on industry or the community
3. SCOPE
Your topic must be manageable and avoid choosing a topic that is too broad or too narrow.
4. TIME
Choose a project that can be finished in the time you have and It is better to do a smaller project well
than to do a sloppy job on a more elaborate project.
5. CLARITY
Be clear about what topic you are researching and not having a clear idea of what you're looking for is
dangerous because you are likely to get off track and waste time you can't afford
6. Relevance
The topic you choose should be a priority problem:
7. Feasibility

Consider the complexity of the problem and the resources you will require to carry out the study
8. Political acceptability

It is advisable to research a topic that has the interest and support of the authorities.
9. Applicability

Is it likely that the recommendations from the study will be, applied?

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10. Urgency of data needed

How urgently are the results needed for making a decision?

• Which research should be, done first and which can be. Done late?
11. Ethical acceptability

We should always consider the possibility that we may cause harm on others while carrying out research.
• Therefore, it will be useful to review the proposed study.
12. Avoidance of duplication

Investigate whether the topic has been researched.

• If the topic has been researched, the results should be reviewed to explore whether major
questions that deserve further investigation remain unanswered.
• If not, another topic should be chosen.
7). Parts of research design
(a) Sampling design: the method of selecting items to be, observed;
(b) Observational design: the conditions under which the observations are to be, made;
(c) Statistical design: the question of how many items are to be, observed and how the information and
data gathered are to be, analyzed;
(d) Operational design: the techniques, by which the procedures specified in the sampling, statistical and
observational designs can be, carried out.

8).)The three Informal experimental designs

(i) Before-and-after without control design.

(ii) After-only with control design. (Information on baseline is usually, known before the intervention)

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(iii) Before-and-after with control design.

The three Formal experimental designs

(i) Completely randomized design (C.R. Design).
(ii) Randomized block design (R.B. Design). Experimental subjects are first divided into homogeneous
blocks before they are randomly assigned to a treatment group.
(iii) Factorial designs.
K
N   ni
i 1

9). Problem statement:- the need to “get on target” with our proposal is the most important point in
starting proposal/research and The “Problem” and “Hypothesis” statements focus every element of the
proposal.
10). Directional hypothesis
The amount of cement is significant negative predictors in asphalt in road construction and the fatigue
strength of the road
11). what is difference b/n descriptive inferential statistics?
Descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics are brief descriptive that summarize a given data set which can be either are
presentation of the entire or a sample of a population. Descriptive statistics are broken down in to
measures of central tendency and measure of variability.
Descriptive statistics Organize, Summarize and Simplify Presentation of data.
 Descriptive statistics is Frequencies, as well as measures of central tendency, are often, presented
in various studies.
 Descriptive statistics is frequency measures provide a brief summary of the basic characteristics
of the data
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  Descriptive statistics allowing readers to understand the nature of the data with minimum space
expenditure.
 Providing visual representations of results in graphical form can also contribute to a clearer
understanding of any patterns confirmed through statistical testing and can provide an early
picture of any outliers in the data.
There are four types of descriptive statistics
1. Measure of frequency (count, percent, and frequency)
2. Measure of central tendency (mean, median, mode)
3. Measure of dispersion of variation (range, variance, SD)
4. Measure of position (percentile, rank, quartile ranks)
Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics allow you to test a hypothesis or assess whether your data is generalizable to the
boarder population.
Types of Inferential Statistics
1. Relationships between Variables

 Linear Regression, Pearson’s “r”(r directly measures the degree of association between two

variables (X and Y)
 Multiple linear regression.
 T-tests
2. Differences between Groups
 Analysis of variance (ANOVA).
 Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).
 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
12). When the data gathered are exposed to outliers.
Short answers from class exercises
Fill the subjects of the following definitions taken from research report.
1. Reference is all list of texts used.
2. Result is a presentation of the information gained from the research
3. Front matter is the title page, table of content, and often, confidentiality clause.
4. Introduction is an outline of the reports focus and scope that presents the issue, background
information and hypothesis.

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5. Literature review is a review of what others have written on the issue, which defines ‘agap’ in the
existent research.
6. Mythology is an explanation of the ways you choose to conduct your research and a rationale for your
choice.
7. Appendix is graphs, charts, tables, lists and other information considered interesting but inessential.
8. Discussion is an evaluation of results that refers to the purpose of the study, a review of findings,
analysis and limitations.
9. Recommendation is a personal statements about what is to be done, who is to do it and how.
10. Abstract is a summary of all sections that can help the reader decide whether or not to read the
whole report
11. Conclusion is summary that can serve as abases for recommendation, and perhaps discussion of
limitation.
12. The general objective of a study states what researchers expect to achieve by the study in result.
13. Specific objectives are breakdowns of the general objective into smaller, logically connected parts.
13. The target of introduction is to raise problem and question of the research to be conduct.
14. The in target of literature review is a hint to your solution.
15. The end result of literature review is getting solution.
16. Paraphrasing is, rewriting some ones idea in your own language and cite the reference.
17. Conclusion is the answer to your problems.
18. All bodies of your document provide to your conclusion.
19. Extraneous variables means, when our variable is beyond our control.
20. When sample size increase, precision increase. But, cost and time increase.
Calculate the following.
The following are the strength test result bricks for a given construction project of special strength (Mpa).
10,10,13,09,03,12,13,13,18,19,14,14,12,13,10,16,16,15,08,09,16,14,16,16,10,17,14,10,19,08.
1. Data coding and measuring central tendency
a. Enter the data as raw score table with labels for each column
b. Calculate the Median, Mode and Mean.
c. Calculate the percentage strength of each unit considering 20 Mpa is the maximum.
d. How many bricks have strength at median and above?
e. How many bricks have strength 50% and above?

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2. Visual representation

a. Draw bar graph to represent the strength –wise nature of bricks.

b. Draw histogram with strength range of your choice) to represent group behavior
meaningfully.
c. Use pie chart to show how many bricks have strength at 50% and above?

Answer for question 1

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 Answer for question 2.

Chart Title

20

15 Series7
Series6
Series5
10 Series4
5 Series3
Series2
0 Series1
1
2

Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 Series6 Series7

Chart Title

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Example: One-Way ANOVA by Hand Suppose we want to know whether or not three different exam
prep programs lead to different mean scores on a certain exam. To test this, we recruit 30 students to
participate in a study and split them into three groups. The students in each group are randomly assigned
to use one of the three exam prep programs for the next three weeks to prepare for an exam. At the end of
the three weeks, all of the students take the same exam.

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The exam scores for each group are shown below

Use the following steps to perform a one-way ANOVA by hand to determine if the mean exam
score is different between the three groups:
Step 1: Calculate the group means and the overall mean.
First, we will calculate the mean for all three groups along with the overall mean:

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Step 2: Calculate SSR.
Next, we will calculate the regression sum of squares (SSR) using the following formula:
nΣ(Xj – X..)2 = n1 (x1j-x) 2 + n2 (x2j-x) 2+ n3 (x3j-x) 2
Where:
 n: the sample size of group j

 Σ: a greek symbol that means “sum”

 Xj: the mean of group j

 X..: the overall mean

In our example, we calculate that SSR = 10(83.4-85.8)2 + 10(89.3-85.8)2 + 10(84.7-85.8)2 =

192.2
Step 3: Calculate SSE.
Next, we will calculate the error sum of squares (SSE) using the following formula:
Σ(Xij – Xj)2
Where:
Σ: a greek symbol that means “sum”
Xij: the ith observation in group j
Xj: the mean of group j
In our example, we calculate SSE as follows:
Group 1: (85-83.4)2 + (86-83.4)2 + (88-83.4)2 + (75-83.4)2 + (78-83.4)2 + (94-83.4)2 + (98-
83.4)2 + (79-83.4)2 + (71-83.4)2 + (80-83.4)2 = 640.4
Group2: (91-89.3)2 +(92-89.3)2 + (93-89.3)2 + (85-89.3)2 + (87-89.3)2 + (84-89.3)2 + (82-
89.3)2 + (88-89.3)2 + (95-89.3)2 + (96-89.3)2 = 208.1
Group 3: (79-84.7)2 + (78-84.7)2 + (88-84.7)2 + (94-84.7)2 + (92-84.7)2 + (85-84.7)2 + (83-
84.7)2 + (85-84.7)2 + (82-84.7)2 + (81-84.7)2 = 252.1
SSE: 640.4 + 208.1 + 252.1 = 1100.6
Step 4: Calculate SST.
Next, we will calculate the total sum of squares (SST) using the following formula:
SST = SSR + SSE
In our example, SST = 192.2 + 1100.6 = 1292.8

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Step 5: Fill in the ANOVA table.
Now that we have SSR, SSE, and SST, we can fill in the ANOVA table:

Here is how we calculated the various numbers in the table:

 df treatment: k-1 = 3-1 = 2

 df error: n-k = 30-3 = 27

 df total: n-1 = 30-1 = 29

 MS treatment: SST / df treatment = 192.2 / 2 = 96.1

 MS error: SSE / df error = 1100.6 / 27 = 40.8

 F: MS treatment / MS error = 96.1 / 40.8 = 2.358

Note: n = total observations, k = number of groups

Step 6: Interpret the results.
The F test statistic for this one-way ANOVA is 2.358. To determine if this is a statistically
significant result, we must compare this to the F critical value found in the F distribution
table with the following values:
 α (significance level) = 0.05

 DF1 (numerator degrees of freedom) = df treatment = 2

 DF2 (denominator degrees of freedom) = df error = 27

We find that the F critical value is 3.3541.

Since the F test statistic in the ANOVA table is less than the F critical value in the F
distribution table, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. This means we don’t have sufficient
evidence to say that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean exam
scores of the three groups.

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As a summary Research
 is directed toward the solution of a problem;
 is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence;
 demands accurate observation and description;
 gathers information from primary or secondary sources;
 follow carefully designed procedures, always applying rigorous analysis;
 requires expertise;
 requires patience and unhurried activity;
 carefully recorded and reported;
 sometimes requires courage;
 emphasizes in the development of generalizations, principles and theories;
 strives to be objective and logical

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