INDEX

1. ABSTRACT

2. OBECTIVE

3. THEORY

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOCONDUCTIVE CELLS

5. MATERIALS REQUIRED

6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

7. PROCEDURE

8. OBSERVATIONS

9. APPLICATIONS

10. CONCLUSION

11. REFERENCES
1. ABSTRACT

The general-purpose photoconductive cell is also known as LDR – light

dependent resistor. It is a type of semiconductor and its conductivity
changes with proportional change in the intensity of light. There are two
common types of materials used to manufacture the photoconductive
cells. They are Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) and Cadmium Selenide (CdSe).
Extrinsic devices have impurities added, which have a ground state energy
closer to the conduction band - since the electrons don't have as far to
jump, lower energy photons (i.e. longer wavelengths and lower
frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. Two of its earliest
applications were as part of smoke and fire detection systems and camera
light meters. The structure is covered with glass sheet to protect it from
moisture and dust and allows only light to fall on it.

2. OBJECTIVE
To study the variations, in current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR,
because of a variation: -

(a) In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR.
(Keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance).

(b) In the distance of a incandescent lamp, (of fixed power), used to

‘illuminate’ the LDR.

3. THEORY

LDR and its characteristics When light is incident on it, a photon is

absorbed and thereby it excites an electron from valence band into
conduction band. Due to such new electrons coming up in conduction
band area, the electrical resistance of the device decreases. Thus, the LDR
or photo-conductive transducer has the resistance which is the inverse
function of radiation intensity.

λ0 = threshold wavelength, in meters e = charge on one electron, in

Coulombs Ew = work function of the metal used, in Ev. Here we must
note that any radiation with wavelength greater than the value obtained in
above equation CANNOT PRODUCE any change in the resistance of this
device. The band gap energy of Cadmium Sulphide is 2.42eV and for
Cadmium Selenide it is 1.74eV. Due to such large energy gaps, both the
materials have extremely high resistivity at room temperature.

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOCONDUCTIVE CELLS

Now when the device is kept in darkness, its resistance is called as dark
resistance. This resistance is typically of the order of 1013 ohms. When
light falls on it, its resistance decreases up to several kilo ohms or even
hundreds of ohms, depending on the intensity of light, falling on it. The
spectral response characteristics of two commercial cells were compared
in our laboratory. And we found that there is almost no response to the
radiation of a wavelength which was shorter than 300nm. It was very
interesting to note that the Cadmium Sulphide cell has a peak response
nearer or within the green color of the spectrum within a range of
520nm.Thus it can be used nearer to the infra-red region up to 750nm. It
was found that the maximum response of Cadmium Sulphoselenide is in
the yellow-orange range at 615nm and also it can be used in the infra-red
region up to about 970nm.

Sensitivity

The sensitivity of a photo detector is the relationship between the light

falling on the device and the resulting output signal. In the case of a
photocell, one is dealing with the relationship between the incident light
and the corresponding resistance of the cell.
Spectral Response

Like the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a photoconductive cell is

dependent on the wavelength (color) of the incident light. Each
photoconductor material type has its own unique spectral response curve
or plot of the relative response of the photocell versus wavelength of light.

5. MATERIALS REQUIRED

• Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

• Connecting Wires

• Source of different power rating (bulbs)

• Bulb Holder

• Metre scale

• Multi Meter

• Battery

6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
7. PROCEDURE

•Choose a specific position for the source and mount it using a holder,
make sure it is stable.

• Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and connect it to the holder
as shown in the figure.

• Connect the LDR, battery(6V) and the multimeter in series.

• Set the multimeter to ohm section and select suitable range and measure
the resistance with a bulb on.

• Similarly switch to current section and move to micro ampere in the

multimeter. This gives the value of the current.

• Repeat these steps with different power sources at different distances

and note down observations
8. OBSERVATIONS
The experiment has been conducted by using various sources with different power ratings. Voltage
of the battery = 6 V

1. 15 Watts (yellow)(wavelength = 570nm)

Serial No Distance from Resistance(Kilo Current(micro

source(cm) ohm) ampere)
1 50 142.5 40
2 40 69 80
3 30 41 150
4 20 21 300
2. 15 Watts (yellow)(wavelength = 610nm)

Serial No Distance from Resistance(Kilo Current(micro

source(cm) ohm) ampere)
1 50 51 120
2 40 35 170
3 30 22 270
4 20 11 540

3. 40 Watts (yellow)(wavelength = 570nm)

Serial No Distance from Resistance(Kilo Current(micro

source(cm) ohm) ampere)
1 50 20 300
2 40 13 460
3 30 8.5 800
4 20 4.5 1330
 4. 20 Watts (yellow)(wavelength = 570nm)

Serial No Distance from Resistance(Kilo Current(micro

source(cm) ohm) ampere)
1 50 15.5 380
2 40 10 600
3 30 6 1000
4 20 3 2000

9. APPLICATIONS

Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs are used for the
mid infrared spectral region. GeCu photoconductors are among the best
farinfrared detectors available, and are used for infrared astronomy and
infrared spectroscopy.

Analog Applications
· Camera Exposure Control
· Auto Slide Focus - dual cell
· Photocopy Machines - density of toner
· Colorimetric Test Equipment
· Densitometer
· Electronic Scales - dual cell
· Automatic Gain Control – modulated light source
· Automated Rear View Mirror
Digital Applications
· Automatic Headlight Dimmer
· Night Light Control
· Oil Burner Flame Out
· Street Light Control
· Position Sensor

10. CONCLUSION

• The LDR resistance decreases with increase in intensity of light and

hence there is an increase in the flow of current.

• There is an increase in the current as the distance from the source

decreases.

• The intensity decreases as the distance from the source increases

• The error lies within the experimental limit.

 11. REFERENCES

• NCERT physics class XII

• Art of Electronics by paul worowitz

• www.wikipedia.com/

• www.electronics2000.co.uk/links/education-hobby/

• www.ecelab.com/