MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB REPORT-EEE362

[LAB 4]
[Behavior of Characteristic Impedance]

Student Name:

Muhammad Danyal

Reg No:

FA20-EEE-055

Class/Section:

7/B

Semester:

7th

Course Teacher Name:

Sir Atiq Ul anam

Submission Date:

22/11/2023

Marks:

A P C Total

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB REPORT-EEE362

1. Statement
Study the behavior of characteristic impedance of a transmission line by plotting the
graph of characteristic impedance with respect to frequency.

2. Literature Review
Studying the behavior of characteristic impedance of a transmission line by plotting the graph of
characteristic impedance with respect to frequency is a common exploration in the field of
electrical engineering and telecommunications. The characteristic impedance (Z0) of a
transmission line is a fundamental parameter that describes how the line responds to electrical
signals at different frequencies. Transmission lines, such as coaxial cables or microstrip lines, are
crucial components in communication systems for efficiently transferring electrical signals.

Zo=
√ R+ jωL
G+ jωC

where

R is the resistance per unit length, considering the two conductors to be in series,
L is the inductance per unit length,
G is the conductance of the dielectric per unit length,
C is the capacitance per unit length,
j is the imaginary unit, and
ω is the angular frequency

LCR Meter:
An LCR meter is a type of electronic test equipment used to measure the inductance (L),
capacitance (C), and resistance (R) of an electronic component.

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB REPORT-EEE362

Figure 1: Using LCR to find Inductance

Procedure:

1. Measure the value of ‘R’ (Resistance), ‘C’ (Capacitance), and ‘L’ (Inductance) at 1 kHz and 1
MHz frequency of a transmission line using the available transmission line trainer. Assume that
‘G’ (Conductance) is equal to the reciprocal of ‘R’.

2. Make a program for plotting the graph of characteristic impedance (Zo) of transmission line
with respect to frequency (start from VLF to EHF (more than 100 GHz).
Matlab Code :
clear all; title('Behaviour of Characteristic
close all; Impedance');
%% Initial Parameter grid on;
f=100:10e6:500e6;
%for f=1kHz
R1=5.98;
C1=2.47e-9;
L1=9.5e-6;
G1=1/R1;
w1=2*pi*f;
Z1o=sqrt((R1+1j*w1*L1)./(G1+1j*w1*C1));
z1o=abs(Z1o);
figure
plot(f,z1o);
legend('1KHz');
grid on;
xlabel('Frequency (f)');
ylabel('Impedance (Ohm)');
title('Behaviour of Characteristic
Impedance');

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB REPORT-EEE362

%% Initial Parameter
%for f=10kHz
R2=6.03;
C2=2.47e-9;
L2=9.47e-6;
G2=1/R2;
w2=2*pi*f;
Z2o=sqrt((R2+1j*w2*L2)./(G2+1j*w2*C2));
z2o=abs(Z2o);
figure;
hold on;
plot(f,z2o);
legend('10KHz');
grid on;
xlabel('Frequency (f)');
ylabel('Impedance (Ohm)');
title('Behaviour of Characteristic
Impedance');

%% Initial Parameter
%for f=100Hz
R3=5.97;
C3=2.47e-9;
L3=10e-6;
G3=1/R3;
w3=2*pi*f;
Z3o=sqrt((R3+1j*w3*L3)./(G3+1j*w3*C3));
z3o=abs(Z3o);
figure;
hold on;
plot(f,z3o);
legend('100Hz');
xlabel('Frequency (f)');
ylabel('Impedance (Ohm)');

Results:

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB REPORT-EEE362

Behaviour of Characteristic Impedance

70
1KHz

60

50

Impedance (Ohm) 40

30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (f) 108

Figure 2: Characteristic Impedance of transmission line at 1KHz frequency

Behaviour of Characteristic Impedance

70
10KHz

60

50
Impedance (Ohm)

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (f) 108
Figure 3: Characteristic Impedance of transmission line at 10KHz frequency

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB REPORT-EEE362

Behaviour of Characteristic Impedance

70
100Hz

60

50

Impedance (Ohm)
40

30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (f) 108

Figure 4: Characteristic Impedance of transmission line at 100Hz frequency

Analysis:
Using Transmission line trainer and LCR to find R, C and L for transmission wire at 1KHz,
10KHz and 100Hz.

S.No Frequcncy in Hz R (ohm) C (farad) L (Henry) G (mho)

1 1KHZ 5.89 ohm 2.47nf 9.5uH 0.1672
2 10KHz 6.03ohm 2.47nf 9.47uH 0.1658

3 100KHz 5.97ohm 2.47nf 10uH 0.1675

Figure 5: Results of Transmission line using LCR

Conclusion:
In this lab, we made a graph showing how the characteristic impedance of a wave changes with its
frequency. We found that when the transmission line is really long, the input impedance matches the
characteristic impedance. Also, in an ideal transmission line, the signal strength doesn't decrease (no
attenuation), and the propagation constant becomes purely imaginary.

Question:

Q1: Does characteristic impedance of a particular transmission line depend on frequency of input
signal?

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB REPORT-EEE362

Ans: At high frequency it does depend upon frequency of input signal.

Q2: Is input impedance of transmission line equal to its ‘Zo’ at microwave frequencies?

Ans: When the transmission line length is infinite, the input impedance is equal to the characteristic
impedance.

Q3: Does ‘Zo’ of transmission line depend on the length of transmission line at microwave
frequencies?
Ans: No, it does not depend on the length of transmission line at microwave frequencies.

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB REPORT-EEE362

Student Name :Muhammad Daniyal Reg. No: FA20-EEE-055

Learning Level
Marks
Allocated
Criteria Obtained
Marks Poor Good Very Good Excellent
(A)
0 - 40% 41% - 60% 61% - 89% 90%-100%

Affective 10%
(CLO-1)

Learning Level
Marks
Allocated
Criteria Poor Good Very Good Excellent Obtained
Marks
0 - 40% 41% - 60% 61% - 89% 90%-100% (P)

Psychomotor
(CLO-2) 70%

Learning Level
Marks
Allocated
Criteria Poor Good Very Good Excellent Obtained
Marks
0 - 40% 41% - 60% 61% - 89% 90%-100% (C)

Cognitive 20%
(CLO-3)

Obtained Marks = (0.1 ×A ) + (0.2 ×C) + (0.7 ×P) = Total Marks: 10

Course Instructor:

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB REPORT-EEE362

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB REPORT-EEE362

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus