TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

Determination
of
Overhead Transmission Line
Characteristics
(33 kV)
Connection: Al Wagan to Al Arad

ADWEA STANDARD (ANNEX 1): CALC-OHTL-33-ALW-ALA (Rev.0-2005)

Page: 1 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

CONTENTS

1. Configuration of OHTL 3

2. Assumptions 4

3. Calculations 6

3.1 General Calculations 6

3.2. Calculation of +/- Sequence Impedance 5

3.3 Calculation of Zero-Sequence Impedance 8

3.4 Calculation of Transmission Capacity 11

3.5 Calculation of Earth-Wire Screening Factor 13

3.6 Calculation of Earth-Wire Impedance 13

4. Site Measurement Calculations of OHTL Parameters 13

Page: 2 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

1. Configuration of Overhead Transmission Line

Technical Details:

CONTRACTOR: HICO - Korea

INSTALLATION PLACE: Al Ain - U.A.E.
CONNECTION: 33 kV AL WAGAN SS to 33 kV AL ARAD SS
CONDUCTOR/OPGW TYPE: WOLF-ACSR (BS 215, Part 2) / ACSR (ASTM B-416)
CROSS-SECTION: 158-36.88 / 46.44 mm2
Tower Type: Latice

e1
0

h1

1(r) 7 4(R)

h2

3(t) 2(s) 8 5(S) 6(T)

h3

Page: 3 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

2. Assumptions

Variable

S e := 2 , 4 .. 30 MVA (variable power transmission capacity)

Ue := 33 kV (Phase to phase voltage)

f := 50 Hz (System frequency)

Ith := 355 A (Thermal current rating)

pf := 0.8 cos (Power factor)

l := 24.846 km (OHTL length)

lspan := 200 m (Typical Span lenght, m)

RTower := 5 (Tower footing resistance)

:= 100 , 200 .. 1000 (Specific earth resistivity)

RPHdc := 0.183 (DC Resistance of conductor at 20 0C)

km

rPH := 0.009065 m (Conductor radius)

(Number of sub-conductors in bundle conductor)

n := 1
a := 0 m (Spacing of sub-conductors in bundle conductor)

t := 20 , 22 .. 50 degC (Variable conductors temperature)

µ c := 1 mH (Relative permeability of conductor)

c := 0.00393 (Temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity at 20

0C per 0C of temperature difference for the conductor)

REWdc := 1.844 (DC Resistance of earth-wire at 20 0C)

km

rew := 0.00436 m (Earth-Wire radius)

µ q := 7 mH (Relative permeability of earth-wire)

q := 0.005 (Temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity at 20

0C per 0C of temperature difference for the earth-wire)

Page: 4 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

d47 := 3.15 m (Horicontal Distance: Phase R to Tower centre)

d17 := 3.15 m (Horicontal Distance: Phase r to Tower centre)

d28 := 2.7 m (Horicontal Distance: Phase s to Tower centre)

d58 := 2.7 m (Horicontal Distance: Phase S to Tower centre)

d65 := 1.8 m (Horicontal Distance: Phases S to T)

d23 := 1.8 m (Horicontal Distance: Phases s to t)

h1 := 5.89 m (Vertical Distance: Earth-Wire to Phases r or R)

h2 := 3 m (Vertical Distance: Phases r or R to s&t or S&T)

Page: 5 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

3. Calculations (according to HAPPOLDT-OEDING)

3.1. General Calculations

4 (space permeability, H/km)

µ 0 := 4 10 3
µ 0 = 1.257 × 10

:= 2 f (angular frequency, Hz)

= 314.159

d14 := d47 + d17 (distance between phases r and R, m)

d14 = 6.3

d26 := d65 + d58 + d28 (distance between phases s and T, m)

d26 = 7.2

d25 := d58 + d28 (distance between phases s and S, m)

d25 = 5.4

d36 := d23 + d28 + d58 + d65 (distance between phases t and T, m)

d36 = 9
2 2
d12 := h2 + ( d28 d17) (distance between phase r and s, m)

d12 = 3.034
2 2
d31 := h2 + ( d23 + d28 d17) (distance between phase t and r, m)

d31 = 3.29

2 2
d34 := h2 + ( d17 + d58 + d65) (distance between phase t and R, m)

d34 = 8.217

2 2
d15 := h2 + ( d17 + d58) (distance between phase r and S, m)

d15 = 6.574

Page: 6 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

3.2 Calculation of +/- Sequence Impedance:

a) Positive Sequence Phase Reactance

0.33333
d := ( d12 d23 d31)
(mean geometric distance, m) [F9.19]

d = 2.619
0.33333
d1 := ( d15 d26 d34)
(mean geometric distance, m)

d1 = 7.3
0.33333
d2 := ( d14 d25 d36)
(mean geometric distance, m)

8 f d2 = 6.74
x ( t) := 0.01
RPHdc 1 + c (t 20)

2 3
K ( t) := 0.99609 + 0.018578 ( x ( t) ) 0.030263 x ( t) + 0.020735 x ( t)

Rac ( t) := RPHdc 1 + c (t 20) K ( t) (active resistance per phase as function of ambient

temperature, W/km) [F9.13]

Rac ( t)
R1 ( t) := (active resistance per phase as function of ambient
n temperature, W/km) [F9.13]

a a
rt := (radius of circle passing through midpoints of strands of a
2 bundle [see Page 91 (ABB_88)]
2 sin
n
rt = 0
1

(
re := n rPH rt )
n 1 n (equivalent radius for 1 conductor in the bundle, m) [TAB.9.3]

3
re = 9.065 × 10

µ0 d 1
L1 := ln + (inductance per phase, H/km)
2 re 4 n

XL1 := L1 (inductive reactance per phase, /km) [F9.24]

XL1 = 0.372

Page: 7 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

b) +/- Sequence Impedance Results:

Z1 ( t) := R1( t) + i XL1 [ /km ] [F9.24]

[ /km per phase] [ ]

t= Z1 ( t) = Z1 ( t) l =
20 0.183+0.372i 10.299
22 0.185+0.372i 10.315
24 0.186+0.372i 10.331
26 0.188+0.372i 10.347
28 0.189+0.372i 10.363
30 0.191+0.372i 10.379
32 0.192+0.372i 10.396
34 0.194+0.372i 10.412
36 0.195+0.372i 10.429
38 0.196+0.372i 10.445
40 0.198+0.372i 10.462
42 0.199+0.372i 10.479
44 0.201+0.372i 10.496
46 0.202+0.372i 10.513
48 0.204+0.372i 10.53
50 0.205+0.372i 10.547

3.3 Calculation of Zero-Sequence Impedance (according to PALLACZEK):

t := 30 (ambient temperature, degC)

2 2
d1e1 := d17 + h1 (distance between phase r and earth-wire, m)
d1e1 = 6.679

2 2
d2e1 := ( d28) + ( h1 + h2) (distance between phase s and earth-wire, m)
d2e1 = 9.291

2 2
d3e1 := ( d23 + d28) + ( h1 + h2) (distance between phase t and earth-wire, m)

d3e1 = 9.964

Page: 8 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

Dab := d1 d2 Dab = 7.014

1
3
Dm := ( d1e1 d2e1 d3e1) (mean geometric distance, m)

Dm = 8.519

1.85
( ) :=
0.001 (earth current penetration, m) [F9.28]
µ0

µ0 ( ) µc
X0 ( ) := 3 ln + (zero sequence reactance, /km)
2 1 4 n
(re d2) 3
RPHdc 1 + c (t 20) µ0
R0 ( t) := +3 (zero sequence resistance, /km)
n 8

Rq ( t) := REWdc 1 + q (t 20) (AC-resistance of earth-wire, /km)

µ0 µ0 ( ) (Mutual Impedance between line

Zab ( ) := +i ln
8 2 Dab circuit and two earth wires, /km)

Rq ( t) := REWdc 1 + q (t 20) (AC-resistance of earth-wire, W/km)

µ0 µ0 ( )
Zab ( ) := +i ln
8 2 Dab

µ0 µ0 ( )
Zaq ( ) := + ln i [F9.42]
8 2 Dm

µ0 µ0 ( ) µq (Impedance of the loop

Zq ( ) := Rq ( t) + + i ln + earth wire/earth, W/km)
8 2 rew 4 n

Page: 9 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

Z01 ( ) := R0 ( t) + i X0 ( ) (Zero-Sequence Impedance per cct [single cct

operation] without earth wire as a function of
earth resistivivty, /km)

2
Zaq ( ) (Zero-Sequence Impedance per cct [single cct
Z01q ( ) := Z01 ( ) 3 operation] with earth wire as a function of earth
Zq ( )
resistivivty, /km) [F9.43]

Z02 ( ) := Z01 ( ) + 3 ( Zab ( ) ) (Zero-Sequence Impedance per cct [double

cct operation] without earth wire as a function
of earth resistivivty, /km) [F9.44]

2
Zaq ( ) (Zero-Sequence Impedance per phase
Z02q ( ) := Z02 ( ) 6 [double cct operation] with earth wire as a
Zq ( )
function of earth resistivivty, /km) [F9.44]
[F9.45]

Single cct operation Double cct operation [normal]

[ m] [ /km/cct] [ ] [ /km/cct] [ ]

= Z01q ( ) = Z01q ( ) l = Z02q ( ) = Z02q ( ) l =

100 0.429+1.395i 36.254 0.667+2.232i 57.883
200 0.443+1.449i 37.655 0.696+2.341i 60.685
300 0.452+1.481i 38.469 0.713+2.404i 62.315
400 0.458+1.503i 39.045 0.726+2.449i 63.466
500 0.463+1.52i 39.49 0.736+2.483i 64.356
600 0.467+1.534i 39.853 0.745+2.511i 65.082
700 0.471+1.546i 40.159 0.752+2.535i 65.694
800 0.474+1.556i 40.424 0.758+2.555i 66.223
900 0.477+1.565i 40.657 0.764+2.573i 66.69
1·10 3 0.479+1.573i 40.865 0.769+2.589i 67.106

Page: 10 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

3.4 Calculation of POWER TRANSMISSION CAPACITY

µ0 d d1 1
L2 := ln + (inductance per phase [double cct], H/km)
2 re d2 4 n
3
L2 = 1.199 × 10

XL2 := L2 (inductive reactance per phase [double cct], W/km)

t := 50 (ambient temperature, degC)

2
sin := 1 cos ( acos( pf ) )
sin = 0.6

RPHdc 1 + c (t 20)
R0 := (D.C.resistance at t = 50 degC per phase, W/km)
n
R0 = 0.205
2 3
K := 0.99609 + 0.018578 ( x ( t) ) 0.030263 x ( t) + 0.020735 x ( t) (skin effect factor)

K = 1.002

Rac1 := R0 K (D.C.resistance at t = 50 degC per phase, W/km)

R0 K Rac1 = 0.205
Rac2 :=
2 Rac2 = 0.102

k1 := ( Rac1 pf + XL1 sin) (factor) k1 = 0.387

K1 := ( XL1 pf ) ( Rac1 sin) (factor) K1 = 0.174

k2 := ( Rac2 pf + XL2 sin) (factor) k2 = 0.308

K2 := ( XL2 pf ) ( Rac2 sin) (factor) K2 = 0.24

2
Se l 100 1 Se l 100
( )
d1V% Se :=
2
k1 +
200 2
K1 (voltage drop, %)
Ue Ue
[ONE cct=ON]

2
Se l 100 1 Se l 100 (voltage drop, %)
( )
d2V% Se :=
2
k2 +
200 2
K2
[TWO ccts=ON]
Ue Ue

Page: 11 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

Se
( )
I Se := 103
(variable current rating, A)
3 Ue

d1S% ( S ) :=
(3 I (S ) e
2
)
Rac1 l 100 (power loss, %)
e 6 [ONE cct=ON]
Se 10

( )
d2S% Se :=
(3 I (S ) e
2
)
Rac2 l 100 (power loss, %)
6 [TWO ccts=ON]
Se 10

Single cct operation Double cct operation

Current Rating/
phas e, A MVA Voltage drop, % Power loss, % MVA Voltage drop, % Power loss, %

( )
I Se = Se = d1V% Se = ( ) ( )
d1S% Se = Se = ( )
d2V% Se = d2S% Se = ( )
34.991 2 1.769 0.935 2 1.412 0.468
69.982 4 3.545 1.871 4 2.835 0.935
104.973 6 5.327 2.806 6 4.271 1.403
139.964 8 7.115 3.742 8 5.718 1.871
174.955 10 8.909 4.677 10 7.178 2.339
209.946 12 10.71 5.612 12 8.649 2.806
244.936 14 12.517 6.548 14 10.133 3.274
279.927 16 14.331 7.483 16 11.628 3.742
314.918 18 16.151 8.419 18 13.136 4.209
349.909 20 17.977 9.354 20 14.655 4.677
384.9 22 19.809 10.289 22 16.186 5.145
419.891 24 21.648 11.225 24 17.73 5.612
454.882 26 23.493 12.16 26 19.285 6.08
489.873 28 25.345 13.096 28 20.853 6.548
524.864 30 27.203 14.031 30 22.432 7.016

Page: 12 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

3.5 Calculation of Screening Factor (ANSI/IEEE 367-1987, Eq.18)

:= 100

Zab ( )
r := 1 (reduction (screening factor)
Zq ( ) r = 0.857

3.6 Calculation of Earth Wire Impedance (BS 7354, Clause 7.4.4)

3 3
Z := 0.5 Zq ( ) lspan 10 + Zq ( ) lspan 10
RTower (effective impedance of the OHTL
eart wire and its connections to
earth via the tower footing
resistance, )

Z = 1.691

4. Site Measurement Calculations of OHTL Parameters

t = 50 (conductor temperature, degC)

:= 100 (specific earth resistivity, Ohm*m)

Z1 ( t) := ( R1( t) + i XL1) l (+/- Impedance, Ohm)

Z1 ( t) = 10.547
Z1 := Z1 ( t)
2
Zaq ( )
Z01q ( ) := Z01 ( ) 3 l (Zero Impedance, Ohm)
Zq ( )
Z01q ( ) = 36.254
Z0 := Z01q ( )

Iph := 5 , 6 .. 19 (variable min. secondary current per phase, A)

U1 := 400 (primary current, V)

Page: 13 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

a.) +/- Impedance

U2 ( Iph) := Iph 2 Z1 (secondary Voltage, V)

U2( Iph) Iph

I1 ( Iph) := (primary Current, A)
U1

I2 ( Iph) := Iph (secondary current, A)

3 (required power of the test set [kVA]

P ( Iph) := I1 ( Iph) U1 10

Test Transformer Layout

Primary Side Secondary Side Power

[V] [A] [U] [A] [kVA]

U1 = 400 I1 ( Iph) = U2 ( Iph) = I2 ( Iph) = P ( Iph) =

1.318 105.471 5 0.527
1.898 126.565 6 0.759
2.584 147.659 7 1.034
3.375 168.753 8 1.35
4.272 189.847 9 1.709
5.274 210.941 10 2.109
6.381 232.035 11 2.552
7.594 253.129 12 3.038
8.912 274.224 13 3.565
10.336 295.318 14 4.134
11.865 316.412 15 4.746
13.5 337.506 16 5.4
15.241 358.6 17 6.096
17.086 379.694 18 6.834
19.037 400.788 19 7.615

b.) Zero Impedance [3 phases in parallel]

Z0
U20 ( Iph) := Iph 3 (secondary Voltage, V)
3

I20 ( Iph) := Iph 3 (secondary current, A)

Page: 14 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

U20 ( Iph) I20 ( Iph)

I10 ( Iph) := (primary Current, A)
U1
3
P ( Iph) := U1 I10 ( Iph) 10 (required power of the test set, kVA)

Test Transformer Layout

Primary Side Secondary Side Power

[V] [A] [U] [A] [kVA]
I10 ( Iph) = U20 ( Iph) = I20 ( Iph) = P ( Iph) =
U1 = 400
6.798 181.27 15 2.719
9.789 217.524 18 3.915
13.323 253.778 21 5.329
17.402 290.032 24 6.961
22.024 326.286 27 8.81
27.19 362.539 30 10.876
32.9 398.793 33 13.16
39.154 435.047 36 15.662
45.952 471.301 39 18.381
53.293 507.555 42 21.317
61.179 543.809 45 24.471
69.608 580.063 48 27.843
78.58 616.317 51 31.432
88.097 652.571 54 35.239
98.158 688.825 57 39.263

Page: 15 of 15 Date: 10/2/2005