NIOSH SHO 07-Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment And
Management
Safety and Health Officer

Certificate Course
1
Learning Objectives
• To define what is hazard, risk and danger
• To explain the risk assessment process
• To describe the method of identifying hazard
• To use the risk assessment matrix
• To explain the hierarchy of control
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
Scope
• Overview of risk and risk assessment
• Planning for risk assessment
• Risk control
Overview of Risk and
Risk Assessment
Definitions
• Hazard: A source, situation or act with
a potential for harm in terms of human
injury or ill health and damage to
property (Source: MS1722:2011)
• Danger: Relative exposure to hazard
Definitions
• Risk: A combination of the likelihood of an
occurrence of a hazardous event or
exposure with specified period or in
specified circumstances and the severity of
injury or damage to the health of people,
property, environment or any combination
of these caused by the event or exposure
(Source: MS1722:2011)
Risk Assessment
• What is Risk assessment: The process

of evaluating the risks to safety and
health arising from hazards at work
• Risk assessment results is documented
and used for:
1. Risk control in OSH management
2. Future reference and review
Basic Principles of
Risk Management
1. Integrate Risk Management as part
of planning at all levels of business
2. Accept all risks
3. Make risk decisions appropriately
(depending on level of risk)
4. Manage the risk
Why Carry Out
Risk Assessment?
• Gives organisations a more effective way of
managing hazards
- Systematic way of understanding hazards
- Control hazards based on facts
• Requirement of the law e.g.
– OSHA 1994, CIMAH Regulations 1996 & USECHH Regulations
2000
• Requirement of OSH management system
standards:
– MS 1722:2011,
– OHSAS 18001:2007
Risk Assessment Should Be
Carried Out For:
• Routine and non-routine activities including
emergencies;
• Activities of all personnel having access to the

workplace (including subcontractors visitors and
others involved in or affected by);
• Facilities at the workplace, whether

provided-by the organization or others.
When to Carry Out
Risk Assessment
• Before Operation
• During Operation
• After Operation
When to Review
Risk Assessment
• Types of review:
– initial review, and
– periodic review.
When to Review
Risk Assessment
• Review whenever there are changes:
– internal
• Before modification, changes or introduction
of new
– Materials, machinery or processes, working
procedures,
– external
• Amendments of national laws and regulations
• Developments in OSH knowledge and
technology
Who Will Carry Out
Risk Assessment
• Person or persons trained to identify hazard
and risk assessment
– In some cases legally competent person,
example : Chemical Health Risk Assessor
• Consultation with and involvement of

workers
– Safety and Health committee OR workers and
their representatives
• Involvement of supervisors
Basic Components of
Risk Management
• Hazard Identification
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Control
• Review
The Process of
Risk Management
Start
Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services, Activities)
Identify Hazards
Determine Risk Risk = Severity X Likelihood
Decide if Risk is Tolerable

Decide if Impact is Significant
Risk Control Action Plan
Review Adequacy of Risk Control

Hazard Identification
SOURCES OF HAZARDS
Man Unsafe acts
Machinery Installation, layout and design of
equipment
Materials Substances such as chemicals
and gases used in the workplace
Method The way people carry out their
work
Media Workplace condition i.e. air
quality, ventilation, lighting, noise,
vibration etc.
Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification of Example of Potential Sources of Hazards
Hazards
Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges,
overload or force a tool beyond its
capabilities and grinding wheel without
guard
Electrical Electrical cord insulation damaged,
electrical face plate or cover broken or
missing and fan cord insulation pulled
loose
Biological Exposed to airborne and blood borne
viruses, bacteria and fungus
Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification of Example of Potential Sources of Hazards
Hazards
Chemical Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,
sensitizers and corrosive chemicals
Ergonomics Repeated exposure to unnatural
postures and unnatural movement,
awkward design of workstation, tools
and task
Psychological Stress, sexual harassment and violent at
work
Pre-Assessment –
Information Gathering
• Information on the facilities, processes and
activities of the organization, including:
– Area Map
– Site plan(s); own and neighbour
– Process flow-charts
– Inventory of materials (raw materials, chemicals,
wastes, products, sub-products)
– Toxicology and other health and safety data
– Monitoring data
Pre-Assessment –
Classifying Work Activities
• Geographical areas within/outside the
premises;
• Stages in a production process, or in the
provision of a service;
• Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window
cleaning);
• Identify the working groups;
• Land use; previous property use, future use.
Methods of
Identifying Hazards
• Review of documents and publications
• Inspection and observation at the
workplace
• Measurement of the atmosphere,
monitoring the environment or medical
surveillance of workers
• Hazard Analysis
Document Review
• Reports of accidents, accident
investigation and audits
• Information from publications

– Acts, Regulations, Guidelines and Codes of
Practice
– Statistics
– Handbooks
– Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
Inspection and Observation
• Types of inspections: statutory inspection,
periodic inspection, formal and informal
inspection
• Documentation - Checklist and inspection

worksheet (standard approach and record)
Inspection and Observation
• Activities - to involve supervisors, managers
and employees
• Inspection outcome - to include actions and

timeframes
• Ensure follow up on action - to ensure

effectiveness
Exposure Monitoring
• Types of monitoring: area and personal
monitoring
• Monitoring of:
– Noise
– Heat
– Radiation
– Air contaminants
– Chemicals etc.
Biological Monitoring
• Biological monitoring is a regular measuring
activity where selected validated indicators
of the uptake of toxic substances in the
human body are determined in order to
prevent health impairment
• This form of monitoring could entail

examination of, for example, blood, urine,
saliva and contaminated air
Biological Monitoring
• Biological monitoring commonly features

in the health or medical surveillance of
persons exposed to hazardous
environments especially complying to
legal requirement i.e. USECHH
Regulations 2000 etc.
Medical Surveillance
• Health Surveillance is Warranted if:

– Substance is used in workplace
– Substance is hazardous
– Evidence or reason to suspect injury
– Insufficient atmospheric monitoring
Hazards Analysis
• Method use: (example)

– Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
– Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
– Fault Tree Analysis etc.
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
• Identify job to be done
• Task described in less than 10 steps
• Action verb used to describe job
• List things that can go wrong
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
• Note:
– The term JSA includes the formulation of safe work
procedures using written instructions for workers
– May still require other risk controls
– Supervisor and workers assist
– Ideally all jobs should have a JSA (mainly high risk

jobs)
Hazards And Operability Studies
(HAZOP)
• To identify and evaluate safety hazards in
the process plant
• To identify operability problems
• New design or process
• Multidisciplinary brainstorming
• “What If” questionnaire method
• Focus on fire, explosion, toxic release etc.
Fault Tree Analysis
• To analyse how and why incident could
occur
• Graphic technique - traces branches of
events
• To calculate probability of end event
• Example: Water pumping system
Fault Tree Analysis
No Flow (T)
Pump failure Control valve (C)

failure to regulate
flow of water through
pump
Pump failure (A) Pump failure (B)

(automatic
standby pump)
•No water flow occurs if both pumps fail or if the control valve fails.
•If the individual initiating event probabilities P(A), P(B), and P(C) are
known, then the probability of P(T) the top or end event can be
calculated.
Risk Assessment
Types of Risk Assessment
Approach:
• Qualitative Risk Assessment
• Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment
• Quantitative Risk Assessment
Determining Severity
• Severity in terms of:
– Harm to health
– Damage to property
– Damage to environment
– Or the combination of the above
Severity
Determine severity categories i.e.:
• Fatality
• Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or

damage to health)
• Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or

damage to health requiring days off work)
• Negligible injuries (first aid)
Determining Likelihood of
Occurrence of Hazard
• Based on statistic & data, professional
judgement
• Determine likelihood categories i.e.:
– very unlikely,
– likely,
– unlikely,
– highly unlike.
Likelihood
• Very likely - could happen frequently
• Likely - could happen occasionally
• Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely
• Highly unlikely - could happen, but

probably never will
Qualitative Risk Table
Severity Likelihood
Very Likely Likely Unlikely Highly Unlikely
Fatality High High High Medium
Major Injuries High High Medium Medium
Minor Injuries High Medium Medium Low
Negligible Injuries Medium Medium Low Low
Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determine severity categories i.e. :
• 4: Fatality & Permanent Disability
• 3: More than 4 days MC
• 2: Less than or 4 days MC
• 1: First aid and near misses
Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determining Likelihood of Occurrence of
Hazard
• 4: Daily
• 3: Weekly
• 2: Monthly
• 1: Yearly
Semi-Quantitative
Risk Assessment
LIKELIHOOD
Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
1 2 3 4
First Aid
1 2 3 4
SEVERITY
and Near 1
Misses
Less than
or 4 days 2 2 4 6 8
MC
More than
4 days MC
3 3 6 9 12
Fatality &
Permanent 4 4 8 12 16
Disability
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
• Where the hazards presented by the
undertaking are numerous and complex,
and may involve novel processes, for
example in the case of large chemicals
process plants, detailed and sophisticated
risk assessments will be needed, and it is
appropriate to carry out a detailed
quantitative risk assessment
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
• Quantitative risk assessment involves

obtaining a numerical estimate of the risk
from a quantitative consideration of event
probabilities and consequences
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
• In carrying out quantitative risk assessments,

special quantitative tools and techniques will
be used for hazard identification, and to
estimate the severity of the consequences
and the likelihood of realization of the
hazards
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
• Where such methods and techniques are
used it is important that they are carried out
by suitably qualified and experience
assessors
Decision for Action
AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE (ALARP)
PRINCIPLE
Risk cannot be Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)

justified
on any grounds LEVEL
TOLERABLE IF:
A Risk is undertaken if OF Reduction
a benefit is desired
L Impractical
 RISK or
A Reduce risk Cost / gain grossly
R Disproportionate
P No need for
detailed
action
Trivial
Risk Assessment Form
Risk
Activities / process / facilities/ Current Risk Legal
Hazard Effect Action & Recommendations
equipment Control Reqmt Risk
Severity. Likelihood.
Rating
Risk Control
Principle of Control
•Substitution •Housekeeping •Training and

•Modify process •General education
•Enclosure ventilation •Worker rotation
•Local exhaust •Continuous area •Enclosure of
•Fugitive monitoring worker
emission control •Dilution •Personal
•Isolation ventilation monitoring
•Automation or •Personal
remote control protective devices
Consideration in Implementing
Risk Control
• Review measures regularly; modify if
necessary
• Comply with national laws and regulations
• Reflect good management practice; and
Consideration in Implementing
Risk Control
• Consider the current state of knowledge
• Include information or reports from

organizations such as:
– DOSH, OSH services, and others.
Hierarchy of Control
MOST EFFECTIVE
Elimination - remove the hazard
FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
Substitution - use less hazardous one.
Isolation – isolate the work area i.e. X-ray machine in restricted
room
Engineering Control – design, isolation at source, barricade,
guarding,
LEAST EFFECTIVE
Administrative Control – safe work procedure, isolation i.e. reduce
exposure time and limit, training, signage etc
PPE - last resort.
Summary
• The basis of OSH management is the
identification of hazard, risk assessment and risk
control
• Ways of identifying hazards varies from
inspection of the workplace to reviewing
legislation
• Risk assessment allows an organisation to build
a sound basis for managing hazard
• Hierarchy of hazard control starts by elimination;
usage of PPE for protection as the last resort

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Risk Assessment And

Safety and Health Officer

• To explain the risk assessment process

• To describe the method of identifying hazard

• To use the risk assessment matrix

• To explain the hierarchy of control

• Overview of risk and risk assessment

• Planning for risk assessment

• Danger: Relative exposure to hazard

• What is Risk assessment: The process

• Activities of all personnel having access to the

• Facilities at the workplace, whether

• Consultation with and involvement of

Determine Risk Risk = Severity X Likelihood

Decide if Risk is Tolerable

Risk Control Action Plan

Review Adequacy of Risk Control

• Information from publications

• Documentation - Checklist and inspection

• Inspection outcome - to include actions and

• Ensure follow up on action - to ensure

• This form of monitoring could entail

• Biological monitoring commonly features

• Health Surveillance is Warranted if:

– Evidence or reason to suspect injury

– Insufficient atmospheric monitoring

• Method use: (example)

– Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

– Fault Tree Analysis etc.

• Identify job to be done

• Task described in less than 10 steps

• Action verb used to describe job

• List things that can go wrong

– May still require other risk controls

– Supervisor and workers assist

– Ideally all jobs should have a JSA (mainly high risk

Pump failure Control valve (C)

Pump failure (A) Pump failure (B)

• Qualitative Risk Assessment

• Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

• Quantitative Risk Assessment

• Severity in terms of:

• Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or

• Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or

• Negligible injuries (first aid)

• Likely - could happen occasionally

• Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely

• Highly unlikely - could happen, but

• 3: More than 4 days MC

• 2: Less than or 4 days MC

• 1: First aid and near misses

• Quantitative risk assessment involves

• In carrying out quantitative risk assessments,

Risk cannot be Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)

•Substitution •Housekeeping •Training and

• Comply with national laws and regulations

• Reflect good management practice; and

• Consider the current state of knowledge

• Include information or reports from

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