Instructional Media & Media Selection

Media
Media the plural of medium, are means of communication. Derived from the
Latin medium (“between”) the term refers to anything that carries
information between a source and a receiver

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 INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA
Instructional media encompasses all the materials and physical means an instructor
might use to implement instruction and facilitate students' achievement of
instructional objectives.

This may include traditional materials such as chalkboards, handouts, charts, slides,
overheads, real objects, and videotape or film, as well newer materials and methods
such as computers, DVDs, CD-ROMs, the Internet, and interactive video conferencing

The purpose of media is to facilitate communication and learning

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 MEDIA IN EDUCATION

Media Defined:
• Media can be defined by its technology, symbol systems and processing
capabilities.
• The most obvious characteristics of a medium are its technology: the
mechanical and electronic aspects that determine its function and, to
some extent, its shape and other physical features. (Kozma, 1980)

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 MEDIA IN EDUCATION

• A common term used by teachers : ABM! The Teaching Aids,

AVA (Audio Visual Aids) or The Media
 Media Categories

Classification of Media

The Conventional
The Old vs New The Big vs Small
vs Traditional
Media Media
Media

The Electronic vs The Printed vs The Projected vs

Non-electronic Non-printed Non-projected
Media Media Media
MEDIA IN EDUCATION
MEDIA IN EDUCATION
 MEDIA CATEGORIES
6 Basic Media for Learning & Instruction (Heinich)

Text : books, poster, chalk- Audio : voice, music,

board, computer screen etc mechanical sound, etc

Visuals : diagram on posters,

drawing on chalkboard, Motion media : video,
photographs, graphics, in a animation, tv., .etv
book

Manipulatives : 3d and can People : teachers, other

be touched and handled students, experts, etc

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 Media format
Media format is the physical form in which a message is incorporated and
displayed

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Non A Media Which does not need any projection system.

Projected
Not Electronic nor need electricity sometime.
media
Very Simple and easy to use.

Does not need special skill to operate.

Usually Cheap and easily available

Almost Maintenance free

Mostly, Durable and Long-lasting

Examples: Writing Board, Learning board, Soft-boards, Model, Realia,

Diorama, Posters, Charts, Flip-Charts, Learning-Kids, Flash-Cards and etc.

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NON- Less Attractive
PROJECTED
MEDIA
:Disadvantages Usually Small in size

The Big one – to bulky and not mobile

Storage problem

Difficult to Update

Easily Deteriorate in Quality

For small size audience only

 PRINTED MEDIA

Printed Media:

Printed media refers to all kind of printed material such as books,

magazines, pictures or photographs, brochures, flyers, newspapers,
chart, maps and etc….

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 NON PRINTED MEDIA

Non-Printed Media:

Non-printed media refers to display materials and non-display

materials such as realia, model, diorama, learning boards, audio-
visual materials (slides, transparency, video, computer application
and etc….

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 BASIC TYPES OF MEDIA

• Real Objects (model, diorama)

• Printed-text (books, handouts,
• Chalkboard or White Board
• Overhead Transparencies (OHP)
• Slides (Slide Projector, PPT presentation)
• Audio (tape, CD)
• Video (tape, disc, television)
• Graphics (photos, charts, diagrams)
• Computer software, computer-based applications
• Internet-based applications.

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 Multimedia kits
A collection of t&l materials involving more than one type of medium and
organised around a single topic, may include real objects, models, mock-ups.
May also include computer programmes, CD, audio, video materials,
worksheets, charts, graphs

Advantages
• Realism
• Interest
• Cooperation

Disadvantages
• Expense
• Storage
• Fragile

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 Manipulatives
Objects that can be viewed and handled in learning setting.
Attract student attention and promote learning because students can handle and inspect
them
Real Objects Models Mock-ups
• Good for learners who • 3D representations of real • Simplified versions of
have not had experience objects complex devices
• Provide concrete • Any size • Essentials are highlighted
experiences • Any subject • May allow manipulation
• Examples • Kits • Simulators
• Cutaways • Stimulate inquiry and
discovery
• Specimens
• Cognitive and psychomotor
• Exhibits skills

Advantages
• Realism
• Interest
• Cooperation

Disadvantages
• Expense
• Storage
• Fragility 18
 Display surfaces
Visuals may be displayed in the classroom in a variety of ways. Classroom
surfaces commonly used for display of visuals
Cloth & Magnetic
Whiteboard Bulletin boards Flip Charts
boards
• Whiteboard • Various shapes • Cloth • Large paper pad
• Interactive/electr and sizes • Variety of backs • Limited written or
onic whiteboard • Use fasteners • Flannel visual message
• Most common • Catchy headlines shapes • Versatile,
• Supports • Purpose • Sandpaper portable,
• Verbal • Decorative • Pipe cleaners inexpensive
• Illustration • Display student • Purpose • Types
• Projection work • Illustrate • Plain
• PowerPoint • Instruction stories • Self-sticking
• Video • Materials • Interaction • Poster software
• Overhead • Die cut letters • Creativity
• Magnetic and shapes • Magnetic
• Dry erase markers • Papers • Metal board or
• Use proper care whiteboard
• Shapes backed
with magnets
• Ease of 19
manipulation
 Exhibits
Exhibits are collections of various objects and visuals to form an integrated
whole for instructional purposes
Types of exhibits
Field Trips Displays Dioramas
• Outside the classroom • An array of objects, visuals, • Static display with a 3D
• Examples and printed materials foreground and flat
• Schoolyard • Classrooms background
• Zoo • Museums • Realistic scene
• Museum • Other settings • Student designed
• Public buildings • Student assembled • Examples
• Parks • Past, present, or future
• Teacher assembled
• Virtual filed trips scenarios
• History
• Habitats
• Geography

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MODELS

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DIORAMA

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Shoebox diorama

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LEARNING BOARDS

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Media Selection??

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 Media Selection

Different media have different potential or ‘affordances’ for

different types of learning. One of the arts of teaching is
often finding the best match between media and
desired learning outcomes.

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 DALE’S CONE OF EXPERIENCE

Source: from Dale, E., Audio-Visual Methods in Teaching, 1st Edition, © 1969. Reprinted with permission of
Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.
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Jerome Bruner identified three stages of cognitive
representation.
• Enactive, which is the representation of knowledge
through actions.
• Iconic, which is the visual summarization of images.
• Symbolic representation, which is the use of words
and other symbols to describe experiences.

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DALE’S CONE OF EXPERIENCE

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 Factors in Media selection

Instructional Large/small group, or self-instruction

situation or
setting
Learner Reader, non-reader, auditory preferences,
variables

Nature of the Cognitive, affective, motor skills or interpersonal

objectives

Presentational Still visuals, motion visuals, printed words , spoken words…

of the media

Topic/title Are the media suitable for the scope of the content to be taught ?
Can learning objective can be achieved by using that particular media?
Students’ Do the media relevant with student background?
background

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 MEDIA SELECTION
Factors in Media Selection:

Technical Are students/ teachers need to acquire new skills to use this
skills media?

Place Are the media suitable to be used in a classroom?

Number of Are the media suitable with the amount numbers of students?
students

Financial How much budget to develop it?

Cost effectiveness ?

Proofs of its Are there any research on the effectiveness of the chosen media?
effectiveness
Positive reviews by other users ?

Availability Do the media available at schools?

and Resources
Are there related tools available (to play/use the media)

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 Media Selection Model

• Using Media Selection Model:

– ASSURE (Heinnich et al, 1996).
– Reiser and Gagne Media Selection Model (Reiser & Gagne, 1983)
– Lee and Owen’s Media Analysis model (2007).

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 Media Selection Model

• Using Media Selection Model:

– ASSURE (Heinrich et al, 1996).
• Analyze learners,
• State objectives,
• Select methods, media, and material,
• Utilize media and materials,
• Require learner participation,
• Evaluate and Revise

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 The
availability of
the tools and
facilities at
the school.
Teacher’s
Time for awareness about
Preparations tools and
teaching aids.

Factors that
influence the
use of media Teacher’s
Important attitude
at schools:
of its towards using
usage media and
teaching aids

Tools and
Management
place to factors
be used

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• https://opentextbc.ca/teachinginadigitalage/c
hapter/9-1-models-for-media-selection/

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THANK YOU

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