CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project work is submitted by

ABHISHEK GAUTAM, XII(BIO), Central Academy Sr.
Sec. School.
This Project was carried out by her under the supervision of
MR.RANJEET TRIPATHI
During the
Academic year of 2017-18.

PRINCIPAL TEACHER
Mrs. Raddha Chaddha Mrs. Ranjeet Tripathi
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my thanks of gratitude to my
teacher Mrs.Ranjeet Tripathi as well as my principal
Mrs. Radha chaddha who gave me the golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project on the topic “Determine the
amount of Oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages
of ripening” which help me in doing a lot of research.
I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my Parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the
limited time.
I am making this project not only for marks, but also to
increase my knowledge.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.
 CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Infertility

• Methods

7- Sex Selection
• Succeeding Factors
• Complications

• Statistics

Introduction

Introduction
Definition Treatments or procedures
that include the handling of human
eggs and sperm or embryos for the
purpose of establishing a pregnancy

Infertility is inability to conceive

after 1 year of properly timed
unprotected intercourse.
fecundity rate :likelihood of achieving
pregnancy in a given month in a
couple with normal fertility is
approximately 20% per month.

cumulative pregnancy rate after 12 months is 93%

In order to get pregnant

under normal conditions:

Healthy sperms  Sperm retrieval

procedures Sperm ascent 
Artificial insemination

An ovum  ovulation induction

and oocyte retrieval.

Fertilization  ICSI

Cell division.

Implantation  Assisted hatching

Causes of Infertility
1.Artificial Insemination

Intravaginal insemination.

Intracervical insemination.

Intrauterine insemination.
Intratubal insemination.
Intra Uterine Insemination (IUI)

1.The seminal fluid is prepared in the

laboratory (washed with special media)

2.Injected inside the uterus after

stimulating the ovaries to produce more
eggs per cycle.

Indications :
- slight deficiency in the number or motility of
sperms

in cases of negative post coital test.

2.In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

The first successful IVF case was in 1978 when a
British woman delivered a baby called Louise Brown
in 28 of July 1978 in Oldam in England by cesarean
section.

It had taken nearly a century of research to achieve

that.

IVF Indications:
-Women with blocked
fallopian tubes -Ovulation
problems

-Seminal problems for the

man: sperm transport,
motility……

-Unexplained infertility cases.

-Presence of seminal
antibodies in the woman’s
body

IVF
What are the steps done in IVF?

1- Ovarian stimulation

2- Vaginal ultrasound:

- monitor the number and size of the follicles .

- adjust the dose of the injections accordingly.
3- HCG Hormone injection is given for final
maturation of the eggs.

4- Oocytes (eggs) retrieval is done 34-37

hours after taking the HCG injection.

5-The fluid collected from the follicles in

special tubes is examined by the
embryologist and the eggs are isolated.

6-The semen sample is taken in the same

day and the eggs fertilized either using the
conventional IVF or

ICSI

IVF:
Oocyte Retrieval
By using the vaginal ultrasound,
Transabdominal ultrasound or
laparascpe.

Under general or local anaesthetic.

Conventional IVF
 1- Eggs mixed with thousands of sperms in a special
dish

2- Special incubators simulating natural

conditions.

3- The fertilization is observed in the laboratory

4- After fertilization is assured and cell

division observed the embryos (USUALLY
3) are returned to the woman’s uterus
through the cervix using a special
catheter
(done from 2-5 days) 5- Luteal phase support.
3.Intracytoplasmic Sperm
Injection (
ICSI ):
The ovum (egg) is injected with a single
sperm, taken from the husband’s sperm
(after preparation in the lab).

A special needle is used to go through the

wall of the egg and the sperm is
introduced into the cytoplasm of the
egg.
The fertilization is observed later and
after the division occur, the Embryos
are transferred into the woman’s
uterus.

BIBLOGRAPHY
The following books were used in the completion of this
project:

 Chemistry lab manual class 12.

 NCERT Textbook class 11.

Also, the following websites were consulted for relevant

material:

www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com
www.icbse.in
www.yahoo.com
www.passmyexam.in