APPROACHES TO SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

0:01
Hello class and welcome to SDS 101, Introduction to Social Development. Our topic for this
week is approaches to social development. So before we begin, let's just run through a little bit
on the copyright notice. So this material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or
on behalf of the University of the Philippines, pursuant to the law and copyright and Republic
Act 8293, or the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines. UP does not authorize you to
reproduce, or communicate this material, the material may contain works that are subject to
copyright protection under the law. So just use it for the purpose of learning SDS 101. So as we
said, our topic for this week is on the approaches to social development.

0:51
So what do we intend to really know about this week. So first, we want to understand the
different SD approaches or social development approaches. Second, we want to understand
how these different SD approaches can be used in SD practice, or yung Social Development
approaches ay magagamit sa social development practice. So, just a little bit of a point for
reflections and do we see poverty as a material deprivation or is it something else and I think we
discussed that on our class, or particularly in week one already. Right. So this question has
been addressed has to be addressed. Since it has an impact on how we design our poverty,
anti-poverty policies. So later on we will be trying to figure out and we will know what is the
reason behind that. So there are different approaches to Social Development, one is the basic
needs approach. So the purpose of the basic needs approach is to raise the sustainable level of
living of the masses of poor people as rapidly as is feasible to provide all human beings with the
opportunity to develop their full potential. So the central notion of the basic needs approach is to
identify, identify the bundle of basic consumption or bundle of commodities and assess whether
the population has adequate access to. So, from the word in itself, there are certain bundles,
are there certain components that has to be there for us to be able to measure poverty. So
merong bundle of commodity, parang may basket ka diba, and dapat yung laman ng basket na
yun ay mayroon ang isang tao, kung wala, we can consider the person as poor or kailangan ng
intervention or support. The contention is what is contained in those bundles. So, I think this is
one of the major debate that we are having in the development practice and development
theory, what is contained in those bundles. So the strategy, you know, in in the basic needs
approach is a strategy in prioritizing primary requirements for survival security and enabling
needs of the family and the community. So the basic need approach proposes a convergent and
bottom up approach to local governance. So hindi dapat top lang no, yung galing sa gobyerno
na sa central government na ibababa sa local government. Dapat bottom-up approach din siya
na galing sa tao ibababa ah, para magkaroon ng insight in creating policies pataas? And it also
advocates a convergent approach, where you have that top down approach and down and to
the top approach. So, magmeet tayo halfway. So advocates through community involvement in
all phases of management cycles in a community should be there, hindi yung parang kinonsult
lang sila, but they should be there, starting from the agenda setting up to the monitoring and
evaluation. It encourages sectors to converge their services and common beneficiaries
espouses to prioritize program activities or talking about the prioritization of program activities. It
highlights the importance of continuous mobilization of participating sectors and beneficiaries
and emphasizes the need to improve the management information system of LGUs by tapping
households, as primary sources and users of data. So ito yung mga assumptions niya. And its
strategies to operationalize is calling for convergence a community based approach focused
targeting, installation of an NIS or local information system, social mobilization, capability
building, and financial management. So, ito yung ibat ibang approach na kailangan para
magkaroon ng, para maisecure ang basic needs approach. So isang example ng basic needs
approach ay for example, yung food intake approach or your food poverty measurement. So a
lot of you are familiar with what we introduced already in class, yung 1.9 dollars a day for
absolute poverty as the measure of poverty but this one here in the basic needs approach, you
now have a different way of approaching poverty, to determine who is poor and who is not poor.
And in this case, ang naging basis niya ay yung nutritional intake, set at 2100 calories per capita
per day. So ito yung dapat yung mameet ng tao per day. Pero pag di nila ito nameet, ibig
sabihin, they are poor. Because food ang naging basehan ng poverty, kung meron silang
nutrition and enough calories just to be able to survive. However, there are criticisms of the
basic needs approach. One is that the consumption bundle is arbitrarily decided by a few
professions so sino ba ang nagde-decide na ilagay natin dun sa bundle?

6:04
Because from that bundle, you come up with ways in measuring poverty and the needs the
community. Also it assumes that each and every goods in the bundle are needed by everyone.
And people may value certain things over the other, for example, kung nilagay mo diyan,
kunwari lang no, the bundle in some countries baka maglagay ng internet and some people are
not using internet, diba. So, we're the like, iba iba kasi ang pangangailangan ng mga tao. So
union criticism that you cannot assume that people use the same bundle. And lastly, fixed
bundle paid little attention to people's choices. And what about others, other need like shelter, if
would poverty is used as the sole metric of poverty. So hindi ibig sabihing nakakakain na sila,
they are not part of the poor already because they are also have a lot of other needs apart from
food.

7:03
It also fails to recognize the hierarchy of needs, diba yung pinakinggan natin, of course, hindi
lang food. Pero kailangan parin ng karapatan, diba, ng basic na rights and ng self realization or
self actualization, diba. So nirerespeto ang karapatan mo, hindi lang yung lahat ay kailangan
maprovide material resources. The consumption bundle also falsely assumes that prices are
stable. When market prices are fluctuating and unpredictable. So hindi niya naincorporate itong
inflation. It's also too materialistic and focus too much on material deprivation, when
development is not just material. And then you have the social services approach which tries to
be a little bit more coherent and inclusive The social services approach, its features include
social services for disadvantaged groups, self employment assistance, practical skills
development, the creation of daycare and l supplemental feeding, emergency assistance, family
planning, in our age education, special social services such as counseling, residential services,
program for urban and rural communities community project assistance, organization of
development institutions and implementing groups and training programs, organizational
realignment of tri sectoral groups within government civil, society, and private sector, cultural
communities upliftment programs and program for landless rural workers. So some of those
examples nung feature ng social development approach.

8:46
It talks also about ways on how to operationalize it. And to operationalize it, includes having
access to quality basic services, asset reform, and sustainable development of productive
resources, access to economic opportunities, institution building in effective participation in
governance. But doon sa social services approach, ang mas lumiltaw ay yung pagkakaroon ng
access ng mga tao sa social services, at dapat yun, and the government should focus on ways
on how to deliver that with efficiency and effectiveness. So an example of that is yung pag-
champion ng woman's reproductive health rights. I know it is in your reading, ang example natin
is yung Likhaan Center, which is one of the major non-government organizations that advocated
for the passing of Reproductive Health Law in the Philippines. So Likhaan does more than just
contraception, it helps address foke myths about artificial birth control, fears na yung mga
questions and fears that bills can pile up in the womb in that interr-unterine reading device inter-
uterine devices can hurt men, or make them infertile. So ito yung mga tinatry nilang pabulaanan.
And they were working with very poor communities and in some of the urban informal
settlement in Metro Manila and I think there is a video that you can watch. And lastly there is the
community development approach. It's a process designed to create conditions of economic
and social progress for the whole community with the active participation of in enlargely upon
the initiative of the community. So the appeals of the approach includes the program shall be
based on the idea of self-help so you believe in that the community can help themselves there
what you do is to give them the space to help themselves in the capacity to help themselves,
you guide self help and contributed labor of local people and projects shall be considered
important so people should be part of that development process, there should be an assurance
and allocation of sufficient resources to these efforts at the grassroots level, and there should be
democratization and decentralization in the political process because you believe that the best
way to address community problems, is by the community themselves since, by community
leadership then itself because, community leaders themselves are are nearer to the community
that they govern and they can respond immediately. So there are different futures and
strategies. This includes that activities should be based on basic needs of the community, full
imbalance community development requires concerted action and establishment of multi
purpose programs, it also talks about change of attitudes in people because hindi lang pwedeng
create ka ng institution, but you need to also be able to facilitate some changes and attitude, so
people should realize it themselves know for it to be more sustainable. You need to increase in
better the participation of people in community affairs because that is how they gain ownership
of their future and the projects and programs that you are implementing. There should be an
identification, encouragement and training of local leadership as we mentioned earlier, greater
reliance on the participation of women in youth, part of the population that are often excluded.
Community self-help project requires both intensive and extensive assistance from the
government, adaptation of consistent policies mobilization of local and national resources,
research monitoring and evaluation set up. There should be also resources of voluntary NGOs,
na mai-utilize because the government cannot do it alone. It takes quite some money, or some
amount of money. And then, for you to operationalize it. There should be the participation of
different sectors and by civil society, by a woman, by youth because you do it as all community
approach right? For you to be able to address some of the issues in the community, dapat sam-
sama lahat, and particularly yung ST, hindi ka naman, and Human Ecology, hindi naman ikaw
yung expert na alam mo lahat, na alam mo na lahat yung issues sa pollution, alam mo lahat
yung technical na isyu, kunwari yung geological factor diyan or may agricultural na technicalities
on how to plant seed. You do not necessarily have to know everything but you need to know a
little bit of everything.

13:11
Because what human ecologists and social technologists do, is to bring people together and
coordinate actions for community improvement. Support from local and national governmental
responsive policies and research output is really important, it can be human financial or
technical, capacity building of the community members in city is also important. So one example
of that we do in the Philippines is the KALAHI-CIDS. So what is KALAHI-CIDS, so KALAHI-
CIDS is the processing community participation in local in involving local prioritization and
allocation of public resources, including planning and implementation of development activity.

14:12
So makikita natin mamaya kung ano yung mga classes ng projects na mayroon sa KALAHI-
CIDS. And I think they are there a lot, mamaya makikita natin ang mga pictures. Transparency,
access to information community reporting and announcement of information, KALAHI-CIDS
grievance redresses system is also in place for access of citizens in the barangay and general
public. There should also be the participation of people in Barangay meetings and in inter-
barangay forum and inclusiveness and decision making. So that is how KALAHI-CIDS
designed. The problem that KALAHI-CIDS seek to address is the fact that the poor are not
consulted that's why he started to have KALAHI-CIDS and that resources don't get to the poor.
Despite the fact that there's already scarce public resources, hindi pa yun nagagastos ng tama.
Interventions also did not respond to the needs of the poor especially if they're planned at the
central government that does not truly understand the context specific to the local community.
There's also little meaningful governments’ citizen engagement so that is the role of KALAHI-
CIDS is to make some meaningful engagement in the community. As a result, there is poverty,
poverty reduction efforts are undermined, how to improve the efficiency, effectiveness of poverty
reduction, efforts with government remains to be the challenge. And where the KALAHI-CIDS is
coming from, when they came up with the program.

15:47
So how did KALAHI-CIDS do it? to break out of that development poverty link. One is that they
adopt the community base and driven development framework. So they include improved start
targeting of poor areas, the delivery of good quality and cost effective infrastructure and public
services with higher rates of economic return. They increase income of participating
communities which leads to improve operation and maintenance of infrastructure and increase
community involvement in decision making and implementation is part of the whole process. So
a lot of small infrastructure project is being done. So how KALAHI-CIDS do it?
16:33
So KALAHI-CIDS does it by making resources targeted particularly in poorer areas and
intervention are targeted because that is what is needed most by the community. So they
facilitate community engagement using proven tools to mobilize and support the communities to
get involved. They make resources, use demand driven, so open project menu based on
informed choice. Through series of consultation.

17:00
Okay.

17:02
So, they also make PAYM or PSA Prioritization Procurement Finance and community based
monitoring, accessible and popular, they design systems and processes that communities can
use to through village assemblies, community volunteer committees, direct fund transfer, and
grievance redress. The build capacity of the community so by letting the community participate
in the process so that's the demand side. And also the willingness of the local government to
give the project that the community is needing and allow them and give them space to
participate so that from the supply side. So, some of the outputs in this project, so it's present in
4583 barangays in 200 municipalities in the 42 poorest provinces and municipalities in the
Philippines. So the budget for this project is 5.93 billion pesos, and it is implemented 5876
projects. So some example is a health center here, a road, the water system and the school
buildings. So there is a different infrastructure project but they have come up, come up with. So
there's also another daycare center, a tribal housing, a bridge and a drainage and are different
projects that we can see here there's a corn mill, a pump boat, dump truck and electrification
project in a warp. So iba ibang project yung nakita natin, no?

18:34
Okay, so I think KALAHI-CIDS is quite interesting. Kung makita mo yung coco driven approach.
And there are other driven approaches as well. Apart from the three that we have mentioned.
The last approach that you'd like to look into is the capability approach. So it's based largely on
the work of Amartya Sen. It is it linked poverty to the broader discussion and human
development so there are two indispensable elements of the capability approach, and that is
yung functionings and freedom. So functioning talks about the things that a person may value
doing or being, it includes social participation, ability to spread ideas are being respected, it
refrains from adopting a materialistic worldview. Because according to the capability approach,
it's not just the material, but people also want to be respected. They want to be able to
participate meaningfully in their society so that is part of our understanding of development. It
also talks about the freedom of people, which pertains to their ability to choose and prioritize
and various combinations of functionings.

19:46
Hence, the general notion is, that people should not only achieve valuable functionings but also
have the freedom to pursue those values. So he talks a lot about enlarging the capability of
people to choose also, kung paano sila, how do they want to improve their lives and also give
them opportunity to, to be able to live a meaningful life. So yun yung ini-emphasize here. So
under poverty initiatives therefore imolies the enlargement of people's choices, such as the
opportunities to lead along in healthy and creative life and enjoy a decent standard of living,
freedom, dignity, self respect and respect of others, but of course I think the material aspect is
important because when you have some amount of income you can choose for example the
kind of food that you'd like to eat, if you want gulay, if you want some fish for your protein, of
course, the material aspect is there but it's not just a material aspect, because money is just the
means, but what you want is to really look into it as from a bigger picture where the process of
development is really about giving people the ability to choose, an ability to choose for their own
self improvement. Right?

21:01
So, it guided and became the basis of the UN Human Development Report, of course it's not
just a Murchison. There's also a meaningful portion of that coming from Mud ul Hak. Another
Asian economist. So the capability approach challenges and criticisms, one is that it's difficult to
set a common yardstick for measuring poverty especially within and across nations. So what will
be the basis for comparison? The exact array of functionings also is difficult to determine so
that's the criticism. And that requires more material input, such as the need for institutional,
social, and cultural inputs, at multiple levels so yun pa yung mnga some of the criticisms that is
posed against the capability approach. Right?

21:54
And, but I think one of the things that we can see with capability approaches is that it provides
you know, hindi lang materialistic approach in terms of development, that there is more than just
material because people are not just beings we just have to be fed, because you want to be
respected, your dignity has to be able to be respected by your government na hindi ka
minamaltrato. So development is a much broader concept and we learned that through the work
of Sen.

22:24
Okay, so now we go in back into the objectives of our lesson for week seven, so we've seen the
different approaches to Social Development, we've seen the basic needs approach the social
services approach, the community development approach, and the capability approach. And
we've seen also how this different approach has been implemented, or operationalize into SD
practice. So, class, I hope you enjoyed the lesson that we have. If you have any questions you
can just message your faculty in charge, and see you next meeting. Thank you very much and I
hope you enjoy learning.