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(downloadsachmienphi.com) Giáo Trình Ngữ Nghĩa - Ngữ Dụng Học Tiếng Anh - Nguyễn Thúy Nga
TIẾNG ANH
CONTENTS
PART 1: SEMANTICS
I. DEFINITION 6
II. SENTENCES, UTTERANCES & PROPOSITIONS 6
III. SEMANTIC FEATURE / PROPERTY 9
IV. SEMANTIC / LEXICAL FIELD 11
V. REFERENCE, REFERENT, & SENSE 15
1. Definition 15
2. Types of reference 16
a/ Denotative meaning 25
b/ Connotative meaning 25
2. Sentence meaning 26
• Semantic roles 27
• Simile 33
• Metaphor 33
• Irony 35
• Sarcasm 35
• Synecdoche 35
• Metonymy 36
• Personification 37
• Hyperbole 37
• Euphemism 37
• Definition 41
• Types of ambiguity 42
• Some common forms of structural ambiguity 43
• Synonym 54
• Antonym 55
• Homophone 56
• Homograph 57
• Homonym 57
• Polysemy 57
• Hyponymy 57
2. Sentence relation 60
• Entailment 60
• Contradiction 61
• Paraphrase 62
o Types of Paraphrase 62
o Ways to paraphrase a sentence 63
X. TYPES OF SENTENCE BASING ON TRUE / FALSE 70
1. Analytic sentence
2. Synthetic sentence
3. Contradictory sentence
PART 2. PRAGMATICS
I. DEFINITION 78
II. SPEECH ACT 78
1. Definition
2. Components
III. SPEECH EVENT / SITUATION 80
1. Setting
2. Participants / Characters
3. Relation
4. Message
5. Tone used
IV. TYPES OF SPEECH ACT 82
1. Declarative
2. Representative
3. Expressive
4. Directive
5. Commissive
V. THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE 89
VI. IMPLICATURE 91
1. Definition
2. Types of implicature
VII. PRESUPPOSITION 103
1. Definition
2. Types of presupposition
REFERENCES 144
PART 1: SEMANTICS
I. DEFINITION
Ex:- “Hello”
- “Not much”
1. Does it make sense to talk of the time and place of a sentence? Yes/No
Exercise 2.
DEFINITION
Example:
1. CHARACTERISTICS
Ex: Father, mother, son, daughter, teacher baby … all share the
same semantic feature [+ human].
10
Ex 1:
Hyponymy
(A) Hyponyms
11
Ex 2:
Male (Hypernym)
(Hyponyms)
12
EXERCISE 4
For each group of words given below, state what semantic property or
properties are shared by the words in group (i) and those in group (ii),
and what semantic property or properties distinguish between the
classes of (i) and (ii).
13
14
1. Definition
Ex: The word ‘bachelor’ and ‘unmarried man’ have the same sense
15
rence
Desk Refe
Sens
e an object of a surface and four legs used
for writing
2. Types of reference.
16
Examples:
17
• Unique things: the sun, the moon, the earth, the east, the west,
Halley’s Comet,
Ex: The king of France is bald (France does not have any king
nowadays)
18
Exercise 8
1. When Helen mentioned “the fruit cake”, she meant that rock-hard
object in the middle of the table. R / S
6. If you look out of the window now, you’ll see who I mean. R / S
7. ‘’I’m sorry to have disturbed you – when I said ‘Will you move
your chair?’, I didn’t mean you, I meant Patrick here.” R / S
Exercise 9
19
(a) All words in a language may be used to refer, but only some
words have sense.
(b) If two expressions have the same referent, they always have the
same sense.
1. Imagine that you and I are in a room with a man and a woman,
and, making no visual signal of any sort, I say to you, “The man stole
my wallet”. In this situation, can you identify the referent of the
expression the man ? Yes / No
20
+ The name Fred in the utterance “Fred hit me”, where the
speaker has a particular person in mind, is a referring expression.
21
My sister is a singer
Exercise 13
1. John yes / no
2. my uncle yes / no
3. and yes / no
22
5. a man yes / no
6. my parents yes / no
7. send yes / no
8. under yes / no
9. The police officer said that a man with a limp killed Bo Peep.
11. The man who shot Abraham Lincoln was an unemployed actor.
23
13. The poor are the ones who suffer most from the disasters all over
the world.
15. Don’t come near the frontier. You may be hurt by a bullet.
17. My hobby is to go fishing with friends when the sun appears in the East.
18. It was thought for many centuries that the world was flat.
19. The book you gave me on Teacher’s Day was worth reading.
21. The parachute is a device to help people to land safely on the ground.
22. While the soldier was moving through the frontier, a bullet stroke
him on the head.
23. Nowadays, there are many TV programs very useful for children’s
education.
24. The teacher let his students come back home early because of the
coming storm.
24
A. WORD MEANING
Ex: A pig: a domestic animal, 4 legs, hairy, usually raised for meat
25
B. SENTENCE MEANING
(1) The lion bit the hunter # (2) The hunter bit the lion
S O S O
26
The two sentences (1) & (2) have different meanings because the
words have different syntactic functions.
(2) The hunter bit the lion # (3) The hunter was bitten by the lion.
S O S O
The sentences (2) & (3) have different meanings although the words
have the same syntactic functions.
(1) The lion bit the hunter = (3) The hunter was bitten by the lion.
S O S O
The sentences (1) & (3) have the same meaning although the words
have different syntactic functions. What makes the meaning of the
two sentences similar or different? It is what is called semantic roles,
the third factor making up the meaning of a sentence.
SEMANTIC ROLES
a. Definition
b. Types
o Agent: the one that initiates an action (person/ animal + action verb)
27
28
o Cause: the one that causes an action to happen (not implying a user)
Paul was hurt with a knife (implying someone used a knife to hurt him)
I
Paul was hurt by a knife (not implying a user of the knife)
C
(1) The lion bit the hunter # (2) The hunter bit the lion
S/A O/P S/A O/P
(2) The hunter bit the lion # (3) The hunter was bitten by the lion.
S/A O/P S/P O/A
29
(1) The lion bit the hunter = (3) The hunter was bitten by the lion.
S/A O/P S/P O/A
The two sentences have the same meaning because they have the same
semantic roles although the syntactic functions are different.
Exercise 15. Identify the semantic role of the noun phrases in the
following sentences
30
18. After the yolk is separated from the white, it must be boiled
immediately.
19. Nutritionists recommended that foods from each of the four
basic groups be eaten regularly.
20. It was thought for many centuries that the world was flat.
21. His ingenuity never ceases to amaze me.
22. The hurricane destroyed half of the island.
23. Angela offered the job to her former rival.
24. In the morning we left San Francisco for Austin.
25. Zelda gets angry whenever Scott lies her.
26. The remains will be shipped to Cleveland on Wednesday.
27. The boy seems to be interested in the film shown at NH cinema
last night.
28. He hates being disturbed at table.
29. As the storm raged, the waves grew higher and higher.
30. He enjoys going fishing on the lake at sunset.
31. The snow melts at the morning sunshine.
32. The chickens are ready for us to eat in 5 minutes.
33. Do you like the book I sent you?
34. Acid can dissolve a corpse in 5 minutes.
35. The man who loves her must be insane.
36. Alan was sent a special gift on her birthday.
37. Many TV programs today help students to improve their study a
lot.
38. The prisoner killed the guard then disappeared into the forest.
39. The beer made from rice drinks very well.
40. Putting one hand in the pocket, he walked around the front yard.
41. Joining the club is a good way of meeting new people.
42. She wants to know if anyone has an umbrella to lend her.
31
=> pragmatic meaning: I’m sorry. I’m very busy. I’m afraid that I
have to refuse your invitation.
32
33
34
Ex: + “The more I know about human beings, the more I want to
be an animal” (Jungle Boy) (Human beings are worse than
animal!)
35
Ex: Have you read Khái Hưng yet? (= the novels of Khái Hưng)
36
37
38
22. When the White House called, the ambassador came at once.
23. My dormitory room is like a cave.
24. Come to the dormitory and see what a cave I live in.
25. If you are not happy with the service, go and talk to the City Hall.
26. The princess captures the heats of the nation.
27. He has a kind heart.
28. The river ate the bank away.
29. The captain was in charge of 100 horses.
30. You can depend on Paul; he is a rock when trouble comes.
31. Life is a dream.
32. Research says that these methods are best.
33. Little Susie is a picture of loveliness in her new dress.
34. There was a storm in Parliament last night.
35. He worked and worked until he breathed his last.
36. We are tired to death of such movies.
37. His words can be trusted.
38. The boss gave her a hot look.
39. He could not bridle his anger.
40. The organization is keeping the brake on pay rises.
41. Death is laying his icy hand on the Queen.
42. The pen is mightier than the sword.
43. A camel is a ship in a desert.
44. Your charm and good looks exceed your wit.
45. With friends like you, who needs enemies.
46. You have to pay the earth for such a masterpiece!
47. Luck almost always turns back to those who dare not face
difficulty.
48. A dead leaf fell in my lap. That was Jack Frost’s card.
49. The ship plowed the sea.
39
50. The captain exploded with rage when the soldiers disobeyed him.
1. Anomaly / non-sense
40
+ The tiger remained alive for an hour after the hunter killed it.
2. Ambiguity
He greeted the girl with a smile. (the boy was smiling or the girl
was smiling)
b. Types of ambiguity
41
42
Ex: I love Laura more than you S: … more than you love her
Ex: Visiting relatives can be boring S: the relatives who are visiting…
O: to visit relatives …
a. Grouping Ambiguity
=> Repeat the Adj (AN & AN): Old men & old women
=> Change their positions (N & A N): Women and old men.
43
(the AC may modify the 1st N or the 2nd N => change the position
of AC)
(quickly may modify sold or made => change the position of the
Adverb)
44
b. Function Ambiguity
Comparative form (than, as) Ex: I loves Mary more than you
Ö Subject: add auxiliary verb => I love Mary more than you do.
Ö Object: repeat verb => I love Mary more than love you.
45
Ex: He gave her dog meat Det. modifies dog => He gave meat to her dog
Ex: The detective looked hard Adj (P4): hard / SC = … looked severe /
strict.
Adv (P6) hard / M / Aval = looked
carefully.
Exercise 17. Identify the type of ambiguity and give two possible
paraphrases to make the meaning clear.
46
47
48
30. The car coasted into the garage with the lights on.
49
50
51
52
64. It was a plot to sell industrial secrets worth millions to the ABC
company.
53
Test: A= B
Partial Synonym: a word that share one of the meanings with another.
54
Types of Antonym:
• Gradable Antonym
Love <= be fond of <= like <= be indifferent <= dislike <= hate
Ex2: Love # Hate => How much do you love her? – Very much!
55
Two words are relational antonyms when they describe the same
relationship but they are mentioned in the opposite order. (Hurford &
Heasley. 1983:116)
Test: if A is … of B; then B is … of A
Ex3: buy # sell => If A sells a car to B; then B buys the car from A.
There are other words which are mutually opposite or incompatible,
but they cannot be put into one of the three types above. They form a
system called system of multiple incompatibility or oppositions. These
systems may have two or many members. For example:
56
for gardening
57
Hyponymy
Bachelor Father Mother Baby Uncle Sister
(B) Hyponyms
Exercise 18 Identify the relation between the words in the following pairs
58
Exercise 19. Decide whether the following words with their different
meanings are homonymy or polysemy.
5. Reel: a spool for photographic film round device at the butt end
of a fishing rod to the line.
59
60
However,
61
Types of paraphrase
62
Notes:
• Only transitive verbs can be put into passive, but not any
transitive verb can.
• Give –type verbs (give, buy, offer, send, show, lend, hand,
throw, etc.) have two ways of transforming into passive.
63
dressed in blue
PastP/M/Ajal
• Phrase Clause
64
Note:
• Simple
• Complex
65
• Compound
Ex2: You are beautiful. Nobody can deny it (replacing the previous sentence)
Pr/DO/Nal
• Simple
• Complex
• Compound
66
f) Inf Gerund
g) Adjective Patterns
67
h) Inversion
=> Not only do I love you but also want to marry you
• Only, So, …
=> So nice are you that nobody can help loving you
68
However + Adj/Adv
Adj/Adv + A
Whatever + N
Although you try very hard, you can never win her heart.
=> However hard you may try, you can never win her heart
Although you earn a lot of money, you can never satisfy her
needs
=> Much as you may earn, you can never satisfy her needs
69
My aunt is a man
Exercise 22
70
Exercise 23
1. My aunt is a man
71
72
Exercise 25. What is the relationship between the A sentences and the
B sentences below?
A B
Henry was not chewing a tulip Henry was not chewing a flower
David did not steal a pound of beef David did not take a pound of beef
Denis did not get savaged by a sheep David did not get savaged by an animal
73
A B
Henry chew up all my tulips Henry chew up all my flowers
All Denis’s sheep have foot-rot All Denis’s animals have foot-rot
Exercise 26. What are the relations between the following sentences?
A B
John saw a big mouse John saw a big animal
A tall pygmy came in a tall person came in
We went in a small bus We went in a small vehicle
74
75
13. She hurried out the door, already late for the meeting.
15. Justin spent a year in Spain and came back speaking Spanish
fluently.
16. At the snack-bar; that’s where you can get a good hamburger.
18. There are few part-time jobs now available for students.
76
23. Most of the exam papers were easy enough for all the students to
answer.
25. I would have visited you, but I didn’t know that you were at home.
77
PART 2: PRAGMATICS
I. DEFINITION
1. Definition
Speech acts are actions performed via utterances. In English, speech acts
are commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint,
compliment, invitation, promise, or request… (Yule, 1996: 47).
78
• Locutionary act: the act of making the utterance “Oh, it’s very
cold in here”
• Illocutionary act: the speaker wants someone to close the door
and windows.
• Perlocutionary act: someone goes to close the windows and
door.
79
Of these three acts, the most discussed is illocutionary act. The term
‘speech act’ is generally interpreted quite narrowly to mean only the
illocutionary force of the utterance. The illocutionary force of an
utterance is what it ‘counts as’. The same locutionary act, as shown
in (1) above, may count as a statement, a complaint, a request,… This
depends on the situation in which the utterance is made.
80
Situation 1:
At noon, a girl comes home from school late. All the family have had
lunch. Entering the house, she addressed her mother,
Î The mother wants to reassure the daughter that her lunch has not
been forgotten and suggests her having fish for lunch.
Situation 2:
At 10:00, the mother comes home from the market. She puts her bag
on the table in the kitchen and tells her daughter, “Mary, there’s a
piece of fish on the table.”
Situation 3:
Î They complain to the waiter that the table has not been cleaned
properly and want him to clean it.
81
1. Declaratives: the speech acts that change the world via their
utterance (blessing, announcing, arresting, naming, marrying, firing,
dismissing,…)
82
3. Expressives: the speech acts that state what the speaker feels
(statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, sorrow, greetings,
apologies, congratulations, condolences, thanks, wish, complaint,
compliment, leave taking, saying goodbye, admiration, irony,
mocking, …)
b. Congratulations! (congratulation)
4. Directives: the speech acts that speakers use to get someone else
to do something (orders, commands, requests, suggestions, asking,
advice, giving permission, giving way, warning, offer, complaint,
threat, urge, challenge, invitation,…)
83
c. I want to, but I have to finish this report right now. (refusal)
What’s up?
84
85
8. Out!
86
25. If you’ll wait for a minute, I’ll see if the boss could see you.
87
88
39. I’d love to give you an open-book exam, but we have to follow
the regulations of the school.
40. I love you, but I haven’t graduated from the university yet.
The maxims
Quantity (informativeness)
89
Manner Be perspicuous.
90
- Shop girl( who knows she has felt-tip pens in stock): “ Yes, you
could get some at Woolworths, down the street.”
4. - Mother: “Now tell me the truth. Who put the ferret in the
bathtub?”
1. Definition
2. Types of Implicature
a. Conversational implicature
91
b. Scalar implicature
3. Conventional implicature
92
Exercise 32
B: “I tried to.”
Implicature:
Implicature:
Implicature:
93
Implicature:
Implicature:
Implicature:
Implicature:
B: “ Rarely.”
Implicature:
Implicature:
94
Implicature:
Implicature:
12. A: “Have you brushed your teeth and tidied your room?”
Implicature:
Implicature:
Implicature:
15. A: “Let’s try the new Arab restaurant round the corner.”
B: “I’m a vegetarian.”
Implicature:
95
Implicature:
17. A: “Do you use your local swimming pool very much?”
Implicature:
Implicature:
Exercise 33. Choose the one that is the best implicature for the
following situations.
1. - Did you hear that Jeff has passed his oral exam?
- Finally.
96
- If possible.
c. She would like the man to get a night escort for her.
97
b. It may be too late for the woman to get into the speech class.
98
99
13. - Bob, you’d better get down to the museum tomorrow if you want
to see the exhibit.
100
- Umm … check the grocery store next to the gas station to see if
they have any.
101
102
- Every half hour on weekdays, but I’m not sure about weekend.
VII. PRESUPPOSITION
1. Definition
A presupposition is:
2. Types of presupposition
Ex:
103
Ex:
• We regret telling him the news >> We told him the news
• She didn’t realized he was ill >> He was ill.
• I wasn’t aware that she was married >> She was married.
• It is odd that he left early >> He left early.
• I’m glad that it’s over >> It’s over.
Ex:
Ex:
104
Ex:
Ex: If you were my friend, you would have helped me >> You
are not my friend.
4. I won’t do it again.
105
106
21. They are happy with the results of the final exam.
22. How fast was the car going when it ran the red light?
107
108
109
PART II
PRAGMATICS
I. DEFINITION
110
1. Definition
111
Utterances
I'll keep you in It’s hot here Would you like a
after class cup of coffee?
locutionary act Literal I make Warm
meaning you stay temperatur
in school e of the
later than classroom
usual
A
complaint
perlocutionary The result or silencing the Æ action of Causing the
act effect students turning down hearer to think
the themostat that the speaker
is more generous
A request is
than he thought
ignored
3. Speech event
112
Situation 1:
At noon, a girl comes home from school late. All the family have had
lunch. Entering the house, she addressed her mother,
Î The mother wants to reassure the daughter that her lunch has not
been forgotten and suggests her having fish for lunch.
113
Situation 2:
At 10:00, the mother comes home from the market. She puts her bag
on the table in the kitchen and tells her daughter, “Mary, there’s a
piece of fish on the table.”
Situation 3:
Î They complain to the waiter that the table has not been cleaned
properly and want him to clean it.
114
1. Declaratives: the speech acts that change the world via their
utterance (blessing, announcing, arresting, naming, marrying,
firing, dismissing,…)
Ex:
Ex:
115
3. Expressives: the speech acts that state what the speaker feels
(statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, sorrow,
greetings, apologies, congratulations, condolences, thanks,
wish, complaint, compliment, leave taking, saying goodbye,
admiration, irony, mocking, …)
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
116
What’s up?
117
118
8. Out!
119
25. If you’ll wait for a minute, I’ll see if the boss could see you.
120
121
39. I’d love to give you an open-book exam, but we have to follow
the regulations of the school.
40. I love you, but I haven’t graduated from the university yet.
122
The maxims
Quantity (informativeness)
Manner Be perspicuous.
123
- Shop girl( who knows she has felt-tip pens in stock): “ Yes, you
could get some at Woolworths, down the street.”
4. - Mother: “Now tell me the truth. Who put the ferret in the bathtub?”
IV. IMPLICATURE
1. Definition
2. Types of Implicature
a. Conversational implicature
124
b. Scalar implicature
125
3. Conventional implicature
Exercise 32
B: “I tried to.”
Implicature:
Implicature:
126
Implicature:
Implicature:
Implicature:
Implicature:
Implicature:
B: “ Rarely.”
127
Implicature:
Implicature:
Implicature:
Implicature:
12. A: “Have you brushed your teeth and tidied your room?”
Implicature:
Implicature:
128
Implicature:
15. A: “Let’s try the new Arab restaurant round the corner.”
B: “I’m a vegetarian.”
Implicature:
Implicature:
17. A: “Do you use your local swimming pool very much?”
Implicature:
Implicature:
Exercise 33. Choose the one that is the best implicature for the
following situations.
1. - Did you hear that Jeff has passed his oral exam?
- Finally.
129
- If possible.
130
c. She would like the man to get a night escort for her.
b. It may be too late for the woman to get into the speech class.
131
132
13. - Bob, you’d better get down to the museum tomorrow if you want
to see the exhibit.
133
- Umm … check the grocery store next to the gas station to see if
they have any.
134
135
- Every half hour on weekdays, but I’m not sure about weekend.
V. PRESUPPOSITION
1. Definition
This sentence presupposes that Graciela exists and that she has a
brother. The speaker may also hold the more specific presupposition
that she has only a brother and her brother has a lot of money. All
these presuppositions are held by the speaker’s and all of them can be
wrong, in fact.
A presupposition is:
136
2. Types of presupposition
Ex:
Ex:
• We regret telling him the news >> We told him the news
• She didn’t realized he was ill >> He was ill.
• I wasn’t aware that she was married >> She was married.
137
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
138
Ex:
139
140
56. They are happy with the results of the final exam.
57. How fast was the car going when it ran the red light?
141
142
143
REFERENCES
Kieu Kim Lan. 2001. Semantics and Pragmatics. Đai Hoc Mo TP HCM.
To Minh Thanh. 2004. Ngu Nghia Hoc Tieng Anh. NXB Tong Hop
TP Ho Chi Minh.
144
Key words:
1. Semantics
2. Sentences,
3. Utterances
4. Propositions
5. Referring expressions
6. Pragmatics
7. meaning
8. the cooperative principle
9. implicature
10. presupposition
145