Effluents From Power Plants and Impact On Environment

UNIT-V
Lecture-6
Pollution and its control
B. Pavani Srikavya
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Mechanical
engineering
Topic: Pollution and its control Course : Power plant engineering
L.N UNIT V-LECTURE PLAN

O
1 Power Plant Instrumentation And Control: Importance of
measurement and instrumentation in power plant, measurement of
water purity, gas analysis, O2 and CO2 measurements,
2 Measurement of smoke and dust, measurement of moisture in
carbon dioxide circuit, nuclear measurements.
3 Power Plant Economics And Environmental

Considerations:Terminology Used In Power Supply Concept of
load curves and load duration curve.
4 Numerical Module-1
5 Numerical Module-2
6 Effluents from power plants and Impact on environment –

pollutants and pollution standards – methods of pollution control.
Slide No: 1
Lecture Objective :
 To describe the Effluents from power plants and Impact on
environment
Lecture Outcome :
After undergoing this lecture the student can understand the
what are major sources of pollution. How it is controlled using
different methods.
Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
 The atmosphere consists of a mixture of gases that

completely surround the earth.
 It extends to an altitude of 800 to 1000 kms above the

earth’s surface
 Major polluting gases/particles are confined to the

lowermost layer of atmosphere known as Troposphere.
That extends between 8 and 16 kms above the earth
surface.

The main sources of atmospheric pollution may be

summarized as follows:
(a) The combustion of fuels to produce energy for heating

and power generation both in the domestic sector as well
as in the industrial sector.
(b) The exhaust emissions from the transport vehicles that

use petrol, or diesel oil etc.
(c) Waste gases, dust and heat from many industrial sites
including chemical manufacturers, electrical power
generating stations etc
Topic: Power Plant Economics Course : Power plant engineering
ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION DUE TO INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS:
These emissions are of two forms,
 Solid particles (SPM)
 Gaseous emissions (SO2, NOx, CO, etc.)
 Liquid effluents, generated from certain industries, containing
organic and toxic pollutants are also a cause of concern

POLLUTION FROM THERMAL POWER PLANTS

 The air pollution in a large measure is caused by the
thermal power plants burning conventional fuels ( coal, oil
or gas )
 The combustible elements of the fuel are converted to
gaseous products and non combustible elements to ash.
Thus the emission can be classified as
1. Gaseous emission
2. Particulate emission
3. Solid waste emission
4. Thermal pollution( waste heat)
1.Gaseous emission and Its control:

The various gaseous pollutants are
i. Sulphur dioxide
ii. Hydrogen sulphide
iii. Oxides of nitrogen
iv. Carbon monoxide

The effects of pollutants on environment are as follows:
Effects
S.No Pollutant On
On Man On Vegetation Materials/Ani
mals
Destruction of
Irritation of throat
sensitive crops
1 SO2 and eyes, respiration Corrosion
and reduced
system
yield
Irritation , bronchitis,
2 NO2
oedema of lungs
Bare disease, Destruction of Flourosis in
3 H2S
respiratory diseases crops cattle grazing
poisoning, increased
4 CO
accidenliability

Removal of Sulphur dioxide

(SO2):
 The wet scrubbers also find
Application in chemical and
grain milling industries.
 The collection efficiency of
scrubber is about 90 %
Disadvantages :
 The pressure drops are very
High
 Water used, dissolving sulphur
oxides will contain sulphuric
and sulphurous acids which
may corrode the pipelines
and the scrubber itself.

2.Particulate emission and its control

The particulate emission, in power plants using fossil fuels, is
easiest to control.
The particulate emission can be classified as follows:
1. Smoke
2. Fumes
3. Fly-ash
4. Cinders
 The performance parameters for any particulate
remover is called the collection efficiency
 For different systems the collector efficiency varies
from 50 to 99%
 For an electrostatic precipitator it is move than 90 %
The Following methods are used for Removal of particulate

emissions
 Cinder catchers
a. Sudden decrease in gas velocity
b. Sudden change in the direction of the flow of flue gas
c. Impingement of flues gases on a series of baffle stops
d. Cinder vane fan

 Wet scrubbers
 Electrostatic precipitator
 Baghouse filters
3.Solid waste disposal:

 In the fossil fuel power plant considerable amount of solids in the
form of ash is discharged.
 This ash is removed as bottom ash or slag from the furnace.

4.Thermal pollution:
 Discharge of thermal energy into waters is commonly called
thermal pollution
 The heated water from condensers is discharged into lakes or
rivers, the water temperature goes up.
 The ability of water to hold dissolved gases goes down when
the temperature increases.
 At about 35oc the dissolved oxygen will be so low that
acquatic life will die.

How to reduce thermal pollution:

 The following methods can be adopted
 Construction of a separate lake
 Cooling ponds
 Cooling towers

Pollution from Nuclear power plants:

 The various types of pollution from nuclear
power plants are
1. Radioactive pollution
2. Radioactive Waste from reactor
3. Thermal pollution
1.Radioactive pollution:
This is the most dangerous and serious type of
pollution. This is due to radioactive elements and
fissionable products in reactor. The proper shielding
and maintenance of reactor is the best way to stop
this.
2. Radioactive Waste from reactor:

 Due to nuclear reactor reaction nuclear wastes
(mixtures of various Beta and Gamma emitting
radioactive isotopes with various half lives) are
produced which cannot be neutralised by any
chemical method.
 Some methods of storage or disposal of radioactive
waste materials are storage tanks, dilution, Sea
disposal, Atmospheric dilution, burying is sea.

 Storage tank :
The radioactive waste can be buried under ground (very
deep into soil) in corrosion resistant tanks located in isolated
areas.
 Dilution:
Low energy wastes are diluted and after dilution they can
be disposed off into the sewer.
 Sea disposal :
This method is being used by the British that dilution can be
used by adequately diluting the wastes.
Course : Power plant engineering
 Atmospheric dilution :
This method can be used for radioactive wastes. But solid
particles from the gaseous wastes must be filtered out
thoroughly, since they are the most dangerous with higher
half lives.
 Absorption by the soil:

This method is suitable for fission products, the radioactive
particles are absorbed by the soil particles.
 Burying the sea:

The solid nuclear waste can be stored in concrete blocks
which are buried in the sea.
3. Thermal pollution:
Nuclear plants discharge essentially much of its heat
into the environment. To combat this proper circulation
of cooling water should be done and proper
organization of shielding is also a must.
Methods :
1. Construction of separate lakes
2. Cooling towers and cooling ponds are some of the
methods used to reduce the thermal pollution
caused by nuclear power plants.

Course : Power plant engineering
Summary of this Lecture:
• Main sources of atmospheric pollution
• Pollution From Thermal Power Plants
• Pollution from Nuclear power plants:



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UNIT-V

L.N UNIT V-LECTURE PLAN

3 Power Plant Economics And Environmental

6 Effluents from power plants and Impact on environment –

 To describe the Effluents from power plants and Impact on

After undergoing this lecture the student can understand the

what are major sources of pollution. How it is controlled using

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

 The atmosphere consists of a mixture of gases that

 It extends to an altitude of 800 to 1000 kms above the

 Major polluting gases/particles are confined to the

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

The main sources of atmospheric pollution may be

(a) The combustion of fuels to produce energy for heating

(b) The exhaust emissions from the transport vehicles that

ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION DUE TO INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS:

These emissions are of two forms,

 Solid particles (SPM)

 Gaseous emissions (SO2, NOx, CO, etc.)

 Liquid effluents, generated from certain industries, containing

organic and toxic pollutants are also a cause of concern

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

POLLUTION FROM THERMAL POWER PLANTS

1.Gaseous emission and Its control:

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

The effects of pollutants on environment are as follows:

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

Removal of Sulphur dioxide

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

2.Particulate emission and its control

The Following methods are used for Removal of particulate

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

3.Solid waste disposal:

form of ash is discharged.

 This ash is removed as bottom ash or slag from the furnace.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

How to reduce thermal pollution:

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

Pollution from Nuclear power plants:

2. Radioactive Waste from reactor:

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

 Absorption by the soil:

 Burying the sea:

caused by nuclear power plants.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

Summary of this Lecture:

• Main sources of atmospheric pollution

• Pollution From Thermal Power Plants

• Pollution from Nuclear power plants:

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering Slide No: 1

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