b;sydih

10 fY%aKsh

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

i 
m%:u uqøKh - 2014
fojk uqøKh - 2015
f;jk uqøKh - 2016
isõjk uqøKh - 2017
miajk uqøKh - 2018
yhjk uqøKh - 2019
y;ajk uqøKh 2020

ish¨ u ysñlï weúß‚

ISBN 978-955-25-0386-3

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

l=reKE.," jeyer" fld<U mdr" wxl 343 ork ia:dkfhys msysá
pïmsld m%skag¾ia wdh;kfha
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È'

Published by : Educational Publications Department

Printed by : Champika Printers, No. 343, Colombo Road, Wehera, Kurunegala

ii 
iii 
wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd
Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia
fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS
rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd

wdkkao iurfldaka

iv 
 fmrjok

oshqKqfõ ysKsfm; lrd .uka lrkd j;auka f,djg" ks;e;skau wjeis jkqfha
jvd;a kjH jQ wOHdmk l%uhls' tu`.ska ks¾udKh l< hq;af;a ukq.=Koï
imsreKq yd l=i,;dj,ska hqla; ore mrmqrls' tlS W;a;=x. fufyjrg cj n,h
imhñka" úYaùh wNsfhda. i`oyd Èßfhka uqyqK Èh yels isiq mrmqrla ks¾udKh
lsÍu i`oyd iydh ùu wmf.a mru j.lSu jkafka h' bf.kqï wdOdrl iïmdok
ld¾hh fjkqfjka il%Sh f,i ueÈy;a fjñka wm fomd¾;fïka;=j ta fjkqfjka
odhl;ajh ,nd fokafka cd;sfha oreoeßhkaf.a keK myka o,ajd,Sfï W;=ï
wÈgfkks'

fm<fmd; úfgl oekqï fldaIaGd.drhls' th ;j;a úfgl wm úkaokd;aul

f,djlg o le`ojdf.k hhs' tfiau fï fm<fmd;a wmf.a ;¾l nqoaêh jvjd,kafka
wfkalúO l=i,;d mqnqÿ lrjd.kakg o iqúi,a t<s oyrla fjñks' úÿìfuka
iuq.;a Èkl jqj wmßñ; wdorfhka iaurKh l< yels u;l" fm<fmd;a msgq
w;r oejà Tn iu`.ska w;aje,a ne`o tkq fkdwkqudk h' fï fm<fmd; iu`.u
;j ;j;a oekqï wjldY msß biõ fj; ks;s mshuksñka mßmQ¾K;ajh w;a
lr.ekqug Tn ieu ksr;=rej wem lem úh hq;= h'

ksoyia wOHdmkfha uydk¾> ;Hd.hla fia fï mqia;lh Tn foda;g msßkefï'

fm<fmd;a fjkqfjka rch jeh lr we;s iqúi,a OkialkaOhg w¾:iïmkak
w.hla ,nd Èh yelafla Tng muKs' fuu mdGH .%ka:h ukdj mßYS,kh lrñka
keK .=K msß mqrjeishka ù wkd.; f,dj taldf,dal lrkakg oefha ish¨ ¥
orejka fj; Èßh iúh ,efíjdhs yoj;ska iqn m;ñ'

fm<fmd;a iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka wm%udK jQ iïm;Aodhl;ajhla iemhQ

f,aLl" ixialdrl yd we.hqï uKav, idudðl msßjrg;a wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ld¾h uKav,fha ieug;a udf.a yomsß m%Kduh mqolrñ'

mS' tka' whs,mafmreu

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
biqremdh
n;a;ruq,a,
2020'06'26

v 
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh
mS'tka' whs,mafmreu - wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
fufyhùu (
ví,sõ' ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s - wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ^ixj¾Ok&
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
iïnkaëlrKh
tA' tï' wd¾' fla' wêldß - ksfhdacH flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
ixialdrl uKav,h
uydpd¾h yÕ==rkafl; ërdkkao ysñ - b;sydi wOHhk wxYh
BA, MA , PhD ^bkaÈhdj& fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,h
uydpd¾h rdÊ fidaufoaj - mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kh
BA ,MPhil, PhD ^iaùvkh& le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
uydpd¾h m;auisß lkakka.r - b;sydi wOHhk wxYh
BA, MA Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
wdpd¾h wkqId fiakdêrdcd - b;sydi wOHhk wxYh
BA, MPhil,PhD w.aksÈ. úYajúoHd,h
ví,sõ' iuka;s Ysfrdaud,d .=Kj¾Ok - lÓldpd¾h
BA, PGDE,MA cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

f,aLl uKav,h
fla' tia' rxckS - .=re WmfoaYl
BA, MA, PGDE l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h,fydrK
tï. ã. ;s,l,;d - .=re fiajh
BA " PGDE" iS.ví.ví. lkakka.r u.ú, fnd/,a,
ví,sõ. tA. mshiS,s - .=re fiajh
BA, PGDE, M.Ed cd;sl mdi," w,õj
fïß fvdfkagd lkHd fidhqßh - úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s
BA, MA
hQ. t,a. tia. ußlald¾ - .=re WmfoaYl
BA, PGDE l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" j;af;a.u
hQ. t,a. tï. niS¾ - úY%dñl .=re WmfoaYl
BA, PGDE
NdId ixialdrl
tÉ' mS' iqis,a isßfiak - lÓldpd¾h
ydmsá.ï cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGh" óß.u
Ñ;% yd rEm igyka
pkaøsld kS,ukS chisxy
mß.Kl wlaIr fhdackh iy msgq ieliSu
wkQId jkakskdhl
ví,sõ. biqß uOqIdks
vi 
 ixialdrl igyk

ir, j ú.%y lrkafka kï b;sydih hkq ñksia mrmqr w;S;fha § l%shd l< wdldrh
ms<sn`o jD;a;dka;h hs' fndfyda úg tys § jeo.;a jkafka fmdÿ iudchla f,i Tjqka
l%shd l< wkaou wjOdkhg .ekSu hs' ñksia iudch úiska ld,h yryd mj;ajd f.k
meñKs fklúO wLKav;d iy tajdfha we;s jQ fjkiaùï lemS fmfkkafka túg h'
b;sydi{fhl=g jeo.;a jk ft;sydisl .uH;d wjfndaO jkafka tu.sks'

mqrdK iudcj, Ôj;a jQ ñksiqka ish meje;au jvd;a iqrlaIs;j;a iu;==,s;j;a

mj;ajd f.k hdug wkq.ukh l< Wmdhud¾." ta msgqmi ;sfnk Ñka;kh" tu.ska
,o ch.%yK iy mrdchka ish,a,la u b;sydih ;=< wka;¾.; h' md,lhskaf.a
foaYmd,k jHdmD;s muKla iuia; b;sydih ksfhdackh fkdlrhs' úh<s l,dmfha
±ä iQ¾h ;dmfhka ±fjñka l¾lY fmd<j iuÕ fmdr nok fyaka f.dúhdf.a mgka
rdcuydud;Hd§ka iy Tjqkag w¾:fhka O¾ufhka wkqYdikd l< fn!oaO NslaIQka
jykafia,d olajd jQ ish¨ msßi furg b;sydih ks¾udKh lr,Sug úúO uÜgïj,ska
odhl jQy' tfyhska mdi,a YsIHhl= b;sydih ;=< ta ish¨ fokdf.a u iyNd.s;ajfha
iajrEmh bf.kSu wjYH h' tu.ska Tyqg fyda wehg iudch fjkqfjka ;ukag l<
yels fiajh ms<sn`o mQ¾j jegySula we;s lr .ekSug wjYH u. mdod .; yels h' fuu
fm<fmd; rpkd lr ;sfnkafka tu ia:djrh uq,a fldg .ksñks'

wm j¾;udkfha § uqyqK fok .eg¨j,g iudklï ;sfnk wNsfhda. fj; w;S;fha

úiQ wfma uq;=kañ;a;ka uqyqK ÿka wdldrh úuid n,d w;S;h u.ska j¾;udkhg lsis
hï w;a±lSula ,nd .; yels h' b;sydifha mj;akd idrO¾uj,ska wdkqNdj ,nk
iudchla myiqfjka ì`o fkdjefÜ' kj wNsfhda. bÈßfha iudchla ÿ¾j, j wvmK
jkafka ft;sydisl Wreuh iy ft;sydisl ú{dkh u.ska iudc foayh ;=< we;s lrk
m%;sYla;sh ÿ¾j, jQ úg h' b;sydih hkq wdkkaockl jD;a;dka;hla f,i ±fha ¥
mq;=ka fj; ixfõ§;djla we;s lsÍfï wNs,dIfhka fuu fm<fmdf;a wka;¾.;h iy
ksudj ilia lrkakg f,aLl uKav,h iy ixialdrljreka úiska jEhï lr ;sfí' tu
W;aidyh id¾:l ù we;ehs hkak wmf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j hs'

b;d jeo.;a

2015 isg l%shd;aul ùu i|yd ilia lrk ,o b;sydih úIh ks¾foaYhg wkqj
fuu fm<fmdf;a mdvï ud,dj ilia lr we;' YsIHYsIHdjkag ;ukaf.a b;sydih
ms<sn`o jeä ±kqula iy we,aula we;s lsÍug yels jk mßÈ rpkd fldg we;s fuu
mdvï ud,dfõ we, wl=ßka olajd ;sfnk foa wÞ< úIh lreKq ;yjqre lsÍug fhdÞ
.;a tAjd jk w;r ta fldgia lgmdvï lsÍu wjYH fkdfõ'

vii 
viii 
 mgqk

1. b;sydih yeoEÍfï uQ,dY%h

1'1 uQ,dY%h j¾.SlrKh 1
1'2 b;sydih bf.­k‍Sfï jeo.;alu 7
1.3 mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h wdrlaId lr .ekSu 7

2. Y%S ,xldj ckdjdi ùu

2'1 m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha ckdjdi 10
2'2 mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fha ckdjdi 19
2'3 uq,a ft;sydisl hq.fha ckdjdi 22

3. Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k n,h úldYkh ùu

3'1 mQ¾j rdcH iuh 31
3.2 rdcH;aj ixl,amh 38
3.3 furg md,kh l< fY%aIaG rcjre 40

4. Y%S ,xldfõ mer‚ iudch

4'1 md,kfha iajrEmh 44
4.2 wd¾Ólh 47
4'3 ixialD;sh 54

5. Y%S ,xldfõ mer‚ úoHdj yd ;dlaIKh

5.1 úoHd;aul woyiaj, uq,a wjia:d 63
5'2 úoHd;aul Ndú;fha mßK;sh 65

ix 
 6. fM;sydisl ±kqu iy tys m%dfhda.sl wdfoaYkh

6'1 ft;sydisl hq.fha iudc ixúOdkh 78
6'2 kS;sh iy iïm%Þh 80
6'3 uqo,a iy úksuh 83
6'4 ldka;d ksfhdaackh 85
6'5 foaYSh wdydr 86
6'6 mßirh wdrlaId lr .ekSu 89

7. úh<s l,dmfha mer‚ k.r msßySu yd kj rdcOdks ìys ùu

7'1 kd.ßl cSú;fha miqìu 91

7'2 m<uq jk kd.ÍlrKh 93
7'3 fmdf<dkakrej ì`o jeàu 95
7'4 fojk kd.ÍlrKh 96

8. uykqjr rdcOdksh

8'1 wdrïNh yd jHdma;sh 106

8'2 uykqjr rdcOdksfha mßmd,k ixúOdkh 111
8'3 wd¾Ól l%uh 114
8'4 iudc ixúOdkh 115

9. mqkreoh

9'1 mqkreoh we;s ùug n,mE fya;= 117

9'2 mqkreoh ,xldj flfrys n,mEu 123

10. Y%S ,xldj yd ngysr f,dalh

10'1 mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñŒu 126
10'2 mD;=.SiSka meñ‚ wjêfha Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh 128
10'3 Y%S ,xldj yd ,kafoaiSska 133

x 
 1 b;sydih yeoEÍfï uQ,dY%h
ye`Èkaùu
b;sydih yeoEÍug uQ,dY%h wjYH fõ' w;S;h
ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels uQ,dY%h úúO
h' fuu tAllfha § uQ,dY%h y÷kd .ekSu"
uQ,dY%h f;dr;=re u; b;sydih f.dvkef.k
wdldrh iy b;sydih yeoEÍfuka ,eìh yels
m%fhdack ms<sn| Tng bf.kSug ,efnkq we;'
1'1 uQ,dY%h j¾.SlrKh
b;sydih hkq w;S; ñksia l%shdldrlï ms<sn|
yÞrk úIhls' wjqreÿ ish oyia .Kka wE;
ld,fha b;sydih yeoEÍfï § tA tA wjêj,
ñksiqka ,shd ;eබූ foa yd Tjqkaf.a úúO ks¾udK
wmg olakg ,efí' tu f,aLk fyda ks¾udK
u.ska w;S; ñksia lghq;= ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd
.; yels ksid tAjd uQ,dY%h f,i ye|skafõ' tla
tla wjêj,g wÞ< j ,efnk fun÷ uQ,dY%h
u.ska tA tA ld, jljdkq yd iudc mßirh ms<sn|
lsis hï wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels h' fufia
uQ,dY%hj,ska ,nd .kakd f;dr;=re ;¾ldkql+,j
yeoEÍfuka tla tla ld,mßÉfþoj, ck Ôú;h
ms<sn| b;sydih f.dvkefÕa'
b;sydih wOHhkh lsÍfï § f;dr;=re ,nd.;
yels uQ,dY%h úYd, m%udKhla we;s neúka tAjd
j¾. follg fjka flf¾'
1' idys;H uQ,dY%h
2' mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h
w;S; m%cdj úiska úúO ld, jljdkqj, ,shk
,o .%ka: fyda f,aLk idys;H uQ,dY%h f,i
ie,fla' mqrdúoHd leŒï yd m¾fhaIK u.ska
fidhd .efkk mqrdjia;=" iaudrl" ldis" Ys,d,sms
yd úúO kgnqka wdosh mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h
f,i ye|skafõ' ó<Õg wms › ,xldfõ b;sydih
yeoEÍug fhdÞ .; yels uQ,dY%h weiqßka by;
lS j¾. fol ms<sn| ;j ÿrg;a lreKq úuid
n,uq'
නො�ොමිලේ� බෙ�ද‍ාා� හැැරීම i`oyd h'
1' idys
idys;H uQ,dY%h
› ,xldfõ b;sydih yeoEÍug fhdÞ .; yels
idys;H uQ,dY%h" foaYSh idys;H uQ,dY%h yd úfoaYSh
idys;H uQ,dY%h jYfhka j¾. follg fjka l<
yels h' wÈka jir fooyilg muK fmr isg
,dxlslhka úiska .oH yd moH jYfhka jßka
jr ,shk ,o lD;s foaYSsh idys;H uQ,dY%h f,i
ie,fla' fufia ,dxlslhka úiska u › ,xldj
ms<sn| ,shk ,o .%ka:j,g wu;r j furg
ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla oelajQ úfoaYslhka úiska o hï
hï lD;s rpkd lrk ,È' ke;fyd;a úfoaYslhka
,shQ lD;sj, ,xldj ms<sn| j o f;dr;=re we;=<;a
lr ;sfí' fufia úfoaYslhka úiska furg ms<sn|
f;dr;=re i|yka lrñka ,shk ,o lD;s úfoaYSh
idys;H uQ,dY%h f,i ye|skafõ'
foaYSh idys;H uQ,dY%h
› ,xldfõ foaYSh idys;H uQ,dY%h w;r jvd;a
mer‚;u lD;sh §mjxih f,i ie,fla' §mjxih
l%sia;= j¾I y;r jk ishjfia § muK rpkd
කරන ලද lD;shls' uyfika rdcH iuh wjidkh
f;la furg ft;sydisl f;dr;=re yd Ydik
b;sydih iïnkaO mqj;a §mjxihg we;=<;a fõ'
tfy;a we;eï ft;sydisl mqj;a §mjxifha olajd
we;af;a b;d fláfhks' mqkrela;s fodaI o fuu
lD;sh ;=< olakg ,efí' fï ksid §mjxih ;sìh
§ u wvqmdvq jvd wvq lD;shla jYfhka uydjxih
rpkd fldg ;sfí'
PdhdrEmh 1'1 mqrdK ld,hg wh;a idys;Hh wd.ñl
f;dr;=re yd jxil:d ,sheù ;sfnkafka mqiafld< fmd;aj,
h' §¾> ld,hlg wh;a mqiafld< fmd;a iïm%odhhla Y%S
,xldj i;= j ;sfí'
1
uydjxih hkq fldgia lsysmhlska hq;= lD;shls'
tys uq,a fldgi wkqrdOmqr Èlai| fifkúhd
msßfjfka úiq uydkdu kï Nslaෂූka jykafia
flfkla úiska rpkd lrk ,È. §mjxifha fuka
nqÿka jykafiaf.a
,xld.ukfha isg uQ,dY%h j¾.h
uyfika rdcH iuh
ikafoaY ldjH uhqr ikafoaYh" ;sir ikafoaYh" ie,<sysKs ikafoaYh
wjidkh f;la furg
ft;sydisl f;dr;=re
m%Yia;s ldjHh merl=ïnd isß;
uydjxifha uq,a
fldgig we;=<;a fõ'
ygka ldjH iS;djl ygk" fldkaia;ka;skQ ygk" bx.%Sis ygk
tu fldgi l%sia;=
j¾I mia jk fyda yh
j.=j wxl 1'1 tlsfklg fjkia wka;¾.;hlska hq;a merKs idys;H uQ,dY%h lsysmhla'
jk ishjfia muK
rpkd fldg we;'
uydjxifha uq,a fldgi yd §mjxifha we;eï
f;dr;=re w;r iudk;djla olakg ,efí' fuu
uQ,dY%h fol u rpkd lsÍfï § Bg m%:u ,sheù
;snQ iSy,ÜGl:d uydjxih" W;a;r úydrÜG
l:d" úkhÜG l:d wdos uq,a .%ka:j, wdNdih
,eî ;sîu Bg fya;= jkakg we;'
uydkdu ysñhka uydjxifha uq,a fldgi
,sùfuka miq fjk;a l;=jreka úiska jßka
jr tA tA ld,jljdkq ms<sn| f;dr;=re we;=<;a
fldg wLKav lD;shla jYfhka uydjxih
;j;a fldgia lsysmhla jYfhka §¾> lrk ,È'
fï ksid › ,xldfõ b;sydih uydjxih ;=<
wLKav j ,sheù ;sfí' rgl b;sydih wLKav j
tl u lD;shl ,sheù we;s rgj,a ixLHdj iSñ;
neúka furg b;sydih tl u lD;shl i`oyka j
;sîu ,dxlslhkag wdvïnr úh yels lreKls'
uydjxifha i|yka we;eï ft;sydisl isÿùï
Ys,d,sms yd fjk;a uQ,dY%h u.ska ;yjqre jk
neúka th jvd úYajikSh uQ,dY%hla f,i
ie,fla'
uydjxifha uq,a fldgi ,sheù Y;j¾I y;rlg
muK miq md,s NdIdfjka rÑ; tu lD;sfha we;eï
;eka ;j;a úia;r fldg w¾: újrKh i|yd
àldjla iïmdokh flßKs' uydjxi àldj f,i
y÷kajkq tu lD;sh jxi;a:mamldiskS hkqfjka
kï lr we;' fjk;a uQ,dY%hj,ska fkd,efnk
f;dr;=re /ila tu .%ka:hg we;=<;a j ;sfí'
furg b;sydifha wkqrdOmqr hq.fha isg uykqjr
rdcH iuh olajd ld,mßÉfþoh ;=< foaYSh
2
idys;H lD;s f,i ie,lsh yels ;j;a .%ka:
/ila rpkd ù we;' O¾u .%ka: f,i ie,lsh
yels fndaêjxih" :Qmjxih" Od;=jxih" mQcdj,sh"
ioaO¾ud,xldrh" jeks lD;s rcrg YsIagdpdr
WÞyrK
iufha b;sydih yeoEÍug jeo.;a fõ' furg
Ydik b;sydih ms<sn| ,shù we;s ksldh ix.%yh"
foaYmd,k f;dr;=re we;=<;a rdcdj,sh jeks
lD;s .ïfmd< rdcH iufha isg fldaÜfÜ rdcH
ld,h olajd b;sydih yeoEÍfï jeo.;a uQ,dY%h
fõ' fldaÜfÜ rdcH ld,fha isg uykqjr rdcH
iuh olajd b;sydih yeoEÍfï § ikafoaY ldjH"
m%Yia;s ldjH yd ygka ldjH wdÈh o jeo.;a h'
j.= wxl 1'1 ys fun÷ uQ,dY%hj,g wh;a WÞyrK
lsysmhla oelafõ'
foaYSh idys;H lD;s úúO ld, jljdkqj, rpkd
වූ tAjd jk w;r tA tA lD;s rpkd lsÍug n,mE
fya;= o úúO fõ' wkqrdOmqr hq.fha isg fldaÜfÜ
rdcH iuh wdrïN jk f;la ld,fha ,sheù
we;s fndfyduhla lD;s wd.ñl wruqKqj,ska
rpkd jQ tAjd fõ' we;eï idys;H lD;s rpkd
වූfha tAjdfha i|yka ft;sydisl isÿùïj,ska
Y;j¾I lsysmhlg miq j h' fï ksid b;sydih
f.dvke.Sug idys;H uQ,dY%h fhdÞ .ekSfï §
my; i|yka lreKq flfrys ie,ls,a, fhduq
lළ hq;= fõ'
1' uQ,dY%h rpkd jQ ld,h'
2' uQ,dY%fha l;=jrhd'
3' l;=jrhdf.a wruqKq'
4' uQ,dY%hg lreKq imhd .;a wdldrh'
fï wkqj idys;H uQ,dY%h mßYS,kfha § úpdr
nqoaêfhka lghq;= l< hq;= nj Tng jegfykjd
we;.
úfoaYSh idys;H uQ,dY%h
wkqrdOmqr hq.fha uq,aNd.fha isg u › ,xldj
úfoaY rgj,a iu. fjf<| in`o;d meje;ajQ
neúka bkaÈhdkq id.rfha fjf<`o lghq;=j,
ksr; jQ fndfyda úfoaYslfhda furg ms<sn|
oek isáhy' fï ksid l%sia;= mQ¾j wjêfha mjd
úfoaYslhka ,shQ we;eï lD;sj, › ,xldj ms<sn|
hï hï f;dr;=re we;=<;a lr ;sfí' wE; w;S;fha
isg u ,xldj yd bkaÈhdj w;r fyd| in|;djla
mej;=Ks' fï ksid bkaÈhdfõ we;eï uQ,dY%යj,
o ,xldj ms<sn| f;dr;=re i|yka fõ' ol=Kq
bkaÈhdfõ § rÑ; is,mamdÈldrï" uKsfïlff,hs"
mȾrem;a;= jeks fou< .%ka:j, o ,xldj .ek
f;dr;=re olakg ,efí' l%sia;= j¾I 16 jk
ishjfia § mD;=.SiSska furgg meñKSfuka miq j
› ,xldj ms<sn| fjk u f;dr;=re we;=<;a .%ka:
mjd rpkd lsßug we;eï úfoaYslfhda fm,UqKy'
› ,xldj .ek i|yka úfoaYSh uQ,dY%h foi
rEmh 1'2 .%Sl frdaudkqfjl= jQ laf,daähia fgd,ñ l%sia;=
n,k úg ,xldjg fkdmeñKs fjk;a whf.ka j¾Ifhka 90-168 w;r ld,fha wef,laiekaä%hdfõ cSj;a
wid oek .;a f;dr;=re mokï lrf.k furg jQ N+f.da, Ydia;%{fhls' Tyq úiska Y%S ,xldfõ is;shula
.ek ,shq f,aLlhka fuka u ,xldjg meñK we| ;sfí'
f;dr;=re wOHhkh lr ,shQ f,aLlhka o isák
nj fmfka' Ñ;% uQ¾;s yd mqrdjia;= jYfhka j¾. lsysmhlg
fnÞ oelaúh yels h'
Ök uQ,dY%h mdyshka ysñhkaf.a foaYdgk jd¾;dj ^fn!oaO rdcOdks ms<sn| úia;rh&
wrdì uQ,dY%h bnka n;=;df.a foaYdgk jd¾;dj
mD;=.Sis uQ,dY%h ßfnhsfrdaf.a ,xldj ms<sn| .%ka:h ^ßfnhsfrdaf.a ,xld b;sydih&
´,kao uQ,dY%h *s,smamia ne,aähiaf.a lD;sh ^ne,aähiaf.a ,xld mqrdjD;a;h&
bx.%Sis uQ,dY%h frdnÜ fkdlaiaf.a lD;sh ^tÞ fy<osj&
j.=j wxl 1'2 Y%S ,xldjg meñK fuys we;s ;;= ±ln,d ta ms<sn`o j ;nk ,o jd¾;d iy tajdfha l¾;Djre'
wNsf,aLk
idys;H uQ,dY%hj, m%fhdack
wNsf,aLk hkq .,a ^Ys,d&" ueámqjre" ì;a;s" ;U
1 fM;sydisl ld, wkqms<sfj< ilia lr .ekSug ;yvq" rka ;yvq" oej yd úúO Ndck wdÈfhys ,shd
we;s merKs f,aLk fmdÿfõ ye|skaùug fhfok
2 tla tla wjêj, foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól iudc
mohls' .,a u; ,shd we;s f,aLk ye¢kaùug
ixialD;sl lghq;= ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug
Ys,df,aLk fyda fi,a,sms hk kduh fhfoa'
3 tla uQ,dY%hla u.ska ,efnk f;dr;=re ;j;a fi,a,sms
uQ,dY%hla u.ska ikd: lr .ekSug Ys,df,aLk fyj;a fi,a,sms ,shd we;s .,aj,
4 rgl úfoaYSh in|;d wOHhkh lsÍug ^úfoaYSh iajrEmh wkqj tAjd f,ka,sms" .sß,sms" geï,sms"
idys;H uQ,dY%h fuys § úfYaIfhka jeo.;a fõ& mqjre,sms yd wdik ,sms wdÈ jYfhka j¾. l<
yels h' furg merKs;u Ys,d f,aLk n%dyaóh ,sms
2' mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h f,i ye¢kafjk w;r m%Odk jYfhka NslaIqkag
mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h" wNsf,aLk" ldis" kgnqka" f,ka ms§u jeks foa jd¾;d lr ;eîug tu ,sms
,shd ;sfí'
3
 uQ,dY%h j¾.h WÞyrK

weßiafgdag,af.a äuqkafvd lD;sh" fu.ia;sksiaf.a bkaäld lD;sh" Tfkisl%sgiaf.a

.%Sl uQ,dY%h
jd¾;d

ma,skSf.a kepqr,sia ysiafgdaßhd lD;sh" fgd,ñf.a N=f.da, Ydia;% m%fõYh lD;sh"

frdau uQ,dY%h
fgd,ñf.a ,xld is;shu
Ök uQ,dY%h yshqx ishEx NslaIqjf.a foaYdgk jd¾;d lD;sh
mD;=.Sis uQ,dY%h *¾kd´ ã lafjfrdaia msh;=udf.a ,xldj ms<sn| .%ka:h

j.=j wxl 1'3 ;uka úiska kqÿgq tfy;a fjk;a wh úiska mjik ,o f;dr;=re u; msysgd Y%S ,xldj ms<sn`o jd¾;d ;enQ
l¾;Djreka iy Tjqkaf.a lD;s
merKs iudc b;sydih yd ckdjdi jHdma;sh f,i ye|skafõ' mqrdK fyda OrK hk kï o
f;areï .ekSug fuu ,sms jeo.;a fõ' l%sia;= mQ¾j tu ldisj,g fhfoa' we;d iy iajia;sl ldis"
fojk ishjfia isg uykqjr rdcH iuh olajd ,laIañ ldis yd wl kï rka ldis j¾.hla o
Ys,df,aLk ,sùu wLKav j mej;=Ks' l%sia;= j¾I furg Ndú; lr we;' fmdf<dkakre rdcH
fojk ishjfika miq j úydrdrduj,g .ïìï ms§u iufha ;U uiai ldis Ndú; flßKs' furgg
úydrdrdu md,kh" rcfha kS;s uyckhdg oekqï wjYH ldis rg ;=< u ksIamdokh lr we;s w;r
§u" nÿ whlsÍu" fj‍ෙ<|du" jerÈlrejkag iudj ldis ksmojQ wÉpq mjd leKSïj,ska yuq ù ;sfí'
§u mqoa.,hkaf.a fiajh we.hSu jeks fkdfhla foaYSh ldisj,g wu;r j frdau ldis" Ök ldiS'
lreKq jd¾;d lr ;eîug Ys,df,aLk msysgqjkq bkaÈhdkq ldis wdÈh;a › ,xldfjka yuq fõ'
,eî h' fï ksid idys;H uQ,dY%hj, i|yka rfÜ wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh" fjf<\u" f,day Ndú;h
fkdjk fndfyda lreKq Ys,d,smsj,ska wkdjrKh wdÈh yeoEÍfï § ldis b;d jeo.;a uQ,dY%hls'
lr .; yels h' merKs ldis ms<sn| j yÞrk úIh kdKl úoHdj
f,i yeÈkafõ'
ldis mqrdK kgnqka
wkqrdOmqr hq.fha isg ,xldfõ ldis Ndú;h
› ,xldfõ fndfyda m%foaYj, merKs f.dvke.s,s"
mej;=Ks' furáka yuqjk merKs;u ldis zlydmKZ
Þ.eí" .,a lKq" jeõ" fmdl=Kq" wdÈ kgnqka
olakg ,efí' w;S;fha furg ck;dj Ôj;a jQ
we;eï ia:dk ;ju;a jk.;
j mj;sk neúka jkdka;r
wdY%s; j jqj o funÿ kgnqka
mj;S' fM;sydisl ia:dk fyda
mqrdúoHd;aul iaudrl f,i
y÷kajkq ,nk fulS kgnqka
furg b;sydih yeoEÍfï
fyd| uQ,dY%hls' merKs
ck;djf.a ks¾udKd;aul
yelshdj";dËKh" f.dvke.s,s
ks¾udKh" fyj;a jdia;=
úoHdj"

PdhdrEmh wxl 1'3 lS¾;s Y%S

ksYaYxlu,a, rc;=ud úiska lrjk
,o .,afmd; fi,a,smsh' fuh msysgd
;sfnkafka fmdf<dkakrefõ h'

4
PdhdrEmh wxl 1'4 m<uq jk úchndyq rc;=ud úiska ,shjk ,o mkdlvqj ;U ikaki' fuh ;udg mlaImd;s;ajh ±lajQ
is;akdreìu nqo,akd kï ks,Odßhdg l<.=K i,lkq msKsi Tyqg msßkuk ,oaols' fuys m<uq jk fma<sfha isg f;jk
fma<sh olajd zziajia;s isßisßj;a wmsßh;a f,da bl=;a .=Kuq,ska W;=r;a uq`M oUÈõys wkale;al=, mdñ,s l< Tldjia roa
mrmqfrka nÜ le;a WiíkÜ w.fufyiqka jQ ,laÈõ fmdf<d fhdfyk mrmqfrka ysñ isßi.fnda úchndyq rcmd jykafiaZZ
hkqfjka ,shd ;sfí¡ l%sia;= j¾Ifhka fÞf<dia jk ishjfia b;sydih ye±Íug fuu f,aLkh jeo.;a uQ,dY%hls'

wNsf,aLk ,shd we;s udOH WÞyrK

Ys,d ^.,a& ksYaYxlu,a, rcqf.a .,afmd; ,smsh
ì;a;s iS.sß .S
;U ;yvq m<uq jk úchndyq rcqf.a mkdlvqj ;U ikaki
rka ;yvq j,a,smqrï rkam;
oej weïnelafla foajd,fha oej lKqj, ,shQ f,aLk

ueá mqjre W¿ yd .fvd`M u; ,shQ wl=re

Ndck ueá j<x" md;% wdÈfha ,shQ wl=re
j.=j wxl 1'4 wNsf,aLk ,shd we;s tlsfklg fjkia udOH lsysmhla'

f,ka ,sms .,af,kaj, lgdru wi, ,shQ ,sms iS.sß Ñ;% WÞyrKhla
jYfhka .; fyd;a
.sß,sms .,a ;,dj, fyda .,al=¿u; ,shQ ,sms
merKs ldka;djkaf.a
geï,sms ilia lr .;a .,al=¨Kq u; ,shQ ,sms we÷ï me<÷ï" wdNrK"
mqjre,sms ilia lr .;a .,amqjre u; ,shQ ,sms fldKav fudaia;r"
wdik,sms u,a wdik fuka ;enQ .,amqjre u; ,shq ,sms rEm,djKH lghq;=
j.=j wxl 1'5 ,shd ;sfnk ia:dkfha iajrEmh mokï lr f.k wNsf,aLk ye`oskaùu i`oyd
jeks wxY ls ysmhla
fhfok jHjydr .ek tu.ska f;dr;=re
,nd .; yels h'
Ys,amSh olaI;dj" mßir ixrlaIK yelshdj" c,
merKs ck;dj úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o fyda
md,kh jeks úúO wxY ms<sn| ksrjq,a oekqula
mßyrKh lrk ,o fyda oekg b;sßj we;s
,nd .ekSug fuu kgnqka wmg WmldÍ fõ'
foa mqrdjia;= f,i ye|skaúh yels h' furg
Ñ;% uQ¾;s yd mqrdjia;= fl!;=ld.drj," wd.ñl ia:dkj," úúO
wdh;k fyda mqoa.,hka Ndrfha mqrdjia;= mj;S'
merKs Ñ;%" uQ¾;s yd leghï wdÈh wfma ixialD;sl leKSï u.ska o nyq,j mqrdjia;= yuq fõ' merKs
b;sydih fmkakqï flfrk Ôjudk idlaIs fõ' ck;djf.a úúO yelshd" l=i,;d" merKs
w;S; ck;djf.a we÷ï me<÷ï" l,d l=i,;dj" ixialD;sh" ;dËKh" úfoaY in|;d yd Tjqkaf.a
wdNrK mßyrKh" j¾K Ndú;h" wd.ñl Ôjk l%uh wdÈ wxY /ila ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd
úYajdi" wdÈ fndfyda wxY ms<sn| f;dr;=re .ekSug mqrd jia;= WmldÍ fõ'
,nd .ekSug Ñ;%" uQ¾;s yd leghï WmldÍ fõ'
5

PdhdrEmh wxl 1'5 Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú; jQ fuu ldish
rkska ksujk ,oaols' th ye`oskafjkafka uOHld,Sk rka
lyjKqj kñks' fujeks ldis mqrdK ld,fha wd¾Ólh
muKla fkdj ;dlaIKh yeoEÍug o bjy,a jk uQ,dY%hls'
Y%s ,xldfõ b;sydih f.dvke.Sug fhdod .;
yels úúO uQ,dY%h rdYshla ;sfnk nj by; i`oyka
PdhdrEmh wxl 1'6 wkqrdOmqrfha biqreuqKs úydrfha msysá wYaj ysi iy ñksid ±lafjk uq¾;sh' l%sia;= j¾Ifhka y;ajk
ishjfia § ks¾udKh lrkakg we;ehs ie,flk fuu uQ¾;sl¾ufhka w.aks ^wYaj ysi& yd m¾ckH ^ñksia rEmh& hk
foújreka ksrEපිතයැ යි úYajdi flf¾'
6
lreKqj,ska Tng fmkS hkq we;' uQ,dY%h weiqßka
f;dr;=re ,nd f.k b;sydih f.dvke.Sfï §
w;S;h ksjerÈ j oelSug kï tu uQ,dY%h úpdr
nqoaêfhka hq;= j mßYS,kh l< hq;= fõ' idys;H
uQ,dY%h fndfyda úg ft;sydisl isÿùïj,g
jvd miqld,Sk jd¾;d h' tfia u tu .%ka:j,
l¾;Djrekaf.a reÑ wreÑlï uQ,dY%hj,g
we;=¿ úh yels h' mqrdúoHd uQ,dY%h fndfyda
úg ft;sydisl isÿùïj,g iuld,Sk tAjd f,i
ie,fla' fï wkqj idys;H uQ,dY%hj, i|yka
f;dr;=re mqrdúoHd;aul jYfhka ikd: fõ
kï tAjd jvd úYajdiÞhSs f;dr;=re f,i ie,lsh
yels h' lsis hï ft;sydisl isÿùula ms<sn|
b;sydih f.dvke.Sfï § Bg wÞ< j imhd.;
yels ish¨ uQ,dY%h mßYS,kh l< hq;= h' tys
§ ,efnk úúO f;dr;=re úpdr;aul j yÞrd
jvd úYajdiÞhs f;dr;=re f;dard fírd f.k
wÞ< isÿùfï b;sydih f.dvke.sh hq;= h' fï
wkqj idys;H uQ,dY%hj, wvq mdvq mqrjd .ekSug
fuka u w¨;a f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug o" idys;H
lD;sj, i`oyka lreKq ikd: lr .ekSug o
mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h m%fhdackj;a fõ'
1'2 b;sydih bf.kSfï jeo.;alu
b;sydih hkq uQ,dY%h wOHhkh iu. ne§ we;s
úIhhla fuka u l=;=y,fhka hq;=j yeoEßh
yels úIhhls' fï ksid b;sydih yÞrkakd
iajNdjfhka u fmd;am;a lshùug fm<fUhs'
fmd;am;a lshùfï § ft;sydisl isÿùï ms<sn|
úúO lreKq" woyia" yd u;jdo yuqjk neúka
lshjkakd ;=< úpdr nqoaêh ÈhqKq fõ' fï ksid
Tyq ieu fohla ms<sn| j u ;¾ldkql+, j
is;Sug fm<fUk w;r tu.ska .eg¨ ksis mßÈ
f;areï .ekSug o yelshdj ,nhs' .eg¨ ksis mßÈ
f;areï .;a úg tAjdg ks¾udKd;aul ms<s;=re
fiùug fm<öula we;s lrhs' fï ksid b;sydih
bf.kSfuka flfkl=f.a fm!reI;ajh j¾Okh
fõ' óg wu;r j b;sydih bf.k .ekSfuka
my; i|yka m%fhdack w;a fõ'
1' ;ud Ôj;a jk iudch yd f,dalh ms<sn|
h:djfndaOh
2' w;S; w;aoelSï u.ska j¾;udkh f;areï f.k
wkd.;h f.dvke.Su
3' rfÜ cd;sl wkkH;dj y÷kd .ekSu
4' ukqIH;ajhg wdorh lsÍfuka cd;sl iu.sh
f.dvke.Su
5' wkH ixialD;Skag .re lsÍug mqreÿ ùu
6' úúO u; bjiSug yqre ùu
1'3 mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h wdrlaId lr
.ekSu
› ,xldjg ysñ §¾> b;sydih;a" w;S; ck.yk
jHdma;sh;a" Y;j¾I .Kkdjla ;=< furg Ôj;a
jQ ck ixLHdj;a foi n,k úg mqrdúoHd;aul
uQ,dY%h jYfhka wo wmg b;sß j we;af;a .,a"
f,day" fyda ms<siaiQ ueá jeks l,a mj;skd
wuqøjHj,ska l< ks¾udK muKls' ke;fyd;a
jeõ wuqKq jeks uyd mßudK ks¾udK fõ' rg ;=<
isÿjk YS>% kd.Íl ckdjdi jHdma;sh" uxudj;a
;ekùu" f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu" lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=
wdÈh ksid we;eï úg fuu jákd uQ,dY%h úkdY
jk wjia:d ;sfí' ft;sydisl ia:dk" iaudrl
yd mqrdjia;= wo wmg olakg ,efnkqfha wfma
w;S; mrïmrdj tAjd wdrËd l< ksid h' tneúka
j¾;udk mrïmrdj jYfhka tAjd wdrËd lsÍu
rfÜ ish¨ mqrjeishka i;= j.lSuls'
› ,xldfõ fkdfhla m%foaYj, .,aj, fldgd
we;s úúO merKs i,l=Kq olakg ,efí' tfia
olakg ,efnk br y| rEm" jgdfmd;" ÿkak"
B;,h" ylaf.äh" f.dkal=rh" we;a wäh yd
úúO i;a;aj rEm wdÈh merKs m%foaYSh udhsï
fmkajk rEm igyka fõ' ke;fyd;a j¾;udk
ud¾. i,l=Kq fuka tAjd o merKs ikaksfõok
l%uhls' fujeks i,l=Kq yd i|lvmyK" uqr.,a"
.,alKq fyda mqrdjia;= we;s fjk;a ia:dkj,
jákd foa ;ekam;a j we;ehs jrojd is;k
we;eïyq fkdoekqj;alu ksid fun÷ ;eka ydrd
úkdY lr;ss' ft;sydisl ia:dkj, fyda mqrd jia;=
u; wl=re ,sùu" rEm we|Su wdÈh;a mqrd jia;=
úkdYhg fya;= jk w;r rfÜ kS;sh wkqj o
th o`vqjï ,efnk jrols' tneúka mqrdúoHd
uQ,dY%hj,ska isÿjk fufyh jgyd.;a YsIH
YsIHdjka jYfhka tAjd wdrËd lsÍug Tn
wêIaGdk lr .; hq;= h'
jeo.;a lreKq
1' b;sydih yeoeÍug bjy,a jk oE
ye`oskafjkafka uQ,dY%h hkqfjks'
2' uQ,dY%h idys;H iy mqrdúoHd;aul
hkqfjka fldgia follg fnosh yels h'
3' merKs ld,fha rpkd lrk ,o fmd;am;a
wdÈh idys;H uQ,dY%h .Khg wh;a jk w;r
kgnqka ù ;sfnk f.dvke.s,s" fkdfhl=;a
mqrdjia;= wdÈ oE mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h h'
4' b;sydih bf.k .ekSfuka merKs ld,fha
cSj;a jQ wfma uq;=kañ;a;ka úúO w;a±lSïj,g
uqyqK ÿka wdldrh jgyd .ekSug yels fõ'
tu.ska ta yd iudk j¾;udk .eg¨j,g
uqyqK §ug wjYH lrk ±kqu ,nd .ekSug
wjldYhla ie,fia'
5' rgl b;sydih tu rfÜ cSj;a jk
mqrjeishkaf.a wkkH;dj ms<sìUq lrhs'
7
 l%shdldrlu
1' fuu mdvfï § Tn úiska bf.k .kq ,enQ úúO uQ,dY%h my; igyfka ±lafjk wdldrhg
fm< .iajkak'
uQ,dY%h uQ,dY%h j¾.h
idys;H$ mqrd úoHd;aul
(i) §mjxih
(ii) uydjxih
(iii) tÞ fy< Èj
(iv) merl=ïnd isß;
(v) iS.sßh
(vi) iS;djl ygk
(vii) mkdlvqj ;U ikaki
(viii) fgd,ñf.a ,xld is;shu
(ix) j,a,smqrï rka ikaki
(x) ù'´'iS'ldis
2' —b;sydih bf.kSfuka uf.a Ôú;hg .; yels wdo¾Y˜ hk uefhka mqj;a m;lg ,smshla
ilia lrkak'
Èlai`o fikúhd msßfjk ¡- wkqrdOmqr uydúydrhg
wkqnoaO j msßfjka lsysmhla ;sìKs' iqkayd; msßfjk"
ure.k msßfjk" M,.a. msßfjk hkq ta w;ßka lsysmhls'
Èlai`o fikúhd msßfjk hkq ta msßfjka u~q,a,g wh;aj
;snQ ;j;a msßfjklss' uydjxih rpkd l< uydkdu ysñhka
ta msßfjfka jev jdih l< ysñkuls'
*dyshka ysñ ¡- *dyshka (FA-HSIEN) hkq Ök cd;sl
NslaIQkajykafia kuls' Wkajykafia fn!oaO O¾uh we;=<;a
fmd;am;a fidhd Ökfha isg mhska u bkaÈhdjg meñKsfha
h' *dyshka NslaIQkajykafia ^l%s'j' 399-414& l%sia;= j¾Ifhka
mia jk ishjfia § Y%S ,xldjg jevu fldg fojirla
wkqrdOmqr wNh.sß úydrfha jev jdih l<y' Wkajykafia
Ökfha Ika-is m<df;a jqheka.a kï .fï Wm; ,eî h'
Wkajykafia úiska rÑ; .uka úia;rj, tl, Y%S ,xldfõ
mej;s we;eï foa ms<sn`o j o i`oyka h'
yshqx ishex (Hsuan-Tsang) ¡- yshqx ishex ^l%s' j' 602-664&
Ök cd;sl NslaIQkajykafia kuls' Wkajykafia jkaokd
lghq;= i`oyd bkaÈhdjg jevu l<y' l%sia;= j¾Ifhka 629
§ Ökfhka kslau wd Wkajykafia jir oyihla ;siafia
ish jkaokd .ufka ksr; jQy' ta w;r jdrfha Wkajykafia
úiska wdishdfõ § ;uka ÿgq foa jd¾;d lr ;nKq ,eì‚'
Y%S ,xldjg jevu fkdl< o Wkajykafia bkaÈhdfõ § Y%S
,xldj ms<sn`o ;ukag wikakg ,enqKq foa ,shd ;enQy' tu
f;dr;=re jqj o l%sia;= j¾Ifhka y;ajk ishjfia furg
b;sydih ye±Íug jeo.;a fõ
ßfnhsfrda -¡ fcdwd´ ßfnhsfrda (Joao Ribeiro) mD;=.Sis
cd;slfhls' 1640 ud¾;= udifha § Tyq Y%S ,xldjg meñKsfha
mD;=.Sis yuqodjg fiajh lrkq msKsi h' fyf;u wjqreÿ
oywgla ;siafia Y%S ,xldfõ jdih lrñka mD;=.Sis yuqodjg
fiajh lrñka isg lms;dkajrfhl= olajd Wiia ùï ysñ
8
b;sydih f.dvke.Sug
,efnk m%fhdack
lr .;af;a h' ish jfhdajDoaO ld,fha mD;=.d,fha ,sianka
kqjr jdih lrñka Y%S ,xldfõ § ;uka ,o w;aoelSï
mokï lrf.k fmd;a lsysmhla rpkd lf<a h' tu fmd;a
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka oyy;a jk ishjfia Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih
ye±Íug fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a h'
*s,smamqia ne,aoshia ^l%s'j' 1632-1672& -¡ *s,smamqia ne,aoshia
(Philippus Baldaeus) ,kafoais cd;sl foaj.e;sjrfhls' Tyq
,kafoais yuqod iu. Y%S ,xldjg meñKSfha h' ,kafoaiSkaf.a
fmrÈ. bkaoshd fjf<`o iud.ug fiajh lsÍu Tyqf.a
rdcldßh úh' ;u rdcldßhg wu;r j Tyq tjl Y%S
,xldfõ mej;s iudc cSú;h" NdIdj iy ixialD;sh
ms<sn`o jd¾;d ;eî h' tu jd¾;d ,kafoais iy c¾udkq
NdIdfjka m%ldYhg m;a lr ;sfí' ne,aoshiaf.a jd¾;d
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka oyy;a jk ishjfia Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih
ye±Íug fnfyúka jeo.;a jk uQ,dY%hls'
frdn¾Ü fkdlaia (Robert Knox) -¡ frdn¾Ü fkdlaia
^l%s'j' 1641-1720& hkq bx.%sis cd;sl keõ lms;dkajrfhls'
Tyq ;u jih 14 § ish mshd iu. keõ ke.S bkaÈhdjg
meñKSfha h' l%sia;= j¾I 1658 § m¾ishdj n,d hd;%d
lrñka isá Tjqkaf.a kefõ l=U.i l=Kdgqjla ksid ì`§
hdfï fya;=fjka l%sia;= j¾I 1659 fkdjeïn¾ 19 jk od Y%S
,xldjg md ù wdfõ h' ta wjia:dfõ § frdn¾Ü fkdlaia
we;=¿ kefõ isá oyih fofkl=f.ka iukaú; msßi
fojk rdcisxy rcq úiska isrNdrhg .kakd ,oy' wjqreÿ
oykjhl ld,hla ;siafia isrlrejl= f,i Y%S ,xldfõ
ld,h .; l< frdn¾Ü fkdlaia wk;=rej .e,ù mek
.sfha h' ukakdrfï wßmamq kï ia:dkhg ,`.d jQ Tyq
t;ekska n;dúhdjg mek .sfha h' l%sia;= j¾Ifhka 1680
§ Tyq kej;;a tx.,ka;hg <Õd úh' fï .uk w;r;=r
Tyq úiska Y%S ,xldfõ § ;uka ,;a w;a±lSï mokï fldg
f.k fmd;la rpkd lf<a h' An Historical Relation of the
Island of Ceylon kï jQ tu lD;sh 1681 § m%ldYhg m;a
úh' Tyq furg .; l< ld,fha § tkï l%sia;= j¾Ifhka
oyy;a jk ishjfia Y%S ,xldfõ mej;s iudch ms<sìUq
lrk Ñ;% iy úia;r tu lD;shg we;=<;a h'
*¾kd´ ä lafjfrdaia (Fernão de Queyroz)¡- lf;da,sl
fcaiqhsÜ ksldhsl mQcljrfhl= jQ lafjfrdaia mD;=.Sis
cd;slfhls' 1688 jif¾ § Y%S ,xldj ms<sn`o Tyq úiska
Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylon kñka lD;shla
rpkd lrk ,§' Y%S ,xldjg fkdmeñKs lafjfrdaia tu
lD;sh rpkd lf<a Tyq bkaÈhdfõ .; l< ld,fha h'

9
 2 Y%S ,xldj ckdjdi ùu
ye`Èkaùu
Y%S ,xldj ñksia jdihla njg m;a jQfha óg
wjqreÿ tla,laI úismkaoyilg muK by;
ld, jljdkqjl § h' bkaÈhdkq id.rh yryd
fuys meñKs kQ;k udkjhd kñka ye`Èkafjk
fydafudidmshkajre tfia furgg ixl%uKh
jQy' t;eka mgka Tjqyq furg úúO m%foaYj,g
me;sr hñka ta ta m<d;aj, ;sfnk mßir
iajrEmj,g yev .eiqKy' ie,lsh hq;= ;rfï
§¾> ld,hla Tjqka fï rfÜ Ôj;a ùu ksid
ld,dkqrEm j Tjqkaf.a ixialD;sh o ilia
úh' ixialD;sfha isÿ jQ tu fjkialï mokï
fldg f.k Y%S ,xldfõ ukqIH meje;afï
b;sydih wjê ;=klg fnod ;sfí' ta wjê
fln`ÿ iajrEmfha tajd oe hs hk ldrKh;a ta
wod< ld, jljdkqj, § Tjqka Ôj;a jQ wdldrh
.ek;a fuu mdvfï § Tng úia;r lr fokq
we;'
2'1 m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha ckdjdi
idys;H uQ,dY%h u.ska úia;r flfrk w;S;
ld,fha wdrïNhg fmr ;snQ hq.h fmdÿfõ
ye`Èkafjkafka m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h kñks'
Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.hg ixialD;sl
wjê folla wh;a h' thska m<uqjekak §¾>
ld,hla ;siafia mej;s .,a hq.h hs' fojk hq.hg
wh;a jkafka Ydl wdydr u; hemSu fj; jeä
keUqrejla ;snQ iy f,day Ndú;h iy iaÓrjdis
ckdjdi wdrïN jk ld,mßÉfþoh hs' fï
w;rska .,ahq.h ye`Èkaùug m%d.a ft;sydisl
hq.h hk jHjydrh;a fojk wjêh ye`Èkaùug
mQ¾j fM;sydisl hq.h hk fhÿu;a Ndú; flf¾'
ckdjdi jHdma;sh
Y%S ,xldj ckdjdi lrk ,oafoa wdÈ ld,Sk
fydafudaidmshka udkjhd úisks' tlS udkjhd
furg úúO foaY.=Ksl l,dmj,g wkqj¾;kh
fjñka mq`M,a N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhl jHdma; úh'
ovhñka iy ;ek ;ek weúo hñka wdydr tl;=
lsÍu Tjqkaf.a m%Odk hemSï l%uh úh'
10
Y%S ,xldfõ .,ahq.hg wh;a idlaIs yuqjk ;eka
fndfydah' thska m<uqjekak r;akmqr iy tys wjg
m%foaYj, msysá ueKsla m;,a h' idudkHfhka
fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg wä 90 la muK .eUqßka
fuu m;,aj, yuqjk b,a,ï kñka ye`Èkafjk
fndr¨ ñY% mia ;Ügqfõ b;d wE; hq.hl úiQ
ñksiqka úiska Ndú; lrk ,o .,a fuj,ï iy
j`o ù .sh we;eï i;=kaf.a weglen,s ;ekam;aj
;sfí' ma,hsiafgdiSk N+ wjêfha § mej;s wêl
j¾Id iys; ld,.=Kh ksid l`ÿlr m%foaY fidaod
hEfuka yg.;a fndr¨ ;Ügq fufia my;a ìïj,
;ekam;a úh'
Y%S ,xldfõ w¾OY+Ial l,dmfha fmdf<dfõ ueá
iys; je,s milska jeiqKq fndr¨ ;Ügqjla ;sfí'
mqrdúoHd{hska úiska th y`ÿkajd ;sfnkafka
brKuvq ieleiau hk kñks' brKuvq ieleiau
;ekam;a jQfha ma,hsiafgdiSk hq.fha mej;s flá
WKqiqï ld,j, § h' fuu fndr¨ ;Ügqfjka o
furg .,ahq.hg wh;a fuj,ï yuq fõ'
úúO foaY.=‚l l,dmj, ckdjdi jHdma;sh
Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk mßir l,dm 6 l .,a hq.hg
wh;a m%cdj Ôj;a ù ;sfí' fuu mßir l,dm
kï ^A& w¾O Y+Ial l,dmh ^B& my;rg úh<s
l,dmh ^C& my;rg w;rueÈ úh<s l,dmh ^D&
f;;a l,dmh ^E& l`ÿlr úh<s w;rueÈ l,dmh
^F& Y+Ial l,dmh
fuu mßir l,dm ;SrKh lsÍug m%Odk jYfhka
ie,ls,a,g .kq ,nkafka jd¾Isl j¾Idm;k
w.hkaj, fjkialï h' j¾Idm;kfha
fjkialï wod< m%foaYj, jdih lrk i;=kag;a
Ydl m%cdjg;a Rcq n,mEula we;s lrhs' tfyhska
tlsfklg fjkia mßir l,dmj,g wkqj¾;kh
jQ .,a hq.fha jeishkaf.a wdydr mßfNdackfha iy
;dlaIKfha hï hï úúO;d we;s úh' ksoiqkla
f,i my;rg f;;a l,dmfha úiQ .,ahq.fha m%cdj
ish wdydrh i`oyd f.dvìu Ôj;a jk fn,a,ka
jeä jYfhka fhdod .;ay' úúO fn,a,ka j¾.
my;rg f;;a l,dmfha iq,n h' tfy;a fuu
;;a;ajh my;rg úh<s l,dmfha olakg ke;'
 F
iqÑh

leKSï lrk ,o ia:dk

m%d.a ft;sydisl ia:dk

udf;dg

w,s.,
fmd;dk msÿrka.,

w;a;kf.dv w`Mf,k

ls;=,a., fn,sf,k
E
udkshï.u
rdjkdwe,a,
ngfodUf,k
Èhúkak
mdysshka., fn,a,kane`Ème,eiai
A
ñksyd.,alkao
D

Wvu<,
nQkao,
116
w¨.,af.a

is;shu wxl 2'1 ±kg fidhd f.k ;sfnk Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.afM;sydisl ia:dkj, jHdma;sh ±lafjk is;shu'
(A) w¾O Y=Ial l,dmh (B) my;rg úh<s l,dmh (C) my;rg w;rueÈ úh<s l,dmh (D) f;;a l,dmh (E) l`ÿlr
úh<s w;rueÈ l,dmh ^F& Y+Ial l,dmh
11
Y%S ,xldfõ ±kg fidhdf.k
;sfnk m%d.a ft;sydisl
ia:dk kdudj,sh

1 t,s*kaÜmdia 40 uykqjr 79 fn,syq,a Th

2 mqkalß 41 fmardfoKsh 80 Wla.,al,af;dg
3 mrka;ka 42 odks., 81 w¨.,af.a-f;¨,a,
4 brKuvq 43 fyafkaneoao 82 nq;a;,
5 uq,;sõ 44 ks,a., 83 Tlalïmsáh
6 fj,a,kal=,ï 45 ììf,a 84 fmd;=ú,a
7 udkal=,ï 46 .ïfmd, 85 l=vqïì.,
8 uqrelalka 47 ufvd,aisu 86 f,a.u
9 kÉÑhd¾ fj,a,ÉÑ 48 je,suv 87 nUr.ia;,dj
uf,hs 49 mQv`M Th 88 ´lkao
10 ;%sl=Kdu,h 50 kdj,msáh 89 bál,
11 l=Èruf,hs 51 ls;=,a., fn,sf,k 90 l=uk
12 fudaor.ïwdre 52 fn,sf,k we;=, 91 Wvfmd;k
13 ußÉÑlâä 53 wúiaidfõ,a, 92 ñksyd.,alkao
14 ú,am;a;= 54 ìh.u 93 .,af.a
15 wkqrdOmqrh 55 le,Ksh 94 f;¨,a,
16 ikakkal=,a,s 56 fld<U 95 w;a;kf.dv w¿f,k
17 fmdïmßmamq 57 u,ajdk 96 Èhúkak
18 l,dTh 58 .egye;a; 97 lyj;a;
19 jkd;ú,a¨ 59 ngf;dgf,k 98 l=l=f,a.u
20 lkaoldvq 60 ÈUq, 99 nÿr,sh
21 ;%sfldaKuvq 61 ÈlaTh 100 l,jdk
22 w¾kl,a¨ 62 iuk,lkao 101 rlajdk
23 fmdf<dkakrej 63 uiafl,sh 102 w¨.,af.a
24 m,dú 64 fkd¾jQâ 103 w`.=Kfld,me,eiai
25 mq;a;,u 65 kqjrt<sh 104 j,fõ .`.
26 wdKuvqj 66 nKavdrfj, 105 ;siaiuydrduh
27 wd`ä.u 67 rdjKdwe,a, 106 hd,
28 m,a,u 68 fyd¾gka;ekak 107 nQkao,
29 nx.foksh 69 n.jka;,dj 108 yïnkaf;dg
30 y,dj; 70 weye,shf.dv 109 wïn,kaf;dg
31 oUq,a, 71 t,a,dj, 110 je,smgkaú,
32 ;ïuekakd., 72 l=reúg 111 yqx.u
33 msÿrx., 73 ngfodUf,k 112 rkak
34 w,s., 74 l`M .`. 113 ;x.,a,
35 udmd., 75 r;akmqr 114 ud;r
36 fmd;dk 76 me,auvq,a, 115 .d,a,
37 w,fld,jej 77 fn,s.,af.a 116 Wvu<,
38 jEj, 78 fn,a,kane`Ème,eiai
39 l`MÈhfmdl=K

12
tu m%foaYj, ovhï lrk ,oafoa uqjd" ;,f.dhd mdyshka., - jir 38 000
wd§ úh<s l,dmSh mßirfha jeä jYfhka Ôj;a
l=reúg ngfodUf,k - jir 28 000
jk i;=ka h'
ls;=,a., fn,sf,k - jir 15 000
ld,jljdkq fn,a,kane`Ème,eiai - jir 12 000
Y%S ,xldfõ ol=Kq m<d;g wh;a yïnkaf;dg w;a;kf.dv w`Mf,k - jir 10 350
Èia;%slalfha m;srdcfj, kï m%foaYfha msysá udkshï.u - jir 7 900
brKuvq ieleiaug wh;a fndr¨ ;Ügqfjka .,a
iS.sßh fmd;dk - jir 5 800
hq.hg wh;a idlaIs fidhd f.k ;sfí' fuu fndr¨
;Ügqj úoHd;aul úYaf,aIKh u.ska Èk ks¾Kh iS.sßh w,s., - jir 5 500
lsÍfï § th ñka fmr jir 125 000 la merKs nj Wvu<, - jir 5 330
;yjqre ù ;sfí' tu Èia;%slalhg u wh;a nQkao, udf;dg - jir 3 800
je,af,a.xf.dv m%foaYfha fmdf<dj u;=msg isg
wä 24 la háka msysá .,afuj,ï iys; fndr¨
;Ügqj ñka fmr jir 80 000 l ld,jljdkqjlg
wh;a h' wdikak jYfhka fuhska fmr jir 125
000 l isg wju ;rñka l%sia;= mQ¾j 1800 olajd
fuu .,ahq.h wLKav j mej;sKs' Y%S ,xldfõ
m<d;a lsysmhlska tu ixialD;sfha §¾>ld,Sk
meje;au ;yjqre lrk Èk jljdkq iaÓr fldg
;sfí'

PdhdrEmh wxl 2.1 l`M;r osia;%slalhg wh;a nq,;aisxy, mdyshka., msysá fuu .,a .=ydj óg wjqreÿ 38 000 by; ld,hl §
m%d.a ft;sydisl udkjhkaf.a jdiia:dkhla j mej;sKs. mdyshka., f,k Y%S ,xldfõ my;rg f;;a l,dmfha cSj;a jQ
m%d.a ft;sydisl ñksiqkaf.a cSú;h ms<sn`o jeo.;a f;dr;=re wkdjrKh lr ;sfí.
13
 Ôjk rgdj
fuu hq.fha ck;dj ovhï lsÍfuka iy ;ek
;ek weúo wdydrhg .; yels iajdNdúl foa
tl;= lr .ksñka ish Ôúldj mj;ajd f.k
f.dia we;' tfyhska Tjqyq j¾Ifha jeä ld,hla
ixpdrl Ôú;hla f.jQy' j¾Idêl ld,j, §
iajdNdúl .,a.=ydj, Ôj;a jQy'

ck.ykh, l=vd lKavdhï f,i ixúOdkh

PdhdrEmh wxl 2.2 Y%S ,xldfõ uOHYs,d hq.hg wh;a ù ;sìKs' idudkHfhka tla lKavdhulg
cHdñ;sl yevfhka hq;a .,afuj,ï lsysmhla. fïjd
ksmojd ;sfnkafka ìïùÿre kñka yeÈkafjk msßisÿ
idudðlfhdaa 15-25 ;a w;r m%udKhla we;=<;a
;sßjdkd .,aj,sks' úh' tjeks lKavdhulg wh;a jQ Wmßu ixLHdj
50 la muK úkehs úYajdi flf¾'
ckdjdij, uQ,sl ,laIK
idudðlhska 5 fofkl=f.ka hq;a mjq,lg cSj;a
Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl udkjhd rfÜ ùu i`oyd j¾. ógr 50 l muK m%foaYhla
mj;sk tlsfklg fjkia mßir ;;a;ajj,g m%udKj;a jQ nj fmfka' nKavdrfj, p¾Éys,a
wkqj¾;kh fjñka jHdma; úh' wdydr i`oyd kï ia:dkfhka fidhd .;a .,ahq.hg wh;a
wjYH lrk iajdNdúl iïm;a nyq, m%foaYj, ia:dkfha jmißh j¾. ógr 150ls' tys mqoa.,hska
jdih lsÍug Tjqyq jeä leue;a;la ±lajQy' 25 fofkl= Ôj;a jkakg we;e hs wkqudk flf¾'
my;rg jeis jkdka;r m%foaY" úh<s l,dmSh fn,a,kane`Ème,eiafia .,ahq.hg wh;a m%cdj
jkdka;r" uqyqÿnv l<mq iy ú,a¨ wdY%s; m%foaY" Ôj;a jQ ;ek jmißh j¾. ógr 120 ls' t;ekska
l`ÿlr ;Kìï wd§ ;ekaj, Tjqka jdih lr we;s ñksia wegiels,s 30 la fidhd .eksKs'
nj fidhd f.k ;sfí' c,h myiqfjka ,nd .;
yels ;eka iy .,a fuj,ï ;kd .ekSug wjYH fuu hq.hg wh;a mqoa.,hskaf.a wdydrfha
lrk mdIdK j¾. nyq, m%foaYj, cSj;a ùug iajNdjh ;SrKh jQfha Tjqka cSj;a jk
Tjqyq reÑhla ±lajQy' úh<s ld,.=Khla mj;akd mßirfhka ,nd .; yels j ;snQ iïm;aj,
ld,j, § t<suyka ;ekaj,;a j¾Id iy.; iajNdjh wkqj h' úh<s ld,j, § Tjqyq újD;
ld,j, § iajdNdúl .,a.=ydj,;a Tjqyq cSj;a ia:dkj, ;djld,slj wgjd .;a jdiia:dkj,
jQy' ±kg y`ÿkdf.k ;sfnk tjeks
m%d.a ft;sydisl t<suyka jdiia:dk
iy .,a.=yd jdiia:dk lsysmhla my;
olajd ;sfí'
1' ñksyd.,alkao" nqkao," m;srdcfj,
^fjr<dY%s; t<suyka jdiia:dk&
2' mdyshka.,"ngfÞUf,k" ls;=,a.,
fn,sf,k ^my;rg f;;a l,dmSh
f,ka&
3' iS.sßfha fmd;dk iy w,s.,
^my;rg úh<s l,dmSh f,ka&
4' fn,a,kane¢me,eiai ^f;;a l,dmSh
t<suyka jdiia:dk&
5' nKavdrfj," fyda¾gka;ekak is;=ju wxl 2'1 by; is;=jfï olajd we;s wdldrfha l=vd cHdñ;sldldr
.,a fuj,ï Ndú;fha § tajd ,S o~qjl fyda if;l=f.a weg lene,a,l
^l`ÿlr t<suyka ovhï jdiia:dk& wuqKd ilia lrf.k ;sfí'
14
is;=ju wxl 2'2 ;u mjqf,a idudcslhl= fyda tlg cSj;a jQ {d;shl= ñh.sh miq jdih l< .,a .=ydj ;=< u je<,Su
m%d.a ft;sydisl ckhdf.a isß;la j ;sìKs' miq lf,l weg iels,s f.dvg f.k tajdfha r;= meye;s .=re.,a wdf,am lr lsis
hï hd;=l¾uhla l< njg idlaIs yuqù ;sfí'
l,a f.jQy' wdydr fiùfï lghq;= i`oyd tu
udkjfhda Èklg lsf,daógr 7 l muK ÿrla
weúo .shy' .,a.=ydj, .; lrk ,oafoa ;djld,sl
Ôú;hla jQ fyhska we;eï wjia:dj, ;ukaf.a
ñh.sh {d;Skaf.a u<isrere .=yd we;=<; j<
oeuQy' we;eï wjia:dj, ,S o`vqjl fyda wx
lene,a,l wdOdrfhka ta i`oyd j<la ydrd
;sfí' wk;=rej u<isrere ta jf<a ;ekam;a fldg
li< frdvqj,ska th jid oukq ,eì‚' ls;=,a.,
fn,sf,k we;=<; tf,i ñysoka l< mqoa.,hska
12 fofkl=f.a wegiels,s fidhd .eksKs' újD;
ia:dkhla jQ fn,a,kane`Ème,eiafia .,a hq.hg
wh;a fidfydka ìfuys wegiels,s 30 la ;sìKs'
mdyshka., .,a.=ydfjka wjê lsysmhlg wh;a
mqoa.,hska 9 fofkl=f.a wegiels,s fldgia
fidhd f.k we;'
wdydr rgdj
furg .,a hq.fha úiQ ñksiqkaf.a wdydr fln`ÿ ù
oe hs wjfndaO lr .ekSug bjy,a jk jeäuk;a
idOl ,efnkafka my;rg úh<s l,dmfha iy
f;;a l,dmfha msysá .,a.=ydj,sks' oekg fidhd
f.k ;sfnk idlaIs wkqj wdydrh i`oyd ovhï
l< i;=ka w;r .jrd" l=`M óyrld" l`M j<yd"
j,aW!rd" f.dakd" ;s;auqjd" óñkakd" b;a;Ejd"
ydjd" o`vqf,akd" yïndjd" uq.áhd" Wre,Ejd"
j`ÿrd" j,sl=l=<d" ynkal=l=<d iy ;,f.dhd o
fõ' udxickl Od;= nyq, ñßÈh ud`M j¾. o
w,a,d f.k wdydrhg fhdod f.k ;sfí' my;rg
f;;a l,dmfha ;sfnk iajdNdúl Èhlä;sj,
isák ;s;a;hska wdÈ uiqka fufia w,a,d .;a nj
fmfka'
msIagh ,nd .ekSug Ndú; l< Ydl wdydr
w;r j,afo,a iy le,Eflfi,a m%Odk h'
ls;=,a., fn,sf,fkka jir 12 500 lg by;
ld, jljdkqjl § mq¨iaid wdydrhg .kakd ,o
le,Efo,a weg ms<sn`o idlaIs yuq ù ;sfí' óg
wu;r j msIagh nyq, wdydr f,i f.dak," iy
lgqw," wkqNj lr ;sfí' wdydr mq¨iaid wkqNj
l< njg idlaIs mÍlaId l< ;eka lsysmhlska u
15
 fn,a,ka fufia wdydrh i`oyd f.k ;sfí' ish
wdydrh i`oyd wjYH lrk ¨Kq ,nd .ekSug rg
we;=<; cSj;a jQ m%d.a ft;sydisl jeisfhdaa b;d ÿr
neyer .uka lf<da h' ls;=,a., fn,sf,fkka
fidhd .kakd ,o l<mq fn,a,kaf.a wjfYaI
uqyqÿnv m%foaYj,ska /f.k wd ¨Kq iu. ñY% ù
mej;s tajd nj y`ÿkd f.k ;sfí'

PdhdrEmh wxl 2'3 Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl
ckdjdihlska fidhd.kakd ,o mn`Mjla' fuh if;l=f.a
wiaÓ lene,a,lska ilia lrk ,oaols'
fidhd .kq ,en we;'
;dlaIKh
fï hq.hg wh;a ;dlaIKh .ek oek .ekSug
;sfnk tl u idOlh .,a fuj,ï h' tfy;a
r;akmqrfha ueKsla m;,aj,ska iy brKuvq
ieleiafuka fidhd f.k ;sfnk .,a fuj,ï
wdY%fhka .,a hq.fha ;dlaIKh .ek iïmq¾K
woyila f.dv ke.Su wmyiq h' Bg fya;=j
m%udKj;a .,a fuj,ï m%udKhla fkd,eîu;a
tajdfha Èkjljdkq ms<sn`o oekg ;sfnk oekqu
m%udKj;a fkdùu;a ksid h'

f.d`Mfn,a,ka wdydrhg .ekSug m%d.a ft;sydisl furg .,a hq.fha ;dlaIKh ms<sn`oj
jeisfhdaa uy;a reÑhla oelajQy' úfYaIfhka úia;rd;aul oekqula ,nd .ekSug bjy,a jkafka
u my;rg f;;a l,dmfha cSj;ajk mqrdúoHd{hska úiska cHdñ;sl laIqø Ys,dfuj,ï
.iaf.d`Mfn,a,ka iy l<mqj, cSj;a jk hkqfjka y`ÿkajkq ,nk l=vd m%udKfha .,a

PdhdrEmh wxl 2'4 Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a b;sydih ksfhdackh lrk ñksia wegiels,a,la' fuh fidhd.kakd ,oafoa iS.sßhg
hdnoj msysá fmd;dk .,a .=ydfjks ^PdhdrEmh mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kh wkq.%yfhks&

16
fuj,ï h' fïjd tfia kï lr ;sfnkafka
tajd ksIamdokh lrkakg jEhï l< mqoa.,hska
tlS fuj,ïj,g cHdñ;sl yevhla ,nd §fï
wruqKska .,am;=re yev .iajd ;sfnk ksid h'
fujeks fuj,ula È.ska fikaáógr 4.5 lg jvd
úYd, fkdfõ' jeä jYfhka ;sßjdkd .,a iy
iq`M jYfhka ly`o .,a Ndú; fldg fulS laIqø
.,a fuj,ï ksIamdokh lr ;sfí' fïjd i;=ka
ovhï lsÍfï isg lemSï" iSÍï" ;e,Sï" yEÍï
jeks foag WÑ; mßÈ ilid we;' óg wu;r j
l`M.,a Ndú; fldg ;kk ,o ñá" weUreï.,a
wdÈh o tl, ksmojd ;sfí'
ñksiqkaf.a YÍrfha iajNdjh
fuf;la fidhdf.k ;sfnk wegiels,s Y%S
,xldfõ .,a hq.hg wh;a ñksiqkaf.a YÍr
iajNdjh fln`ÿ ù oe hs hk ldrKh wjfndaO
lr .ekSug bjy,a fjhs' idudkHfhka jevqKq
msßñfhl=f.a Wi fikaáógr 174 ls' jevqKq
ldka;djla fikaáógr 166 lg jvd Wia fkdùh'
Tjqka ish¨ fokdf.a o;a úYd, h' m<,a kdihla
iy kslgla Tjqkag ;sìKs' jeäysá msßñfhl=f.a
fud<fha úYd,;ajh >k fikaáógr 1600 ls'
jevqKq .eyekqq whl=f.a th >k fikaáógr
920 ls' udkj úoHd{hkaf.a woyi wkqj m%d.a
ft;sydisl udkjhdf.a Wmßu wdhq ld,h jir
PdhdrEmh wxl 2'5 inr.uqj m<d;g wh;a r;akmqr Èia;%slalfha fld<Uf.wdr rxpduvu rcfha úoHd, N+ñfha msysá mQ¾j
ft;sydisl hq.fha fidfydka ìula' 2007 j¾Ifha § leKSï fldg u;=lr .kakd ,o fuu iqidk N+ñh óg jir 3350 lg
by; ld,hl § Ndú;hg f.k ;sfí'
35-40 muK jkakg we;hs ie,fla'
wNspdr úê
.,a hq.fha mej;s wNspdr úê .ek hï ;rulg
fyda meyeÈ,s f;dr;=rla ,efnkafka ta ld,hg
wh;a ñkS je<,Sï iïnkaOfhks' jeä wdhdihla
fh§fuka tjeks lghq;a;lg oerE W;aidyhla
ms<sìUq jk meyeÈ,s wjia:djla nÿ,a,g kqÿre
rdjKdwe,a, .,a.=ydfjka fidhd f.k ;sfí'
folg fnfok fia isÿre úÈk ,o ñksia ysia
ln,la tys l< leKSul § u;= úh' tu ysia
lnf,a r¿jg msysgd ;snqKq odr iy msg;g fkrd
;sfnk fldgia .,l W,d uÜgï lr tla me;a;l
r;= meye;s .=re.,a wdf,am lr ;sfí' r;= meye;s
.=re.,a wdf,am lrk ,o ñksia wegiels,sj,g
wh;a fldgia mdyshka., .,a.=ydfjka o fidhd
.eksKs' u<isrer tys fldgia Èrd hk ;=re hï
;ekl j<,d oud miqj wegiels,s f.dv f.k
kej; tajd ;ekam;a l< nj fujeks idlaIsj,ska
meyeÈ,s fõ' l=reúg ngfodUf,fkka fidhd
.;a wegiels,s kud jl=gq lr j<,d ;sìKs' Y%S
,xldfõ .,ahq.fha Ôj;a jQ ñksiqka iy j¾;udk
jeÈ ck;dj w;r ixialD;sluh jYfhka iy
ÔjúoHd;aul jYfhka iudk;d /ila ;sfnk
nj m¾fhaIlhska úiska fmkajd § we;'
17
 79°30'0"E 80°0'0"E 80°30'0"E 81°0'0"E 81°30'0"E 82°0'0"E

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is;shu wxl 2'2 Y%S ,xldfõ mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a hehs ie,flk uydYs,d iïm%odhg wh;a iqidk N+ñj, jHdma;sh'

18
 l%shdldrlu 1
oekg fidhdf.k we;s Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a
ft;sydisl hq.fha ckdjdi jHdma;sh
is;shul ,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'

2'2 mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fha ckdjdi

m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha wjidkh;a" ft;sydisl
hq.fha wdrïNh;a w;r ld,mßÉfþoh
ye`Èkafjkafka mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h hkqfjks.
;dlaIKsl jYfhka fuh ixl%dka;sl hq.hls. Y%S
,xldfõ mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h Bg fmr mej;s
m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fhka fjka ù fmfkkafka
lreKq lsysmhla mokï fldg f.k h. ms,siaiQ
ueá j<x Ndú;h wdrïN lsrSu;a l%uj;a iqidk
pdß;% úêhla wkq.ukh lsÍu;a hk oE ta w;ßka
PdhdrEmh wxl 2'6 mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fha § ñh.sh wh
m%Odk h. m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha § mej;s .,a fjkqfjka hd;= l¾u pdß;% meje;aùu i`oyd Ndú; lr
fuj,ï ;dlaIKh fjkqjg hlv f,dayh Ndú; ;sfnk fuu ueá Tre iqidkj, wdodykh lr ;sfnkafka
lsÍu fï ld,fha § werôKs. tfy;a .,a fuj,ï ñksia wegiels,s h' wk;=rej NIaudjfYaI ueá n÷kaj,
nyd tajd ;=< ;ekam;a lr ;sfí' fuu ueá Tre iqidkh
Ndú; lsÍu uq`Mukska u w;yer oeóu isÿ jQfha rxpduvu mQ¾jft;sydisl iqidk N+ñfhka fidhd.kakd
mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fha wjika Nd.fha § h. ,oaols'
hlv Ndú;h wdrïN ùu ksid fuu hq.h mq¾j
ft;sydisl hlv hq.h hkqfjka o uq,a hlv hq.h
hkqfjka o ye`Èkafõ' tf,i u iaÒr ckdjdi
bÈ lsÍu" lDIs l¾udka;h weröu ful, olakg
,efnk ;j;a mßj¾;khka h'

mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h ìysùu

Y%S ,xldfõ mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fha wdrïNh;a
m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha wjidkh;a w;r
ixl%dka;sl iuh .ek oekg wmg ;sfnk oekqu
iSñ; h' m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a .,a fuj,ï
;dlaIKh iy ovhu we;=¨j wdydr tl;=
lsÍfï hemSï l%uh hgm;a fjñka ta fjkqjg
Ydl wdydr u; jeä jYfhka mokï ùu iy
f,day Ndú;hg keUqre ùu hk oE ysájk u
isÿ úh yels mßj¾;khla fkdfõ' wfkla w;g

is;=ju wxl 2'3 ueáfhka idok ,o Tre iqidkj, NIAudjfYAI

iys; ueá n`ÿka ;ekam;a lr ;sfí' th b;d mqrdK ld,hl
§ furg jeishka wkq.ukh l< u<jqka i`oyd fjka jQ hd;=
l¾uhls'
19
tjeks mßj¾;khla ckkh lsÍug lsishï m%n,
fya;=jla ;sîu wjYH h' fjk;a rgj, isÿ ù
;sfnk tjeks ixialD;sl mßj¾;kj,g fndfyda
wjia:dj, n,md ;sfnkafka §¾> ld,Sk j
n,mj;ajk mßÈ we;s jQ foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi
fõ' fydf,daiSk hq.h kñka ye`Èkafjk uE;
N+ wjêfha ueo Nd.fha § tkï l%sia;= mQ¾j
7000-4500 w;r ld,jljdkqfõ § iuia;
ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmhg u n,mEula we;s l<
foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihla .ek mqrdúoHd{hska
iy mqrdK foaY.=Kh ms<sn`o úfYaI{hska úiska
lreKq wkdjrKh fldg ;sfí' tkï" whsia hq.h
wjika ùu;a f,dalh WKqiqï ùu;a u.ska lDIs
l¾udka;h i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq mßir ;;a;ajhla
f.dvkef.kakg úh' tfuka u ck.ykh lemS
fmfkk whqßka j¾Okh jQ w;r t;=<ska kj
iudc rgdjla flfrys fhduq ùu isÿ úh'
Y%S ,xldfõ mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h ms<sn`o
merKs; u idOl wh;a jkafka ls%ia;= mQ¾j 2400 g
h. oekg lr ;sfnk mqrdúoHd;aul .fõIKj,g
wkqj fuu hq.hg wh;a idlaIs jvd;a meyeÈ,sj
wkdjrKh ù ;sfnkafka inr.uq m<df;a
BidkÈ. fldgfikaa iy W!j m<df;a ksß;È.
fldgfika h.
w;S;fha § furg ñh .sh wh fjkqfjka bÈ
lr we;s uydYs,d iqidk (Megalithic burials)
Y%S ,xldfõ mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fha ixialD;sh
yeoEÍug fhdod .; yels m%Odk wx.hls' fun÷
uydYs,d iqidk Y%S ,xldfõ m%foaY /ilska yuq
ù ;sfí' ^is;shu 2'2 n,kak& fuu iqidk j,ska
tla j¾.hla úYd, .,am;=re tla;eka fldg
p;=ri%dldr yevhlg ilid .,a mqjrejlska
wdjrKh lr ;sfí. tys we;=<; ñksia
NiaudjfYaI iys; ueá n÷ka ;ekam;a lr we;'
fïjd Ys,d uxcqid fidfydka (Cist burials)
hkqfjka ye¢kafõ. tjeks fidfydka w;ßka
uOHu m<d;g wh;a oUq,a,g kqÿre j msysá
bínkalgqj uydYs,d iqidkh;a hdmyqfõ msysá
.,afidfydka lk;a; kñka ye`Èkafjk iqidk
N+ñh;a" .f,afj,g kqÿrej msysá há.,afmd;af;a
iqidk N+ñh;a ±kg lekSï fldg ;sfí' tajdg
,eî ;sfnk úµd;aul Èk kS¾K l%s'mQ' 750 - 450
w;r ld,hg wh;a fõ'
20
fuu l%uhg wu;r j uydYs,d iïm%odhg u
wh;a ;j;a iqidk l%u lsysmhla ms<sn`o idOl
Y%S ,xldfjka yuq fõ. fuu iqidk l%ufha §
NIaudjfYaI iys; l=vd ueá n÷ka úYd, ueá
n÷kla ;=< nyd ;ekam;a lr ;sfnkq olakg
,efí' tjeks fidfydkaa NrKS iqidk hkqfjka
ye¢kafõ'
W!j m<df;a y,aÿïuq,a, iy fnr., msysá
mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a iqidkN+ñ foll
mqrdúoHd;aul leKSï isÿ fldg ;sfí. wuq
ueÜfgka ilik ,o Trejl yeve;s fíiul
NiaudjfYaI nyd Æ ueá j<x ;ekam;a lsÍu
tys § wkq.ukh lr we;s l%uh hs. NiaudjfYaI
;ekam;a lrkakg u;af;ka fuu ueáTre ;=<
ñksia wegiels,s wdodykh lr ;sfí. tys §
.skakg yiqùu ksid wuqueÜfgka ;kk ,o Tre
uekúka ms<siaiS ;sfí. tajd §¾> ld,hla ;siafia
fkdkeiS mj;skakg n, mE fya;=j o th hs.
ckdjdij, iajNdjh
m%d.a fM;sydisl hq.fha .; l< ovhï Ôúldj
wjika lr iaÒr ckdjdi yd jdiia:dk f.dvk.d
.ekSu fï hq.h ;=< isÿ jQ jeo.;a ,laIKhls'
iaÓrjdiS;dj (sedentism) hkqfjka ye`Èkafjk
fuu ,laIKh ms<sìUq lrk m%Odk idlaIsh kï
ta hq.hg wh;a ±kg fidhd f.k ;sfnk ksjdi
wjfYaI hs' 2009 jif¾§ tjeks ksjdihla r;akmqr
Èia;%slalfha msysá Wvrxpduvu .ïudkfhka
fidhd f.k we;' tu ksjdih ógr 10'20 x 6'80
m%udKfhka iy wdh; p;=ri%dldr yevfhka
hqla; jQj ls' tys bÈßmi iy miqmi fldgia
ì;a;shlska fjka lr ;sìKs' ksjfia ì;a;s jßÉÑ
ueáfhka bÈ fldg ;snq w;r jy, b¨la fyda
tjeks fohlska fiú,s fldg ;sfnkakg we;'
Ôjk rgdj
Y%S ,xldfõ mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a
Ôjk rgdj fln`ÿ iajrEmhlska hqla; jQjla
oe hs iïmQ¾K j jgyd .ekSug m%udKj;a
idlaIs ;ju;a ,eî ke;. oekg jeä jYfhka
lekSï lr ;sfnkafka iqidk N+ñ jk neúka
tajdhska fidhd .; yels ta ld,fha idudkH
ck Ôú;hg wh;a idlaIs iSñ; h. fï ms<sn`oj
hï ;rulska fyda woyila ,nd .ekSug bjy,a
PdhdrEmh 2'7 oUq,a,g kqÿre bínkalgqj iqidk N+ñfhka yuq jQ Ys,d uxcqid j¾.fha fidfydkls' fuu iqidk .¾Nh ;=<
ñksia NIaudjfYaI iys; ueá nÿka ;eïm;a fldg ;sfí' wkq.%yh uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo,
jkafka Wvrxpduvfï fkajdisl ia:dkfha l<
leKSfuka ,o f;dr;=re h.
Wvrxpduvfï § lKsk ,oafoa óg
wjqreÿ 3000 g jvd mer‚ ld,fha bÈ lrk
,oehs úYajdi lrk ksjdihls. tys we;=<; ;sî
merKs j<x lgq rdYshla fidhd .eksKs. tajd w;r
mska;dre l< j<`olg wh;a len,s .Kkdjla
o úh. iqÿ meye;s miqìul r;= meyefhka bß
fhdod tu j<f`oa msgme;a; iy wäfha hg me;a;
w,xldr lr ;sfí' bß fhdod ;sfnk iuñ;sl
wdldrh wkqj tu j<`o ilfmdarej Ndú; fldg
;kk ,oaola nj iaÓr h. fujeks u ;j;a
j<`ol fldgia y,aÿïuq,af,a ckdjdihla mej;s
ia:dkhla leKSfuka o fidhd .eksKs.
leKsug ,la l< ksjdifha uq`M;ekaf.hs fuj,ï
lssysmhla ;sìKs. ta w;r .,a fuj,ï iy hlv
fuj,ï o úh. ta NdKav tl;=fõ jeä m%udKhla
.,a fuj,ï ;sîfuka fmkS hkafka hlv
Ndú;h ta jk úg;a Tjqkag kj w;aoelSulaj ;snQ
nj hs. uq`M;ekaf.hs ;snQ fjk;a iqkanqka w;r tu
ksjdifha jdih l< mqoa.,hska wdydrh i`oyd
ovhï lrk ,o i;=kaf.a weglgq o b;sß ù ;sìKs.
fï weglgq uqjd" .jhd" j,aW!rd iy o`vqf,akd
hk i;=kag wh;a tajd fõ' fuu idlaIs u.ska
fmkajd fokafka lDIsld¾ñl Èúfmfj;lg yqre
jqj o i;=ka ovhï lsÍu iïmQ¾Kfhka u w;a
yer fkd±uQ nj h'
ksji ;=< ;sî fidhd .kakd ,o foa w;rg
ueá mn`M lsysmhla" ldka;djka weia w`ÿka
;eîug Ndú; lrk f,day l+rla iy isrer j¾K
.ekaùu i`oyd Ndú; lrk ly iy r;= meye;s
.=re.,a folla o tajd WrÉÑ lsÍug fhdod .;a
weUreï .,a folla o we;=<;a h. fuu idlaIs
u.ska fmfkkafka tl, úiQ ldka;djka ;ukaf.a
rE imqj w,xldr lr .ekSug uy;a Wkkaÿjla
olajd we;s njhs'
21
is;=ju wxl 2'4 l%sia;= mQ¾j 1129 § Wvrxpduvfï bÈlr ;snQ ksjdih ±lafjk Ñ;%hla' fuh leKSfuka u;=lr .kakd ,o
w;a;sjdrfï ie,eiau wkqj ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'
;dlaIKh
m%d.a fM;sydisl wjêfha mej;s .,a wdhqO
;dlaIKfhkaa flfuka ñ§ f,day ;dlaIKh yd
ueá n÷ka ksmoùfï ;dlaIKh fj; mßj¾;kh
ùu werUqfKa mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h kñka
ye`Èkafjk ld,mßÉfþofha § h' f,dayhla f,i
hlv Ndú; lsÍu wdrïN jq ksid fï hq.fha
jeishkag jvd;a ld¾hlaIu f,i ;ukaf.a
tÈfkod jev lghq;= lr .ekSfï wjia:dj
Wod úh' hlv Yla;su;a f,dayhla ksid le,E
t<sfmfy<s lsÍu" fmdf<dj flàu iy iS iEu wd§
lghq;=j, § tu lghq;= myiq úh' Wvrxpduvfï
merKs ksjdifhka fidhd .kakd ,o mska;dre
lrk ,o ueán`ÿk ta ld,fha mej;s ueáNdKav
ksmoùfï ;dlaIKfha Wiia ;dlaIKsl m%ñ;sfha
iajrEmh fmkajd fohs' ksjdi bÈ lsÍu wdrïN
jQ fyhska Bg wod< ;dlaIKsl ±kqu l%ufhka
j¾Okh úh' úfYaIfhka u .s,d fkdnisk f,i
f.ìu ilia lr .ekSu" fmdf<djg ,ïndldr
jk f,i ì;a;s bÈ lsÍu wd§ foa Bg wh;a h'
Wvrxpduvu ksjdifha leKsï lghq;=j, § ueá
22
mn`Mjla fidhd f.k ;sfí' tu.ska fmkakqï
lrkafka mn`M ksmoùfï ;dlaIKh ta hq.fha
mej;s njhs' mn`Mjla ksmoùug b;d iQlaIu
;dlaIKhla wjYH h'
l%shdldrlu 2
Y%S ,xldfõ mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fhys
ckdjdi jHdma;sh is;shul ,l=Kq lr
kï lrkak'
2'3 uq,a ft;sydisl hq.fha ckdjdi
Y%S ,xldfõ ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a uq,a
wjêfha ckdjdi ms<sn`o j úia;r lrk m%jD;a;s
ft;sydisl uq,dY%hj, i`oykaj ;sfí. tf,i
úia;r jk ckdjdi msysá ;eka ksYaÑ; j y`ÿkd
.ekSug tu f;dr;=re m%udKj;a fkdjk uq;a tlS
ckdjdij, iajrEmh fln`ÿ oe hs jgyd .ekSug
bka ie,lsh hq;= msájy,la ,efí. furg mqrdK
ckdjdij, jHdma;sh iy tajdg wod< fjk;a
PdhdrEmh wxl 2'8 l%sia;= mQ¾j 1129 g Èk kS¾Kh ù ;sfnk Wvrxpduvfï merKs ksjdifhka fidhd.kakd ,o mska;dre
l< ueá n`ÿk' b;d merKs ld,hl isg j<x iE§fï ;dlaIKh Y%S ,xldfõ mej;s nj fuu kso¾Ykh u`.ska uekúka ;yjqre
lrhs' PdhdrEmfha ol=Kq mi ±lafjkafka tu ueá n`ÿk uq,a wjia:dõ mej;s wdldrh ±lafjk Ñ;%hls'
f;dr;=re .ek hï ;rul fyda ksYaÑ;;djlska
hq;=j jgyd .ekSug bjy,a jkafka mqrdúoHd;aul
idlaIs h'
uq,a ft;sydisl hq.h jYfhka ie,flkafka
l%sia;= mQ¾j 450 muK isg l%sia;= j¾Ifhka 300
jk ;=re ld,mßÉfþoh hs. fuu ld, mßÉfþoh
;=< furg ;snQ ckdjdi jHdma;j mej;sfha
lskï m%foaYj, oe hs fmkakqï lrk m%Odk
o¾Ylh kï l=vd .ïjeõj, jHdma;sh hs. kgnqka
j .sh tjeks l=vd .ïjeõ oyia .Kkla Y%S
,xldj mqrd jHdma; j ;sfí. ft;sydisl hq.fha
ckdjdi nyq;rh jejla flakaø fldg .ksñka
tys wdikakfha u mej;sKs. jeõ neïfï tla
fl<jrl jejg kqÿre j tjeks .ï msysgd ;snQ
nj mqrdúoHd;aul lafIa;% .fõIKj,ska fidhd
f.k ;sfí.
ckdjdi jHdma;shg n, mE m%Odk idOl
mqrdK ckdjdi jHdma;shg n,mE m%Odk
idOlhla jQfha N+ fN!;sl miqìu hs. jd¾Isl
j¾Idm;k w.h, mfia iajNdjh, N+ úIu;dj,
iajdNdúl iïm;aj, jHdma;sh, c,jykh wdÈh
fï w;r m%Odk h.
uq,a ft;sydisl hq.fha § ckdjdi jHdma; jQfha
Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s foaY.=Khla we;s m%foaYj, h.
jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh ñ,sógr 1000--1250 la ,efnk
m%foaY úh<s l,dmh f,i;a" ñ,sógr 1000 wvq
m%foaY Y+Ial l,dmh f,i;a ie,fla. lDIsl¾uh
i`oyd wjYH lrk c,h m%udKj;a ;rñka j¾Ih
mqrd ,nd .ekSu ÿIalr jqj;a uQ,sl ckdjdi úh<s
l,dmfha jHdma; jQfha tys mfia ;sfnk idrj;a
nj ksid h. r;=-ÿUqre mi hkqfjka ye`Èkafjk
úh<s l,dmfha jeä m%foaYhl me;sÍ we;s mi
lDIsl¾uhg b;d u iqÿiq jQjls. fuu m%foaYj,g
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i`oyd wjYH lrk c,h
,efnk ud¾. folla ;sìKs. bka m%Odk jQfha
fudaiï j¾Idj hs' iajdNdúl .x.d u.ska ,efnk
c,h o úh<s ld,j, § hï ;rulg m%fhdackj;a
úh. tfy;a .x.d c,h lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,g
fhdod .ekSfï § .x.d yryd wuqKq ne`§u /ia
lr .;a c,h wjYH ;ekaj,g f.k hdu i`oyd
we< ud¾. ;ekSu wdÈ foa lsÍug isÿ úh. th
Y%uh ld,h yd ;dlaIKh fhoúh hq;= l%shdjla
ksid jeä keUqrejla oelajQfha jeõ ;ekSfuka
c,h /ia lr .ekSu i`oyd hs.
uq,a ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a ckdjdi j¾Okh
jQ wdldrh ms<sn`oj isÿ lr ;sfnk úia;rd;aul
wOHhkj, m%;sM, u.ska fmkakqï lrkafka
furg ft;sydisl hq.fha uq,sl ckdjdi
me;sfrkafka .x.d ksïkj, fkdj Bg msg;ska
msysá m%foaYj, nj hs. óg n,mE m%Odk fya;=j
jkakg we;af;a .x.d u.ska jd¾Islj f.fkk
úkdYldÍ .xj;=r md,kh lsÍug iß,k
;dlaIKhla ta jk úg ksmojd fkdue;s ùu h.
.x.d yria fldg wuqKq ne`o c,h jeõ lrd
f.k hdfuka .xj;=r md,kh lsÍu wdrïN jQfha
l%sia;= mq¾j m<uqjk ishjfia w.Nd.fha § fyda
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka m<uqjk ishjfia § úh hq;= h.
;siaiuydrdu jej bÈ l< b<kd. rcq ^l%s'j 33-43&
23
PdhdrEmh wxl 2'9 wkqrdOmqr merKs we;=`M kqjr isÿlrk ,o leKSulska fidhd.kakd ,o wdh; p;=ri%dldr ìïie,eiaulska
hq;a me,am;lg wh;a j ;snQ lKq j<j,a lsysmhla ^PdhdrEmh mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ldreKsl wkq.%yfhks&'

iufha lsß`ÈTh yria fldg wuqKla ne`o ;sfí.
l=reKE., Èia;%slalfha msysá .fkalkao úydrfha
iy .,af,k úydrfha ;sfnk .,a.=yd foll
fldgd we;s n%dyaó fi,a,smsj, ‘wjrK’ hk
jpkh oelafõ. tys woyi ‘wuqK’ hkak hs.
ckdjdi jHqyh yd iajrEmh
jeis c,fhka fmdaIKh jk l=vd jeõ flakaø
lr .ksñka .x.dj, msgdr ksïkhg msg;ska jQ
m%foaYj, jHdma; jQ ckdjdi tlsfklska iajdëk
jQ tajd hs. jejla flakaø fldg f.k j¾Okh
jQ tjeks ckdjdi jdms.du hkqfjka idys;H
24
uq,dY%hj, y`ÿkajd § ;sfí. uydjxifha i`oyka
iqukjdms.du, úydrjdms.du, yqkaoßjdms.du,
lvyjdms.du hk .ï tjeks jeõ .ï h.
tla .ula ;j;a .ulska fjka jQfha le,E
;Srhlsks. jeõ.ïj,g wu;rj fufia
tlsfklska iajdëk jQ .ï ms<sn`oj ft;sydisl
uQ,dY%hj, flá i`oyka lsÍï we;=<;aj ;sfí.
fkdfhl=;a jD;a;slhska úiQ we;eï ckdjdi
jxil:dj, iy fi,a,smsj, i`oyka fldg
;sfnkafka fufia hs.
1 liSldr.du - f.dúhka úiQ .ï
2 uKsldr.du -
ueKsla .erE fyda ueKsla
lemQ wh Ôj;a jQ .ï
3 f.damd,.du -
f.dm,a,ka úiQ .ï
4 flajÜg.du -
ëjrhska úiQ .ï
5 l=ïNldr.du - j<x
idokakka úiQ .ï
6 jâVlS.du -
jvqjka úiQ .ï

fï yereKq úg ld¾hh
mokï fldg f.k
l%shd;aul jQ ;j;a .ï j¾.
lsysmhla ;sìKs'
PdhdrEmh wxl 2'10 wkqrdOmqr merKs we;=`M kqjr isÿlrk ,o leKSulska fidhdkakd
7 mÜgk.du - jrdh ,o jgl=re ìïie,eiaulska hq;a me,am;lg wh;a j ;snQ lKqj<j,a lsysmhla ^PdhdrEmh
mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ldreKsl wkq.%yfhks&'
wdY%s; j ;snQ .ï
8 kshï.ï - fjf<`o .ï
9 T<.ï - ck;dj úiska w;yer oeuQ jHdjydr úh' l%sia;= mQ¾j 250 ;rï wE; ld,hl §
jeõ.ï
merKs ckdjdij, úYd,;ajh flf;la ù oe
hs hk ldrKh ms<sn`o j iaÓr ks.ukhlg
meñKSu wmyiq h. th úúO N+f.da,Sh m%foaYj,
mej;s iajdNdúl iïm;aj, iq,n;dj u; mokï
úh. tfy;a oekg isÿlr ;sfnk mqrdúoHd;aul
úu¾Ykj,ska ,eî ;sfnk idlaIs wkqj l=vd
m%udKfha .ul úYd,;ajh idudkHfhka
fylaghdr 0.15 lg jvd jeä fkdù h. uOHu
m%udKfha .%dóh ckdjdihla fylaghdr 2
lg wdikak m%udKhla jQ w;r úYd, kd.ßl
ckdjdihla fylaghdr 2 lg jvd úYd, úh.
idudkHfhka .ul mjq,a 5-6 ;a w;r m%udKhla
jdih l<y' we;eï úYd, m%udKfha .ïj, mjq,a
30 la úiQ nj idys;H uQ,dY%hj, oelafõ' kd.ßl
ckdjdij, fï ;;a;ajh b`ÿrd u fjkia úh' l%sia;=
j¾Ifhka yh jk ishji jk úg merKs ud.u
k.rfha iy Bg ;okqnoaO kd.ßl ckdjdij,
wju ;rñka 35 000 l ck.ykhla úiQ njg o<
jYfhka .Kkh lr ;sfí' we;eï .ï jeglska
wdrlaId lr ;snQ njg idys;H uQ,dY%hj, oelafõ'
tjeks .ï ye`ÈkajQfha zmßlaÅ;a; .ïZ hkqfjks'
tjeks wdrlaIdjla fkdue;s .ï zwmßlaÅ; .ïZ
hkqfjka ye`ÈkaúKs'
úYd, kd.ßl ckdjdi ye`Èkaùug zmqrZ hk moh
rÑ; n%dyaó fi,a,smshl ‘mqr lu;’ hkqfjka
;k;=re kduhla i`oyka j ;sfí' thska woyia
lr ;sfnkafka k.rfha m%Odk jdia;= Ys,amshd hs'
m<uq jk úchndyq rc;=udg ^l%s.j' 1055-1110&
wh;a mkdlvqj ;U ikakfia wkqrdOmqrh kï
lsÍug fhdod ;sfnkafka ‘kqremqr’ hk jHjydrh
hs'
‘klr’ fyj;a k.r hkqfjka ye`ÈkajQ ckdjdi
úfYaIhla .ek furg mqrdK;u fi,a,smsj,
i`oyka h' fuys k.r hkqfjka y`ÿkajd
;sfnkafka .u;a" mqrh;a w;r jQ ckdjdihls'
.ïj, ksIamdokh lrk oE fjf<`odu msKsi
uyd k.r fj; f.k hdu iïnkaëlrKh jQfha
fuu w;rueÈ ckdjdij,sks' tajd m%udKfhka
.ulg jvd u`ola úYd, jQ ckdjdi hs'
uq,a ft;sydisl hq.hg fmr isg u fuu
ckdjdij, ixúOdkh iy mßmd,kh l%uj;a j
mej;s nj fmkaùug idlaIs ;sfí' .ula hkq mjq,a
lsysmhlska ieÿï ,;a tallhls' mjq, hkq .ul
jeo.;a u idOlhls' mjq,la ksfhdackh lrk ,o
.Dym;shd úisks' n%dyaó fi,a,smsj, Tyq y`ÿkajd
;sfnkafka z.ym;sZ hkqfjks' .ul .Dym;Sska
lsysm fofkl=f.ka ieÿï ,;a lKavdhula
fjkqfjka lghq;= l< mqoa.,hd ye`ÈkajQfha
z.ñlZ fyj;a .%dñl hk kñks' tys f;areu .fï
m%Odkshd hkak hs' miqld,hl fulS .ïm%OdkSka
25
 79°30'0"E 80°0'0"E 80°30'0"E 81°0'0"E 81°30'0"E 82°0'0"E

±
9°30'0"N 9°30'0"N

iqÑh
! Ys,d f,aLk
.ï jeõ
ifudaÉp f¾Ld

!
9°0'0"N 9°0'0"N

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8°30'0"N ! 8°30'0"N
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8°0'0"N ! ! ! ! 8°0'0"N
! !! !
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. fmdf,dkakrej
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7°30'0"N !!
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6°30'0"N ! ! 6°30'0"N
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6°0'0"N 6°0'0"N

79°30'0"E 80°0'0"E 80°30'0"E 81°0'0"E 81°30'0"E 82°0'0"E

is;shu wxl 2'3 fuu is;shfï ±lafjkafka Y%S ,xldfõ merKs;u .ïjeõj, yd uq,a ld,Sk Ys,d,smsj, jHdma;sh hs'
.u" jej iy Ys,d f,aLk w;r ióm in|;djla mej;s neúka jeõj, iy fi,a,smsj, jHdma;sh u.ska merKs ckd-
jdij, jHdma;sh ms<sìUq lrhs'
26
 ms<sufy,

;Urj
mkafk.uqj

;siai jej
ùrú, jej
;siaiuydrduh fhdaOlKaäh jej
l sß
`È
Th

msgdr ;ekak

w`oe,a,
fldakafj,dk mqiaf;da,uq,a,

lsrskao jrdh

fudaorme,eiai

bkaoshka id.rh

iqÑh
m<uq wÈhrfha ckdjdi
fojk wÈhrfha ckdjdi
;=kajk wÈhrfha ckdjdi

is;shu wxl 2'4 yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalhg wh;a ;siaiuydrduh wi,ska .,d f.k hk lsß`ÈTh wdY%s; m%foaYfha merKs
ckdjdi jHdma;sh ±lafjk is;shula' ^is;shfï ;s;aj,ska ckdjdi ±lafõ'& fuys .x.dfõ ksïkhg wE;ska ;sfnk ckdjdi
l%sia;= mQ¾j 900--500 ;a w;r ld,hg wh;a fõ' tu ckdjdi tu .x.djg wod< m%foaYfha uq,ska u ìys jQ tajd hs' .x.dj
wdY%s;j msysgd we;s m%foaYfha ckdjdi me;sß ;sfnkafka lsß`ÈTfha jd¾Isl .xj;=r md,kh lsÍug Wmdh ud¾. fh§fuka
miqj h'
27
is;=ju wxl 2'5 fuu Ñ;%fhka ±lafjkafka Y%S ,xldfõ merKs .ul l,ams; iajrEmhls' iajNdjO¾uh iu`. iqyoYS,Sj cSj;a
ùu;a ta ksid u ;u cSjk rgdj ;=< we;s jQ ir, nj;a .%dóh cSú;h ;=< lemS fmfkk ,laIK h'
oifofkl=f.ka iukaú; jQ uKaav,hla u.ska
.ï lsysmhlska ieÿï ,;a m%foaYhl mßmd,khg
iïnkaO .eg¨ úi`§fuys ksr; úh' fi,a,smsj,
fuu uKav,h y÷kajd § ;sfnkafka zoi.ï
we;a;kaZ hk jHjydrfhks' ud;f,a Èia;%slalhg
wh;a oUq,af,a msysá l`MÈhfmdl=K kñka
ye`Èkafjk merKs fn!oaO úydrfha we;s tla
fi,a,smshl i`oyka lr ;sfnkafka tu úydrfha
odkh imhd .ekSfï lghq;=j, § hï .eg¨jla
we;s jqj fyd;a oi.ï we;a;ka /ia ù tu .eg¨j
úi`Èh hq;= nj hs'
wkqrdOmqrfha lrk ,o leKSïj,ska merKs
.%dóh ksjdi lsysmhlg wh;a j ;snQ w;a;sjdrï
fy<sorjq úh' tajd jßÉÑ ì;a;sj,ska iy fld<
w;= mshiailska iukaú; ;snqKq me,am;a h' ta
w;ßka iuyr tajd jgl=re yevhlska hqla; h'
we;eï ksjdi y;/ia yevfha ìï ie,eiaulska
hqla; h' mqrdúoHd{hskag yuq ù ;sfnkafka tajd
;snQ ;ekaj, b;sß j we;s lKq j<j,a muKs'
;siaiuydrdufha j<.ïm;a;=j kñka
28
ye`Èkafjk .ulska o mqrdK ksjdihlg wh;a
i,l=Kq fidhd .ekSug yels úh' tu ksjdifha
ìu ilia lr ;sfnkafka fmdf<dj idrd tys
u;=msg ueá wdf,am lsÍfuks' tu ksjdih l%sia;=
j¾Ifhka ;=ka jk ishjfia § Ndú; lrk ,oaola
nj úoHd;aulj ikd: lr ;sfí'
merKs ld,fha furg mej;s ckdjdij,
iajNdjh fln`ÿ o hk ldrKh fuu mdvfï §
bf.k .ekSug wjia:djla ,eìKs' b;d mqrdK
ld,hl isg iduQyslj;a úêu;a f,i;a ish
cSú;h yev.iajd .kakg Tjqka iu;a jQ wdldrh
Tng wdo¾Yhla nj is;g .; hq;= h'
hemSï l%uh
.x.djl msgdr ksïkfhka msg; m%foaYj,
ckdjdi jHdma; ùfï § tajdfha Ôj;a jQ
jeishka ish hemsï l%uh f,i wkq.ukh lf<a
fyaka f.dú;ek hs. l=rlalka, fufkaß, ;,
iy ;Kyd,a jeks lgqir fnda. tajdfha j.d
flßK. flá uq,a moaO;shla iys; kshÕhg
fyd`Èka Tfrd;a;= fok tu fnda. c,h ysÕ
msgdr ksïkfhka neyer m%foaYj, j.d lsÍug
fhda.H h. uQ,sl .ïjeõ bÈ lsÍug fm<Uùula
we;s jkafka tlS ckdjdij, úiQ ck.ykh
mq`M,a ùug iudka;r j wdydr ksIamdokh jeä
lsÍug isÿ jQ ksid h. jeäfhka f.dú;eka lsÍug
jeämqr c,h wjYH úh. .x.d ksïkj,g msg;ska
wdrïN jk uq,aft;sydisl hq.fha ckdjdi" .x.d
ksïkh ;=<g wj;S¾K jk wdldrh ms<sn`o b;d
meyeÈ,s ms<sìUqjla lsß`È Th ksïkfha isÿ lr
;sfnk merKs ckdjdi wOHhkhlska fmkajd §
;sfí' ^is;shu wxl 2'4 n,kak&.
l%shdldrlï 3
Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h$ mQ¾j
ft;sydisl hq.h$ ft;sydisl hq.h hk
hq.j, ckdjdilrKfha uQ,sl wx.j, we;s
fjkialï fjka fjka jYfhka olajkak'
jeo.;a lreKq
1' Y%S ,xldj ckdjdi jQfha óg wjqreÿ ,laI
.Kklg by; § h' tf,i furg uq,a
ckdjdi msysgqjd .kakd ,oafoa wdÈ ld,Sk
fydafuda idmshkajre úisks'
2' wdÈ ld,Sk fydfuda idmshkajre furg
úúO mßir l,dmj,g yev .efiñka cSj;a
jQy' tfyhska Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda m%foaYj,
Tjqyq jdih l< y' Tjqka lsisÿ jd¾.sl
wkkH;djla ms<sìUq lf<a ke;'
3' Y%S ,xldfõ uq,a mÈxÑlrejkaf.a
ixialD;sh mej;s ld,mßÉfPaoh
y`ÿkajkafka m%d.a fM;sydisl hq.h hk
kñks' ta ld,h ;=< Tjqkaf.a m%Odk cSjk
l%uh jQfha ovhu iy ;ek ;ek weúo
hñka wdydr /ia lsÍu hs'
4' ta ld,fha mej;sfha .,a fuj,ï
;dlaIKh hs' ;ukaf.a tÈfkod wjYH;d
i`oyd Tjqka ;sßjdkd" ly`o wdÈ .,aj,ska
fuj,ï ;kd .ekSug mqreÿ ù isáhy' Y%S
,xldfõ m%d.a b;sydih ye`Èkaùug
zuOH Ys,d hq.hZ hk fhÿu o Ndú; fõ'
5' miq ld,hl furg úiQ m%d.a ft;sydisl
ñksiqka f.dú;ekg yqre jQ njg idlaIs
yuq ù ;sfí' ±kg ,eî ;sfnk idOl wkqj
tu mßj¾;khka l%sia;= mQ¾j 2400 jk úg
iïmQ¾K;ajhlg m;a j ;sìKs'
6' j<x iE§u" iqidk N+ñ Ndú;h iy
hlv f,dayh Ndú; lsÍu miq ld,fha §
wdrïN úh' fuu hq.h ye`Èkafjkafka mQ¾j
ft;sydisl hq.h hk kñks'
7' mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h jeo.;a
ld,mßÉfPaohla jkafka Y%S ,xldfõ
YsIagdpdßl j¾Okhg wod< uq,sl ± tu
hq.fhka wdrïN ùu ksid h' furg ñksiqka
.ïudkj, cSj;a ùu wdrïN lrk ,oafoa
fï iufha § h'
8' uydjxih i`oyka lrk wdldrhg úch
l=ure we;=`M Tyqf.a msßi furgg meñfKk
wjêfha Y%S ,xldfõ b;d ixúOdkd;aul
iudchla mej;sKs'
brKuvq ;ekam;=j - uydysuhq.fha isis,a ld,m¾ÉfPaoj,
Y%S ,xldjg wêl j¾Id iy.; foaY.=Khla mej;sfhah'
fï ld,fha§ Wia ia:dk wêl f,i Ldokhg ,la úh'
tiufha§ l`ÿlr m%foaYj,ska Ldokhg ,la jQ mdIdK
my;aìïj, ;ekam;a jQfha h' uqyqÿ fjrf<a isg lsf,daógr
32la olajd rg we;=<; m%foaYfha tf,i ;ekam;a jQ mia
;Srejla olakg ;sfí' fuu mia ;Ügqj ye`Èkafjkafka
brKuvq ;ekam;=j kñks' Bg ta ku Ndú; lsÍug
fya;=j tu mia;Ügqj m<uqjrg meyeÈ,sj y`ÿkd .kakd
,oafoa brKuvq jej wdY%S; m%foaYfhka jQ ksid h' fuu
mia;Ügqfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl ñksiqka úiska Ndú; l< .,a
fuj,ï wvx.= h'
wdÈ ld,Sk fydafuda idmshka - fydafuda idmshka hkqfjka
ye`Èkafjkafka kQ;k ñksia mjq,hs' fuu kQ;k ñksia
mjqf,a wdÈ;uhska my, jQfha óg jir mka,laIhlg muK
by; ld,hl§ h' jir 500 000 - 200 000 w;r ld,fha
cSj;a jQ fydafuda idmshka mjqf,a wdos;uhska ye`Èkaùug wdÈ
ld,Sk fydafuda idmshka (Archaic Homo sapiens) hk moh
Ndú; lrhs'
29
laIøq .,a fuj,ï - m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha uE; jljdkqj,
§ Ndú;fha mej;s l=vd m%udKfha .,afuj,ï fï kñka
ye`Èkafõ' ;sßjdkd iy ly`o hk mdIdKj,ska ilia
lr f.k ;sfnk laIqø .,a fuj,ula fikaáógr 1 isg
fikaáógr 7 la muK olajd jQ È.lska hqla; h' by;
i`oyka lrk ,o j¾.fha .,lska lvd .kakd ,o m;=rla
uqjy;a uqyqK;la we;s jk mßÈ kej; yev .iajd ,S
lene,a,l fyda if;l=f.a weglene,a,l r`ojd .kakd
tjeks fuj,ulska lemSu" iSÍu" ú§u wd§ foa lr ;sfí'
msgdr ksïkh - ±ä j¾Id ld,j, § .x.d u.ska .xj;=r
;;a;ajhla we;s lrhs' tjka wjia:dj, .x.dfõ bjqre
fomi jQ f.dvìu c,fhka hg fõ' .x.dj fomi .xj;=rg
hg jk m%foaYh tu .x.dfõ msgdr ksïkh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
.xj;=r u.ska /f.k tk frdkauv msgdr ksïkfha
;ekam;a fõ' tfyhska tu m%foaYh b;d ireidr h' msgdr
ksïkh ye`Èkaùug fv,agdj (Delta) hk moho Ndú; fõ'

30
 3 Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k n,h úldYkh ùu
ye`Èkaùu
merKs ld,fha § rcjrekaa fndfyda fofkl=
úiska o /cskka lsysm fofkl= úiska o furg
md,kh lrk ,o nj ft;sydisl uQ,dY%h
fmkajd fohs' bkaÈhdfjka fuys meñKs úch
l=ure furg md,kh l< m<uq jk rcq f,i
tu uQ,dY%hj, úia;r lr ;sfí' Tyq furgg
meñKsfha l%sia;= mQ¾j yh jk ishjfia § h'
úch l=ure fuys meñKSug fmr furg ckdjdi
mej;s nj mqrdúoHd;aul idlaIsj,ska ;yjqre
ù ;sfí' l%sia;= mQ¾j 2400 ;rï wE; ld,hl
isg furg lDIsld¾ñl iudchla ÈhqKq fjñka
mej;s nj fnr.," y,aÿïuq,a, wdÈ m%foaYj,ska
fidhd f.k ;sfnk merKs fidfydka
ìïj,ska ;yjqre ù we;' tjeks iudchlg
wjq,a úhjq,aj,ska f;dr j mej;Sug kï ta
iudch md,kh ùug lsishï l%uhla ;sìh
hq;= h' tfyhska furg iudcfha foaYmd,k
n,h ÈhqKq ùfï b;sydih úch l=urekaf.a
meñKsug fmr jljdkqjlg wh;a h'
rgla md,kh lsÍfï n,h rcqg fyda
/csklg mjrd fokq ,nkafka trfÜ fjfik
uyckhd úisks' ljfrl=g jqj rgla md,kh
lsÍug fmdÿ uyck;djf.a leue;a; wjYH h'
uyckhdf.a wm%idoh u; md,k n,h ysñ lr
.kakd md,lhskag jeä l,la tfia rg md,kh
lsßug wjia:djla fkd,enqKq nj b;sydih
wm fj; fmkajd fohs' jeä fofkl=f.a
tl`.;dfjka md,lhl= rg md,kh lsÍfï
whs;sh ,nd .kakd ksid tjeks md,lhl=
ye`Èkaùug zuydiïu;Z hk jpkh merKs
ld,fha fmrÈ. rgj, Ndú; lr ;sfí' tfia
ckiïu;fhka md,k n,h ysñ lr .kakd
rfcl= fyda /cskl úiska md,kh lrk N+ñ
m%foaYh;a" tu md,khg iyNd.s jk úúOdldr
ks,Odß msßi;a" ck;dj;a rdcHh hk kñka
ye`Èkafõ'
3'1 mQ¾j rdcH iuh
by; úia;r lrk ,o ks¾jpkhg wkqj Y%S
,xldfõ b;sydifha rdcHh hk moku j¾Okh
jQfha ;rul miqld,hl § h' ta ms<sn`o fuu
mdvfï bÈß fldgiaj, úia;r lr ;sfí'
fuys § wjOdkhg f.k ;sfnkafka tfia rdcHhla
ìys ùug fmr Y%S ,xldfõ rg md,kh lsÍug
wod<j mej;s iajrEmh l=ula ± hs meyeÈ,s lsÍu
h' tu ld,h mQ¾j rdcH iuh kñka ye`Èkafõ'
mQ¾j rdcH iufha § furg md,kh lsÍug tla
ksYaÑ; md,lhl= isáfha ke;' ta fjkqjg l=vd
m%foaYj, ish n,h mj;ajd f.k hk ,oafoa
j;afmdfydi;alï we;s m%N+ka msßila úisks'
furg fi,a,sms ,sùu wdrïN jQ ld,fha § fuu
m%N+jrekaa tu fi,a,smsj, y`ÿkajd § ;sfnkafka
zmreulZ hk kñks' mreul hk jpkh iE§
;sfnkafka ixialD; NdIdfõ zm%uqLZ hk mofhks'
tys f;areu zm%OdkZ hkak hs' l=vd m%foaYhla jqj
o md,kh lsÍug n,hla ysñ jQfha Tjqka Okj;a
ùu;a ta ksid u ysñ jQ n,j;alu;a ksid h'
mreuljrekag lsishï wdldrhl m%foaYSh md,k
n,hla ysñj ;snQ nj fmkajd §ug Wmfhda.s
lr .; yels fi,a,smshla oUq,a,g kqÿrej msysá
lKav,u kñka ye`Èkafjk m%foaYfha ;sfnk
fld;a.,alkafoa olakg we;' tu fi,a,smsh
l%sia;= mQ¾j 250 g wh;a jQjls' tys we;s .,a.=ydjla
NslaIQka jykafia,d fj; mQcd l< mreulfhl=
y`ÿkajd § ;sfnkafka —f;dg fndcl˜ hk kñks'
tys f;areu —;S¾:h wkqNj lrkakd˜ hkak hs'
;S¾:h hkqfjka ye`Èkafjkafka f;dgqm< hs'
wkqNj lsÍu hkqfjka merKs ld,fha jHjydr
lrk ,oafoa wh nÿ ,nd .ekSu;a foam< N=la;s
ú`§u;a h' tfia l< yelafla md,k n,hla i;=
;eke;af;l= yg muKs' lKav,u fi,a,smsfha
±lafjk mreulhd merKs ld,fha ta m%foaYh
md,kh l< ;eke;af;l= nj bka meyeÈ,s fõ'
fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d fj; .=ydjla ilia
lr mQcd lsÍug ;rï yelshdjla Tyq i;= jQfha o
ta ksid u nj jegfya'
31
is;=ju wxl 3'1 .ïj, úiQ .Dym;Ska w;=ßka tla mqoa.,hl= ta .fï m%Odkshd njg m;a úh' Tyq ye`ÈkajQfha .ñl kñks'
tla tla .ï w;r jev lghq;= lsÍfï § iïnkaëlrKh meje;ajQfha .ñlhska yryd h'
mreulhka merKs Y%S ,xldfõ iudch ;=< ìys
jQfha l=uk wdldrhlg ± hs fidhd ne,Sfuka
furg foaYmd,k n,h j¾Okh jQ wdldrh
myiqfjka f;areï .; yels h' tfia f;areï
.ekSug kï mqrdK ld,fha mej;s furg .%dóh
iudch iy tys l%shdldÍ;ajh iqmÍlaIdldÍ j
ye±ßh hq;= h'
.Dym;sfhda
wju ;rñka l%sia;= mQ¾j 900 muK jk úg
furg .%dóh ckdjdi úh<s l,dmfha fndfyda
m%foaYj, me;sÍ f.dia ;sìKs' fï .ï ilia ù
;snqfKa mjq,a lsysmhlsks' we;eï úg mjq,a 1 isg
30 olajd m%udKhla tajdfha cSj;a jQy' mjq, hk
woyi §ug merKs ld,fha Ndú; jQfha l=, hk
moh hs' fï iEu mjq,l u m%Odkshd y`ÿkajk
,oafoa —.Dym;s˜ hk kñks' l%sia;= mQ¾j 250
iy Bg wdikak miqld,Sk fi,a,smsj, Tjqka
32
y`ÿkajd ;sfnkafka .ym;s hk jpkfhks'
fï iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a jk fi,a,smshla
wkqrdOmqrfha fmßhmq,shkal=,u kñka
ye`Èkafjk m%foaYfha olskakg we;' iqukf.a
mjq,g wh;a" f,day jev ish /lshdj f,i l<
.Dym;shl= NslaIQka jykafia,df.a iemmyiqj
fjkqfjka .,a.=ydjla msßisÿ fldg mQcd l<
nj tys i`oyka h' .ul fmdÿ lghq;=j, § tla
tla mjq, ksfhdackh lsÍug bÈßm;a jQfha fulS
.Dym;Ska h' ir, j lsjfyd;a .Dym;Ska hkq
mjq,a m%OdkSka h'
.ñlfhda
merKs fi,a,smsj, fuka u wgqjd l:dj, o
z.%dñlZ fyda z.ñlZ hk kñka y`ÿkajk ,o
msßila ms<sn`o j i`oyka h' ta merKs .ïj, cSj;a
jQ .ï m%OdkSka h' merKs .ï mej;sfha tlsfklg
fjka fjka jYfhks' .ula ;j;a .ulska fjka
jQfha mgq le,E ;Srhlsks'
fufia fjka ù mej;Su ksid tla tla .ïj,
cSj;a jQ jeishka fuu fjka ùu f;areï .;af;a
wfma .u ^;uka úiQ .u& w,a,mq .u ^hdno j
msysá .u& iy msg.ï ^wE;ska msysá .ï& hkdÈ
jYfhks' .ï w;r mej;s lghq;=j, § tkï
wdjdy-újdy lghq;=" NdKav yqjudre lr .ekSï
fuka u úúO wdrjq,a úi`§u wdÈ foaj, § tla tla
.ï ksfhdackh lsÍug l%shd l< mqoa.,hd .%dñl
hk kñka ye`ÈkajQ nj fmfka' tys f;areu .ï
kdhlhd hkak hs'
.ula ksfhdackh lsÍug kdhlhl= f;dard .kakd
,oafoa .Dym;Ska w;ßks' tf,i f;dard .ekSfï
§ wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,oafoa .Dym;Ska i;=
j;afmdfydi;alu ùug bv ;sfí' merKs .ul
cSj;a jQ È<s`ÿ jeisfhl= B<`. lkakfha ,nd fok
fmdfrdkaÿj msg ta .fï úiQ .ñlhdf.ka ù
u,a,la Khg b,a,d .;a mqj;la cd;lÜGl:dfõ
±lafõ' .ñlhska hkq wka whg mjd Wojq l<
yels ;rug Okj;a jQ msßila nj bka jgyd .;
yels h'
lKavdhula ksjerÈ wdldrhg yiqrejd .ekSug
kï tu lKavdhfï fmdÿ úYajdih Èkd .;a
mqoa.,fhl= Bg kdhl;ajh ,nd Èh hq;= h' .ul
.Dym;ska ish¨ fokd tla j .u fjkqfjka
;SrK .ekSu fjkqjg .Dym;skaf.a tl`.;dfjka
is;shu wxl 3'1 j¾Id c,fhka fmdaIKh jk l=vd
.ïjeõj,ska l< yels jev fldgi ;jÿrg;a mq`M,a lsÍug
tu .ïjeõ we< ud¾.j,ska iïnkaO flßKs' tjeks
jeõ moaO;shla ye`Èkaùug Ndú; lrkafka jeõ m%m;kh
hk kuhs' Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmfha .eñfhda ta i`oyd
t,a,x.dj hk jpkh o Ndú; lr;s' fuys ±lafjkafka
yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha msysá tjeks jeõ m%m;khls'
.fï cSj;a jk jvd Okj;a yd n,j;a mqoa.,hd
ta i`oyd m;a lr .ekSug wfma mqrdK .ïjeishka
lghq;= lr ;sfí' .ñlhska .Dym;ska w;ßka u
m;a jQ flfkl= nj nqoaOf>daI ysñhka úiska
iuka;mdidÈldfõ i`oyka lr ;sfí'
.ñlhska bgq l< ld¾hhka w;r ta ta .ïj,
fmdÿ lghq;=j,g kdhl;ajh §u úfYaIfhka
jeo.;a úh' .ug wh;a jej kv;a;= lsÍu" bka
c,h fnod yeÍu" bka m%Odk jQ nj fmfka'
.ïj, mej;s wdrjq,a úi`§u wd§ foa we;=`M
fujeks lghq;=j,g kdhl;ajh §u;a Tyq i;= j
;snQ Okj;a nj;a ksid Tyq jgd lsishï md,k
n,hla f.dv ke.=Kq wkaou meyeÈ,s h'
ta ta .ïj, úiq .ï kdhlhska tlsfkld
iu. iqyo j lghq;= lsÍu .ï w;r iduh iy
iycSjkh mj;ajd .ekSug uy;a fia bjy,a úh'
yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalhg wh;a is;=,amõfõ msysá
merKs fn!oaO úydrhg wh;a fldrjla., kñka
ye`Èkafjk m%foaYfha ;sfnk .,a.=ydjl fï
lreK ikd: lr .ekSug bjy,a jk idlaIshla
;sfí' tu .,a.=ydj msßisÿ fldg NslaIQka
jykafia,d fj; mQcd lsÍug mqoa.,hska ;sfofkl=
iyNd.s ù ;sfí' ta .ñl isj" .ñl iquk iy
.ñl ;sok hs' fudjqka ;sfokd is;=,amõjg
hdno wi,ajdiS .ïj, kdhlhska jkakg we;'
fujeks .ïkdhlhska ìys ùu furg foaYmd,k
n,h j¾Okh ùfï b;d jeo.;a ;SrKd;aul
wjia:djls'
mreuljre
merKs ld,fha furg iudcfha foaYmd,k n,h
j¾Okh ùu iïnkaOfhka mreul kñka ye`ÈkajQ
m%N+ka msßila jeo.;a jk nj by; i`oyka lrk
,È' tjeks m%N+ me,eka;shla ìys ùu iy Tjqkag
md,k n,hla ysñ ùu isÿ jqfha flfia ± hs hkak
fidhd ne,Su fuys § jeo.;a h'
fï lreK .ek fidhd n,d ;sfnk úoaj;=ka ish¨
fokdf.aa u woyi ù ;sfnkafka mreuljrekaf.a
ìys ùu;a, mqrdK ld,fha mej;s jeõ kv;a;=
lsÍu;a w;r in`o;djla ;sfnk nj hs' we;af;ka u
th tfia jQfha flfia o@
l%sia;= mQ¾j 900 muK ld,fha § furg úh<s
l,dmfha ckdjdi me;sr .sfha l=vd jeõ flakaø
33
lr f.k h' fï jeõ fmdaIKh jQfha jeis Èfhks'
idudkHfhka .ul cSj;a jQ mjq,a 10-15 ;a w;r
m%udKhlg Tjqkaf.a tÈfkod cSjk wjYH;d msßuid
.ekSug tjeks jeõj, ;snQ c,h flá ld,hlg
m%udKj;a úh' jd¾Islj t<efUk úh<s ld,j, §
fï jeõ is`§ .sfha h' tjeks wjia:dj, tu jeõ
wdY%s; j csj;a jQ ck;dj uy;a wiSre;dj,g uqyqK
ÿka nj wo;a úh<s l,dmfha merKs jeõ wdY%s; j
cSj;ajk ck;dj uqyqK fok w;a±lSïj,ska meyeÈ,s
fõ'
l=vd jeõj,g j¾Id ld,fha § mqrjd .kakd c,h
m%udKj;a fkdùfï .eg¨jg uqyqK §ug isÿ jQfha
úh<s ld,.=K ;;a;ajh ksid muKla u fkdfõ'
ld,hla hdfï § .ïj, ck.ykh by< hEu ksid
o mßfNdackh i`oyd jeä c, m%udKhla wjYH úh'
by< hk ck.ykhlg jeäfhka wdydr ksmoùu
wjYH jQ ksid jeä N+ñ m%udKhla j.d l< hq;=
PdhdrEmh wxl 3'1 oTq,af,a msysá bínkalgqj iqidk N+ñh l%sia;= mQ¾j 700-450 w;r ld,fha Ndú; l< tlls' fujeks
iqidk N+ñ tl, iudcfha úiQ mreulhska jeks m%N+ka úiska Ndú; l< tajd hs'
34
fyhska Bg iqÿiq m%udKj;a c, m%udKhla r`ojd
.ekSu w;HjYH úh' fujeks wjYH;d bÈßfha
Woa.;jk ÿIalr;dj,g jrla fojrla fkdj
lsysm jrla uqyqK ÿka wfma mqrdK .ïjeisfhda
tu wNsfhda.hg uqyqK §u i`oyd id¾:l l%uhla
wkq.ukh l<y' ta ;ks j mj;sk jejla
fjkqjg iómj ;sfnk jeõ lsysmhla we<
ud¾.j,ska iïnkaO fldg jeõ moaO;shla iE§u
hs' tys wruqKq folla ;sìKs' m<uq jekak N+ñhl
by<ska msysá jejla jeis Èfhka msreKq úg bka
neyerg .,d hk c,h my<ska we;s jejg yrjd
c,h ixrlaIKh lr .ekSu hs' fojekak jeõ
folla w;r we< ud¾.fha ksrka;rfhka c,h
.,d hdug i,iajd we< fomi N+ñfha f;;ukh
by< ±óu hs' tfia f;;ukh by< kexùfuka
tu m%foaYj, myiqfjka fnda. j.d l< yels
úh' mqrdK ld,fha fuf,i ilia lrk ,o
jeõmoaO;s úh<s l,dmfha kgnqka j ;sfnkq wo;a
±lsh yels h' fujeks jeõ moaO;shla ye`Èkaùug
zjeõ m%m;khZ hk ku Ndú; fõ' úh<s l,dmfha
jeishka tajd y`ÿkajkafka zt,a,x.djZ hk
kñks' jeõ moaO;s ìys ùu hkq yqfola u l=vd
jeõ lsysmhla tlsfkl iïnkaO ùu muKla u
fkdfõ' ta msgqmi b;d jeo.;a fohla isÿ fjñka
;sìKs'
úh<s l,dmfha tlsfklg iajdëk j mej;s l=vd
.ï .ek óg by; i`oyka flßKs' fï iEu .ulg
u wh;a l=vd jejla msysá nj o tys § lsheúKs'
jeõ moaO;s ks¾udKh ùfï § isÿ jQfha tjeks
iajdëk .ïj,g wh;a jeõ lsysmhla c,h .,d
nisk f,i ifudaÉp f¾Ld wkqj tlg iïnkaO
lsÍu hs' tys § ta tla tla .ï kdhlhska w;r
idlÉPd lsÍu;a" iïnkaO lsÍug kshñ; l=vd
jeõ.ïudk lsysmhlg fmdÿ jk mßÈ hï hï
jeo.;a ;SrK .ekSfï wjYH;dj;a mek ke.Su
iajdNdúl h' Y%S ,xldfõ merKs;u fi,a,smsj,
is;=ju wxl 3'2 .ñlhska w;ßka ìys jQ m%OdkSka yeÈkajQfha mreulhska kñks' nÿ wh lr .ekSfï n,h Tjqka i;= j
mej;sKs' miqld,Sk foaYmd,k n,h j¾Okfha jeo.;a wdrïNhla mreuljre u.ska ixfla;j;a flf¾'
±lafjk lreKq úuis,af,ka mÍlaId lrk úg
fmfkkafka fï wjia:dfõ § tlS .ïj, úiQ
.ñlhska w;=ßka jvd n,j;a ;eke;a;d tla
jeõ moaO;shlg wh;a .ï ish,a, ksfhdackh
lsÍug lghq;= lr ;sfnk nj hs' fï ;eke;a;d
ye`ÈkajQfha mreul hk kñks' jeõmoaO;shla
iy Bg wh;a .ï lsysmhl csj;a jQ jeishkaf.a
iqNisoaêh fjkqfjka ;SrK .ekSug n,hla mejÍ
;snqKq ksid mreulhka tl, iudcfha n,j;a
m%N+ka msßila f,i ie,lsKs'
úh<s l,dmhg wh;a ;eks;,d N+ñfha fujeks
jeõmoaO;s ish .Kkla kgnqka j ;sfnkq wo;a
±lsh yels h' thska meyeÈ,s jkafka tajd Ndú;fha
mej;s ld,j, § ta iEu jeõ moaO;shlg u
wh;a mreulfhla isá nj h' fuf,i ìys jQ
mreuljreka ish.Kkla ms<sn`o f;dr;=re merKs
fi,a,smsj, olakg ;sfí' msßñka muKla fkdj
we;eï wjia:dj, ldka;djka o m%dfoaYSh md,khg
35

PdhdrEmh wxl 3'2 bínkalgqj iqidk N+ñfhka fidhd
.kakd ,o fuu ud,h l%sia;= mQ¾j 700-450 w;r ld,hg
wh;a jQjls' mn`M ud,hla jQ fuys olakg ;sfnk we;eï
mn`M wdkhkh lrk ,o tajd hs' j¾Okh jk m%N+kaf.a
cSú;fha iqÅ; uqÈ; iajrEmh ñka ms<sìUq fõ'
yjq,a ù ;sfí' tjeks ldka;djka y`ÿkajk ,oafoa
mreul¨ kñks' iuia;hla f,i .;a úg ta ish¨
fokd úh<s l,dmfha ckdjdi me;sÍ ;snQ m%foaYj,
l=vd N+ñ tall md,kh l< mqoa.,fhda h' fï
wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k n,fha úldYkh
wdrïN jQfha fn§ .sh l%uhla f,i h' tjeks
l%uhla ye`Èkaùug jvd iqÿiq jHjydrh jkafka
úuOH.; md,kh hkak hs'
fï wdldrhg furg m%foaYSh md,kh f.k
.sh mreuljrekaf.a n,h j¾Okh jQ wdldrh
36
flf;la o h;a we;eï wjia:dj, Tjqka —rc˜
hk mofhka ;uka y`ÿkajdf.k ;sfí' ud;f,a
Èia;%slalhg wh;a weUq,awfò kñka ye`Èkafjk
m%foaYfha ;sfnk tla;rd merKs fi,a,smshl
zfmdpks rcZ hkqfjka ye`ÈkajQ m%dfoaYsl
md,lfhl= .ek i`oyka fõ' tys woyi m%dÖk
rc fyj;a kef.kysr m%foaYfha rcq hkakhs'
lE.,af,a msysá hgyf,k kï merKs fn!oaO
úydrfha ;sfnk .,a.=ydjl o zÿy;r rcZ kñkaa
i`oyka l< ;j;a tjeks u m%dfoaYsl md,lhl=
.ek wikakg ,efí'
zrcZ hk mofhka i;=gq lrkakd hk woyi ,efí'
ck;djf.a iqNisoaêh .ek wk,ia j lghq;=
fldg Tjqka i;=gg m;a lrkakd ye`Èkaùug rc
hk moh fhdod ;sfí' mreuljreka tfia l%shd
l< ksid miq lf,l Tjqka ye`Èkaùug tjeks
jHjydrhla Ndú; lr ;sfí' miq ld,fha Y%S
,xldj md,kh l< wNS; rcjreka mrïmrdjla
ìys ùug ;=vqÿka tys wdrïNh ilia jkafka
fujeks miqìul h'
rdcH;ajfha j¾Okh
rdcH;ajfha j¾Okh hkq úflakaø.; j ;snQ
n,h uOH.; ùu hs'
foaYmd,k n,h uOH.; ùu hkq rg tlafiai;a
lsÍu hk woyig iudk fõ' ñka woyia jkafka
n,h tla mqoa.,fhl=f.a wKil hg;g m;a ùuhs'
n,h uOH.; ùfuka rdcHh hk hdka;%Kh
ks¾udKh fõ' tys md,k m%Odkshd rcq jk w;r
Tyqf.a md,khg hg;a jQ ksYaÑ; N+ñ m%foaYhla
ilia fõ'
ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hj, úia;r lr ;sfnk mßÈ
furg md,kh l< m%:u rcq mKavqldNh hs'
uydjxifha i`oyka úia;rh wkqj t rcq"
1' m%foaYSh md,lhska lsysm fofkl= ^ududjreka&
yd igka lr ta m%foaY w;am;a lr .ksñka rc
njg m;a úh'
2' ish md,k uOHia:dkh f,i wkqrdOmqrh
f;dard f.k wkqrdOmqr k.rh f.dvke.S h'
3' ;ukaf.a oi fjks rdc j¾Ifha § Èjhsfka .%du
iSud igyka lsÍu isÿ lf<a h'
foajdkïmsh;siai rdcH iuh jk úg foaYmd,k
n,h uOH.; ùfï wjYH;dj ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh
úh' tA i|yd m%Odk fya;=jla f,i tjl bkaÈhdkq
id.rfha j¾Okh fjñka ;snQ fjf<|du fmkajd
Èh yels h' kef.kysr iy ngysr rgj,a hd
lrñka bkaÈhdkq id.rh yryd jeà ;snqKq uqyqÿ
mreul
mreul mreul
umqreuqld
mreul mreul
mreul
úuOH.; md,k n,h nqla;s ú`Èñka isá mreuljreka
uOH.; md,khg iïnkaO lr .ekSfuka flakaøSh
rdcH md,khla we;s lsÍug ÿgq.euqKq rcq iu;a úh'
fjf<`o ud¾.fha ueo msysá rgla ùu yd Y%S ,xldj
i;=j ;snQ ueKsla" we;=ka iy l=`Mnvq fjf<÷kaf.a
is;a weo.;a fjf<`o NdKav njg m;a j ;sîu
ksid o cd;Hka;r fjf<÷kaf.a wjOdkhg Y%S
,xldj fhduq úh' ke.S tk fuu cd;Hka;r
fjf<`odug iïnkaO ùfï § iajdëk rgla f,i
lghq;= lsÍfï wjYH;dj mek ke.sKs' fï i`oyd
uq`M rg u talSh md,khlg k;= ùfï wjYH;dj
ta jk úg m%n, j isá we;eï m%foaYSsh md,lhskag
jegyS ;sìKs' Y%S uydfndaêka jykafia frdamKh
lrk wjia:dfõ foajdkïmsh;siai rcq l;r.u
iy pkaok.u laI;%shkag ta i`oyd wdrdOkd l<
nj uydjxifha i`oyka h' tmuKla fkdj Y%S
uydfndaêka jykafiaf.a YdLd Èjhsfka úúO
m%foaYj, frdamKh lsÍug trcq l%shd l<
nj o wms oksuq' ish¨ u m%foaYSh md,lhska
w;r iqyo;dj f.dvke.Sfï wjYH;dj
foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud l,amkd l< nj
PdhdrEmh wxl 3'3 fuu PdhdrEmfha ±lafjkafka
merKs ld,fha Ndú;hg .kakd ,o ueá uqød
lsysmhls' fidhd.kakd ,o wjia:dfõ tajdfha lsisjla
igyka j fkd;sìKs' fujeks uqød Ndú; lr ;sfnkafka
rcfha ks,OdÍka úisks' fuu uqød ;=k fidhd.kakd ,oa-
foa ;siaiuydrdufha merKs kd.ßl f.dvke.s,a, mej;s
;ekska h'
fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ' tjl bkaÈhdj md,kh
l< m%;dmj;a wêrdcfhl= jQ wfYdal rc;=ud
úiska tjk ,o mxp ll=O NdKav Ndú; fldg
foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud kej; wNsfIal ùu,
wfYdal rc;=ud úiska Ndú; lrk ,o fojkmsh
hk wNsOdkh Ndú;hg .ekSu yd ñys`ÿ udysñhka
nqÿoyu /f.k furgg jevu lsÍu hk lreKq
bkaÈhdkq id.r l,dmfha rgj,a w;r tjl
j¾Okh fjñka mej;s in`o;dj, iajrEmh
fmkakqï lrhs'
úuOH.; j mej;s Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k
n,h tla ksYaÑ; mqoa.,hl= fj; fhduq ùfï
l%shdj,sfha ;j;a tla kshuqfjl= f,i ÿgq.euqKq
rcq y÷kajdÈh yels h' t;=ud ta i`oyd tjl isá
mreuljrekaf.a iyfhda.h ,nd .;af;a h' fï
nj meyeÈ,s lsÍug m%udKj;a WodyrK trcqf.a
md,k ld,hg wh;a fi,a,smsj, olskakg ;sfí'
rg tlai;a lsÍu ms<sn`o ÿgq.euqKq rcqf.a
jevlghq;=j,g iyNd.s jQ fikam;sjre tjeks
;k;=re ,eîug fmr mreuljreka f,i lghq;=
l< y' fõ`Miquk" Mqiaifoaj" f:rmq;a;dNh iy
kkaÈñ;% hk fikam;sjreka mreulhska f,i
fi,a,smsj, y`ÿkajd § ;sfí' tjeks fi,a,sms
lsysmhla is;=,amõfõ msysá .,a.=ydj, olakg
we;' ÿgq.euqqKq rcq úiska úúO olaI;d ;sfnk
tjeks mreuljrekaf.a iydh ,nd f.k tf;la
úuOH.; j ;snQ foaYmd,k n,h uOH.;
lf<a h' n,h úuOH.; j mej;s wjêfha §
mreul ;;a;ajfha isá m%dfoaYsl m%N+ kdhlfhda
n,h uOH.; jQ miq rcfha úúO ;k;=re
orkakka njg m;a jQy' mreul Mqiaifoaj
mreul fõ`Miquk mreul f:rmq;a;dNh wdÈka
miqlf,l fiakdm;s mreul Mqiaifoaj" fiakdm;s
37
mreul fõ`Miquk iy mreul f:rmq;a;dNh
hkqfjka jHjydr lrk wdldrh iuld,Sk
fi,a,smsj, olakg ;sfí' tfuka u mreul
;k;=r ±rE NdKavd.dßlhska" whleñhka" iy
.nvd md,ljreka .ek o fi,a,smsj, i`oyka h'
idys;H uQ,dY%h wkqj o osjhsk u tla fiai;a l<
m%:u md,lhd f,i y÷kajd we;af;a ÿgq.euqKq
rc;=ud h'

fuf,i merKs Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k n,h

uOH.; lsÍu i`oyd ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud idOkSh
mshjrla ;eî h' Nd;sldNh rcqf.a md,k ld,fha
§ Y%S ,dxlsl ;dkdm;sjrfhl= frdauhg f.dia
ùÿre mn`M /f.k wd nj uQ,dY%hj, i`oyka h'

foaYmd,k n,h uOH.; ùu ;jÿrg;a id¾:l

;;a;ajhlg mßj¾;kh lrkq ,enqfõ jiN
rc;=ud úisks' t;=udf.a md,k ld,fha § iuia;
Y%S ,xldj u tla tallhla f,i l%shd;aul úh'
jiN rc;=ud úiska msysgqjk ,o fi,a,sms furg
mq`M,a m%foaYhl me;sÍ ;sfí' tfuka u mßmd,k
Èia;%slal ^wdia:dk& fjka fldg ta tla tla
Èia;%slal md,kh lsÍug weu;sjreka m;a lsÍu PdhdrEmh wxl 3'5 rejkaje,siEhg uyd mQcdjla
o isÿ jQfha furcqf.a md,k ld,fha § h' jiN l< Nd;sldNh rc;=udf.a ms<srej' fuu m%;sudj
rc;=udf.a ld,fha § hdmkh m%foaYh md,kh ±kg;a rejkaje,siEfha u`Mfõ olakg ;sfí'
lrk ,oafoa t;=ud úiska m;a lrk ,o iDIs.sß
kï weu;sjrhd úiska nj j,a,smqrï rkamf;a ,shd
3'2 rdcH;aj ixl,amh
;sfí' ta ld,fha hdmkh w¾Ooaùmh ye`ÈkajQfha
foaYmd,k n,h uOH.; ùfï § my< jk
kd.§mh ^klÈj& hkqfjks'
uyrcq b;d n,j;a mqoa.,fhls' tfyhska rcq
ish ck;dj bÈßfha fmkS isàug jEhï lr
iajdëk rgla f,i f,dalh yuqfõ fmkS isákakg ;sfnkafka n,iïmkak iajrEmhlsks' rg wd¾Ól
Y%S ,xldjg yels jQfha fuf,i foaYmd,k n,h jYfhka ÈhqKq lsÍu" rgjeishdg wdrlaIdj
uOH.; ùu ksid h' iemhSu" rgjeishdf.a wdOHd;añl ixj¾Okh
f.dvkexùu wdÈ foa ;ukaf.ka rgjeishdg bgq
úh hq;= hq;=lï f,i md,lfhda l,amkd l<y'
mri;=re Wjÿre wjia:dj, § wdrlaIdj i,id §u
jeõ wuqKq bÈ lr wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh lsÍu iy
fjfyr úydr bÈ lrñka ck;djf.a wOHd;auh
fmdaIKh lsÍu óg WodyrK fõ' t<dr"
ksYaYxlu,a, wdÈ úfoaY iïNjhla we;s rcjreka
mjd by; lS wdldrhg lghq;= lsÍfuka ck;d
úYajdih f.dv k.d .;a wdldrhg b;sydih
idlaIs orhs'
PdhdrEmh wxl 3'4 ;siaiuydrdufha merKs ud.u k.rh mej;s
;ekska fidhd .kakd ,o ueá uqødjla' reyqfKa rdclShhka úiska
Ndú; lrk ,o ixfla; lsysmhla fuu uqødfõ i,l=Kq lr ;sfí
38
rcjrekaf.a l%shdl,dmh iy fmkS isàug
W;aidy l< iajrEmh wkqj rdcH;ajh ms<sn`o
úúO ixl,am f.dvke.S we;' ta wkqj foaj;aj,
fndaaêi;aj, m¾j;rdc, ùr;aj iy pl%j¾;S jeks
ixl,am rcjrekag wdfrdamKh úh'
md,kh lsÍfï § rcq foúfhl= f,i fyda
fndaêi;a;ajfhl= f,i fmkS isàu iq,n j ±lsh
yels h' oUq¨ úydrfha m¾j;hl we;s fi,a,smsh
msysgjQ l+glKaK wNh rc;=ud tys ;uka y`ÿkajd
§ ;sfnkafka kf¾Yajr ^krbfir& hk kñks'
tys f;areu krhskag BYaajr foúhka hkak hs'
uyfika rc;=ud jeõ wuqKq ;kjd wd¾Ólhg l<
fufyh ksid t;=ud ñkafkaßh foúhka f,i
mQckSh;ajhg ,la úh' j¾;udkfha o uyfika
foúhkag fjka jQ foajd, úh<s l,dmfha olakg
;sfí'
m<uq jk ldYHm rc;=ud l=fõr f,i fmkS
isáfha h' trcq ye`Èkaùug fi,a,smshl zw,lmh
uyrcZ hk fhÿu Ndú; lr ;sfí' thska woyia
lrk ,oafoa wd,lukaodêm;s uyrcq hkak hs'
wd,lukaodj hkq Okhg wêm;s f,i ie,flk
l=fõrf.a jdiNjk hs' wd,lukaodj hkq
m¾j;hla nj idys;H uQ,dY%hj, i`oyka fõ'
m¾j;rdc hk ixl,amfhka fmks isàu merKs
ld,fha wdishdfõ md,lhka wkq.ukh l<
ms<sfj;ls'
rcq fndaêi;a;ajfhl= f,i fmks isàu o óg
wod< ;j;a wdldrhls' rcq ish ck;djf.a ys;iqj
msKsi idOdrK hqla;s.rel ±yeñ md,khla
mj;ajd f.k hdug j.lSfuka ne`§ isák nj tla
w;lska thska fmkakqï l< w;r ;j;a w;lska
ck;dj rcq flfrys úYajdih yd f.!rjh ±laúh
hq;= wdldrh;a thska ms<sìUq flßKs'
furg rcjreka úiska wkqolakd ,o ;j;a
woyila jQfha pl%j¾;S ixl,amh hs' pl%j¾;S
hkq iuia; f,dalhg u wêm;s hk f;areu
,nd fok ixl,amhls' ixialD; NdIdjg wh;a
tu moh isxy, NdIdfõ § jHjydr jkafka
ilaú;s hkqfjks' l%sia;= j¾Ifhka kjjk iy
oy jk ishjiaj, § furg we;eï md,lfhdaa
fuu fhÿu ish wkkH;dj ms<sìUq lsÍug fhdod
.;ay' úfYaIfhka u ksYaYxlu,a, rc;=ud ish
fi,a,smsj, ;uka y`ÿkajd .ekSug ld,sx.
pl%j¾;S iajdóka jykafia hk moh Ndú;
lf<a h'
rdcH;ajh ms<sn`o úúO jHjydr olakg ;snqK o
ta iEu ixl,amhla u rcqf.a Wiia nj ye`.ùug
Ndú; lrk ,o tajd h' md,lhd jgd tjeks
W;=ï njla ks¾udKh ùfï § md,lhd wdo¾Yj;a
ùu ck;djf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j úh' bka tfia
l%shd lsÍug md,lhdg o n,mEula we;s ùu
iajdNdúl h' Od¾ñl rdcH md,khlg wjYH
ixl,amSh moku ks¾udKh jQfha tf,i h'
rdcH Wreuh
merKs Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH Wreuh ,enqKq wdldrh
úuid ne,Sfï § th ifydaorhdf.ka ifydaorhdg
fyda mshdf.ka miq mq;dg fyda ysñ jQ nj fmkS hhs'
foajdkïmsh;siai rcqf.a wNdjfhka miq Tyqf.a
fidfydhqfrda rclug m;a jQy' ÿgq.euqKq
rcqg miq j n,hg m;a jQfha Tyqf.a fidhqre
ioaOd;siai h' ifydaorhdf.ka ifydaorhdg
rclu ysñ ùfï § fndfyda ÿrg rcqg nd,
fidhqrka w;ßka jeäuy,a u fidhqrdg n,h ysñ
ù we;' tfia fkdjqKq wjia:dj, § .egqï mej;s
nj b;sydih foi ne,Sfï § fmkS hhs'
mshdf.ka mq;dg rclu Wreu ùu olakg ,efnk
iq,n isÿùuls' ldjka;s;siai rcqf.ka miq
ÿgq.euqKqg rclu ysñ úh' jiN rcqf.a wejEfuka
Tyq mq;a jxlkdisl;siaig o rclu ysñ úh'
fufia mshdf.ka mq;dg rclu ysñ ùu Y%S ,dxflah
b;sydih mqrd olakg ,efnk w;r th rcqf.a
jeäuy,a mq;%hdyg ke;skï w.ìijf.a jeäu,a
mq;%hd yg Wreu úh' tfia fkdjQ wjia:dj,
§ .egqï we;s jQ njg b;sydifha idlaIs we;'
ldYHm rcq ;u mshd jQ Od;=fiak rcqf.ka rdcHh
meyer.;a nj wm okakd lreKls' rcqg tfia
lsÍug isÿ jQfha Od;=fiak rcqf.a w.ìijf.a
mq;d jQ uq.,ka l=ure rdcH;ajfha kshu ysñlre
jQ neúks' ldYHm l=uref.a uj Od;=fiak rcqf.a
fojk ìijls'
39
óg wu;r j rcqf.a ìijf.a fidhqrdg yd rcqf.a
fidhqßhf.a mq;%hdg rclu ysñ jQ wjia:d o we;'
tfia jQfha by; lS wdldrhg kshu ysñlrejl=
fkdjQ wjia:dj, h'
rdcH ;ka;%h
foaYmd,k n,h úuOH.; j mej;s wjêfha
mreuljreka j isá fndfyda fokd taldnoaO
lr rdcHh f.dvke.=Kq fyhska rcq ish¨
mreuljrekaf.a m%Oානිhd f,i lghq;=
lf<a h' tfyhska rcq ye`Èkaùug uydmreul
fyj;a umqreuqld hk moh Ndú; úh' n,h
uOH.; ùug fmr wjêfha § we;eï n,j;a
mreuljreka rc hk jHjydrh Ndú; l< whqre
fuhg fmr i`oyka flßKs' tfy;a foaYmd,k
n,h uOH.; jQ miq rfÜ md,lhd ye`Èkaùug
Ndú; lrk ,oafoa uyrc hk moh hs'
Y%S% ,xldfõ foaYmd,k n,h uOH.; ùfuka miq
f.dvke.=Kq rdcH mßmd,k ieleiaug wh;a jQ
ks,Odßka ;ka;%fha jHqyh fln`ÿ ù ±hs furg
merKs;u fi,a,sms weiqfrka ;rula ÿrg f;areï
.; yels h'
uyrc ^umqreuqld&
uyweu;s ^uyu;&
weu;sjre ^wfu;& + fiakdm;sjre ^fYkm;s&
NdKavd.dßl ^nv.ßl&
fNdackYd,d wêldÍ ^n;.=&
j;aisß;a iy pdß;% ms<sn`o wêldÍ ^fld;=re.E kd&
k.r mßmd,l ^k.r.=;sl&
kd.ßl jdia;=úoHd{ ^k.r jqäl& ¬ wYaj wxYfha
m%Odks ^wi wfol&¬ we;a wxYfha m%Odks ^y;s wfol&
¬kdgH wxYfha m%Odks ^kg wfol&¬ ldis wÉpq
.eiSfï wxY m%Odks ^rem wfol& ¬ fjf<`o lghq;=
Ndr m%Odks ^mk wfol& ¬ rdcH f,ALkd.dr m%Odks
^lkfmäl&
fï wdldrfha ks,OdÍ ;ka;%hla u.ska md,kh
40
f.k hdug uy;a msájy,la ,eìKs' bka jvd;a
m%fhdackh ,enqfKa rfÜ fmdÿ uyck;djg h'
3'3 furg md,kh l< fY%aIaG rcjre
Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k n,h j¾Okh ùu
È.=ld,hla ;siafia isÿ fjñka ;snQ iudc- wd¾Ól
l%shdj,shl n,mEug ,la fjñka isÿ jQ wdldrh
fuf;la idlÉPd l< lreKqj,ska Tng meyeÈ,s
jkakg we;' úfYaIfhka u l%sia;= mQ¾j m<uq jk
ishjfia w.Nd.h jk úg bkaÈhdkq id.rfha
l%shd;aul fjñka mej;s wka;¾cd;sl fjf<`o
lghq;=j,ska kshñ; m%;s,dN ysñ lr .ekSug
kï fn§ .sh md,khlg jvd ld¾hlaIu
jkafka uOH.; md,khla nj wjfndaO lr
.;a md,lfhda ta i`oyd wjYH lghq;= iïmdokh
l<y' Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k n,h j¾Okh
ùug iudka;r j md,lhska úiska wkq.ukh
l< m%;sm;a;s iy Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh furg
md,kh l< rcjre lsysm fofkl= weiqfrka
fuu fldgfia § idlÉPd lsÍug kshñ; h'
ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud
ft;sydisl uQ,dY%h u.ska úia;rd;aul f,i
yqjd olajk ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud furg foaYmd,k
n,h ksis whqßka ixúOdkh lsÍug b;d jeo.;a
fufyhla bgq l< md,lfhls' t;=udf.a ld,h
jk úg YS>%fhka ÈhqKq fjñka ;snQ bkaÈhdkq
id.rfha fjf<`o lghq;= ksid ire wdodhula
Wmojk ,o udf;dg wka;¾cd;sl jrdh tjl
wkqrdOmqrfha n,h ysñ lr f.k isá t<dr kï
md,lhdf.a wKilska uqod f.k rg tlai;a
lsÍfï wjYH;dj jgyd .ekSug t;=ud iu;a
úh' ish mshd jQ ldjka;siai uyrc;=udf.a wjjdo
wkqYdikd iy ie,iqï wkqj lghq;= lrñka ta
i`oyd ÿgq.euqKq l=ure l%shd l< wdldrh furg
foaYmd,k b;sydifha jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhls'
furg b;sydifha m%:u ixúOdkd;au; igka
jHdmdrhg kdhl;ajh fok ,oafoa t;=ud úisks'
;ud úiska t<dr rcqg tfrys j lrk igk
yqfola u ;udf.a fm!oa.,sl rciem msKsi
lrkakla fkdj th fn!oaO Ydikfha hym;
Wfoid isÿ lrkakla nj m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfuka
md,lhd rg fjkqfjka fmdÿ wruqKla uq,a
lr .ksñka foaYmd,k l%shdj,shlg t<fUk
wdldrh fmkajd fohs' igk ksud ùfuka miqj
mrdchg m;a ish m%;su,a,jhdf.a fidfydkg
ksis f.!rjdpdr meje;aùug wK lsÍfuka ish
rdc;dka;%sl nj m< lsÍug t;=ud lghq;= lf<a h'
fuu mdvfï rdcH;ajh j¾Okh fldgfia §
meyeÈ,s l< wkaoug ta jk úg;a úuOH.; j mej;s
m%dfoaYsl n,h ysñ lr.;a mreuljreka taldnoaO
lr .ekSug iu;a ùu ÿgq.euqKq rcq úiska furg
foaYmd,k n,h j¾Okh ùfï l%shdj,shg ±lajQ
jeo.;a u odhl;ajh hs' wjidkfha rfÜ uyrcq
f,i wNsfIal ,enQ t;=udg uy;a n,hla ysñ úh'
;ud fl;rï n,iïmkak jqj o md,lhd f,i
;udf.a j.lSu ck;djf.a Y=Nisoaêh ie,iSu
nj jgyd .ekSug t;=ud iu;a jQ nj ck;dj
fj; ±la jQ iykYS,S wdl,amh u.ska ms<sìUq fõ'
rejkaje,s uydiEh bÈ lrk ld,h ;=< tys i;r
fodrgqfõ okaie,a mej;aùu;a, ia;+mh bÈ lsÍug
iyNd.s jk ish¨ fokdg jegqma f.ùug kshu
lsÍu;a Bg ksoiqkls' ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud ms<sn`o
w.h l< hq;af;a t;=ud furg nqÿoyu fjkqfjka
bgq l< fiajh ksid muKla u fkdfõ'
úuOH.;j mej;s Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k n,h
jvd;a Yla;su;a mokul ixúOdkh lsÍug uq,a
ù lghq;= lsÍu o ta rc;=udf.a l%shdl,dmfhka
biau;= ù fmfkk ;j;a úfYaI ,laIKhls'
jiN rc;=ud
,ïnl¾K jxifha wdrïNl md,lhd jQ jiN
rc;=ud furg md,lhska w;r ;j;a lemS
fmfkk pß;hls' rfÜ wNHka;r md,kh úêu;a
f,i ixúOdkh lsÍug t;=ud úiska wkq.ukh
lrk ,o l%shdms<sfj; wdo¾Yj;a h' t;=ud
úiska Èjhsfka fkdfhla m%foaYj, msysgqjk ,o
fi,a,sms úYd, m%udKhla ;sfí' tajdfha i`oyka
lr ;sfnk f;dr;=rej,g wkqj ta rc;=ud furg
m<d;a fnod mßmd,kh úêu;a lsÍug W;aidy
lf<a h' tfuka u rcfha nÿ wh lsÍu jvd;a
l%uj;a jQfha o furcqf.a md,k ld,fha § nj
t;=ud úiska msysgqjk ,o fi,a,smsj,ska meyeÈ,s
fõ'
m<uq jrg fï rfÜ úYd, m%udKfha jeõ bÈ lsÍug
mqfrda.dó jQfha jiN rc;=ud nj ft;sydisl
uQ,dY%hj, i`oyka f;dr;=rej,ska wkdjrKh
fõ' trcq úYd, m%udKfha jeõ tfldf<dila bÈ
lr jQ nj jxil:dj, úia;r lr ;sfí' fujeks
lghq;a;la i`oyd ysájk u keUqre ùug fya;=j
ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ l%sIaK .x.d ksïkfha we;s jQ
wdydr ysÕhla fya;=fjka furg ksmojk OdkH
i`oyd úYd, b,a¨ula we;s ùu hs' jyd kj c,dY
bÈ lsÍug rcfha uqo,a jeh lsÍug jiN rc;=ud
úiska .kakd ,o ;SrKh tjl mek ke.=Kq
wka;¾cd;sl l,dmSh wjYH;djlg uqyqK §u
i`oyd .;a idOkSh jQ;a ÿrolakd jQ;a ;SrKhls'
furg fn!oaO fjfyrúydr m%;sixialrKh
i`oyd jiN rc;=ud úiska l%shd l< wdldrh wka
lsisÿ md,lfhl=f.a l%shdl,dmhg fkdfofjks
h' fn!oaO úydrj, ÈrE ;eka m%;sixialrKh
i`oyd;a NslaIQka jykafia,df.a isõmih imhd
.ekSug;a trcq úiska úydrj,g fok ,o §ukd
i`oyka fi,a,sms rdYshla ;sfí'
rfÜ foaYSh wdodhu jeä lr .ekSug wjYH lrk
moku ilia fldg ta ,efnk wdodhu Ndú;
fldg rfÜ jdßud¾. ÈhqKq lsÍug;a tu.ska rfÜ
ck;djf.a cSú;h hym;a lsÍug;a jiN rc;=ud
úiska .kakd ,o ;SrK wdo¾Yj;a nj jgyd .;
hq;= h'
m<uq jk úchndyq rc;=ud
furg b;sydihg wh;a ;j;a fY%aIaG md,lhl=
f,i lemS fmfkkafka m<uq jk úchndyq
rc;=ud hs' ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq fpda< rcjrekaf.a
n,h j¾Okh ù wk;=rej Y%S ,xldj §¾>
ld,hla fpda< md,khg k;=j ;snQ wjêhl
b;du;a isys kqjKska hq;= j ie,iqï iy.;
wdldrhlg ix.%du jHdmdrhlska fpda< n,h
ue~ meje;aùug ta rc;=ud l%shd lf<a h'
l=vd ld,fha § lS¾;s kñka ye`ÈkajQ trc;=ud
reyqK m%foaYhg f.dia tys ye§ jeäKs' lS¾;s
l=urekag;a Tyqf.a fouõmshka we;=`M rdclSh
mjq,g;a tys § /ljrKh imhk ,oafoa
reyqfKa jdih l< rcfha ks,Odßfhls' Tyq
kñka is;akdreìu nqo,a kd fõ' Tyq wdrlaIl
ks,Odßfhls' nqo,a kd úiska rdclSh mjq,g ,nd
fok ,o /ljrKfha iajNdjh ms<sn`o lÈu
úia;rhla m<uq jk úchndyq rc;=ud úiska
,shjk ,o mkdlvqj ;U ikakfia we;=<;a h'
n,j;a fpda< md,lhskag úreoaO j lghq;=
41
lsÍug m<uq jk úchndyq rc;=ud úiska .kakd
,o ish¨ mshjr rfÜ iuia; N+ñfha meje;au
wdrlaId lr .ekSu Wfoid wkq.ukh lrk ,o
idOkSh ms<sfj;ls' lsishï rgl N+ñfha ksoyi
iy wLKav;dj hk ixl,am y`ÿkajkq ,nkafka
fN!ñl wLKav;dj hk kñks' lsishï md,lhl=
úiska rgl fN!ñl wLKav;dj wdrlaId lsÍu
rgjeishka fjkqfjka Tyq úiska bgq l< hq;= j
;sfnk m%Odk j.lSuls'
igka jHdmdrhla uÕska fpda< md,lhska mrod
rg kej;;a tla fiai;a l< úchndyq rc;=ud
wk;=rej rg ixj¾Okh lsÍug uy;a fjfyila
±Í h' fpda< md,k iufha § ksis whqßka kv;a;=
fkdjQ fn!oaO fjfyr úydr m%;sixialrKh lsÍug
t;=ud jyd lghq;= lf<a h' rfÜ wd¾Ólh iúu;a
lsÍug trc;=ud b;d jeo.;a mshjrla wkq.ukh
lf<ah' ta wkqrdOmqrh fjkqjg fmdf<dkakrej
ish md,k uOHia:dkh njg m;a lr .ekSu
hs' fujeks mshjrla .ekSug t;=ud fm<UqfKa
ta jk úg;a tf;la bkaÈhdkq id.rfha ngysr
m%foaY uQ,sl fldg f.k mej;s wka;¾cd;sl
fjf<`odu kef.kysr bkaÈhdkq id.r l,dmhg
udre ùu ksid h' tu mßj¾;kh Y%S ,xldjg jvd
jeo.;a jkafka bkaÈhdkq id.rfha kef.kysr
fldgi iuÕ myiqfjka iïnkaO;d meje;aúh
yels wdldrhg mßmd,kh ixúOdkh lr
.ekSu hs' úchndyq rc;=udg fmr úiQ md,lhska
lsysm fofkl= fï iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh
fhduq fldg ;snQK o ta iïnkaOfhka m%dfhda.sl
f,i l%shd lrk ,oafoa úchndyq rc;=ud úisks'
fmdf<dkakrej md,k uOHia:dkh jYfhka
f;dard .ekSug n,mE tla m%Odk fya;=jla f,i
fmfkkafka f.dalKaK;s;a: hkqfjka tl,
ye`ÈkajQ j¾;udk ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh bkaÈhdkq
id.rfha kef.kysr fldgig uqyqK ,d msysgd
;sîu;a tu jrdfha fjf<`o lghq;= md,kh lsÍu
jvd myiqjkafka fmdf<dkakrefõ isg md,kh
lsÍfuka nj md,lhska jgyd .ekSu h'
m<uq jk úchndyq rc;=ud md,lfhl= jYfhka
l%shd l< wdldrh fmdf<dkakre hq.fha b;sydih
flfrys uy;a n,mEula we;s lf<a h' miq lf,l
hqfrdamSh cd;Ska úiska furgg n,mEï t,a,
lrk ;=re Y%S ,xldfõ iaffjÍ;ajh wrdlaId jQfha
tl, rcjrekaf.a nqoaê uysufha iy m%;dmj;a
woyiaj, m%;sM,hla jYfhks'
42
l%shdldrlï 1
my; i|yka kïj,ska ye¢kajQ mqoa.,hska
ljqreka±hs úia;r lrkak
1' .Dym;s
2' .ñl
3' mreul
4' rc
l%shdldrlï 2
wkqrdOmqr yd fmdf<dkakre hq.j, rg
md,kh l< lemS fmfkk rcjre ms<sn`o
flá igykla ,shkak'
jeo.;a lreKq
1'uq,a wjêj, Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k n,h
mej;sfha úuOH.; iajrEmhlsks' m%foaYSh j
n,j;a j isá foaYSh m%N+ka úiska md,k n,h
fufyhjk ,È'
2'.ï uÜgñka md,k lghq;=j,g iyNd.s
jQjka .ñlhska f,i o" .ï lsysmhlska
ilia jQ jvd mq`M,a m%foaYhla md,kh l<
mqoa.,hska mreulhska f,i o ye`ÈkaúKs'
.ñlhska ksfhdackh lrk ,oafoa .ul msysá
f.j,a lsysmhlg wêm;s j isá .Dym;ska
h' tjekakka ye`Èkaùug Ndú; lrk ,oafoa
.ym;s hk moh hs'
3' ckdjdi j¾Okh ùu;a Bg iu.dó j
iudcfha úúO wjYH;d mek ke.Su;a ta wkqj
cSjk ;r.ldÍ;ajh we;s ùu;a hk lreKq
fya;= fldg f.k iudchla ;=< we;s jk
.egqï iy fjk;a jHdl+,;d md,kh lsÍug
wjYH lrk n,h fufyhùug foaYmd,k
ixia:d wjYH h' Y%S ,ldfõ merKs iudch
;=< foaYmd,k n,h j¾Okh jkafka o tjeks
wjYH;d mokï lr f.k h'
4'úuOH.; j mej;s furg foaYmd,kh
uOH.; lsÍfï jHdmdrh wdrïN lrk ,oafoaa
ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud úisks' foaYmd,k wruqKla
Wfoid m<uq jrg furg b;sydifha
 ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud wdrïN l< tu lghq;a;
mßK;shg m;ajkafka ,ïnl¾K jxYsl jiN
rc;=udf.a md,k iufha § h'
5'foaYmd,k n,h flakaø.; ùu hkq rfÜ
md,kh tla md,lhl=f.a wKil hg;g m;a
ùu hs' tys § rfÜ mßmd,kh mj;ajd f.k
hdu i`oyd ksYaÑ; rdcH ks,OdÍka uKav,hla
ks¾udKh fõ' rcq we;=¿ tu uKav,h iy
Tjqka úiska mkjkq ,nk kS;SÍ;sj,g;a tajd
l%shd;aul lrk wdh;kj,g;a zrchZ hk
jHjydrh fhfoa'
6'md,kh f.k hdfï § md,lfhda
fkdfhl=;a ixl,am wkqj fmkSs isáfhda
h' foaj;ajhla wdrEV lr .ekSug fndfyda
wjia:dj, Tjqyq jEhï l<y'
mxpll=O NdKav-mxpll=O NdKav hkqfjka ye`Èkafjkafka
mßyrKh lsÍfï § fi!Nd.Hh Wod lrkq we;ehs
ie,flk NdKav myls' Bg j,aúoqkdj" ñrsjeä i`.,"
u.=,alvqj" fiai; iy k<,a máh wh;a fõ' mxpll=O
NdKav Ndú; lr ;sfnkafka rcqka ish wNsfIal W;aijj,
§ h' bkaÈhdfõ wfYdal rc;=ud úiska tjk ,o mxpll=O
NdKav fhdod f.k foajdïmsh;siai rc;=ud fojk jrg;a
wNsfIal ,enQ nj uydjxifha i`oyka h'
fojkmsh wNsOdkh - "foúhkag m%sh jQ" hk w¾:h we;s
fojkmsh ^foajdkïm%sh& wNsOdkh Ndú; lrk ,oafoa
m%;dmj;a bkaÈhdkq wêrdcfhl= jQ wfYdal rc;=ud úisks'
ta rc;=udg iuld,Sk wjÈfha furg md,kh l< ;siai rcq
o tu wNsOdkh Ndú; lrñka foajdkïmsh;siai hkqfjka
ish ku Ndú; lf<a h'
wd,lukaodj - wd,lukaodj hkq Okhg wêm;s l=fõrf.a
jdiNjkh msysá ia:dkh f,i idys;H lD;sj, úia;r lr
;sfí' ta wkqj foúhka .ejfik th W;=rel=re Èjhskg
wh;a iuDoaêu;a k.rj,ska tlla f,i idys;Hfha úia;r
flf¾'
43
 4 Y%S ,xldfõ merKs iudch
ye`Èkaùu
´kE u ld,hl ´kE u iudchl cSj;a jk jeä
msrsi idudkH ck;dj hs' md,lhska" rcfha
ks,OdÍka" wd.ñl kdhlhska iy fjk;a m%N+ka
wdÈka ta w;r isák iq`M msßils' b;sydih
hkq fï ish¨ fokdf.a ls%hdldrlï ms<sìUq
lrk w;S;h hs' lreK tfia jqj o fndfyda
ft;sydisl uQ,dY%h jeä wjOdkhlska bÈßm;a
lr ;sfnkafka fojkqj lS iq`M msßig wod<
úia;r hs' tfyhska w;S;fha idudkH ck;dj
ms<sn`o wm okakd f;dr;=re iSñ; h' wfma rfÜ
b;sydih jvd fyd`Èka f;areï .ekSug kï
mqrdK ld,fha úiQ idudkH ck;djf.a cSú;h
.ek f;dr;=re bf.k .ekSu wjYH h' fuu
mdvfuka fï ish,a, ms<sn`o fndfyda f;dr;=re
±k .ekSug Tng wjia:djla ,efnkq we;'
4'1 md,kfha iajrEmh
mqrdK ld,fha wm rg md,kh lf<a rcjreka
nj ft;sydisl uQ,dY%h úia;r lr ;sfí'
tf,i md,kh f.k hdfï § wkq.ukh l<
rdcH;dka;%sl ms<sfj< l=ula ± hs hk lreK
meyeÈ,s lrk b;d jeo.;a f;dr;=re fi,a,smsj,
i`oyka h'
´kE u rgl md,kh fufyhjk wdh;k ;=kla
;sfí' tajd ye`Èkafjkafka jHjia:dodhlh"
úOdhlh iy wêlrKh hkqfjks' rch
hkqfjka woyia lrkafka fuu wdh;k ;=k
hs' jHjia:dodhlh hkq rgl kS;s iïmdokh
lrk wdh;kh hs' j¾;udkfha wfma rfÜ
md¾,sfïka;=j u.ska tu lghq;a; bgq lrkakd
fia mqrdK ld,fha th bgq lrk ,oafoa
rdciNdj úisks' úOdhlh hkq kS;s l%shd;aul
lrk wdh;kh hs' Bg iïnkaO jkafka rcfha
ks,OdÍka h' wêlrKh u.ska kS;s W,a,x>kh
ùfuka iudchlg we;s úh yels ydksh j<lajd
rgjeishd fj; hqla;sh mis`o,kq ,nhs'
44
mqrdK ld,fha wfma rfÜ úOdhlhla iy
wêlrKhla ;sìKs' jHjia:dodhlh f,i
l%shd;aul jQfha o úOdhlh hs' jHjia:dodhl
uKav,hla f,i fjk u iajdëk wdh;khla
tl, fkdjQfha tiufha furg mej;sfha
rdcdKavq l%uhla jQ ksid h' úOdhlh iy
jHjia:dodhlh ye`Èkaùug l%sia;= j¾Ifhka
kjjk ishjfia ,shejqKq fi,a,smsj, fhdod
;sfnkafka tla;ekaiñh hk fhÿu hs'
wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalhg wh;a nqoaOkafkafy,
kï ia:dkfha msysá fi,a,smshl —wm fu;=jdla
fokd wjqoa ˜ j;aysñhka jykafia jod< —tla;eka
iñfhka˜ hkqfjka l< igykla olakg ;sfí'
tys fh§ ;sfnk —tla;ekaiñh˜ hk moh ilia
ù ;sfnkafka tal wdia:dk iduHh hk mo
wdY%fhks' tal wdia:dk hkqfjka ye`Èkafjkafka
rdc iNdj hs' iduHh hk jpkfhka tl`.;dj
hk f;areu ,efí' túg tla;eka iñh hkq rdc
iNdfõ tl`.;dj hk woyi ,nd fohs' by;ska
i`oyka l< nqoaOkafkfy, fi,a,smsfha msysgqjd
;sfnkafka bvï mQcdjla m%ldYhg m;a lrkq
msKsi h' tu §ukdj msßkukafka rdc iNdfõ
tl`.;dfjka rcq wK l< ksid nj tu ,smsfha
i`oyka mdGfhka lshefõ' j;aysñhka jod< hk
mofhka rcqf.a wd{dj woyia lrhs' j;aysñ hk
moh rcq ye`Èkaùug fh¥ m¾hdh mohls'
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka kjjk ishjig wh;a fi,a,smsj,
i`oyka jk mßÈ rcfha bvï fn!oaO úydr fj;
msßkeófï lghq;a;g meñKs we;eï ks,OdÍka
ksfhdackh lrkafka ziNdjZ kñka ye`ÈkajQ
ia:dkhls' wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalfhka fidhd f.k
;sfnk fi,a,smshl i`oyka jk mßÈ flfr<E.u
kï bvu uyskaodrdu kï fufyKs wdrduhg
msßkeóug ueKska.uqfõ Woh iy kslje,af,a
fiak kï jQ ks,OdÍka iNdj ksfhdackh lsÍug
tys meñK ;sfí' ta nj tu fi,a,smsfha olajd
;sfnkafka
zziNdfhka wd ueKska.uq Woys bid kslje,s
fikq bidZZ hkqfjks'
 fuys iNdj hk mofhka woyia lr ;sfnkafka
tjl mej;s wêlrKh hs' rch i;= bvï
fjk;a wfhl=g mejÍu kS;suh lghq;a;ls'
tfyhska tys § wêlrKh ksfhdackh lrk
ks,OdÍkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh wjYH lghq;a;ls'
tjeks wjia:dj, § tu ks,OdÍkaf.a rdcldßh
jkakg we;af;a msßkukq ,nk bvfï iSud iy
bvu N+la;s ú`§ug wod< fldkafoais f,aLk.;
lsÍu úh hq;= h'

iNdj hk jpkh fkdfhfok ;eka

lsysmhl zuyf,aZ hk moh olakg ;sfí' th
uydf,aLl hk moh merKs isxy, NdIdfjka
,shk ,o wdldrh hs' th uyf,alï hk jpkfha
f;areug iudk h' rcfha f,alïjrekaf.a
rdcldßh ish¨ rcfha lghq;= f,aLk.; lsÍu
iy tu f,aLk wdrlaId lr .ekSug wjYH
lrk lghq;= iïmdokh lsÍu h' fujeks
uyf,alïjrfhl= .ek ueÈß.sßfhka fidhd
f.k ;sfnk fi,a,smshl i`oyka h' ta ld,fha
ueÈß.sßfha msysgd ;snQ we;afjfyr kñka ye`ÈkajQ
mOdk>rhlg fojk fiak rc;=udf.a wKska
msßkuk ,o bvï mQcd lr tys kS;suh lghq;= bgq
lsÍug ldYHm kue;s uyf,alïjrhd ^uyf,a
liand& tys meñKs nj tu fi,a,smsfha i`oyka h'
wkqrdOmqrh w.k.rh f,i mej;s hq.fha § rfÜ
md,k flakaøia:dkh jQfha o th hs' rcq w.k.rfha
isg rg md,kh lf<a h' j¾;udk ld,fha fuka
ikaksfõokh iy .ukd.ukh myiq fkdjQ ta
ld,fha wkqrdOmqrfhka wE; m<d;aj, md,k
lghq;= wkqrdOmqrfha isg fufyhùu wmyiq
lreKla nj meyeÈ,s h' fï fya;=j ksid m<d;a
md,kh i`oyd rchg iïnkaO fjk u mßmd,k
tall ;snQ nj meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug bjy,a jk
idOl idys;H uQ,dY%hj, olakg ;sfí' fï
i`oyd fmkajd Èh yels ksoiqkla jkafka jiN
rc;=udf.a md,k ld,fha § rpkd lrk ,o
j,a,smqrï rkam;a f,aLkh hs' tu f,aLkfha
i`oyka lr ;sfnkafka jiN rc;=udf.a md,k
iufha kd.§mh md,kh l< iDIs.sß kï

PdhdrEmh wxl 4'1 l%sia;= j¾Ifhka 9 jk ishjfia § rpkd lrk ,o

fi,a,smshl ±lafjk ixfla; lsysmhla' fuys jgdm;l i,l=K u`.ska
rdclSh;ajh yÕjk fixflda,h o je,la fuka i,l=K u`.ska yxihd
o ksrEms; h' yxihd i,l=Kq lrkafka fok ,o §ukdfõ mú;%;ajhhs'
by<ska u we;s wvi`o ,l=fKka fuu §ukdj br y`o mj;akd ;dla l,a
mj;sk nj o n,a,d yd lmqgd ixfla;h u`.ska fuu §ukdjg ndOd
l<jqka u;= wd;aufha tjeks i;=ka j bmefok nj;a y`.jhs'
45
weue;shd tys mshx.=l;siai kï úydrh bÈ l<
nj hs' fuu i`oyk u`.ska meyeÈ,s j fmkajd
fokafka m%;Hka; m%foaY md,kh lsÍug uOHu
rcfha ksfhdacs;hska m;a fldg ;snQ wdldrh hs'
óg wu;r j Bg;a jvd my< uÜgfï mßmd,k
lghq;= fufyhùug iajdëk uKav, ta ta
m%foaYj, ;sìKs' l%sia;= j¾Ifhka kjjk
ishjfia mej;s tjeks m%foaYSh uÜgfï mßmd,k
uKav, fi,a,smsj, y`ÿkajd § ;sfnkafka zoi.ï
we;a;ka‍‍ ' hkqfjks' .ï oyhla ksfhdackh jk
mßÈ tajdfha m%OdkSkaf.ka iukaú; tu uKav,h
iq`M mßudKfha mßmd,k lghq;=j, iyNd.s ù
;sfí' ud;f,a Èia;%slalhg wh;a merKs fn!oaO
úydrhla jQ l`MÈhfmdl=fKa ;sfnk fi,a,smshl
tu úydrhg odkh mQcd lsÍfï § hï .eg¨ldß
;;a;ajhla mek ke.=K fyd;a oi.ï we;a;ka
/ia ù th úi`od Èh hq;= nj i`oyka lr ;sfí'
mßmd,kfha § rfÜ ck;djf.a iqNisoaêh m;d
lghq;= lsÍug md,lfhda lghq;= l<y' wd.ñl
ia:dkj,g §ukd msßkeóu muKla fkdj
idudkH ck;djf.a hym; fjkqfjka o Tjqyq
l%shd l<y' úfYaIfhka u ck;djg w;HjYH
ldrKhla jk fmdÿ fi!LH myiqlï k.d
isgqùug md,lfhda ksn`o j ish wjOdkh fhduq
l<y' zfjcacid,dZ hk moh merKs idys;H
uQ,dY%hj, i`oyka h' thska woyia lrk ,oafoa
frday,a h' zfjcZ hkqfjka y`ÿkajk ,o ffjoHjre
.ek l%sia;= mQ¾j fojk ishji ;rï wE;
ld,hlg wh;a fi,a,smsj, i`oyka fõ' nqoaOodi
rc;=ud ^l%s'j 340-368& frday,a bÈ lsÍug uy;a
fjfyila ±rE md,lfhls' miajk uyskao rc;=ud
^l%s'j' 982-1029& tjl Y%S ,xldfõ fkdfhla
m<d;aj, msysgqjd ;snQ frday,aj,g wjYH ish¨
foa ,nd §ug lghq;= lf<a h' y;rjk ldYHm
rc;=udf.a ^l%s'j' 898 -914& md,k ld,fha §
wkqrdOmqr iy tys wjg m%foaYj, oreKq WK
frda.hla me;sr .sfha h' tjl mej;s idudkH
frday,aj, ;sfnk myiqlï hgf;a tu WK
frda.h je<÷Kq frda.skag m%;sldr lsÍu wmyiq
nj jgyd .;a rc;=ud ta i`oyd úfYaI frday,la
bÈ l< nj;a ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hj, ioyka h' ta
i`oyd zWmi.a.frda.kdiZ hk fhÿu uQ,dY%hj,
oelafõ'
46
.eìks uõjrekaf.a wjYH;d i`oyd ud;D ksjdi bÈ
lsßug m<uq jk Wm;siai rc;=ud ^l%s'j' 365-406&
ls%shd lf<a h' tjeks Yd,d y`ÿkajd § ;sfnkafka
zmijka;skdu id,dZ hk kñks' m%iQ;sh i`oyd
bÈ l< Yd,d hkq tys woyi hs' fi,a,smsj,
tjeks f.dvke.s,s ;sôßf.a hkqfjka kï fldg
;sfí' b;d merKs ld,hl isg furg ud;D
ksjdi bÈ lsÍfï iïm%odh mej;sKs' mKavqldNh
rcqf.a ld,fha wkqrdOmqrfha fid;aÓid,d kñka
y`ÿkajk ,o f.dvke.s,s úfYaIhla ;sìKs'
fid;aÓid,d hk ku n%dyauKhska ish wd.ñl
lghq;= mj;ajk ,o ;eka ye`Èkaùug;a ud;D
ksjdi ye`Èkaùug;a Ndú; l< nj wgqjd .%ka:j,
úia;r lr ;sfí'
wfma rg md,kh l< nqoaêu;a rcjre ;ukaf.a
wi,ajeis rgj,a iu. fuka u we;eï wjia:dj,
ÿre rgj,a iuÕ o b;d iqyoYS,S in`o;djlska
lghq;= l<y' ld,fhka ld,hg tu in`o;d
l%shd;aul jQ m%foaY fjkia jQ w;r bkaÈhdj
we;=`M fjk;a wdishd;sl rgj,a iy wrdìh
iu. b;sydifha wE; ld,hl isg o iuyr
hqfrdamd rdcH iu. uE; ishjiaj, o in`o;d
mej;sKs' ,ïnl¾K jxYhg wh;a Y%S ,xldfõ
lS¾;su;a md,lfhl= jQ m<uq jk .cndyq
rc;=ud ^l%s'j' 114-136& m;a;sks foajd,hla újD;
lsÍfï W;aijhlg iyNd.s ùu i`oyd ol=Kq
bkaÈhdfõ fÉr rdcHhg meñKs nj trfÜ
fi,a,smsj, i`oyka h'
iuyr úg fuu rdcH pdßldfõ wruqK jkakg
we;af;a forg w;r rdcH ;dka;%sl iqyo;dj
kxjd,Su úh yels h'
Nd;sldNh rc;=ud ^l%s'mQ 22 l%s'j 7& úiska
frdaudkql foaYhg ;dkdm;s ks,OdÍka hjk
,o njg i`oykla uydjxihg we;=<;a h' fuys
frdaudkql foaYh hkqfjka y÷kajd ;sfnkafka
frdauh hs' rejkaje,s iEhg mQcdjla meje;aùug
wjYH jQ ùÿre mn`M /f.k tau tu ¥; fufyjf¾
wruqK úh'
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka wg jk yd kjjk ishjiaj, oS
furg md,lfhdaa Ökh iu. ióm in`o;djla
f.dv k.d .;ay' ta ld,h ;=< Ökhg furáka
;dkdm;sjre msg;a j .sfhda h' yh jk w.a.fndaê
rcqf.a md,k ld,fha § fuu in`o;d jvd;a
Yla;su;a ù ;sìKs' tiufha § úis j;djla Y%S
,xldfjka Ökhg rdcH ;dka;%sl ¥; .uka
fhÈKs' fjf<`odfï id¾:l;ajh Ökh iu.
f.dv k.d .;a in`o;dj, uQ,sl miqìu jQ w;r
bka ixialD;sl n,mEula o we;s lf<a h'
Y%S ,xldj ish wi,ajdiS rgj,a iu. meje;ajQ
in`o;d ms<sìUq jk ;j;a wdldrhla ta rgj,a
iu. we;s lr .;a újdy in|;d u.ska ms<sìUq
fjhs' úfYaIfhka u bkaÈhdfõ m%n, rdcH f,i
mej;s ld,sx. iy mdKavH foaY iu. furg
md,lhska we;s lr .;a újdy in`o;d .ek
f;dr;=re jxil:dj, olakg ;sfí' m<uq jk
úchndyq rc;=ud ^l%s'j1070 - 1110& ;sf,daliqkaoÍ
kï jQ ld,sx. jxYsl l=udßldj újdy lr .;a
w;r trcqf.a fidfydhqßh jq ñ;a;d l=ußh újdy
jQfha mdKavH foaYfha l=ufrl= iu. h' {d;s
in`o;d yryd foaYmd,k n,h ia:djr j mj;ajd
f.k hdu fujeks újdy iïnkaO;dj, uQ,sl
wruqK jQ nj fmfka'
NdId- wd.ï w;ska fjkia jqj o ;ukaf.a wi,ajdiS
rgj, m%cdj foi úYajdijka; f,i lghq;= lsÍu
wfma merKs md,lhskaf.a úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ;=<
;snQ lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' m<uq jk úchndyq
rc;=ud úiska fmdf<dkakrefõ msysá o<od
ud,s.fha wdrlaIdj i`oyd fõff,laldr yuqodj
m;a lsÍu thg lÈu ksoiqkls' fõff,laldr
yuqodj hkq ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka fuys meñKs
jegqmg fiajh lrk wdrlaIl fiakdjls'
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka oy jk ishjiska miq
ld,fha § wfma rcjre wrdì rgj,a iu.
b;d iqyo in`o;djla f.dv k.d .;ay' wrdì
fjf<`ÿkaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka tjl bkaÈhdkq
id.rfha l%shd;aul j mej;s fjf<`o lghq;=j,g
Y%S ,xldfõ odhl;ajh ia:djr f,i mj;ajd
f.k hdu tys wruqK jQ nj fmfka' l%sia;=
j¾Ifhka kjjk ishjfiA cSj;a jQ wrdì cd;sl
b;sydi`{hl= jQ w,a-n,iQß i`oyka lrk wkaoug
tiufha r;=leg Èjhsfka ^fï kñka y`ÿkajk
,oafoa Y%S ,xldj hs& rcq bia,dóh rcq iu. ;E.s
yqjudre lr .;af;a h'
idrdxY jYfhka oelajqj fyd;a mqrdK ld,fha
furg mej;s md,kfha uQ,sl wruqK jQfha
rgjeishd w;r iduldó iycSjkhla we;s
lsÍu;a Tjqkaf.a iqNidOkh ie,iSu;a uõìfï
iqrlaIs;;dj iy rgjeishdf.a wkd.; ÑrcSjkh
Wfoid N=ñfha wLKav;ajh wdrlaId lsÍu;a h' Bg
iudka;r j ;ukaf.a wi,ajdiS rgj,a iu. iqyo
j wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lsÍug o Tõyq ÿrolakd
{dkhlska hq;= j l%shd l< nj o fmfka'
4'2 wd¾Òlh
rfÜ fndfyda msßila cSj;a jQfha .ïj, h' ta
.ïj, jeishkaf.a cSú; j¾;udkhg idfmalaI j
b;d ir, wdldrhg yev .eiS ;sìKs' fndfyda
fokdf.a cSjk jD;a;sh jQfha f.dú;ek hs'
we;euqka fyaka f.dú;ekaj, fhÿK w;r fiiq
wh l=Uqre f.dú;ekaj, ksr; jQy' cSj;a ùu
i`oyd i;=ka we;s lsÍu mej;sKs' Bg wu;r j
fkdfhla jD;a;Skaj, fhÿKq msßia Tjqkag u
fjka jQ .ïj, cSj;a jQy'
4'2'1 f.dú;ek
Y%S ,xldfõ merKs iudcfha jdih l< fndfyda
.eñhkaf.a m%Odk cSjk jD;a;sh jQfha f.dú;ek
hs' i;=ka we;s lsÍu fyj;a mY= md,kh o
f.dú;eka lghq;=j,g u ;okqnoaO j mj;ajd
f.k .sh lghq;a;ls' f.dú;eka lghq;= wdldr
follg isÿ flßKs' bka m<uq jekak fyaka
f.dú;ek hs' fojekak uv f.dú;ek fyj;a
l=Uqre f.dú;ekhs' fï w;ßka jvd;a merKs fyaka
f.dú;ek nj ft;sydisl iy mqrdúoHd;aul
uQ,dY%h u.ska ;yjqre lrhs' nq;airK kï
idys;H lD;sfha fifyka hkqfjka o isxy,
Wïu.a. cd;lfha fiaka hkqfjka o fi,a,smsj,
zmsáìïZ hkqfjka o y`ÿkajd § ;sfnkafka merKs
ld,fha ;snQ fyaka h'
fyaka f.dú;ek - fyaka f.dú;ek hkq f.dv
f.dú;ekls' ;ukag wjYH m%udKfha OdkH
iy t<j`M jjd .ekSug m%udKj;a ;rfï bvï
fldgila uyle,Ejlska fjka fldg f.k
th lmd .sks ;eîfuka fyakla ilia lr .kq
,efí' fuys § úYd, .ia lmd fkd±óug j.
n,d .efka' uQ,sl jYfhka t<sfmfy<s lr .;a
le,E fldgi .sks;eîug fmr ish¨ i;=kag bka
bj;a jk f,i Yío k.d lE .eiSu isÿ lrkafka
fyak wh;a f.dúhd úisks'
47
 PdhdrEmh wxl 4'2 ilia lr fnda. isgqùug fmr kj±<s fyakl o¾Ykhla
w¨;ska .sks;nd .;a fyakla y`ÿkajkafka kj±,s
fyak kñks' tjeks fyaka b;d ireidr h'
kj±,sfiak hk fhÿu ioaO¾ur;kdj,sfha o
fh§ ;sfí' Y%S ,xldfõ we;eï m<d;aj, kj±,s
fyak hk fhÿug fjk;a f;areula § ;sfí'
l=rlalka" fld,a¨" W`ÿ" uqx" bß`.=" uE" ;Kyd,a"
wifudao.ï, wuq hk me<Eá kjh o¨ ,d irejg
jejqKq fyaka kj±,s fyaka hkqfjka ye`Èkafjk
nj bka lshefõ' ld,hla w;yer oud h<s;a
j.d lsÍu wrUk fyaka ye`Èkaùug zlk;a;Z
hk jpkh Ndú; lrkafkdaa wkqrdOmqr m<df;a
.eñfhdaa h' fyaka j.dfõ § wkq.ukh flfrk
idudkH l%uh jQfha jrla fojrla j.d l< fyak
bka miq w;yer ±óu hs' ld,hla tfia w;yer
oud ;sîfuka t;ek h<s;a le,Ej yg .kS' tksid
merKs fyaka j.dj lsis úfgl;a mßirhg wksis
n,mEula we;s fkdlf<a h'
fyakaj, j.d lrk ,o foa w;r W`ÿ" uE" uqx"
l=rlalka" bß`.=" ;," wuq" wn" ÿre" ;Kyd,a hk
weg j¾. o lrngq" ;síngq" jïngq" w`Mmqyq,a iy
jÜglald hk t<j`M j¾. we,a ù j¾. iy w,
j¾. Wla.ia iy lmq o úh' j.d lrk ,oafoa tajdg
48
u fjka jQ fyakaj, h' ta ld,fha rgg wjYH jQ
frÈ iy yl=re ksmoùug m%udKj;a ;rñka lmq
j.dj iy Wla j.dj furg ÈhqKq ù ;sìKs' jegqma
,nñka Wla l¾udka;fha fh§ isá lïlrejka
.ek jxil:dj, i`oyka j ;ssfí' b;sydifha
§¾> ld,hla ;siafia rgg wjYH yl=re rg ;=<
u ksmojd .ekSug wfma uq;=kañ;af;da iu;a jQy'
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka oyih jk ishji jk ;=re
furgg iSkS wdkhkh fkdl< nj úoaj;ayq
fmkajd fo;ss'
fyakla fldgkafka ;uka jdih lrk ksjig
;rula wE; m%foaYhl neúka fyafka wiajekak
,nd .kakd ;=re f.dúfhda fyafka bÈ lrk
,o me,am;l ;djld,sl j ,e.=ï .ks;s' fyak
jki;=kaf.ka wdrlaId lr .ekSug fyak jgd
bÈ lrk ,S jeg y`ÿkajkafka zo`vqjegZ hk
kñks' fyafka Wia .il bÈ lrk l=vd me,am;
ye`Èkafjkafka zme,Z kñks' rd;%s ld,hg fyakg
meñfKk i;=kaf.ka ;u fyak wdrlaId lr
.ekSug f.dúhd /h myka lf<a fuu mef,a h'
fyaka j.d lsÍu fjkqfjka we;eï rcjrekaf.a
ld,j, § nÿ wh lr f.k ;sfí' le;s
is;=ju wxl 4''1 fyakla hkq b;d iqkaor o¾Ykhls' fyak jk i;=kaf.ka fírd .ekSug rd;%s ld,fha ,e.=ï .ekSug ilia
l< me," fyak jgd bÈ l< o`vqjeg wd§ foa tys olakg ;sfnk iq,n foa h'
wv" flgQ lkn wh hkqfjka fi,a,smsj,
y`ÿkajd § ;sfnkafka tjeks nÿ j¾. folls'
fmdf<dkakrefõ rc l< ksYaYxl u,a, rc;=ud
^l%s'j 1187 -1196& tu nÿ j¾. fol wfydais l<
nj trcq úiska lrjk ,o fi,a,smsj, i|yka
fõ'
mqrdK ld,fha ck.ykh wêl fkdjQfhka
fyaka j.dj ish cSjk wjYH;d i`oyd m%udKj;a
jD;a;shla úh' uv f.dú;ekla f,i ù j.dj
wdrïN jQfha jeä jk ck.ykhg wjYH lrk
wdydr jeäjeäfhka ksmoùug h'
ù f.dú;ek - fi,a,smsj," ù j.d lrk ,o
;eka l=Uqr iy fl; hk jpk foflka y`ÿkajd
§ ;sfí' we;eï úg l=Uqr hkqfjka y`ÿkajkakg
we;af;a ù j.djg Ndú; l< l=vd bv m%udKhla
ùug bv ;sfí' zfl;Z hk jpkh ixialD;
NdIdfõ zlafI;%Z hk jpkfhka ilia jQjls' bka
woyia lrk ,oafoa ;rul úYd, l=Uqre hdhj,a h'
fndfyda wjia:dj, ù j.dj mj;ajd f.k hk
,oafoa jdßud¾. Ndú; lsÍfuks' fudaiï jeis
ld,j, § j¾Id c,h jeõj, /ia lr .eksKs'
wk;=rej tajd we< ud¾. Tiafia l=Uqrej,g
,nd §ug lghq;= fhdod ;sìKs' j¾Ihg fojrla
ù j.d flßKs' ù j.d l< ld, y`ÿkajkafka
zlkakZ hk kñks' j.d l< lkak fol y`ÿkajk
,oafoa uy lkakh iy h, lkakh hkqfjks' óg
wu;rj ueo lkakh hkqfjka ye`Èkafjk ;j;a
lkakhla .ek fi,a,smsj, i`oyka h' h,-uy
w;r ;snQ tu lkakfha j.d lsÍu r`od mej;sfha
c,h iq,n ùu u; h'
ù j.dj id¾:l j mj;ajd f.k hdu i`oyd úh<s
l,dmfha m%Odk wjYH;dj jQfha m%udKj;a f,i
c,h ,nd .ekSu hs' j¾Id c,h tl;= lr .ekSu;a
iajdNdúl .x.d yria lr we<ud¾. Tiafia c,h
l=Uqre fj; f.k hdu;a tu wjYH;dj imqrd
.ekSug wkq.ukh l< Wml%u folhs' jeõ
;ekSfï iïm%odh furg ÈhqKq jqfha c,h /ia
lr .ekSfï wjYH;djg uqyqK §fï Wml%uhla
f,i h' uyd mrdl%undyq rc;=ud ^l%s'j 1153-
49
1186& úiska m%ldY lrk ,o —wyiska jefgk
tl Èh ì|laj;a m%fhdackhg fkdf.k uqyqog
hdug bv fkdÈh hq;= h˜ hk m%ldYh u.ska
c,h wdrlaId lr .ekSfï jeo.;alu md,lhd
úiska ÿgq wdldrh wmg fmkajd fohs'
j¾;udkfha § fuka fkdj merKs hq.fha l=Uqre
f.dú;eka lsÍfï § fkdfhl=;a pdß;% isÿ lsÍug
f.dúfhda j. n,d .;ay' iajNdjO¾uh iu. b;d
iqyoYS,S f,i lghq;= lrñka ;ukaf.a cSúldj
lr .ekSug bka ,enqKq msájy, w;suy;a h'
i;a;aj md,kh - f.dú;eka lghq;=j,g wu;r
j tl, i;a;aj md,kh o mej;sKs' ta w;r m%Odk
jQfha .j md,kh hs' .jmd,kfha fhÿKq msßia
i`oyd u fjka jQ f.damd,.ï .ek fi,a,smsj,;a
wka idys;H uQ,dY%hj,;a i`oyka h' mY= iïm;a
fyj;a i;=kaf.ka ,nd .kakd ± wdydr i`oyd uy;a
fia bjy,a úh' ó lsß" .sf;,a" fj`vre wd§ foa ta
w;r m%Odk úh' fld<U cd;sl fl!;=ld.drfha
;sfnk y;r jk ldYHm rc;=ud úiska fldgzjk
,o fi,a,smshl lsßf.ß hk moh olskakg
;sfí' bka woyia lr ;sfnkafka lsß ,nd
.ekSu i`oyd we;s lrk .jhska h' .DysKshla
t<foklf.ka lsß fodajkh lrk wdldrh
fmkajk lÈu leghula iS.sßfha msysá kd.mín
úydrh kñka ye`Èkafjk mqrdK ia;+mfha
Od;=.¾Nfha ;ekam;a lr ;snQ uydfïre .f,a
leghï lr we;'
.jhska yereKq úg l=l=f<da iy t`Mfjda o
ksfjiaj, we;s lrk ,oy' fmdf<dkakrefõ
ueÈß.sßfha msysgd ;snqKq we;afjfyr mOdk>rfha
frdayf,a frda.Skaf.a wjYH;d i`oyd iajdNdúl j
ñh.sh t`Mjkaf.a iy l=l=<kaf.a udxi muKla
fhdod .; hq;= nj ±lafjk i`oykla l%sia;=
j¾Ifhka kjjk ishjfia rpkd lrk ,o
fi,a,smshl olakg ;sfí'
4'2'2 l¾udka;
b;d mqrdK ld,hl isg Y%S ,xldfõ f,day
l¾udka;h b;d ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhl mej;s nj óg
by; mdvïj, § bf.k .ekSug Tng wjia:djla
,eìKs' f,day Ndú; lrñka l¾udka;j, fhÿKq
Ys,amSka .ek hï f;dr;=re uQ,dY%hj, olakg
;sfí' fï w;r úfYaIfhka lemS fmfkkafka
50
hlv jev l< lïu,alrejka h' Tjqka ye`Èkaùug
fi,a,smsj, fhdod ;sfnkafka zlnrZ hk ku hs'
ta lïudr hk jpkh mqrdK isxy, NdIdfjka
,shQ wdldrh hs' hlv ;e`ME lïu,alrejd
.ïjeishkaag b;d wjYH jeo.;a mqoa.,fhla
úh' tÈfkod f.dú;eka lghq;=j,g wjYH
le;a;" W±,a," k`.=, wdÈ ± Tjqkag ;kd ÿkafka
lïu,alrejd hs' fmdf<dkakrej Èia;%slalhg
wh;a uq;=.,a, kï ia:dkfha ;sfnk fi,a,smshl
ucacsu kï lïu,alrejl= .ek i`oyka j ;sfí'
óg wu;r j ;U f,dayfhka ^;nlr& iy
áka f,dayfhka l¾udka; l< Ys,amSyq o tl,
isáhy' tl, úiQ rkalrejka ye`Èkaùug merKs
f,aLkj, fhdod ;sfnkafka ;=,dOdr hk
jpkh hs' we;eï fmd;am;aj, Tjqka iaj¾Kldr
hk kñka o úia;r lr ;sfí' yïnkaf;dg
Èia;s%lalhg wh;a uKav., kï ia:dkfha
msysá tla;rd fi,a,smshl ;=,or iquk kñka
y`ÿkajd § ;sfnkafka rkalrefjl= .ek h'
wkqrdOmqr, ud.u wdÈ merKs k.rj, lr ;sfnk
mqrdúoHd;aul leKSïj,ska fidhd f.k ;sfnk
ueKsla iy w¾O ueKsla j¾.j,ska ksu lrk ,o
mn`M, uqød wdÈ foa u.ska tl, furg iudcfha
mej;s ueKsla l¾udka;fha iajNdjh ms<sìUq
lrhs' tjeks lghq;=j, kshqla; j isá Ys,amSka
y`ÿkajk ,oafoa uKslr hk kñks'
mqrdK ld,fha furg iudcfha mej;s ;j;a
l¾udka;hla jQfha we;ao;a leghï l,dj hs'
uykqjr Èia;%slalhg wh;a fõ.sßh foajd,h
wi, msysá fi,a,smshl oál iquk kï jQ we;ao;a
Ys,amshl= .ek i`oyka h' oál hkq oka;sl hk
jpkfhka ilia jQjls'
tl, úiQ idudkH ck;djg ;ukaf.a
tÈfkod lghq;= i`oyd jvd;a Wmfhda.s jQfha
ueáNdKav hs' mqrdúoHd;aul leKSïj,ska
w;súYd, m%udKhla tjeks ueáNdKavj,g wh;a
iqkanqka fidhd f.k ;sfí' ueáNdKav iE§u tl,
fyd`Èka ixúOdkh jQ l¾udka;hla j mej;sKs'
ueál¾udka;fha kshe,Ss isá mqoa.,hska .ek
óg wjqreÿ 2250 lg by; ,shejqKq fi,a,smsj,
mjd i`oyka h' tl, Tjqka ye`ÈkajQfha l=ïNldr
^l=nlr& hk kñks'
yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha fjfyrflu kï
ia:dkfha ;sfnk fi,a,smshl z;;jhZ kñka
jpkhla fh§ ;sfí' fuu jpkh ;ka;= jdh
hk fomoh u.ska ilia jQjls' tys f;areu kQ,a
lákakd hkak hs' kQ,a leàu frÈ úùug wod<
lghq;a;ls' b;d merKs ld,hl isg frÈ úùu
wfma rfÜ mej;s nj ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hj,
i`oyka fõ' fjfyrflu fi,a,smsfha i`oyka
jk kQ,alákakka ms<sn`o i`oyka lsÍu ta ld,fha
mej;s frÈ úùfï l¾udka;h ms<sn`o ksiel
idlaIshla f,i ie,lsh yels h'
jD;a;sh jYfhka úúO l¾udka;j, kshe,qKq
mqoa.,hska .ek f;dr;=re wfma b;sydifha
i`oyka ùfuka fmfkkafka wfma rfÜ mej;s
mqrdK iudch b;d l%uj;a wkaoug ixúOdkh ù
;snqKq nj hs' fï ish¨ Ys,amSyq ta ld,fha iudch
fyd`Èka mj;ajd f.k hdug ;ukaf.a oekqfuka
iy Y%ufhka b;d w.kd fufyhla bgq l<y'
4'2'3 fjf<`odu - mqrdK ld,fha mej;sfha k.r
lsysmhls' ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hj, ±lafjk wkaoug
wkqrdOmqrh iy ud.u ta w;r m%Odk úh' tajd
ye`Èkaùug —mqr˜ hk moh fhdod ;sfí' tjeks
úYd, k.rj, cSj;a jQfha j;afmdfydi;alï
we;s wh hs' ta k.rj, foaYSh fuka u úfoaYSh
fjf<kafoda .ejiqKy' wkqrdOmqr k.rfha
ol=Kq fodrgqj wi, ld<iquk kñka ye`ÈkajQ
fjf<`om<la ;sìKs'
fjf<`odu merKs ld,fha furg mej;s m%Odk
cSjk ud¾.hla úh' fjf<`o lghq;= rg we;=<;
fuka u ráka msg; fjk;a foaY iu. o mej;sKs'
iS.sßfha ngysr c,WoHdkfha ;sfnk tla;rd
fi,a,smshl zwn, jmrZ kñka ye`Èkafjk
mqoa.,fhl= .ek i`oyka h' ta wdï, jHdmdr
hk jpkh merKs isxy, NdIdfjka ,shd we;s
wdldrh hs' tf,i y`ÿkajd § ;sfnkafka ishU,d
fjf<kafols' tu fi,a,smsh óg wjqreÿ 2250
lg muK by; ld,hl rpkd lrk ,oaols'
iq`M msßila yereKq úg fiiq fjf<kafoda iuQy
jYfhka ixúOdkh ù lghq;= l<y' tjeks
ixúOdkhla y`ÿkajk ,oafoa zmQ.hZ hk kñks'
we;eï ;ekl ta i`oyd zkshuia:dkZ hk jpkh
o fhdod ;sfí'
fjf<`odfï kshqla; jQ msßia tl, y`ÿkajk
,oafoa zjKscZ hk kñka fyda zjdmrZ hk kñks'
jdmr hk jpkh jHdmdßl hk moh merKs
isxy, NdIdfjka ,shQ wdldrh hs' merKs iudcfha
cSj;a jQ Okj;a msßila jQ fulS fjf<kafodaa
h' Tjqka úiska fn!oaO NslaIQkajykafia,dg
jev jdih lsÍu i`oyd .,a.=yd mjd mQcd lr
;sfí' yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalhg wh;a uKav.,
kï ia:dkfha ;sfnk fi,a,smshl iquk kï
fjf<kaol= úiska tf,i mQcd lrk ,o .,a.=ydjla
.ek i`oyka fõ' fjfyrflu kï ia:dkfhka
fidhd f.k ;sfnk fi,a,smshlg wkqj frÈ
úhd fjf<`odï l< whf.a ixúOdkhla u`.ska
NslaIQkajykafia,dg .=ydjla mQcd lsÍug wod<
úia;rh tu fi,a,smsfha i`oyka h'
fjf<| k.r yd fjf<| .ï wdYs%; j NdKav
fjf<|dï lsÍu i|yd fjf<|fmd<j,a mej;sKs'
uyd.%dufha isg wkqrdOmqrhg meñ‚ iqrksu,
kï ;eke;af;l= fjf<|fmd<lska iqj| ú,jqka
ñ, § .;a nj idys;H uQ,dY%hj, i|yka fõ'
y;r jk Woh ^l%s'j'946-954& rcqf.a fydamsá.u
geï ,smsfha i|yka f;dr;=re u.ska mqrdK
fjf<|fmd<j,a ixúOdkd;aul f,i md,kh jQ
wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
fï i`oyd ±laúh yels fyd`o u ksoiqk
fidrfndrjej geï ,smsfha úia;r lr
;sfnk fydaamsá.u fj<`ofmd<hs' tys md,kh
iïnkaOfhka rc;=ud úiska mekjQ kS;s tu
,smshg we;=<;a h' fj<`ofmd<g meñfKk
lr;a;j,ska ñi fj<`ofmd< miqfldg f.k hk
lr;a;j,ska nÿ wh lr .ekSu fkdl< hq;= njg
kS;shla tys i`oyka fõ' ysret<sfhka wdjrKh
jk mßÈ uvqjla hg muKla nq,;a fjf<`odï
l< hq;= njg kS;shla mkjd ;sfnkafka úh<S
.sh nq,;a uyckhdg úlsKsu md,kh lsÍug h'
tl, fmdfyd් Èkj, fjf<`odu isÿ jQfha ke;'
fmdfydh Èkj, fjf<`odï l< whf.ka ov
uqo,a wh lr .kq ,eìKs' fydamsá.u fjf<`omf<a
fmdfydh Èkj, fjf<`o lghq;= l< wh ovhla
f,i uyshx.K úydrfha myka ±,aùug f;,a
,nd Èh hq;= úh'
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka tfldf<dia jk ishjfia isg
51
 cïnqflda,mÜgk
lÿref.dv
iQlr;s;a:

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a
a

a
uyd;s;a: m,a,jjxl
a Th
wreú wdre hdk

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uyje,s .`.
Th
W!refj,
uS

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wl k.r
udÿre Th
;jlsrsh k.r lin k.r
wn k.r
±ÿre Th
s
i,ajf;dg T h mqn k.r
lrU,ka
a

a
a a a
ks,sh k.r
uy Th Ñ; k.r
isj k.r
n;i k.r
w;a;k.¨ Th

le,Ks .`.

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M .`
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l=Uql
ld,;s;a: alka
Th W;s k.r
a a
fnkaf ueKsla .`.
NSu;s;a: ;dg
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uydjd¨ld.du foajk.r
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is;shu 4'1 merKs fjf<| k.r iy jrdhhka

52
oy;=kajk ishji olajd furfÜ l%shd;aul jQ
ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq iïNjhla we;s fjf<`o ixúOdk
lsysmhla .ek Y%S ,xldfjka fidhd f.k ;sfnk
ta ld,hg wh;a fou< fi,a,smsj, i`oykaj
;sfí' kdkdfoaiS" j,[a[shd¾" whskakqrej¾ hkq
bka lsysmhls' kdkdfoaiS fjf<`o ixúOdkhg
wh;a f,day uqødjla yïnkaf;dáka fidhd f.k
;sfí'
wkqrdOmqr hq.fha uq,a ld,fha furg ie,lsh
hq;= m%udKhla úfoaYsl fjf<`ÿka isá njg
idlaIs ;sfí' ol=Kq m<df;a msysá fndaj;af;a.,
kï ia:dkfha we;s fi,a,smshl zlfndc uy
mq.shZ hk fhÿu olakg ;sfí' tys i`oyka
jkafka ldïfndacjrekaf.a uyd fjf<`o
ixúOdkhla .ek hs' ldïfndacjre hkq ta
ld,fha we*a>ksia:dkh m%foaYfhka fuys meñKs
fjf<`o msßils'
w;S;fha isg u wka;¾cd;sl fjf<`o lghq;=j,
§ wfma rg jeo.;a jev fldgila bgq lf<a h'
Bg n,mE tla m%Odk fya;=jla jQfha Y%%S ,xldj
bka§h id.rfha uOH.; j msysgd ;sîu hs' fmr
wmr foÈ. fjf<|dfï yqjudre uOHia:dkhla
f,i merKs ldලfha § Y%S ,xldj bgq l< ld¾h
Ndrh iq`M fldg ;elsh fkdyels h'
wkqrdOmqrh k.rhla f,i j¾Okh ùug
;=vq ÿka tla ksYaÑ; m%Odk idOlhla jQfha o
wka;¾cd;sl fjf<`odu hs' ngysßka udf;dg
jrdh o kef.kysßka f.dalKaK;s;a: kñka
tl, ye`ÈkajQ j¾;udk ;%sl=Kdu,h jrdh o
msysáfhah' Bg wu;r j ngysr fjrf<a fuka
u kef.kysr fjrf<a msysá l=vd jrdhj,
l%shdldÍ;ajh o wkqrdOmqrfha kd.ßl ke.Sug
iDcq n,mEula we;s lf<a h' W;=re fjrf<a
msysá cïnqflda,mÜgk kï l=vd jrdfhka Y%S
uyd fndaëkajykafia /f.k tau o" kef.kysr
fjrf<a msysá ,xldmÜgk kñka ye`Èkafjk
l=vd kex.=rï f;dáka Y%S oka;Od;=j /f.k
fyauud,d iy oka; l=ureka furgg meñKsu o
Bg ksoiqka h'
.=rejre - .=re jD;a;sh o mqrdK ld,fha Y%S ,xldfõ
mej;s ;j;a tla jD;a;shls' .=rejre ye`Èkaùug
merKs f,aLkj, fhdod ;sfnkafka wdpd¾h hk
moh hs' Ys,am b.ekajQ mqoa.,hska muKla fkdj
Ys,am Ydia;%j, ksmqK j isá mqoa.,fhdaa o wdpd¾h
hk kñka ye`ÈkaúKs' fuu wdpd¾hjre úúO
Ys,amj, iu;alï ±lajQy' ta w;r we;=ka yS,E
lsÍu b.ekajQ .=rejreka ^yia;s wdpd¾h&" wYajhska
msg hdu mqreÿ l< .=rejreka ^wYaj wdpd¾h&" iy
ÿkafkka ú§u mqyqKq l< .=rejreka ^ÿkq wdpd¾h&
.ek f;dr;=re fi,a,smsj, i`oyka h'
ffjoH jD;a;sh - iudchla fyd`Èka mj;ajd
f.k hdug kï Bg wh;a jeishka kSsfrda.s j
isàu w;HjYH h' ta i`oyd ffjoHjrekaf.a
fiajh b;d jeo.;a fõ' wkqrdOmqr hq.fha
uq,a wjêfha furg iudch ffjoH jD;a;sh
uy;a by<ska ms<sf.k ;sfí' ffjoHjreka
ye`Èkaùug fi,a,smsj, fhdod ;sfnkafka fjc
hk moh hs' ls%ia;= j¾Ifhka kjjk ishjfia §
we;eï ffjoHjreka uyfjokd kñka y`ÿkajd
§ ;sfí' tjeks jHjydrhla Ndú; lrk ,oafoa
m%Odk ffjoHjrhd fyda Y,H ffjoHjreka
ye`Èkaùug h'
kS;súYdrofhda - óg wjqreÿ 2000 lg muK fmr
mej;s kS;sh iïnkaOfhka yi, ±kqula ;snQ
jD;a;slfhda úiQy' fnfyda úg Tjqka hqla;sh
mis`o,Sug rcq g wjYH lrk Wmfoia §ug lghq;=
l< nj fmfka' kS;sh .ek o;a tjeks mqoa.,hska
y`ÿkajk ,oafoa zfjdydrZ hk kñks' th ixialD;
NdIdjg wh;a jHjydr hk jpkfhka ilia
jQjls' ;;ald,Sk iudcfha hqla;s.rel hym;a foa
hehs iïu; jHjydr iïnkaOfhka m%ùK;ajhla
fuu mqoa.,hskag ysñ j ;sìKs'
úúO Ys,amSka - fklúO l¾udka;j, iy
l,d;aul jD;a;Skaj, fhÿKq mqoa.,fhdaa merKs
ld,fha furg iudcfha cSj;a jQy' l,dlrejka
w;r keÜgqjka" Ñ;% w`Èkakka iy lúhka ms<sn`o
f;dr;=re uQ,dY%hj, i`oyka fõ' l=reKE.,
Èia;%slalhg wh;a ueo.u msysá mqrdK úydrhl
óg wjqreÿ 2200 lg muK by; § fldgjk ,o
fi,a,smshl ;siai kñka ye`ÈkajQ keÜgqfjl= .ek
i`oyka fõ' fuu keÜgqjdf.a ìßh mreuljßhl
f,i y`ÿkajd § ;sîu fuys § jeo.;a lreKls'
fuhska wmg meyeÈ,s jkafka keàfï jD;a;sh
53
iudcfha jeo.;a ;ekl ,d tl, i,ld ;sfnk
nj hs' is;a;reka ye`Èkaùu i`oyd zÑ;lrZ hk
moh;a z,mkZ hk moh;a Ndú; lr we;' m<uq
jk jpkh Ñ;%ldr hk mofhka o fojk
jpkh f,amk hk jpkfhka o ilia ù ;sfí'
ixialD; NdIdfõ f,amk hk moh Ndú;
jkafka wdf,amkh hk f;areu §u i`oyd h'
j¾K wdf,am lsÍfuka Ñ;% ks¾udKh jk ksid
is;a;reka ye`Èkaùug f,amk hk moh fhdod
;sfí' yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalhg wh;a keÜgqlkao
kñka ye`Èkafjk ia:dkfha ;sfnk fi,a,smshl
,mk ;siai kue;af;l= .ek i`oyka fõ'
wfma rfÜ b;d Wiia ks¾udKYS,s;ajhlska hq;a
lúfhda isáhy' Tjqka ye`Èkaùug zlúZ hk moh
u fhdod ;sfí' by;ska i`oyka l< ,mk ;siaif.a
mq;%hd tu ,smsfha u y`ÿkajd § ;sfnkafka lúfhl=
f,i h' Tyqf.a ku ixch hs'
is;=ju wxl 4'2 nqÿoyu furgg y`ÿkajdÿka uq,a ld,fha mgka NslaIQka jykafia,d jev jdih lf<a Wmdil Wmdisldjka
úiska mQcd lrk ,o .,a.=yd wdrduj, h' mkai,a iy úydrdrdu bÈjQfha u|la miq ld,hl § h'
54
4'3 ixialD;sh
4'3'1 wd.u
ls%ia;= mQ¾j f;jk ishjfia § ñys`ÿ uyry;ka
jykafia fuys jevu fldg nqÿoyu foaYkd
lsÍfï mgka wkdÈu;a ld,hla ;siafia wLKav j
nqÿoyu furg m%Odk wd.u f,i mej;sKs' Bg
wu;r j miq ld,j, yskaÿ wd.ñl woyia
iudch ;=< me;sr .sfha úfYaIfhka bkaÈhdkq
iïNjhla we;s fjf<`ÿka iy fjk;a msßia tys
isg furgg meñŒu ksid h' ls;=oyu iy bia,dï
O¾uh Y%S ,xldjg y`ÿkajd fokq ,enqfõ nqÿoyu
me;sÍ hdug idfmalaI j b;sydifha b;d uE;
ld,jljdkqjl § h' ta jkdys l%sia;= j¾Ifhka
yhjk ishjiska miq uOHOrKS m%foaYh iy
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka oyihjk ishjiska miq ngysr
rgj,a flakaø lr .;a fjf<`odu fmrÈ. rgj,
me;sÍ hdfï tla m%;sM,hla f,isks'
ñys`ÿ uyry;kajykafia m%uqL wkq.dñlhska
lKavdhu furgg jevu lrùfuka miq fkdfnda
l,lska nqÿoyu iy Bg ;okqnoaO mqomQcd

PdhdrEmh wxl 4'3 ñys÷ ysñhka furgg jevu l< ld,fha u fn!oaO iajdóka
jykafia,d fj; ie±ye;a odhl odhsldjka úiska fujeks iajdNdúl .,a.=yd mQcd
lrk ,È' lgdrï fldgd ilia lrk ,o fujeks we;eï .,a.=ydj, tu .,a.=ydj
mQcd l< whf.a kï .ï ±lafjk fi,a,smshla o fldgd ;sfí'
ms<sfj;a furg iudch ;=< YS>%fhka me;sr .sfha h'
Èfkka Èk ixLHd;aul jYfhka mq`M,a jk
ix> iudchg jev jdih lsÍug iqÿiq wdrdu
fkdue;s jQfhka iajdNdúl .,a.=yd msßisÿ fldg
tajd Wkajykafia,d fj; mQcd lsÍug lghq;=
flßKs' ±kg fidhd f.k we;s mßÈ NslaIqka
jykafia,dg mQcd lrk ,o tjeks .,a.=yd 1600
lg jeä m%udKhla rfÜ úúO m<d;aj, olakg
;sfí'
iqÿiq .,a.=ydjla f;dardf.k m<uqj th msßisÿ
lr" jeis ld,j, § mshiai Èf.a .=ydj ;=<g
c,h .,d tau je<elaùug lgdrula fldgd miqj
tu .=ydj NslaIqka jykafia fj; i`.i;= fldg
mQcd flßKs' we;eï .,a.=ydj, lgdrug háka
tu .,a.=ydj mQcd l< whf.a úia;r fldgd
;sfnkq ±lsh yels h' ta ld,fha ta i`oyd Ndú;
lrk ,oafoa n%dyaó wlaIr hs' tu fi,a,sms ,shd
;sfnkafka isxy, m%dlD; kñka ye`Èkafjk
merKs isxy, NdIdfjks' mdi,a pdßldjg iyNd.s
jk Tng ñyska;f,a" ßá.," fjiai.sßh" iS.sßh
wdÈ ;ekaj, ;sfnk lgdrï iy fi,a,sms fldgk
,o tjeks .,a.=yd keröug wjia:djla ,efnkq
we;' fuys my; olajd ;sfnkafka ñyska;,fha
tla .,a.=ydjl tfia fldgd we;s fi,a,smshls'
fi,a,smsh - mreul .=; mq; mreul iquky
f,fK w.; wk.; p;=ÈY i.i
f;areu(¡ - m%Odksfhl= jQ
.=ma;f.a mq;%hd jk m%Odks
iquk úiska ^fuu .=ydj& fuys
wdjd jQ o fkd wdjd jQ o i;r
ÈYdfõ ix>hdg mQcd lrk ,È'
.=ydúydr yereKq úg
zmKaKid,dZ kñka ye`Èka jQ
f.dvke.s,s úfYaIhla .ek
uQ,dY%hj, i`oyka h' thska
woyia lrkafka NslaIQka
jykafia,dg jdih lsÍug mka"
b¨la wdÈ foa fiú,s fldg
idok ,o jᐥ ksjdi hs'
l`M.,a iy .fvd`M Ndú;fhka
úydrdrdu bÈlsÍug fmr
NslaIQka jykafia,d jev jdih
lf<a tjeks ;ekaj, h' j¾;udkfha fn!oaO
úydr ye`Èkaùug wm úiska Ndú; lrkq ,nk
zmkai,Z hk jpkh iE§ ;sfnkafka fuu
zmKaKid,dZ hk jpkh fjkia ùfuks'
merKs fn!oaO wdrduj, NslaIQka jykafia,d
lsysm fofkla jdih l<y' kdhl iajdóka
jykafia hgf;a jev jdih l< NslaIQka
jykafia,d y`ÿkajk ,oafoa zwkaf;ajdislZ
NslaIQka f,i h' wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalhg wh;a
uywe,.uqfõ ;sfnk .,a.=ydjl fldgd we;s
,smshl ;siairlaÅ; kï jQ f;rekaf.a wf;jisl
mqiai kue;afl;= .ek i`oyka h' ta ld,fha
kdhl iajdóka jykafia,d y`ÿkajk ,oafoa zf:rZ
hk kñks' tfia y`ÿkajk ,o kdhl f;reka
jykafia,d iómfha úiQ YsIH NslaIqka jykafia,d
fi,a,smsj, kï lr ;sfnkafka ziÈúyßhZ hk
jpkfhks' tys woyi ioaê úydßl hkak hs' tu
mofha f;areu ziómfha jdih lrkakdZ hkq hs'
j<.ïnd rcqf.a md,k iufha § ;%smsglh
.%ka:drEV lrk f;la O¾uh /l f.k meñKsfha
u;l ;nd .ekSfuks' O¾uh b;d mq`M,a neúka
bka fldgi ne.ska u;lfha ;nd .;a NslaIQka
jykafia,d isáhy' tjekakka y`ÿkajk ,oafoa
zNdKljrekaZ hk kñks' O¾uhg wh;a ta ta
msgl u;lfha ;nd .;a NslaIQka jykafia,d
wod< msglfha kñka ye`ÈkaúKs' ksoiqkla f,i
55
§> ksldh u;l ;nd .;a NslaIQka jykafia,d
§>NdKl kñka o ixhqla; ksldh u;l ;nd
.;a NslaIQka jykafia,d ixhqla;NdKl kñka o
y÷kajkq ,enQy'

NslaIQka jykafia,dg jia jeiSug wdrdOkd lsÍu

iy lÀk W;aij mej;aùu tl, fn!oaO ck;dj
w;r mej;s f.!rjkSh isß;ls' l=reKE.,
Èia;%slalhg wh;a ye,U., kñka ye`Èkafjk
ia:dkfha ;sfnk fi,a,smshl zjijislZ hk
moh fh§ ;sfí' tys f;areu jiaidjdisl fyj;a
jia jik ,o hkak hs' tu Èia;%slalhg u wh;a
fld;,lSôhdfõ ;sfnk ;j;a fi,a,smshl
zjijisl iyGlZ hk fhÿu olakg we;'
jiaidjdisl idgl hk fomoh isxy, m%dlD;
NdIdfjka ,shd ;sfnkafka tf,i h' bka woyia
lrkafka lÀk Öjrh hs' W;a;sh kï jQ f;reka
jykafia flfkl=f.a {d;Ska úiska lÀk Öjrhla
mQcd l< nj tys lshd ;sfí' fuu fi,a,sms fol
u óg wjqreÿ 2200 lg by; ld,hlg wh;a h'
rEmh wxl 4'5 wrdì cd;slhskag wh;a merKs fidfydka
.,l fldgd ;sfnk fi,a,smshla' tys ±lafjkafka lshq*sla
4'3'2 fjk;a wd.ï wrdì wlaIrj,ska ,shQ ,smshls'

nqÿoyu furg iudcfha uq,anei .;a wjêfha in`o;d wLKav j mej;Su;a fya;=fjka yskaÿ
wkqrdOmqr k.rh iy tys wjg n%dyauK ck wd.ñl woyia furgg .,d wdfõ h' fjf<`odu
lKavdhï jdih l< njg idlaIs ;sfí' Tjqyq i`oyd Y%S ,xldjg meñKs fou< cd;sl fjf<`ÿka
yskaÿ Nla;slfhda h' uydjixfha i`oyka jk .ek furg merKs;u fi,a,smsj, i`oyka h'
fid;aÓid,d kñka tl, ye`ÈkajQ f.dvke.s,s tu f,aLkj, Tjqka y`ÿkajd ;sfnkafka zofuvZ
úfYaIh .ek úia;r lrk uydjxiàldj hk kñks' ta øúv hk jpkh isxy, m%dlD;
n%dyauKhska wd.ñl lghq;= lrk ;eka o tfia NdIdfjka ,shQ wdldrh hs' ls%ia;= j¾Ifhka
y`ÿkajk ,o nj lshhs' tfuka u isúldid,d hk y;a jk ishji jk úg furg m%Odk jrdhka
jpkh úia;r lrk tu lD;sh bka woyia lrk wdY%s; j ie,lsh hq;= ;rfï fou< m%cdjla jdih
,oafoa Ysj ,sx. msysgqjd ;snQ ;eka nj fmkajd l<y' udf;dg jrdhg ióm j bÈ fldg ;sfnk
fohs' Ysj foúhka fjkqfjka lrk tu mQcdj ;srefla;SYajrï yskaÿ fldaú,;a ;%sl=Kdu,fha
yskaÿ Nla;slhka msysá merKs f.dalKaK;s;a: jrdhg iómj bÈ
w;r m%p,s; h' ol=Kq lr ;sfnk fldafKaYajrï fldaú,;a ta ld,fha
bkaÈhdj Y%S ,xldjg tys úiQ fou< ck;djf.a jkaokdudkhg ,la
ióm j msysgd ;sîu;a jQ ;eka h'
forg w;r fjf<`o
l=reihla igyka l< merKs .,a mqjrejla
PdhdrEmh wxl 4'4 wkqrdOmqrfhka fidhd f.k ;sfí' tu
wkqrdOmqrfhka fidhd l=reih wh;a jkafka lf;da,sl ksldhla jQ
f.k ;sfnk .,alKqjl fkiafgdaßhdkqjkag h' miqlf,l m¾ishdj
igyka l< l=reihla'
flakaø fldg f.k j¾Okh jQ fkiafgdaßhdkq
ksldhg wh;a woyia ;sfnk fjf<kafoda fjf<`o
56
 cd;slhska furgg meñKs miq ksu
l< tlla nj iuyr úoaj;=kaf.a
u;h hs'

l%sia;= j¾Ifhka kjjk ishjiska

miqld,fha bia,dï wd.ug wh;a
woyia Y%S ,xldfõ mej;s nj
fmkaùug idlaIs ;sfí' ±kg fidhd
f.k ;sfnk merKs;u wrdì
N+f.da, úoHd .%ka:h jQ ls;í-
w,a-uia,slajd,a-uud,sla lD;sfha
zirkaäíZ hkqfjka Y%S ,xldj
.ek i`oyka lr ;sfí' irkaäí
hkq isxy,oaùm hk jpkh wrdì
cd;slhska úiska WÉpdrKh l<
wdldrh hs' fuu lD;sh rpkd
PdhdrEmh wxl 4'6 fmdf<dkakrefõ msysá merKs Ysj foajd,hla
lrk ,oafoa l%sia;= j¾I 845 § fyda
ta wdikak ld,hl § h' wrdìh;a
ud¾. yryd Y%S ,xldjg o meñKsfhda h' ls%ia;=
j¾I miajk ishjig wh;a foaYdglfhl= jQ Y%S ,xldj;a w;r merKs ld,hl mgka b;d iqyo
fldiafudia bkaäfldmaf,agia o wkqrdOmqrfha in`o;djla f.dvkef.ñka ;sìKs' yqfola u th
úiQ m¾ishdkq cd;sl fjf<`ÿka lKavdhula .ek fjf<`o in`o;dj, iajrEmh blaujQjls' bia,dï
i`oyka lr ;sfí' wd.ñl kdhl Y=oaO jQ uqyïu;a;=uka cSjudk
ld,fha Wkajykafiaf.a O¾uh l=ula ± hs iel
wkqrdOmqrfhka fidhd .kakd ,o fkiafgdaßhdkq yer ±k .kq msKsi irkaäíys lKavdhula
l=reih igyka lrk ,o .,a mqjrej mD;=.Sis wrdìhg meñKs nj bíka Yyaßh¾ kue;af;l=
úiska l%sia;= j¾Ifhka 953
§ rpkd lrk ,o wcdhsí-
w,a-yskaoa kï lD;sfha
i`oyka lr ;sfí' ne.avEâ
k.rh flakaø fldg
f.k wíndiSoajrekaf.a
uQ,sl;ajfhka wdrïN jQ
uqia,sï jdKsc wdêm;Hh

PdhdrEmh wxl 4'7 iS.sß

legm;a mjqf¾ ,shd we;s l=regq
.Shla' fuys wlaIr l%sia;= j¾I
wg jk fyda kjjk ishjig
wh;a h' th wdrïN jkafka
zfldKK;,añ ,SñZ hk fomof-
hks' tys wre; uu fldKK;,a
fjñ' ud úiska fuh ,shk ,È
hkak hs'

57
PdhdrEmh wxl 4'8 iS.srs m¾j; fnhfo is;=jï lr we;s iS.sß wmairdfjda' fuh l%sia;= j¾Ifhka miajk Y;j¾Ifha §
Y%S ,xldfõ mej;s rdciNd l,dfõ iajNdjh fmkakqï lrhs' fï Ñ;%j,ska ±lafjkafka úcacq,;djka iy fï>,;djka nj
úoaj;=kaf.a woyi hs' bka úÿ,sh iy jeis j,dl=`M ksrEms; h'

ls%ia;= j¾I 751-1258 w;r ld,h ;=< § wdishdfõ
me;sr .sfha h' wka;¾cd;sl fjf<`o lghq;=
fyd`Èka mj;ajd f.k hdu wjYH jQ fyhska Y%S
,xldfõ md,lhka ta i`oyd ksYaÑ; l%shd ud¾.
.;a nj l%sia;= j¾I kj jk ishjfia cSj;a jQ
w,a-n,iQß kï wrdì cd;sl b;sydi{hd i`oyka
lr ;sfí'
4'3'3 wOHdmkh
±kqu ,nd .ekSug iy oekqu m;< lsÍug
wod< jk ixúOdkd;aul l%ufõohla b;d
mqrdK ld,hl isg furg mej;sKs' uq,a
wjia:dfõ § mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg ta ±kqu
yqjudre jQfha wNHdi lsÍu iy wid ±k .ekSu
u.ska nj fmfka' óg wjqreÿ 4400 lg by;
ld,jljdkqjl § mgka ;eka lsysmhl bÈ lrk
,o ueá Tre fidfydka" tajd ;=< NIaudjfYaI
;ekam;a l< ueá NdKav wdÈ foaj, olakg
;sfnk ffY,sfha iy ksudfõ iudklï foi
58
wjOdkh fhduq lrk úg tajd ksmoùug wod<
;dlaIKh ms<sn`o ±kqu ixúOdkd;aul j ilia
ù ;snqKq nj iaÓrj fmfka'
fuu mdvfï by; wjia:djl § i`oyka l<
wkaoug wfma rfÜ merKs;u fi,a,smsj, wpßh
hk mofhka y`ÿkajk ,o msßi .=rejreka h' ta
.=rejreka úiska W.kajk ,o foa ms<sn`oj Tjqka
y`ÿkajd § we;s ;ekaj, u i`oyka h' we;euqka
Okq wpßh hkqfjka o ;j;a wh y;s wpßh iy
wi wpßh hkqfjka o y`ÿkajd § ;sfí' Tjqka
ms<sfj<ska ÿkq ú§fï Ys,amh" we;=ka yeisrùu iy
wYajhska yeisrùu ms<sn`o Ys,am b.ekajQ .=rejreka
h'
nqÿoyu furg iudcfha uq,anei .ekSfuka
wk;=rej m%Odk wOHdmk uOHia:dk njg m;a
jQfha fn!oaO úydrdrdu hs' tajdfha jev úiq úh;a
NslaIQka jykafia,d isxy," md,s" ixialD;" m%dlD;
wdÈ NdIdj, muKla fkdj nqÿoyu ms<sn`o j
o yi, ±kqulska hq;= úh' mqrdK ld,hl isg
furg uq,a fmf,a ග=rejreka f,i lghq;= lf<daa
Wkajykafia,d hs'
merKs ld,fha § wkqrdOmqrfha mej;s uydúydrh
iy wNh.sßh hk fn!oaO uOHia:dk wd.ñl
ia:dk fuka u wOHdmk wdh;k f,i o
ls%hd;aul úh' úfoaYsl NslaIQka jykafia,d mjd
fuu wdh;kj, bf.k .ekSug jevu l<y'
;%smsgl O¾uhg jeä úia;r iys; wgqjd rpkd
l< nqoaOf>daI ysñ tf,i uydúydrfha wOHhk
lghq;= l< úfoaYsl NslaIQka jykafia kuls'
wOHdmkh ,nd §u;a wOHdmkh ,nd .ekSu;a
iïnkaOfhka wfma merKS iudch ;=< mej;sfha
f.!rjkSSh ye`.Suls' f,dafldamldrfha i`oyka
jk my; i`oyka lúh Bg lÈu ksoiqkls'
rE isß fhdjqka .=K- keK ish,af,ka fkd wvq
ù uq;a
fkd of;d;a is,am i; - iqj`o ke;s lE, u,
iu fõ
tu lúfhka lshfjkafka hfula rEmfhka"
fh!jk .=Kfhka iy {dkfhka hqla; jqj;a Tyq
fyda weh hï Ys,am Ydia;%hla fkdokafka kï
iqj`o fkdue;s lE, u,lg iudk jk njhs'
4'3'4 idys;Hh iy ridiajdoh
rcrg YsIagdpdr iuhg wh;a idys;H lD;s
foi ne,Sfï § tAjd md,s" ixialD; yd isxy,
hk NdIdj,ska ,sh ù we;s nj fmfka' §m
jxYh"wNsOdkmam§msld" idrmaG§mkS hk lD;s
md,sfhka ,sh ù we;s lD;s i|yd WÞyrK fõ'
cdklSyrKh" nd,djfndaOh" wkqreoaOi;lh"
ixialD; NdIdfjka rÑ; lD;s lsysmhls'
ishnia,lr" ii|dj;" uqjfoõÞj; isxy,
NdIdfjka rÑ; lD;s i|yd WÞyrK fõ'
lúfhl= úiska óg jir 2000 lg muK by;
,shk ,o lúhla lsßkao mkaif,a ;sfnk .,a
m¾j;hl fldgd ;sfí' th ßoauhlg lsheúh
yels ksi`±iaa lúhls' ta lúh;a tys isxy,
mßj¾;kh;a my; ±lafjk mßÈ h'
.f,a ,shd we;s lúh
wmßñf; f,dlys - nqO ifu k;s
w:dk mru ÿ,fn - ijkqf; mf;
wkq;fr if; - uy irfK
f,dlpl nqO ku ihnq - fu.,ys úyf¾
kl Wjrc ku - nqO irK .f;
ñpÈál ìÈh - hyu. mrhk N=f;
tys mßj¾;kh
wmßñ; fuf,dj - nqÿka iu irKla ke;
t ysñ ieu;ekh - t iu jkq ÿ,n fohls
uyd irKls - lsisjl=g fkdfofjks
;udu ish,a o;a tysñ - f,djgu weils
ñiosgqlu w;er - hyu. hkq ßisj
fï .f,a úydfrÈ - nqÿirK je<`o .;s kd.
Wmrc f;u
wkqrdOmqr hq.fha rpkd jQ lú 600 lg wdikak
m%udKhla iS.sßfha legm;a mjqf¾ wo;a olskakg
;sfí' ta lúj, wdiajdockl .=Kh b;d by< h'
mqrdK ld,fha wfma rfÜ úiQ lúfhda nqÿoyñka
,o yslaóu;a iajNdjO¾uh iu. ksrka;rfhka
lghq;= lsÍfuka ,nd .;a w;a±lSu;a mokï fldg
f.k ldjHlrKfha ksr; jQy' tfyhska f,dalfha
mj;sk wks;H;dj fndfyda lúj,g f;audj ù
;sfí' wkqrdOmqr wNh.sß úydr N+ñfhka fidhd
f.k ;sfnk" l%sia;= j¾Ifhka kujk ishjig
wh;a fi,a,smshl tjeks is;a.kakd iq¨ lúhla
,shd ;sfí' tu lúfha fhdod ;sfnk Wmud wdÈh
b;du;a ixfõ§ ishqï fi!kao¾hd;aul ye`.Sula
wikakd ;=< cks; lrùug iu;a h' cSú;h
,eõ.skaklg yiq jQ jrd u,la fia wiaÓr he hs
tys lshd ;sfí'
my; ±lafjk iS.sß l=regq .Sh lshjd tys
f;areu jgyd f.k ridiajdoh lsÍfuka merKs
Y%S ,dxlslhskaf.a fi!kao¾hd;aul is;sú,s
fln`ÿ ± hs Tng myiqfjka jgyd .; yels jkq
we;'
59
úcq rlafnda meúcacka ,S fu .S
fkf,ka ù msßm;
k<, flfy msáys yqK
u,ou .eke úisr
ìhm;a je wm fnh`o ke.sfh
mßj¾;kh
jÊr w.a.fndaê mැúoaod úiska
,shQ .Sh hs
fï m¾j;h k.sk úg
iq<`.ska wmg ndOd we;s úh
k<f,ys jQ fliafrdo
iq<Õ ksid msgg jeáKs
f.f,ys me<`o isá u,aud,h o úisr .sfhah
wms bka ìhg m;a jQfhuq'
§¾>ld,Sk j f.dú;eka lghq;=j,;a i;a;aj
md,kfha;a fh§ isàu ksid wfma uq;=kañ;a;kag
iajNdj O¾uh iu. ióm j lghq;= lsÍfï
wjia:dj Wod úh' tfyhska iajNdj O¾ufha
;sfnk iqkaor nj;a wks;H nj;a hk ,laIK
fol ms<sn`o ir, tfy;a .eUqre jegySula Tjqka
i;= j ;sìKs' nqÿoyfï b.ekaùï ksid ta woyia
;j ÿrg;a ÈhqKq ùfuka Wiia ksrdñI .=Kfhka
hq;a ri{;djla merKs iudch ;=< j¾Okh úh'
4'3'5 jd¾.sl iycSjkh
b;d u wE; ld,hl isg wfma rfÜ k.rj,
úúO ixialD;Skag wh;a ck;dj jdih l< njg
idlaIs ;sfí' fï rfÜ cSj;a jQ iajfoaYsl isxy,
ck;dj yereKq úg fjf<`odug fuys meñKs
fjk;a wd.ï weoyQ fjk;a ixialD;Skag wh;a
ck lKavdhï kd.ßl m%cdj w;r isá nj
fi,a,sms u.ska fmkajd fohs' ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka
fuys meñKs fou< fjf<kafodaa" .%Sla iy
ueisfvdakshka m%foaYj,ska meñKS wfhdakshkajre"
we*a>ksia:dka m%foaYfhka meñKs ldïfndacjre"
u,hdkq w¾Ooaùmfhka meñKs cdjljre ta w;r
jQy'
tlS cd;Ska w;r fldmuK úúO;ajhla mej;sh
o ljr wjia:djl§j;a Tjqka tlsfkld iu.
60
l,flda,dy, lr .ekSug W;aidy ord ke;'
nqoaOYdikfha meúÈ j isá fou< cd;sl
NslaIQka jykafia flfkl= .ek i`oykla
wkqrdOmqrfha wNh.sß úydrfhka fidhd .kakd
,o fi,a,smshl i`oyka h' tu fi,a,smsh l%sia;=
j¾I m<uqjk ishjfia muK rpkd lrk ,oaols'
wkH cd;Ska foi iel uqiq f,i olskakg mqrdK
ld,fha furg jeishka mqreÿ ù isáfha ke;'
ta fjkqjg wkH cd;Ska iu. iqyo f,i cSj;a
ùug Tjqyq lghq;= l<y' fou< cd;sl mqreIfhl=
iuÕ újdy jQ isxy, ldka;djl .ek wïmdr
Èia;%slalfhka fidhd .kakd ,o b;d merKs
fi,a,smshl i`oykaj ;sfí' merKs ld,fha
fou< cd;sl mjq,a lsysmhla mÈxÑ j isá ùÈhla
wkqrdOmqrfhka fidhd .ekSug o mqrdúoHd{fhda
iu;a jQy'
bkaÈhdkq id.rh wjg l,dmfha msysá fkdfhla
rgj,ska meñKs fjf<`o ckhd Y%S ,xldfõ merKs
k.rj, jdih l<y' tfia jqj o ta w;ßka
jeäukla msßila meñKsfha ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka
nj fmfka' l%sia;= j¾Ifhka kjjk ishji jk
úg furg rdciNdfõ zfou< wêldÍZ kñka
ye`ÈkajQ úfYaI ;k;=rla ;sìKs' Tyqf.a ld¾hh
jQfha wkqrdOmqrh iy ta wjg jdih l< fou<
ckhdf.a Y=NidOk lghq;= fidhd ne,Su úh
hq;= h' fofu<a wêldÍ md`äroa kue;af;l=
ms<sn`o fld<U cd;sl fl!;=ld.drfha ;sfnk
y;r jk ldYHm rc;=udf.a fi,a,smshl i`oyka
fõ' fjf<`ÿka yereKq úg fï fou< m%cdj
w;r jeä fofkla wfma rfÜ hqo yuqodfõ
fiajh l< l=,S Ngfhda fj;s' tf,i ol=Kq
bkaÈhdkq l=,S fyajdhskaf.a iyh me;+ merKs;u
Y%S ,dxlsl md,lhska kï b<kd. rcq ^l%s'j 33-
43& iy wNhkd. rcq h' ^l%s'j 231-240&' flar,
foaYfhka meñKs Tjqka y`ÿkajk ,oafoa zw.ïmä
fiakdjZ hkqfjks' m<uq jk úchndyq rc;=ud
o<od ud,s.fha wdrlaIdj fõff,hslaldr
yuqodjlg Ndr lrk ,o nj Ys,d,smsj, ±lafõ'
fõff,hslaldr hkq flar<fhka fuys meñKs
w.ïmä msßils'
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka tfldf<dia jk iy fodf<diajk
ishjiaj, § furg fjf<`o lghq;=j,g iyNd.s j
isá zkdkdfoaiSkaZ hkqfjka y`ÿkajk ,o fjf<`o
lKavdhu ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq iïNjhlska hq;a
msßils' Tjqkag wh;a j ;snQ f,dalv uqødjla
yïnkaf;dáka fidhd f.k ;sfí' kdkdfoaiSka
hkqfjka y`ÿkajk ,o ta fjf<`o msßig wh;a
f¾.= uqrm<la .ek i`oyka jk ,S,dj;S /cskf.a
ld,fha ,shjk ,o fi,a,smshla wkqrdOmqrfhka
fidhd f.k ;sfí' fuu msßia b;d iduldó f,i
;u jev lghq;= lrf.k .sh nj;a Tjqkaf.a
wdrlaIdj iy Y=NidOkhg tjl md,lhskaf.ka
fkdu`o iyhla ,enqKq nj;a ft;sydisl jd¾;d
wkqj fmfka'
fou< cd;slhska iu. muKla fkdj bia,ාï
wd.u woyk wrdì cd;slhska iu. o b;d iqyo j
jev lghq;= lrf.k hdug wfma rfÜ jeisfhda
mqreÿ ù isáh y' nqÿka jykafiaf.a iam¾Yfhka
mQcdjg ,la jQ Y%S mdoh furg fn!oaO jeishkaf.a
mQckSh uqÿkau,a lvls' l%sia;= j¾Ifhka kjjk
ishjfia mgka iuk, lkao uqia,sï ne;su;=kaf.a
o jkaokdjg ,la jQfha th zwdoïf.a lkaoZ hk
úYajdih mokï fldg f.k h' l%sia;= j¾Ifhka
850 § iqf,hsudka kue;s foaY .fõIlhl=
fuka u fjf<kafol= jQ ;eke;af;l= Y%S mdoh
jkaokd lsÍug meñKs nj i`oyka h' ta lsisÿ
;eke;af;l=g furg jeishkaf.ka fyda rcfhka
lsisÿ ndOdjla we;s fkdúKs'
merKs ld,fha úiq furg md,lhska fuka u
rgjeishd o ksrka;rfhka l,amkd lf<a rfÜ
ÈhqKqj fjkqfjka ish¨ fokd iuÕ iycSjkfhka
lghq;= l< yelafla flfia o hk ldrKh hs'
rfÜ tlai;a nj iy fn!oaOd.fï ÑriaÓ;sh"
wdrlaIdj fj; wNsfhda. t,a, fkdjk iEu
wjia:djl § u ta iycSjkh fyd`Èka wdrlaId
ù mej;sKs' wkH cd;Ska iy wkH wd.ï bjid
ord .ekSug furg jdih l< isxy, fn!oaO
ck;dj iEu wjia:djl u l%shd l< wdldrh
iEu ld,hlg u wdo¾Yj;a nj ks;r isys l<
hq;= h'
l%shdldrlu 1
Y%S ,xldfõ mer‚ iudcfha md,k
ixúOdkh" wd.u" idys;H hk lafIa;%
we;=<;a jk mrsos mqj;am;lg ,smshla
ilia lrkak'
l%shdldrlu 2
Y%S ,xldfõ mer‚ iudch weiqßka flá
m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;la ilia lrkak'
jeo.;a lreKq
1' mqrdK ld,fha Y%S ,xldfõ md,k lghq;=
úOdhlh" jHjia:dodhlh iy wêlrKh
hkqfjka wdh;k ;=kla u.ska l%shd;aul úh'
rcq iy rcq fjkqfjka l%shd l< rcfha ks,OdÍka
úOdhlhg wh;a jQ w;r rdc iNdj idlÉPd
ud¾.fhka ;SrK .;af;a h'
2' l,d;=rlska wjia:djl yereKq úg wka iEu
wjia:djl § u wfma merKs md,lfhda kuHYS,S
úfoaY m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh l<y'
3' wfma merKs iudcfha úúO jD;a;Skays
kshe¨Kqq mqoa.,fhda cSj;a jQy' iudch jvd;a
ld¾hlaIu lsÍug;a tu.ska jeishkaf.a cSú;h
jvd;a myiq lrùug;a Tjqyq iEu fofkla u
iudchg uy;a fufyjrla bgq lf<da h'
4' b;d mqrdK ld,hl isg f.dú;ek iy
mY=md,kh furg nyq;r jeishkaf.a m%Odk
cSjfkdamdh ud¾.h f,i mej;sKS'
5' merKs Y%S ,dxlslfhda b;d Wiia uÜgfï
l,d;aul fi!kao¾hhla iy idys;H
ridiajdohla flfrys keUqrejla ;sfnk msßila
f,i lghq;= l<y' Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK l=i,;dj
iy m%;sNd {dkh b;d by< uÜgul mej;s nj
ikd: lr fmkaùug idlaIs ;sfí'
6' merKs ld,fha furg mej;s nqÿoyu
.eUqre o¾Ykhla f,i fuka u uyckhdf.a
Nla;sh iy Y%oaOdj ms<sìUq lrk fkdfhl=;a
l%shdldrlïj,ska o hqla; j mej;sKs' tl,
fn!oaO iajdóka jykafia,d iy uyck;dj
w;r b;d ióm iqyo f.!rjdkaú; in`o;djla
mej;sKs'
7' nqÿoyu yereKq úg ld,fhka ld,hg fjk;a
wd.ñl woyia o furg iudch ;=< me;sÍ
61

.sfha h' Y%S ,xldj ¥m;la ùu;a b;d wE; ld,hl
isg bkaÈhdkq id.rfha fjf<`o lghq;=j,g
il%Sh f,i iyNd.s ùu;a hk lreKq mokï
fldg f.k fjk;a wd.ñl woyia furg
jHdma; úh'
8' wkH ixialD;Skag wh;a ck lKavdhï iu.
iqyoYS,S j cSj;a ùu wfma rfÜ b;sydih ;=<
lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'
62
mOdk>r - fï kñka ye`Èkafjkafka merKs ld,fha §
fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d .eUqre Ndjkdj, fh§u i`oyd
Ndú; lr ;sfnk f.dvke.s,s úfYaIhls' yd;aami Èh
w.,lska iukaú; f.dvke.s,s folla l=vd md,ulska
iïnkaO fldg mOdk>r bÈ lr ;sfí' jiN rc;=ud
úiska msysgqjk ,o fmßñhïl=,ï fi,a,smsfha iqoiaik
kï mOdk>rhla .ek i`oyka ù ;sfí' fujeks mOdk>r
ßá.," udkdlkao" wkqrdOmqr hk ia:dkj, ±lsh yels h'
mOdk>r ye`Èkaùug oaú;aj fõÈld f.dvke.s,s hk fhÿu
o Ndú; fõ'
mQ.h - ixialD; NdIdfõ mQ. hk jpkfhka woyia lrkafka
iNdj fyda lsishï msßilf.ka iukaú; uKav,h hs' Y%S
,xldfõ merKs fi,a,smsj, mQ. hk jpkh fjf<`ÿkaf.a
iNd ye`Èkaùug fhdod ;sfí' mQ. hk jpkhg iudkj
kshuia:dk ^kshu;k& hk moh o fi,a,smsj, fh§ ;sfí'
lshq*sla wrdì wlaIr - lshq*sla hk jpkfhka woyia lr
;sfnkafka úúO wrdì wl=rej, uq,a u iajrEmh hs' tu
wlaIr ffY,sh j¾Okh jQfha l%sia;= j¾Ifhka y;a jk
ishjfia § brdlfha l+*d k.rh flakaø lr .ksñks'
bia,dï Nla;slhskaf.a wd.ñl .%ka:h f,i ie,flk
Y+oaO jQ l=rdkh msgm;a lsÍug Ndú; lrk ,oafoa o lshq*sla
wrdì wlaIrhs' fuu wlaIrj,ska ,shk ,o fidfydka.,a
lsysmhla Y%S ,xldfjka o fidhd f.k ;sfí'
 5 Y%S ,xldfõ merKs úoHdj iy ;dlaIKh
ye`Èkaùu
úoHdj hkq iajNdjO¾ufha l%shdldÍ;ajhg
n,mj;ajk uQ,O¾u f;areï .ekSu iy
th w¾: olajd .ekSu hs' th w;aoelSu uQ,a
fldg .;a l%shdj,shls' úoHdj hk w¾:fhka
idlÉPd fkdjQj;a mqrdK iudc fndfydauhl
iajNdjO¾ufha uQ,O¾u f;areï f.k tajd ish
tÈfkod Ôú;fha Ndú;hg fhdod f.k ;sfí'
Y%S ,xldfõ ft;sydisl iudch ;=< o úoHd;aul
woyia Ndú;fha mej;sKs' fuu mdvfï § tjeks
woyiaj, iajrEmh iy tajd jHjydßl f,i
Ndú; l< wdldrh .ek meyeÈ,s lsÍu;a tu.ska
wmf.a ft;sydisl Wreufha mj;sk úoHd;aul
iajrEmh wjOdrKh lsÍu;a wfmalaId lrhs'
5'1 úoHd;aul woyiaj, uq,a wjia:d
b;d mqrdK ld,hl isg Y%S ,xldfõ jeishka
l< ± y`ÿkd .ekSfuka tajdg miqìï j mej;s
Ñka;kh fln÷ ± hs meyeÈ,s lr .; yels h'
úuis,af,ka mÍlaId lrk úg tjeks we;eï
lghq;= úoHd;aul j l,amkd lsÍfuka isÿ lr
we;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ' iajNdjO¾uh iu. lghq;=
lsÍfï § Bg wh;a uQ,O¾u ms<sn`o ±kqïj;a ùu
wjYH h' l=vd fidfydka .enla bÈ lsÍfï
mgka ±jeka; jdßud¾. moaO;s f.dvkexùu
olajd lghq;= id¾:l jkafka tajd §¾>ld,Sk j
mj;ajd .ekSug wjYH iajNdjO¾ufha uQ,O¾u
ksjerÈj wjfndaO lr .;a úg h' Y%S ,xldfõ
mej;s úoHd;aul woyiaj, iy tajd l%shdjg
kexùu i`oyd wkq.ukh l< ;dlaIKsl
m%fõYj, iajrEmh fuu fldgfia § idlÉPd
lsÍug kshñ; h'
hula by<g úis l< úg th fmdf<djg jefgkq
wms ±l we;af;uq' th iajNdjO¾uhg wh;a
.;s,laIKhls' tu .;s,laIKhg n,mj;ajk
uQ,O¾uhla ;sfí' úoHd{hska th y`ÿkajkafka
.=re;ajdl¾IKh hk kñks' fmdf<dfõ hï
iSudjla ;=< ish¨ foa wdl¾IKh lr.kakd
nj úoHd{hska mÍlaIK u.ska Tmamq lr ;sfí'
th tfia jkafka o hkak fidhd ne,Su wjYH
kï ljfrl=g jqj o kej; fidhd n,d ;yjqre
lr .; yels h' úoHdfõ iajrEmh th hs'
iajNdjO¾ufha uQ,O¾u ksjerÈ j wjfndaO lr
.ekSu;a tajd fidhd n,d ;yjqre lr .ekSu;a
úoHd;aul j lghq;= lsÍfï § wkq.ukh lrk
idudkH ms<sfj; hs' mrSlaId lsÍfuka wk;=rej
tfia wjfndaO lr .kakd iajNdjO¾ufha
uQ,O¾u fhdod .ksñka m%dfhda.sl j jev lghq;=
lsÍug wjYH jkafka ;dlaIKh hs' iajNdj
O¾ufha mj;sk úúO wdldrfha Yla;s úkdY l<
fkdyels nj;a tfy;a tajd fjk;a Yla;s njg
mßj¾;kh l< yels nj;a fN!;sl úoHdfõ
i`oyka uQ,O¾uhls' ta wkqj úoHq;a Yla;sh pd,l
Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh fldg úÿ,s mxldjla
ks¾udKh lsÍu ;dlaIKsl wdfoaYkhls'
iajNdjO¾ufha mj;sk uQ,O¾u f;areï f.k
tajd wdfoaY lsÍug merKs Y%S ,xldfõ jeishka
lghq;= l< nj ms<sìUq jk we;eï ksoiqka
m%d.aft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a h' jir 28 000 lg
muK fmr ld,hlg by; § ìïùÿre kñka
ye`Èkafjk úksúo fmfkk ;sßjdkd .,aj,ska
ksu l< iuñ;sl .,afuj,ï ±ä mdIdK yev
.eiaùug tl, mej;s ixúOdkd;aul ;dlaIKfha
iajrEmh fmkajd fohs' fjr fhdod n,hla
fh§fuka .,am;=re .,jd f.k fuj,ï ;ekSfï
fuu ;dlaIKh ye`Èkaùug mSvk Y,alkh hk
moh Ndú; fõ'
jHjydßl úoHdfõ uq,a wjia:d m%d.a ft;sydisl
hq.fha isg ms<sìUq jk w;r th lsishï mßK;
;;a;ajhlg m;a jQfha bka wk;=rej Wod jQ
mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fha § h' tu hq.fha mej;s
úoHd;aul woyiaj, iajrEmh ms<sìUq jk wjia:d
lsysmhla my; úia;r lr ;sfí'
ueá Tre wdldrfha merKs iqidk
ueá Tre iqidk .¾N bÈ lr ;sfnkafka ñh
.sh wh wdÞykh lsÍu i|yd h' wuq ueá fhdÞ
.ksñka" úYd, fíiul fyda Trejl yevfhka
tajd ks¾udKh lr we;' jvd;a WÑ; ueá j¾.h
63
f;dard .ekSu;a .¾Nfha ì;a;s wju Wilska yd
thg iß,k >klulska o ì;a;s fmdf<djg
,ïndldr j ne£u ;=<ska o fidfydka ì;a;sj,
iunr;dj /l .ekSug tAjd bÈ l< wh
l,amkd lr ;sfí' fidfydka .¾Nfha muKla
fkdj Wvrxpduvñka yuq jQ ksjdifha o ì;a;s
,ïndldr j f.dvk.d we;'
hïlsis jia;=jla tf,i fmdf<djg ,ïndldr
ùfuka tu jia;=j u.ska fmdf<dj u; we;s
lrk mSvkh ksIal%Sh jk nj fN!;sl úoHd;aul
uQ,O¾uhls' wo;a ì;a;s ne`§fï § fmof¾rejka
,Uhla Ndú; lrkq Tn oel we;'
tfuka u wuq ueáfhka ;kd.;a iqidk .¾N
mq¨iaid úh<d fkd.;a; o wegiels,a, wdÞykh
lsÍfï § .skakg yiq ùu ksid uekúka ms,siaiS
;sfí'
l%sia;= mQ¾j 1350 § bÈ lrk ,o tjeks fidfydka
.¾Nhl wegiels,s ms,siaiSfï § we;=<g jdhqj
,nd .ekSu i`oyd ueá k<hla iú lr ;sìKs'
oykh i`oyd Tlaiscka jdhqj wjYH nj kQ;k
úoHdj u.ska meyeÈ,s lrk ,oafoa oywgjk
ishji ;rï uE; ld,hl § h' tfy;a óg wjqreÿ
;=kaoyia foish mkylg by; ld,jljdkqjl
furg jeisfhda tu uQ,O¾uh wjfndaO lr
f.k isáfhda h' ^fuu ueá Tre iqidk .¾N
ms<sn| jeäÿr f;dr;=re ckdjdi mdvu hgf;a
meyeÈ,s lr we;'&
ksjdi bÈ lsÍfï ;dlaIKh
fn,a,kane`osme,eiai wdÈ t<suyka ia:dkj, úiQ
m%d.a ft;sydisl ñksiqka hï wdldrhl me,am;a
;kd f.k cSj;a jkakg we;e hs mqrdúoHd{hska
úiska wkqudk lrk uq;a ta ms<sn`o lsisÿ idlaIshla
fuf;la fidhd f.k ke;' tfia jqj o ;uka
cSj;a ùug f;dard .kakd ;ek ;ukag iqÿiq
mßÈ ilia lr .ekSug m%d.a ft;sydisl udkjhd
iu;alula olajd we;s nj ls;=,a., fn,sf,k
leKSfuka fidhd f.k ;sfnk .,aneïulg
wh;a fldgia j,ska ikd: fõ' .iaj, fld<w;=
Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka idok ,o me<e,a,la
jeks wdjrKhla r`ojd ;eîug iúh ,nd fok
wdOdrlhla f,i th m%fhdackhg .kakg we;ehs
úYajdi flf¾'
64
Y%S ,xldfõ ksjdi bÈlsÍu ms<sn`o meyeÈ,s idlaIs
wmg fmfkkafka mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fha § h'
l%sia;= mQ¾j 1129 § muK bÈ l< tjeks ksjil
kgnqka yuq ù we;' tu ksjdih msysgd ;sfnkafka
r;akmqr Èia;%slalhg wh;a Wvrxpduvu kñka
ye`Èkafjk .ïudkhl h' fmdf<dj u; .,alen,s
w;=rd iúu;a fldg ta u; ueá w;=rd tu ksjfia
f.ìu bÈ lr ;sìKs' tys ì;a;s f.dv k.k
,oafoa jßÉÑ ueáj,ska nj ;yjqre jQfha ms,siaiS
.sh jßÉÑ ueá len,s fidhd f.k ;sfnk ksid
h' ta ksjfia bÈßmi iy msgqmi jYfhka fldgia
folla fjka lsÍug ksji ueÈka ì;a;shla bÈ
lr ;sìKs' tys iú lr ;snQ ±juh fodr W`Mjiai
iú l< isÿre, leKSsfï § fidhd f.k ;sfí'
fuf,i w;a;sjdrula u; ì;a;s f.dv k.d ta
u; jy,la iú lr ld,hla mj;sk f,i ksjila
bÈ lsÍug ;dlaIKsl ±kqula wjYH h'
ueá n`ÿka ;ekSu
b;d mqrdK ld,hl isg ueá n`ÿka ;ekSfï
;dlaIKh wfma rfÜ mej;sKs' Bg wod< meyeÈ,s
idlaIs fmfkkakg ;sfnkafka mQ¾j ft;sydisl
hq.fha§ h' ta ld,fha ilfmdarej kñka
ye`Èkafjk ir, hka;%h ueá n`ÿka ;ekSug
Ndú; lr ;sfí' ilfmdarej hkq lrleùug
yels jD;a;dldr ,E,a,ls' b;d Wiia ksudjlska
hq;a ueá n`ÿka iE§ug kï b;d fyd`Èka ueá
moï lr ilia lr .; hq;= h' Ndckhla iE§ug
iqÿiq ueá j¾. fidhd .ekSu" tajd moï lr
.ekSu" ms,siaiSug Wÿkla ;kd .ekSu" kshñ;
W!IAK;ajhg n`ÿk mq¨iaid .ekSu wd§ m%dfhda.sl
mshjr lsysmhla ms<sn`o ukd ±kqula Bg wjYH h'
mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a tla;rd ueá n`ÿka
úfYaIhla msg; r;= meyefhka iy we;=<; l`M
meyefhka hqla; jk mßÈ ksujd ;sfí' tjeks
n`ÿka ye`Èkaùug ld,rla; j¾K ueá n`ÿka
hk jHjydrh fhfoa' W`ÿkl mq¨iaid .ekSug
fmr ueá n`ÿklg oyhshd mqrjd th hál=re
lr Wÿfka kud ;eîfuka wk;=rej mq`Miaid
.ekSfuka tu n`ÿfka we;=<; l`M meyeh;a msg;
r;= meyeh;a we;s fõ' tys we;=<; l`M meyehlg
mßj¾;kh jkafka oyhshd msß ;sîfuka oykhg
wjYH lrk Tlaiscka jdhqj hyñka fkd,efnk
ksid h' fuu ;dlaIKh Ndú; lr ueá n`ÿka
ms,siaiSfï l%uh l%sia;= j¾I 300 ka miq w;=reoyka
úh' óg wu;r j ueá n`ÿk ms,siaiSfuka miq tys
u;=msg Tm±óu" j¾K .ekaùu wdÈ foa uekúka
lsÍug wjYH lrk ;dlaIKh tl, mej;sKs' fï
i`oyd jk fyd`o u ksoiqk Wvrxpduvfï merKs
ksjdifhka fidhd .kakd ,o j¾Kdf,ams; ueá
n`ÿk hs' tys iqÿmeye;s miqìul ;eô,s meyefhka
hq;a bß mska;dre lr ;sìKs' j¾K i`oyd Ndú;
lr ;sfnkafka iajdNdúl j fmdf<dfõ olakg
;sfnk r;= meye;s .=re.,a h' tu ueá n`ÿk
iE§ug fmr ueá c,fha Èh fldg l=vd wxY=
wj,ïnkh ùug i,iajd b;d msßisÿ frdkauv
jeks tu ueá wxY= Ndú;fhka n`ÿk ;kd ;sfí'
fuh j¾;udk Wiia j¾.fha ms`.ka Ndck
ie§ug ueá ilia lrk wdldrhg fndfyda
fihska iudk h' mqrdK ld,fha wfma rfÜ cSj;a
jQ jeishka w;r nyq, j Ndú; jQfha ueá n`ÿka
j¾. ksid jvd;a Wiia f,i tAjd ksmoùug
wjYH ;dlaIKh mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fha mgka
ÈhqKq úh'
l%shdldrlu 1
jHjydßl úoHdfõ uq,a wjia:d mdvu
weiqßka wfma wdÈ uq;=ka ñ;a;kaf.a
úoHd;aul ±kqu yd ;dlaI‚l l=i,;dj
hk ud;Dldj hgf;a mqj;am;lg ,smshla
ilia lrkak'
5'2 úoHd;aul Ndú;fha mßK;sh
5'2'1 c, l<ukdlrKh
wfma rfÜ merKs;u ckdjdi me;sÍ ;snqfKa
úh<ss l,dmfha jQ ksid tys úiQ ck;djg uqyqK
§ug isÿ jQ m%Odk;u wNsfhda.h jQfha f.dú;eka
lghq;=j,g iy ;ukaf.a tÈfkod cSjk
wjYH;dj,g m%udKj;a ;rñka c,h /ia lr
.ekSu hs' jeõ" fmdl=Kq iy we<ud¾. ;ekSfï
wjYH;dj we;s jQfha fuu ;;a;ajh mokï lr
.ekSfuks' c,h /ialr .ekSu i`oyd wkq.ukh
l< ljr Wml%uhla jqj o ye`Èkaùug fhÈh hq;=
jvd;a iqÿiq jpkh c, l<ukdlrKh hkak hs'
wfma rfÜ merKs ld,fha cSj;a jQ úoHd{hskaf.a
iy bxcsfkarejkaf.a úiañ; ±kqfï iajNdjh c,
l<ukdlrKh i`oyd Tjqka úiska lr ;sfnk
lghq;= foi úuis,su;a j ne,Sfuka wjfndaO lr
.; yels h'
uyjeõ ;ekSu - wfma rfÜ ft;sydisl hq.hg
wh;a tla úYsIag lghq;a;la jkafka uyjeõ
;ekSu hs' lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= id¾:l lr .ekSu"
.xj;=r md,kh lsÍu" kd.ßl ck;djf.a fjk;a
wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lsÍu wdÈ nyqúO lreKq mokï
lr f.k uyjeõ bÈ úh' úYd, m%udKfha jeõ
;ekSu b;d ixlS¾K úoHd;aul ±kqula iys;
;dlaIKsl W;aidyhls' wkqrdOmqr hq.fha oS bos
lrk ,o my; olajd we;s tjeks jeõ lsysmhl
úYd,;ajh wjfndaO lr .ekSfuka tjeks jeõ
;ekSug;a c,fhka msreKq miq tu jeõ kv;a;=
lsrSug;a fl;rï by< úoHd;aul ±kqula wjYH
jkafka o hk ldrKh Tng myiqfjka wjfndaO
jkq we;'
ljqvq,a, jej ^fylaghdr 2537&
ñkafkaßh jej ^fylaghdr 2550&
yqre¨ jej ^fylaghdr 2125&
l,d jej ^fylaghdr 2125&
moúh jej ^fylaghdr 2357&
fujeks úYd, m%udKfha jeõ ;ekSfï § ie,ls,a,
fhduq l< hq;= m%Odk;u ldrKh jkafka tys
/iajk úYd, c, Odß;dj u.ska we;s lrk
mSvkh md,kh lr f.k th §¾> ld,hla r`ojd
;nd .ekSu iy m%fhdackh i`oyd c,h msg;g
.ekSfï § we;s jk w;sYh úkdYldÍ mSvkh
u.ska we;s lrk n,h md,kh lr.ekSu;a h'
jeõ neïu - m<uq jk ldrKh úYd,
c,Odß;djla r`ojd f.k isàug kï jefõ
neïu b;d Yla;su;a wdldrhg bÈlsÍu wjYH
h' tjekakla m%dfhda.sl j isÿ lsÍfï § jvd
jeo.;a jkafka jeõ neïu bÈ lsÍfuka miq j
.s,d fkdneiSug wjYH lrk lghq;= iïmdokh
lsÍu hs' fï i`oyd wfma merKs jdß bxcsfkarejka
úiska wkq.ukh lr ;sfnkafka fmdf<fõ hï
;ekl msysá .,la ;sfí kï ta ;ek f;dard
f.k jeõ neïu bÈ lsÍu hs' iajdNdúl j msysá
l`ÿ folla w;r ;ekl ;sfnk tjeks .,la
fidhd f.k ta u; bÈ lrk jeõ neïu fomiska
l÷ folg hd lrkq ,efí' iajdNdúl l`ÿj,g
iïnkaO lr ;sîu ksid jeõ neïfï Yla;su;a
65
PdhdrEmh wxl 5'3 j¾;udk udÿreTh c,dYfha fõ,af,a fidfrdõj bÈ lsÍug iqÿiq ;ekla úfoaYsl bxcsfkarejreka úiska
mÍlaId fldg y`ÿkd.;a ;ek wfma merKs bxcsfkarejka úiska Bg wjqreÿ ish .Kklg by; ld,hl § fidfrdõjla bÈ
lr ;sìKs' fï tu merKs fidfrdõj kgnqka ù ;sî u;=lr .;a miq wjia:djhs'
Ndjhg thska msgqjy,la ,efí' fhdaO jefõ jeõ
neïu ie;mqï y;la muK È. jk w;r Wi wä
y;<sia y;rls' lD;%Su j idok ,o tjeks mia
neïulg jej msreKq miq tys /iafjk c, l`o
u.ska we;s lrk mSvkh ord isàug kï jeõ
neïu fl;rï Yla;su;a úh hq;= o hk lreK
Tng jegfykq we;'
jeõ neïfï ia:dhs;dj wdrlaId lr .ekSug kï
tys ±ä nj w;HjYH lreKls' fï ;;a;ajh
mj;ajd .ekSug jeõ neïu ;kk wjia:dfõ Bg
l%udkql+, l%ufõohla wdfoaY lr ;sfí' fuu
;dlaIKfha iajrEmh wjfndaO lr .ekSug
mqrdúoHd{hska úiska iS.sß uyjefõ jeõ neïu
leKSï fldg mÍlaId lrk ,È' fuys § olakg
,enqfKa jeõ neïu ilia lr ;sfnkafka mia
;Ügq lsysmhlska nj hs' ueá ;Ügqjla" mia
;Ügqjla" fndr¨ ;Ügqjla iy lsßueá ;Ügqjla
jYfhka tlsfkl u; tlsfkl w;=rd b;d ;Èka
;<d .ekSfuka tys jeõ neïu bÈ lr ;sìKs'
j¾;udkfha mjd uydud¾. wdÈ foa ;ekSfï §
.s,d neiSu j<lajd,Sug mia ;Ügq ;Èka ;,kq Tn
±l we;' wo tjekakla lsÍug kQ;k hka;%iQ;%
we;;a ta ld,fha tjekakla bgq lr .ekSug
fhdod .kakg we;af;a i;=ka h' rejkaje,siEfha
w;a;sjdru ilia lsÍfï § tf,i mia ;e<Sug
w,ska fhdod .;a nj ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hj,
i`oyka h'
66
r<mkdj - jejla c,fhka msÍ ;sfnk úg
tys u;=msg ;rx. we;s fõ' th tfia jkafka
iq<`. iy c,fha we;sjk p,s;h ksid h' fuu
;rx.j,ska we;s jk n,h ksid jeõ neïu
Ldokh ùfï wk;=r j<lajd,Sug bÈ lr ;sfnk
jHqyh ye`Èkafjkafka r<mkdj hk kñks' jeõ
neïfï we;=<; nEjqfï .,a we;sÍfuka r<mkdj
;kd ;sfí' c,fha ;rx. l%shdldÍ;ajfha n,h
wjfndaO lr .ekSu iy th je<elaùug l%uhla
iïmdokh lsÍu wfma uq;=kañ;a;ka úoHd;aulj
is;Sfï m%;sM,hls'
fidfrdõj - úYd, m%udKfha jmißhl úyso
mj;akd jeõj,ska msg;g c,h uqod yeÍu w;sYh
mfriaiï iys; j isÿ l< hq;= ld¾hhls' jejl
c,h msÍ mj;akd m%foaYh jHdma; ùug iudka;rj
tys c,h r`ojd f.k isák jeõ neïu o Wiska
jeä fõ' túg tu jefõ msÍ ;sfnk c, lf`oa
Wi o by< hhs' c, lf`oa Wi by< hdu ksid
wêl mSvkhla ks¾udKh fõ' tjeks mSvkhla
iys; ;eklska c,h msg;g uqod yeÍfï § w;sYh
l,amkdldß úh hq;af;a tu.ska uy;a úkdYldÍ
m%;sM, we;s ùug iEu wjia:djl § u bvlv
;sfnk ksid h'
wfma rfÜ mqrdK ld,fha jdih l< bxcsfkarejka
fï .ek b;d fyd`Èka l,amkd l< nj fmfka'
úYd, jeõj,ska mfriaifuka c,h msg;g
.ekSug Tjqka úiska ksIamdokh lrk ,o
jHqyh ye`Èkafjkafka zfidfrdõjZ kñks' úYd,
.,am;=re Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka jeõ neïfï
ksYaÑ; Wi uÜgul fidfrdõj iú lr ;sfí'
y;r jk uyskao rcq úiska lrjk ,o fjiai.sßh
fi,a,smsfha zfudfyd,a k`.dZ hk mo fol olakg
;sfí' bka lshefjkafka fidfrdõfõ c,h
md,kh lrk oKav ilia fldg hkak hs' jeõ
neïfï c,h msÍ mj;sk m%foaYfhka wdrïN j
jeõ neïu háka fyda th úksúo hk wdldrhg
iajdNdúl .,am;=re Ndú; lr fidfrdõ bÈ lr
we;' thska c,h uqod yeÍug Ndú; lrk ,oafoa
isria w;g fidfrdõjg iïnkaO lr ;snQ .,a
l=¨kls' th wE;auE;a lsÍfuka wjYH ;rñka
c,h msg;g uqod yeÍug yels úh' fujeks .,a
l==¨kq ye`Èkaùug fhdod ;sfnkafka zÈhleg
mykZ hk fhÿu hs' fjiai.sßh fi,a,smsfha
tla ;ekl zi;¾ ßhkla ÈhÜ ys`ojq Èhleg
mykaZ hkqfjka fhÿula olakg ;sfí' c,h
md,kh lsÍug fidfrdõjlg iïnkaO lr ;snQ
.,a l=¨kla ßhka y;rl Wiska hq;a nj thska
lshefõ'
ìfidafldgqj hkු fidfrdõfjහි ම එක් අංගයකි
thska woyia lrk ,oafoa jefjka c,h msg;g .,d
tk .,ska ;ekQ wdh; p;=ri%dldr wjldYh hs'
th by<ska neÆ úg Èiajkafka fldgqjla f,i
h' Wia neïula iys; jeõj, fidfrdõ tllg
jvd jeä m%udKhla iú lr ;sfí' tys wruqK
tla tla uÜgïj, § c,h uqod yeÍfuka wju
mSvk ;;a;ajhla hgf;a c,h msg;g /f.k
taug bka wjldY ie,fik ksid h' jejl
neïfï my< u uÜgfï msysgqjd ;sfnkafka
uv fidfrdõj h' j¾Id ld,hlska miq j jefõ
tla/ia jk frdkauv bj;a lsÍug bjy,a lr
.kakd ,oafoa uv fidfrdõj kñka ye`Èkafjk
tu jHqyh hs'
fidfrdõjla bÈ lsÍug;a th mßyrKh lsßug;a
úoHd;aul ±kqula wjYH h' úfYaIfhka u Bg
wod< jkafka c,fha yeisÍu fyd`Èka f;areï
f.k ;sìu hs' c,h i;= tu .=Kh ye`oskaùug
c,fha .uH;dj hk moh jHjydr lrkq ,nhs'
wfma rfÜ merKs úoHdj hk f;audj hgf;a
fidfrdõ .ek bf.k .ekSu jeo.;a jkafka ta
ksid h'
we<ud¾. - .x.d yrialr wuqKq ne`o c,h
/ia lr .ekSu;a tfia /ia lr .;a c,h jeõ
fj; f.k hdu;a b;d wE; ld,hl isg c,
l<ukdlrKhg wod< j wfma rfÜ mej;s
;dlaIKhls' l%sia;=mQ¾j fojk ishjig wh;a
fi,a,smshl wäl hk kñka y`ÿkajk ,o
ks,Odßhl= .ek i`oyka fõ' Tyq we< ud¾. bÈ
lsÍu iïnkaOfhka lghq;= l< wfhls'
mqrdK ld,fha bÈ l< ±jeka; we< ud¾.hla
jkafka uyje,s .fÕaa w;= .x.djla jQ wUka.Õ
yria lr bÈ l< we<yer we< hs' fï u.ska
ñkafkaßh" .sß;f,a" ljqvq,a, yd lkaa;f,a hk
jeõj,g c,h f.k .sfha h' ñksfma m%foaYfha
§ uyje,s .Õ yria lr neïula ne| c,h
fmdf<dkakrej f;la f.k hdug tl, ;j;a
we< ud¾.hla bÈ lr ;sìKs'
fn!oaO úydrdrduj, úiQ NslaIQka jykafia,df.a
m%fhdackh i`oyd bÈ lrk ,o fmdl=Kq mqrdK
ld,fha wfma rfÜ mej;s c, l<ukdlrKhg
wod< ;j;a wxYhls' l=Ügï fmdl=K" l=udr
fmdl=K" fk`Mï fmdl=K" we;a fmdl=K wdÈ
ks¾udK óg ksoiqka h'
fm!oa.,sl c, mrsyrKfha § c,fha kshñ;
m%ñ;sh iy isis,kh wdrlaId lr .ekSu i`oyd
mqrdK ld,fha § wfma rfÜ kshñ; ;dlaIKhla
;sìKs' úfYaIfhka u wkqrdOmqrh wdÈ úh<s
l,dmSh m%foaYj, mdkSh c,fha lsjq,a iy.;
iajNdjhla wka;¾.; fõ' tfyhska mdkSh c,fha
kshñ; m%ñ;sh wdrlaId lr .ekSug wjYH lrk
;dlaIKh ksmojd .ekSug fm<öu iajdNdúl h'
mdkSh c,h ,nd .ekSug wjYH lrk <sx iE§fï
§ l%udkql+, úêl%uhla wkq.ukh lsÍu fï
i`oyd wkq.ukh lr ;sfnk m%Odk ms<sfj;ls'
úYd, m%udKfha ueá n`ÿka lsysmhla <s`o ;=<g
niaijd tys ì;a;s wdjrKh lsÍu isÿ lr ;sfí'
fujeks <sx y`ÿkajkafka W!rdleg <sx kñks'
fujeks W!rdleg <sx úh<s l,dmfha ia:dk
lsysmhlska fidhd f.k ;sfí'
iS.sßfha c, u,a -iS.sßfha c, u,a ngysr WoHdkfha
olakg ;sfnk úYsIag;u ks¾udKhls' ngysr
c, WoHdkh yryd iS.sß m¾j;h fj; úysfok
msúiqï udjf;a fomi ks¾udKh lr ;sfnk c,
u,a .Kk y;rls' c, u,a y;rla ks¾udKh
lsÍug fya;=j tajdhska by<g k.sk c, lf`oa
67
Wfiys hï fjkila we;s lsÍfï wjYH;dj hs'
fuu c, u,a ilid ;sfnk l%uh b;d ir, jQ;a
ld¾hlaIu jQ;a tlls' wä 600 lg wdikak jk
Wil isg ldKq moaO;shla yryd ;eks;,djg
.,d tk c,h ysájk u yria fldg ie,lsh
hq;= ;rfï mSvkhla we;s lsÍfuka c,h by<g
tiùu tys § wkq.ukh lr ;sfnk uQ,O¾uh
hs' tfia mSvkh we;sjk ;ek ldKqfõ by<ska
jD;a;dlr yevhlg isÿre úÈk ,o .,a m;=rla
iú lsÍfuka pu;aldrckl f,i c,h by<g
ú§ug ilialr ;sfí' iajdNdúl j ckkh
jk mSvkh ksid by<g tifjk c, lf`oa Wi
fjkia lsÍu i`oyd fhdod f.k ;sfnk Wml%uh
jkafka mSvkh WmÈk ;ekg by<ska ;sfnk .,a
m;=f¾ úo ;sfnk isÿrej, úIalïNh fjkia
lsßu hs' úIalïNh wvq isÿfrka jeä mSvkhla
ksoyia jk ksid c, l`o jeä Wilg tifjk
w;r úIalïNh jeä isÿfrka Bg jvd wvq Wilg
c, l`o by<g tifõ' iS.sß m¾j;fha by< isg
my<g c,h .,df.k meñKsfï § Bg uqiq jk
frdkauv iajdNdúl .=re;aj n,fhka my<g ls`od
neiSug c,h jeä ÿrla wvq neiaulska hq;=j .,d
hdug yels jk mßÈ iS.sßfha c, WoHdkfha ldKq
moaO;sh o`.rdldr j ilia lr ;sfí' ldKqj,
;eka lsysmhlska bj;a l< yels .,am;=re fhdod
;sfnkafka j¾Id ld,fhka miq ldKq m;af,a
tl;= jk frdkauv bj;a lsÍug h' uyjeis weo
jefgk ld,j, iS.sßfha c,u,a l%shd;aul jk
wdldrh wo;a flfkl=g ±lsh yels h'
5'2'2 jdia;= úoHdj
mer‚ jdia;= úoHdj ms<sno wx. /ila wkqrdOmqrh
yd fmdf<dkakrej rdcOdksj, kgnqka mßlaId
lsÍfï § wmg yuq fõ' tu.ska tl, isá úúO
Ys,amSka úYsIag jdia;= úoHd;aul ks¾udK lr
we;s nj wmg fmkajd fohs' thska b;d úYsIag;u
ks¾udK lsysmhla fuys § Tng wOHhkh l<
yels h'
.Dy ks¾udK - wkqrdOmqr yd fmdf<dkakrej
hq.j,ska yuq jQ jdia;= úoHdjg wh;a fn!oaO
f.dvke.s,s" Þ.eí" fndaê>r" ms<su f.j,a" úydr
f.j,a" wdrdu" Þk Yd,d" Ndjkd l=á rdc ud,s.d"
n,fldgq" fnfy;a Yd,d wdÈ .Dy ks¾udK ±lsh
yels h'
68
f.dvke.s,s ;ekSu b;d merKs ld,hl isg furg
mej;s nj tu idlaIsj,ska fmfka' wkqrdOmqrfha
bÈ fldg ;sfnk fÊ;jkdrduh" wNh.sßh iy
rejkaje,s iEh wdÈ uyd ia;+m iy f,dajduydmdh
wdÈ uy,a lsysmhlska hq;a f.dvke.s,s bÈ lsÍug
b;d ÈhqKq úoHd;aul ±kqula iy tu ±kqu l%shdjg
kexùug wod< ;dlaIKh ms<sn`o mqyqKqjla wjYH
h' ksoiqkla f,i ;Èka fudaiï j¾Idj ,efnk
Y%S ,xldfõ W;=reueo úh<s l,dmfha wkqrdOmqr
jeks m%foaYhl bÈ fldg ;sfnk rejkaje,s iEh
iy fjk;a ia;+mj,g ´kE u wjia:djl § wl=Kq
ier je§fï yelshdjla ;sfí' tfy;a b;sydifha
lsisÿ wjia:djl tu ia;+m tjeks wk;=rlg ,la
jQ njg ft;sydisl fyda mqrdúoHd;aul idlaIs
fidhd f.k ke;' Bg fya;=j tjeks wk;=rej,ska
tu f.dvke.s,s wdrlaId lr .ekSug wjYH
lrk úoHd;aul wdfoaYk fh§ug merKs ld,fha
bxcsfkarejka úiska lghq;= iïmdokh lr ;sîu
hs' wl=Kq ier yg .kafka m%;súreoaO úoHq;a
wdfrdamKj,ska iukaú; j,dl=`M tlsfkl w;r
úÿ,sh yqjudre ùfï § nj fN!;sl úoHdfõ
W.kajk kshuhls' tjeks wêl ierlska hq;a
úÿ,s Odrdjla fmdf<djg meñfKkafka úÿ,s
ikakdhl;djlska hq;a Wie;s jia;=jla yryd h'
tf,i úÿ,sh .uka lsÍfï § wod< jia;=j ms,siaiS
úkdYhg ,la fõ' fuu l%shdj,sh ms<sn`o jeäÿr
úia;r úoHdj mdvfï § Tng bf.k .ekSug
wjia:djla ,efnkq we;'
wl=Kq ierj,ska wdrlaId ùug j¾;udkfha
we;eï ksfjiaj, mjd wl=Kq ikakdhlhla
fhdod ;sfí' rejkaje,s iEh bÈ lsÍfï § o wl=Kq
ikakdhlhla fh§ug th bÈ l< bxcsfkarejka
wu;l lf<a ke;' ft;sydisl uq,dY%hj, tu
WmlrKh y`ÿkajd § ;sfnkafka zjc% pqïngZ hk
kñka h' jc% hkqfjka jHjydr lrkafka wl=Kq
fyj;a iajdNdúl j ckkh jk úÿ,s ierhg hs'
pqïng hk jpkh iE§ ;sfnkafka pqïnl hk
mofhks' tys w¾:h ldkaou hkak hs' ldkaou
hk isxy, fhÿfuka we§ tAu fyda we,Su hk
woyi ,efí' wl=Kq ier weo .ekSug rejkaje,s
iEh uqÿfka iú fldg ;snQ jHqyhg zjc% pqïngZ
hkqfjka fh§u fnfyúka WÑ; h' wl=Kqj,ska
cks; jk úoHq;h ye`Èkafjkafka iaÓ;s úoHq;h
hk kñks' th fN!;sl úoHdfõ b.ekafjk
fohls'
PdhdrEmh wxl 5'2 wkqrdOmqrfha isg úysfok uydud¾. moaO;shla tl, ;sìKs' wkqrdOmqrh yryd .,d nisk u,aj;=Th
yryd .uka lsÍug tl, uydud¾. bxcsfkarefjda l`ඵ.,ska md,ï ;ekQy' md,ï ;ekSfï uQ,sl úoHd;aul isoaOdka; Tjqka
±k isá nj bka meyeÈ,s fjhs' fï tf,i ;ekQ .,a md,ula kgnqka j ;ju;a iq/lS ;sfnk wkaou hs'

rejkaje,s iEfha w;a;sjdru - rejkaje,s iEh
bÈ lrk ,oafoa ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud úisks' th ta
ld,h jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ bÈ fldg ;snQ úYd,;u
ia;+mh hs' merKs ld,fha bÈ l< f.dvke.s,a,la
ms<sn`o iEfyk ;rfï §¾> úia;rhla ,sheù
;sfnkafka rejkaje,s iEh iïnkaOfhks'
úfYaIfhka u fuu iqúi,a ia;+mfha w;a;sjdru
ilia l< wdldrh ms<sn`o úÑ;% jQ;a úia;rd;aul
jQ;a meyeÈ,s lsÍula ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hj,
olakg ;sfí' ta úia;rhg wkqj m<uq j tu
ia;+mh bÈ lsÍug kshñ; ia:dkfha ßhka y;la
.eUqrg fmdf<dj idrd ;sfí' wk;=rej iúu;a
ñksiqka ,jd yqKq.,a f.kajd tu j<g oud tajd
len,s fldg c,h j;a fldg yï im;a;= me<`ojQ
we;=ka fhdod md.d uÜgï lr ;sfí' bka miq ta
.,a w;rg fj`vre ueá kñka ye`Èkafjk ueá
j¾.hla w;=rd iúu;a flßKs' miqj tu .,a
;Ügqj u; kej;;a .,a ;Ügqjla o ta u; fndr¨
;Ügqjla o fndr¨ ;Ügqj u; m<s`.= .,a ;Ügqjla o
w;=rejkq ,eì‚' bka miqj ta .,a ;Ügqj u;
kjkS; kï ueá j¾.h wdf,am lrKq ,eì‚'
wk;=rej ridhk Èhrhlska Èh lr .kakd
,o Èjq,a ue,sshï ;jrk ,o f,day ±,la ta u;
w;=rjkq ,eì‚' ta u; ;, f;,aj,ska f;uk
,o r;aaisßh,a .,a w;=rjkq ,eì‚'
fuu úia;rhg wjOdkh fhduq lrk úg
wjfndaO jkafka rejkaje,s iEfha w;a;sjdru
kQ;k fldkal%SÜ ;dlaIKhg iudk l%ufõohla
wkqqj ilia lr ;sfnk nj hs' tjeks Yla;su;a
mokula Bg fhdod ;sfnkafka ta u; bÈ lrk
±jeka; .fvd`M ia;+mfha nr §¾> ld,hla ;siafia
fkdkeiS ord isàu wjYH ksid h' óg wjqreÿ
fooyia foiShlg muK by; ld,hl § úYd,
f.dvke.s,a,la bÈ lsÍfï § wfma bxcsfkarejka
l,amkd l< wdldrh;a ta wkqj l%shd l<
wdldrh;a Bg wod< úoHd;aul is;sú,a,;a fuu
ksoiqk u.ska ms<sìUq fõ'
69
PdhdrEmh wxl 5'1 hlv WKq lsÍfï ;dlaIKh b;d merKs ld,hl isá wfma rfÜ Ys,amSka m%.=K lr ;snQ ;dlaIKhls' tf,i
hlv WKq lsÍug Ndú; l< hlv Wÿka rdYshla mqrdúoHd{hska úiska wkdjrKh lr f.k ;sfí' fuu PdhdrEmfha jïmi
±lafjkafka inr.uq m<d;g wh;a iuk< jej m%foaYfhka fidhd .kakd ,o tjeks kgnqka j .sh merKs hlv Wÿkls' th
iajdNdúl iq<x n,fhka l%shd;aul lr ;sfí' ol=Kqmi PdhdrEmfha ±lafjkafka mqrdúoHd{hska úiska tjeks Wÿkla w¨;ska
idod we;s wkaou hs ^PdhdrEmfha whs;sh cs,shka cqf,*a i;= h&'

k.r ks¾udKh yd WoHdk ks¾udKh - tajdfha fiajh lrk ,o ffjoHjreka ms<sn`oj

f.dvke.s,s iE§u iy WoHdk w,xlrKh
iïnkaOfhka b;d by< ±kqula wfma merKs
iudch ;=< mej;sKs' fï i`oyd ±laúh hq;=
fyd`o u kso¾Ykh iS.srsfha kd.ßl ie,eiau
iy tys ;sfnk WoHdk ixlS¾Kh hs' iS.sßh hkq
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka miajk ishjfia § bÈ lrk ,o
úYsIag kd.ßl uOHia:dkhls' w;súYd, yqol,d
m¾j;hla flakaø lr f.k th f.dv k.d ;sfí'
iS.sß m¾j;h tys wjg ;eks;,dfõ isg ógr 200
l Wilska hqla; h' ud,s.hl kgnqka olakg
;sfnk m¾j;fha uqÿfka jmißh fylaghdr
;=klg wdikak h' m¾j;h flakaø lr f.k
msysgd ;sfnk kef.kysr iy ngysr rdclSh
m%fõY ms<sfj<ska fylaghdr 40 iy 90 hk
m%udKj,ska hqla; h' fuu kd.ßl ixlS¾Kh
jgd tys wdrlaIdj msKsi bÈ lr ;sfnk .fvd`M
m%dldrj, È. lsf,daógr 10 lg wdikak h' óg
wu;r j iS.sß m¾j;h jgd Èfjk mßÈ ilia
lr ;sfnk Èh w.,aj, uq`M È. lssf,dañgr 8
ls' fï ish¨ ± bÈ lr ;sfnkafka úêu;a f,i
ie,iqï lrk ,o .Ks;dkql+, wdlD;shlg h'
ikSmdrlaIdj" iajia:;dj yd ffjoH l%uh -
ffjoH Ydia;%h ms<sn`o ie,lsh hq;= ;rfï §¾>
b;sydihla Y%S ,xldj i;= j ;sfí' mKavqldNh
rcqf.a md,k ld,fha § wkqrdOmqrfha bÈ fldg
;snQ ud;D ksjdi ^isúld id,d& .ek uydjxifha
i`oyka fõ' ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud úiska frday,a oy
wgla bÈ lrk ,o nj jxil:dj, i`oyka h'
70
fi,a,smsj, i`oyka jk oE fuu fmdf;aa ñka
fmr i`oyka flßKs'
wfma rfÜ isá we;eï md,lfhda o ffjoH Ydia;%h
uekúka m%.=K l< wh jQy' fkdjk wjia:dj,
§ ffjoH Ydia;%h mq`M,a lsÍug ish fkdu o
wkq.%dyl;ajh ,nd ÿkay' 1982 jif¾ § óg wod<
b;d jeo.;a mqrdúoHd;aul idlaIs fidhd .ekSug
mqrdúoHd{fhda iu;a jQy' ta fmdf<dkakrefõ
msysá wd,dyk msßfjk kñka ye`Èkafjk merKs
kgnqka iys; N+ñh leKSug ,la lsÍfï § h' tys
§ tu ia:dkfha mej;s merKs frday,l kgnqka
u;= flßKs'
wä 147'5 la È.e;s wä 109'2 m<,e;s frday,a
f.dvke.s,a,la tys ;sìKs' ta ;=< ;sî fidhd
.kakd ,o foa w;r ixlS¾K Y,Hl¾u i`oyd
Ndú;lrk fuj,ï o úh' ta mqrdjia;= u`.ska wfma
merKs ffjoH Ydia;%h fl;rï ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhl
mej;sfha o hk ldrKh fmkajd fohs'
fuhg wu;r j ffjoH fmd;a" fnfy;a Tre"
ffjoHjre i|yd .ïìï fjka lsÍu" Tiq Whka
we;s lsÍu ms<sn| f;dr;=re wkdjrKh ù we;'
±kg fYaI j we;s leisls<s jeisls<s kgnqqkaj,ska
merkakka ;=< wmøjH l<ukdlrKh ms<sn|
ukd wjfndaOhla ;snQ nj fmkS hhs'
 f.dvke.s,s ks¾udKfha § tAjd
mßyrKh lrkakkaf.a iajia:;dj
ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq l< nj
meyeÈ,s fõ'

mqrdK hlv ksiaidrK ;dlaIKh

b;d mqrdK ld,hl isg wfma
uq;=kañ;af;da hlv ksiaidrKh
lsÍfï ;dlaIKh fyd`Èka ±k isáhy'
W!j m<d;g wh;a fnr.,ska fidhd
f.k we;s l%sia;= mQ¾j 2400 g Èk
ks¾Kh lr ;sfnk fifydka .enl
;sî hfndr lene,a,la fidhd .ekSug
mqrdúoHd{fhda iu;a jQy' th ta
ld,fha hlv WKq l< nj fmkajk
idlaIshls'
Y%S ,xldfõ hlv ksiaidrKh lsÍfï
merKs ;dlaIKh fln`ÿ ± hs jgyd
.ekSug bjy,a jk m%Odk wjia:d
folla ;sfí' thska m<uq jekak
inr.uq m<d;g wh;a n,xf.dv
iuk< jej m%foaYfhka fidhd .kakd
,o merKs hlv W÷ka h' fojekak
uOHu m<d;g wh;a iS.sßhg kqÿre
w,fld< jej foys.y we<lkao kï
m%foaYfhka fidhd .kakd ,o merKs
hlv W÷ka h' iajdNdúl mßirfha
mj;sk hlv nyq, .,aj,ska hlv
f,dayh fjka lr .ekSug kï tajd
wêl W!IaK;ajhlg r;a l< hq;=
h' hlv WKqjkafka W!IaK;ajh
ie,iqu wxl 5'1 fmdf<dkakrefõ wd,dyk msßfjk frdayf,a ìï ie,eiau'
fuu frday, m<uq jk mrdl%undyq rcqf.a ld,fha mgka l%shd;aul j mej;shls fi,aishia wxYl 1538 § h' fuf,i
wêl W!IAK;ajhla ,nd .ekSug
rdc ud,s.dj, mdúÉÑ lrk ,o jeisls<s yd kï b;d u ld¾hlaIu ;dlaIKhla
leisls<s moaO;sh b;d .eUqre j<lg wm øjH msg ;sîu wjYH h' iuk< jej hlv ksiaidrKh
lsÍug ilia lr we;' mßirhg ydks fkdjk lr ;sfnkafka l%sia;= mQ¾j f;jk ishjfia § h'
whqßka wmøjH msg lsÍug tA wkqj lghq;= l< ta i`oyd fhdod f.k ;sfnk Wÿka ±,aùug Ndú;
nj fmkS hhs' fmdf<dkakrefõ kgnqkaj,ska lr we;af;a iajdNdúl iq<x n,h hs' l`ÿ uqyqK;l
wmú;% c,h .,d hdug ieliQ ldKq moaO;shla bÈ lr ;sfnk fuu W÷ka l`ÿ w;ßka .,d tk
o yuq ù we;' tfuka u kdk fmdl=Kqj, o iq<x u.ska meh 12 lg wdikak fõ,djla fkdksù
úfYaI k< ud¾. yryd wmøjH neyer lsÍug ±,aù ;sfí' wog;a jif¾ fudaiïiq<x ld,hg
lghq;= lr we;' wd,dyk msßfjk ms<sn| ijia hdufha tu m%foaYfha yryd yuk iq<x miq
uydjxYfha tk f;dr;=rej, tys f.dvke.s,s od myka jk ;=re wLKav j yud hhs' hlv iys;
m%මdKhg .e<fmk f,i jeisls<s y;la idÞ iajdNdúl .,a len,s fldgd ueáfhka ilia
we;s nj i|yka fõ' tA wkqj fy< jdia;= úoHd l< W÷kaj,g oud ta u;g w`.=re o tlafldg
71

PdhdrEmh wxl 5'5 fmdf<dkakrefõ wd,dyk msßfjk frdayf,a leKsï wkq.ukh flßKs' fuys § idudkHfhka
lghq;=j, § frday,a f.dvke.s,sj, kgnqka w;r ;sî fidhd .kakd ,o
f,dayuh l;=re lsysmhla' fïjd frdayf,a ie;alï i`oyd Ndú; lrk ,o isÿ lrkq ,nkafka ó f;,a ;,f;,a
tajd hs'
ijia ld,fha .sks ±,aùfuka miq iajdNdúl iq<x
n,fhka miq Èk w¨hu f;la weú,S bka hlv
fjka fõ' iuk< jej hlv ksiaidrKh lsÍug
Ndú; lr ;sfnkafka ,sfudkhsÜ iy fyughsÜ
hk ridhk úoHd;aul kïj,ska y`ÿkajk .,a
j¾. hs' fuu Wÿka ±,aùu i`oyd fhdod f.k
;sfnkafka zurxZ kñka ye`Èkafjk .ia mq`Miaid
,nd .kakd w`.=re h' wo;a ta m<df;a fuu .ia
jeù ;sfí' fuu .ia j¾.h ye`Èkaùug zhlvurxZ
hk jpkh o Ndú; flf¾'
foys.y we<lkao m%foaYfha hlv Wÿka ±,aùug
wjYH lrk iq<x n,h ,nd f.k ;sfnkafka
uhskyul wdOdrfhks' l%sia;= mQ¾j 180 isg
l%sia;= j¾I 200 muK olajd ld,h ;=< tys hlv
ksiaidrKh isÿ lr ;sfí'
iq`M l¾udka; - óSg wu;r j iq`M l¾udka;
hgf;a úúO wdNrK ieliSu" ueá l¾udka;h"
ue‚la yd lïu,a l¾udka;h mej;s‚'
úúO wdNrK ieliSfï ;dlaIKh ms<sn| fyd|
u WÞyrKhla f,i fca;jk leKSïj,ska yuq
jQ rka wdNrKh .; yels h' th ù weghl
m%udKfha ;e,a,l fldgils' tys u,a leghï 21
la ;sî we;' th kQ;k rkalrejdg wNsfhda.hla
jkq we;' tfuka u wNh.sß lekSfï § fidhd
.kakd ,o j¾Kd,sma; W`Mj,ska furg ueá
l¾udka;fha ÈhqKqj lÈug fmkakqï lrhs'
72
lïu,a l¾udka;fha o úYd, ÈhqKqjla
jQ nj fuu hq.j,g wh;a ±kg yuq ù
we;s úúO wdhqO" wdrlaIl Wmdx. yd
ffY,Sh WmlrK wkqj fmfka'
5'2'3 foaYSh j;aisß;a
nqÿoyu ck;dj w;r m%p,s;j ;snqK
o lDIsld¾ñl wjYH;d i`oyd tl,
ck;dj fjk;a hd;=l¾ñl mQcd fj;
o keUqre ù isáhy' úúO m%dfoaYsl
foújreka fjkqfjka lrk mqo mQcd ta
w;r m%Odk h' ta yereKq úg tÈfkod
.eg¨ úi`od .ekSug flïmyka l%u
hkqfjka ye`Èkafjk ir, úê l%uhla o
wdÈ lsishï f;,a j¾.hlska mykla
fyda myka lsysmhla o,ajd lsishï
mQcdjla mej;්ùu hs' j.dj,g we;sjk
lDñ Wjÿre j<lajd .ekSu yrl=kag je<f|k
we;eï frda. ksjdrKh lsÍug wfma me/kafkda
flïmyka l%u wkq.ukh l< y'
merKs ld,fha foúhka Wfoid lrk ,o mqomQcd
iïnkaOfhka b;d jeo.;a fohla fidhd .ekSug
2009 j¾Ifha § mqrdúoHd{fhda iu;a jQy' r;akmqr
Èia;%slalhg wh;a .,amdh kï m%foaYfha leKSï
l< Tjqkag merKs foajd,hl kgnqka fidhd
.; yels úh' wä 6 l muK úIalïNhla we;s
jD;a;dldr yevhlg ueá j<x hál=re fldg
kud ;snQ tys we;=<; wjldYfha .sksf.dvl
i,l=Kq b;sß ù ;sìKs' .sksf.dv wi, .jhl=f.a
ylalla o ueá fld;,hl fldgia o b;sß ù
;sfnkq ±lsh yels úh' ta ish,a, wdjrKh lrk
mßÈ f.dv k.d ;snQ uvqjlg wh;a lKqj<j,a o
u;= lr .ekSug mqrdúoHd{fhda iu;a jQ y' miqj
lrk ,o úYaf,aIKj, § fmkS .sh ldrKh
jQfha th lsßuvq Ydka;sl¾uh meje;aùug Ndú;
lrk ,o ;ekla nj hs' lsßuvq Ydka;sl¾uh
mj;ajkafka .jhskaf.a wdrlaIdj i`oyd hs'
úoHd;aul Èkks¾K wkqj tu foajd,h l%sia;=
j¾Ifhka ;=kajk ishjig wh;a nj ;yjqre úh'
.jhskaf.a wdrlaIdj m;d lsßuvq Ydka;sl¾uh
meje;aùu wo;a inr.uq m<df;a iy W!j m<df;a
olakg ;sfnk lghq;a;ls'
is;=ju wxl 5'7 .,amdfhka fidhd .kakd ,o merKs foajd,h uq,a wjia:dfõ § mj;skakg we;s wdldrh ms<sìUq jk
wkaoug is;a;frl= úiska we`o ;sfnk Ñ;%hla
5'2'4 foaYSh oekqu
uekSu iy .Kkh - merKs ld,hl mgka
iajNdj O¾ufha mj;sk uQ,O¾u .ek wjfndaO
lr .ekSfuka Bg wod< ±kqula wfma merKs
iudch ;=< mej;sfha h' lsishï iudchla ;=<
úoHd;aul ±kqula mj;sk nj fmkakqï lrk tla
o¾Ylhla jkafka iajNdj O¾uhg wh;a fN!;sl
;;a;aj uek .ekSug iu;a l%ufõohla mej;Su
h' wfma merKs ññ Bg ksoiqka f,i bÈßm;a l<
yels h'
wjldYh uekSu
wjldYh uek .ekSug wfma me/kakkag wjYH
jූfha f.dú;eka i`oyd bvï Ndú; lsÍfï § h'
tfyhska ta i`oyd iqÿiq ññ ilia lr .kakd ,oafoa
f.dú;ek wdY%fhks' tys § lsrsh" wuqK" lÍih"
mE, hk ññ Ndú; úh' lÍi tll l=Uqrla hkq
ù lßihla jemsßh yels ;ekls' lÍi 1la wuqKq
4lg iudk h' wuqKla hkq j¾;udk wlalr
2lg iudk N+ñ m%foaYhls' fuf,i .=Kdldr
in`o;djla ñkqïj, ;sîu Wiia .Ks;dkql+,
,laIKhls' fuys § wjOdkhg .; hq;= lreK
jkafka wjldYh uekSu i`oyd furg me/kakka
úiska fhdod f.k ;sfnkafka mßudj uekSug
wod< tall ùu hs' fï i`oyd my; ±lafjk pl%h
foi wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
,dy 40 } mE, 1
mE< 12 } l=reKs 12
l=reKs 44 } wuqKq 1
wuqKq 1 } lrSi 0¡25
73
 mrudKq 36 = wKq 1
wKq 36 = ;cacdß 1
;cacdß 36 = r:f¾Kq 1
r:f¾Kq 36 = ,slaL 1
,slaL 7 = WL 1
WlaL 7 = OKaKudi 1
OKaKudi 7 = wdx.=, 1
wdx.=, 12 = úh;a 1
nr uekSu
nr uekSsug o tl, úêu;a tall
;sìKs' úfYaIfhka u fjf<`o
lghq;=j, § hï hï fjf<`o
NdKavj, nr ksjerÈj uek .ekSug
PdhdrEmh wxl 5'6 inr.uq m<d;g wh;a m,af,aneoafoa .,amdh kï .fï wjYH úh' fjf<`o lghq;=j, §
;ekl ;sî fidhd .kakd ,o merKs foajd,hl kgnqka' fuh fmdf<da uÜgfï
isg wä 4l muK .eUqßka je<,S ;sìKs' lsßuvq hd.h meje;ajQ ;ekla f,i jHdc nr lsreï isÿ lsÍu kS;s
y`ÿkd f.k ;sfnk fuu ia:dkh l%sia;= j¾Ifhka fojk ishjig wh;a jQjls' úfrdaë lghq;a;la f,i ie,lsKs'
wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalhg wh;a ÿkquv,dlkao kñka fidrfndrjej geï ,smsfha i`oyka
ye`Èkafjk ia:dkfhka fidhd f.k ;sfnk jk wdldrhg rch úiska wkqu; fkdlrk ,o
Nd;sldNh rcq úiska ,shjk ,o fi,a,smshl ;rdÈ mä lsreï- ñkqï i`oyd Ndú; lsÍu ;ykï
tu m%foaYfha msysgd ;snQ od.enlg tla lÍihla lghq;a;ls' mqrdK ld,fha Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú; jQ
ne.ska mQcd lrk ,o bvï úia;rhla i`oyka nr uekSfï ñkqï l%uj, iajrEmh my; ±lafjk
fõ' wkqrdOmqr fydßú, m%foaYfhka yuq jQ pl%h weiqfrka f;areï .kak'
l+glKaKdNh rcqg wh;a fi,a,smshl ta m%foaYfha ùy 4 = .=kacd 1
tl, msysgd ;snQ ;siai kï úydrhlg lÍi wgl .=kacd 2 = udil 1
bvula mQcd l< nj ±lafõ' udil 2'5 = wl 1
wl 8 = OrK 1
È. uek .ekSug o merKs ld,fha l%uj;a ññ
OrK 5 = iaj¾K 1
moaO;shla Ndú;fha mej;sKs' tys l=vd u tallh
iaj¾K 2 = m, 1
jQfha mrudKqj hs' th b;d l=vd ñïuls' flá
ÿr uekSsug wdx.=,h iy úh; hk ññ Ndú;fha fuf,i ñkqu Ndú; lsÍfï § tajd igyka
mej;sKs' úh;la hkq w`.,a 9 ls' f.dvke.s,s bÈ lsÍug wxl wjYH jk nj wms fyd`Èka oksuq'
lsÍfï § iy ms<su fk<Sfï § l=vd ññ Ndú;h j¾;udkfha wm Ndú; lrkafka wrdì cd;slhska
w;HjYH úh' È. ÿr uekSug fhdod .kakd úiska y`ÿkajd fok ,o wxl hs'
,oafoa .õj" fhdÿk iy Win hk ñkqï h'
ksYaYxlu,a, rc;=ud m%Odk udj;aj, .õfjka tfyhska tajd wrdì b,lalï hkqfjka ye`Èka fõ'
.õjg .,a lKq isgqùug ksfhda. lf<a h' th tfy;a wfma rfÜ merKs wxl l%uhla ;sìKs'
j¾;udk lsf,daógr lKqj,g iudk h' tu tfla isg oyi olajd jQ mrdifha wxl merKs
.,a lKq y`ÿkajk ,oafoa .djq; lKq hk kñks' fi,a,smsj, olskakg ;sfí' tajd ,shd we;af;a
tjeks .djq; lKq folla ol=Kq m<d;g wh;a flfia ± hs 5'1 rEm igyfkA olajd ;sfí'
lgq.y.,af.a iy je,s.;a; hk m%foaYj,ska
fidhd f.k ;sfí' fuu ññ l%uh merKs
ld,fha fmrÈ. rgj, fmdÿfõ Ndú; l< tlla ld,h uekSu
nj fmfka' tys mj;sk .Ks;dkql+, nj my; ld,h .Kkh lsÍu lDIsl¾uh u; mokï jQ
±lajd we;s pl%h weiqfrka wjfndaO lr .kak' iudchlg b;d jeo.;a wjYH;djls' fnda.
74

igyk wxl 5'1 Y%S ,xldfõ b;d merKs fi,a,smsj, olakg ;sfnk
ixLHd rEm lsysmhla'
jemsÍu iy wiajekak fk<Su wdÈ ± kshñ;
ld,hg wkqj l< hq;= h' ld,h uekSsu b;d
iQlaIau j l< hq;= ld¾hhls' ld,h uekSug wfma
me/kakka Ndú; l< l%uh f;areï .ekSug
m%udKj;a idlaIs uQ,dY%hj, olakg ;sfí' È.=
ld,hla uek .ekSug j¾Ih hk woyi Ndú;
úh' th pkaøhdf.a .uk wkqj mokï jQ udi
l%uhlg ilia jQjls' wudjl Èk isg mif<diajl
Èk olajd Èk mif<dila o mif<diajla Èk isg
kej; wudjl Èk olajd Èk mif<dila o we;=`M
Èk ;syl ld,h udih f,i ie,lsKs' fuu
fldgia fol ms<sfj<ska mqrmlaIh iy wjmlaIh
hkqfjka ye`Èkaú‚' Èk ;syl udi kï lsÍu
i`oyd ÿre;=" kjï" ueÈka wdÈ jYfhka fmrÈ.g
wdfõKsl j mej;s l%uh Ndú; úh'
udi fod<il ld,h ye`Èkaùug
zjiZ hk moh fyda zyjcrZ hk moh
fi,a,smsj, fhdod ;sfí' zjiZ hk moh
ixialD; NdIdfõ zj¾IZ hk fhÿfuka
o zyjcrZ hk moh ixialD; NdIdfõ
zixj;airZ hk fhÿfuka o ilia úh'
j¾;udkfha Ndú; jk zwjqreÿZ hk
jpkh iEfokafka mqrdK ld,fha tfia
fhÿKq yjcr hk mofhks' ^yjcr >
yjqreÿ > wjqreÿ&' Èkh hk woyi
ye`Èkaùug tl, Ndú; lr ;sfnkafka
z;sÓhZ hk moh hs' l+glKaK wNh rcq
úiska j¾;udk wïmdr Èia;%slalhg wh;a
rc., kï ia:dkfha msysgqjd ;sfnk
fi,a,smshl z;;Z hk jpkh fhdod
;sfí' bka woyia lrkafka ;SÓh hkak hs'
Èkhla iE§ ;sfnkafka uqyq¾;j,sks' wm
Ndú; lrk zfudfyd;Z hk jpkh ie§
;sfnkafka fulS uqyq¾; hk jpkfhks'
ññ iy wxl Ndú; lsÍu i`oyd úoHd;aul
f,i l,amkd lsÍu wjYH h' f,dalfha
mj;sk ixlS¾K .;s ,laIK tu.ska
wjfndaO lr .ekSug wfma uq;=kañ;a;ka
tf,i l,amkd lr we;s nj by; i`oyka
l< lreKqj,ska wjfndaO lr .; yels h'
tjeks ñks; ixl,am wdOdr fldg f.k
mqrdK ld,fha úiQ ,dxlslhska i;= j
;snQ úoHd;aul w;a±lSï lsysmhla fuu
mdvfï úia;r lr ;sfí'
±È.u we;a myk - m<uq jk mrdl%undyq
rc;=ud ^l%s'j' 1153-1186& bmÿKq ia:dkh f,i
ie,flk mqxL.du kï ;ek j¾;udkfha
ye`Èkafjkafka ±È.u hkqfjks' th msysgd
;sfnkafka lE.,a, Èia;%slalfha h' ta rc;=udf.a
W;am;a;sh isys.kajkq msKsi tys ia;+mhla bÈ
lr ;sfí' th ye`Èkafjkafka ±È.u iQ;s>r
ffp;Hh hkqfjks' 1951 jif¾ § fuu ia;+mh
mqrdúoHd{hska úiska leKSug ,la lrk ,È' tu
ia;+mfha Od;= .¾Nfha ;sî f,dalvfhka idok
,o mykla fidhd .ekSug Tjqyq iu;a jQy' fuu
myk wef;l= u; ys`o isák ñksia rEm follska
iukaú; h' we;d ish fyd`vfhka Wla .ila ord
isà' fuys ;sfnk wmQ¾j;ajh kï mykg wjYH
75

PdhdrEmh wxl 5'4 fuu f,dalv we;amyk fidhd .kakd ,oa-
foa lE.,a, Èia;%slalhg wh;a ±È.u fldgfjfyfrks' myfka
f;,a mqrjkq ,nkafka we;a rEmfha l=i ;=<g h' myfka f;,a
wvq ùfï § kej; Bg f;,a msÍug iaÓ;sl c,úoHd uQ,O¾uh
fhdod f.k ;sfí' fN!;sl úoHdjg wh;a uQ,O¾u .ek wfma
merKs Ys,amSkag ;snQ ±kqfï uysuh bka úoyd oelafõ'
f;,a we;df.a Worfha .nvd fldg ta i;df.a
,sx.h yryd mykg f;,a jEiaiSug i,iajd ;sîu
hs' myfka f;,a ±ù wvqfj;a u wkdhdifhka
u we;df.a Worfha ;sfnk f;,a mykg .,d
ths' fuys § wkq.ukh lr ;sfnkafka úoHd;aul
uQ,O¾uhls' th wh;a jkafka wp, c,úoHdjg
h' fuys f;,a md,kh ùu iajhxlS%h j isÿ fõ'
ixlS¾K fN!;sl úoHd;aul uQ,O¾u ms<sn`o
±kqu merKs Y%S ,dxlsl bxcsfkarejka i;= j tl,
mej;s nj ikd: lsÍug ±È.u iQ;s>r ffp;Hfha
f,dalv we;a myk lÈu kso¾Ykhls'
76
l%shdldrlï 2
1' wfma wdÈ uq;=ka ñ;a;kaf.a úoHd;aul
±kqu iy ;dlaIK l=i,;dj hk uefhka
rpkdjla ,shkak'
2' mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fha Ndú; l< úoHdj
yd ;dCIKfhka foaYSh wkkH;dj ms<sìUq
jk wjia:d WodyrK weiqfrka meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
jeo.;a lreKq
1' úoHdj iy ;dlaIKh hk fomofhka
woyia flfrkafka iajNdj O¾ufha mj;sk
uQ,O¾u f;areï .ekSu;a ta wkqj l%shdlsÍug
wjYH Wmdhud¾. ks¾udKh lsÍu;a h'
2' wjldYh" ld,h iy mod¾:h uek .ekSug
wjYH lrk ññ wfma me/kakka úiska
ksmojd ;sìKs'
3' úoHd;aul uQ,O¾u m%dfhda.sl f,i
wdfoaYkh lr ;ukaf.a jev lghq;= myiq
lr .ekSug wfma uq;=kañ;af;da l%shd l< y'
4' ngysr rgj, ÈhqKq jQ kQ;k úoH-
dj b;d u m%fhdack jkakd fia u fmrÈ.
rgj, jeishka ksmojQ úoHdj o tf,i u
m%fhdackj;a h' ksoiqkla f,i Ökfha mej;s
merKs úoHd;aul woyia uq`M uy;a f,dalhg
u n,mEfõ h' Y%S ,xldfõ ksmojk ,o
ìfidafldgqfõ ;dlaIKh ol=Kq wdishdjg
me;sr .sfha h'
5' wfma .eñhka w;r mj;sk hd;=l¾ñl
j;aisß;a Tjqkaf.a cSjk .eg¨ úi`od .ekSug
Tjqka úiska u ksmojd .kakd ,o ;j;a ±kqï
moaO;shls'
iS.srs c, WoHdkh - iS.sß m¾j;fha ngysr fldgfia ;sfnk
kgnqkaj,ska ms<sìUq flfrkafka iS.sßfha c, WoHdkh
hs' iuñ;sl ie,eiaulg wkqj ks¾udKh lrk ,o fuu
WoHdkfha tla mfil olakg ;sfnk foa ta wdldrhg u
wfkla mi o bÈ lr ;sfí' tys ngysr fl<jr msysgd
;sfnk fldgi y`ÿkajd § ;sfnkafka l=vd c, WoHdkh
hk woyi fok laIqø c, WoHdkh hk kñks' iS.sßfha
WoHdkfha iuia; ngysr fldgi c, WoHdkh hk kñka
ye`Èkaùug fya;=j tys Èhfmdl=Kq" ÈhldKq' o¾YkSh
c,u,a wd§ foa bÈ lr ;snQ ksid h'

lsßuvq hd.h - fï kñka ye`Èkafjkafka .jhskaf.a

wdrlaIdj;a fmdÿfõ f.dú;eka lghq;=j, id¾:l nj m;d
isÿ flfrk Ydka;sl¾uhls' th ux.r kï jQ iajfoaYsl
foúflfkl= uq,afldg f.k isÿ lrkakls' fuu
Ydka;sl¾uh inr.uq m<d;g wdfõKsl jQjls'

ÈhlegmyK - merKs jeõj, c,h msg;g .ekSu i`oyd

ilia fldg ;sfnk fidfrdõjg iïnkaO .,ska l<
lKqjls' fuu .,alKqj fi,ùfuka fidfrdõfõ c,h
msg;g uqod yef¾' we;eï úYd, jeõj, fujeks .,alKq
lsysmhla fidfrdõjg iïnkaO lr ;snQ nj fi,a,smsj,
i`oyka fõ'

77
 6 ft;sydisl oekqu iy tys m%dfhda.sl wdfoaYkh
ye`Èkaùu
´kE u iudchla iu;=,s; j mj;skafka oekqu
mdol fldg f.k hs' fulS oekqu tu iudch
wh;a iajdNdúl mßirhg iy Bg wkql+,
j Ôj;a ùfï § ks¾udKh jk ixialD;shg
wod< jk mrsÈ f.dv kef.a' tfyhska f,dal
jHdma; iudcj, tlsfklg fjkia oekqï
moaO;s olakg ;sfí' ta iEu oekqï moaO;shla
u th wh;a iudcfha ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj
iy ;srir meje;au ;yjqre lrhs' lsis hï
iudchla uÕska ;kkq ,nk oekqu ms<sn`o
jHqyhg úúOdldrfha me;slv wh;a úh yels h'
ish iudch ixúOdkh lr .ekSug wjYH
lrk we.hqï" wd¾Ól yqjudrelï úêu;a lr
.ekSug wjYH lrk m%dfhda.sl mshjr we.ehqï
yd úYajdi hk oE bka iuyrls' ft;sydisl
iudchla u.ska ksmojk ,o tjeks oekqï
jHqy j¾;udk iudchlg jqj o w;aoelSula
,nd fohs' ixialD;sl Wreuh hkqfjka
ye`Èkafjkafka th hs' Y%S ,xldfõ ft;sydisl
ixialD;sl Wreuhg wh;a f;dard .;a ixl,am
yhla ms<sn`o j YsIHhd ;=< ixfõ§;djla we;s
lsÍfuka ft;sydisl iú{dkhla ;sfnk
mqrjeisfhl= ks¾udKh lsÍfï uQ,sl moku
ilia lsÍfï wfmalaIdfjka fuu mdvu f.dkq
fldg ;sfí' ta ixl,am yhg Y%S ,xldfõ
merKs iudc ixúOdkh" kS;sh iy iïm%odh"
uqo,a iy úksuh" mrsirh iq/lSu" ldka;d
ksfhdackh iy foaYSh wdydr hk ud;Dld
we;=<;a fõ.
6'1 ft;sydisl hq.fha iudc ixúOdkh
iudc ixúOdkh (Social organization) hkq lsis
hï iudchla ;srir f,i mj;ajd f.k hdug
bjy,a jk tlS iudcfha fjfik mqoa.,hska iy
lKavdhï w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj, iajrEmh
hs' th iudc úoHd;aul ixl,amhls' ´kE u
fohla id¾:l jkafka th ixúOdkd;aul jQ
úg hs. iudchla jqj o tfia h. iudc ixúOdkh
78
wia:djr jQ úg tys mj;sk kS;sh wdpdrO¾u iy
idïm%odhsl we.ehqï úkdY fõ. túg ta iudch
iduldó núka f;dr ùug mgka .kS.
ft;sydisl hq.fha § Y%S ,xldj md,kh l<
nqoaêu;a ld¾hY+r md,lfhda wfma rfÜ iudch
uekúka ixúOdkh lr .ekSug ksr;=re j
u lemfjñka l%shd l<y' iudc ixúOdkhl
olakg ;sfnk m%Odk ,laIKhla jkafka mqoa.,
iïnkaO;dj,g wkqms<sfj<la ;sîu hs. th
ye`¢kafjkafka OQrdj,sh hkqfjks. iudchla
;=< iudc Oqrdj,shla ;sfí. th by< isg my<g
n,h .,d hk jHqyhla kï Bg isria Oqrdj,shla
hehs lshkq ,efí. rcq weue;sjre fjk;a
rcfha ks,OdÍka jYfhka by< isg my<g
wkqms<sfj<lg ilia ùu Bg ksoiqkls.
iudka;r n,fhka hq;a jHqy o iudcj, ;sfí. úúO
wdh;kj, by< m%OdkSka tl iudk uÜgul ,d
ie,fla. tjeks ieleiaula ye`Èkafjkafka ;sria
Oqrdj,sh hkqfjks. weue;sjre, fiakdm;sjre,
NdKavd.dßljre wd§yq ta wdldrhg iudk n,;,
we;s wh hs. merKs ld,fha § Y%S ,xldfõ mej;s
iudc ixúOdkfha iajrEmh meyeÈ,s lsrSu i`oyd
igyk wxl 6'1 Ndú; lrkak'
fuu iudc Oqrdj,sfha by<ska u isákafka
rcq hs. rcq fndai;a .=Kfhka hqla; úh hq;=
nj;a rclug mrïmrdfjka ysñlu ,eìh hq;=
nj;a ms<s.eksKs. fï ksid rcq W;a;Í;r h. Tyq
rgjeishdg BYajrfhl= nj oelafjk krbfir
hk moh oUq¨ úydrfha ;sfnk l+glKaK;siai
rcqg wh;a fi,a,smshl fldgd ;sfnk whqre ;=ka
jk mrsÉfþofha úia;r lr we;'
rcqg ióm j lghq;= lf<da rdclSh ks,OdÍyq h.
kjjk ishjfia rpkd lrk ,o fi,a,smsj,
fujeks ks,OdÍka ye`Èkaùug roafld,a iïore
hk fhÿu Ndú; lr ;sfí. tys f;areu rdcl=,
iajdñore hkakhs. uykqjr hq.h jk úg ro<
hk jpkh iEfokafka fuu fhÿfuks' ^rdcl=,>
roafld,aa > rfod,aa > ro,&.
 rcq

.sys m%N+ka fn!oaO

ix>r;akh
rcfha ks,OdÍka ksIamdokh N=la;s
ú`Èkafkda
fj<`ÿka
fj<`o
fY%aKs
kdhlhska w;rueÈ
w;rueÈ
lKavdhï
w;rueÈ w;rueÈ
by, a w;rueÈ lKavdhï w;rueÈ
uÜgfï
lKavdhï
lKavdhï lKavdhï
lKavdhï iDcqju
Ys,amSka
ksIamdokhg
kdúlhska iïnkaO jkafkda

idudkH rcq
rcqgg wh;a
wh;a oovhlalrejka
vhlla rejkiya iy
Ys,amSka bvï tf`âreka
bvï j.dj.d tf`âreka
l<
l<
f.dúfhda
f.dúfhda

odihska
igyk wxl 6'1 ft;sydisl hq.fha § Y%S ,xldfõ mej;s iudc ixúOdkh fmkakqï lrk igykla
^Wmqgd .ekSu uydpd¾h fiakl nKavdrkdhl 2013 jif¾ § m< l< rpkhlsks&'

uyd ix>r;akh rchg wkqYdikd lrñka lïu,alrefjdaa" ëjrfhda iy fjk;a lghq;=j,

iudc Oqrdj,sfha by< ia:dkhl jev jod<y'
we;eï wjia:dj, § Wkajykafia,d rfÜ md,k
lghq;=j,g o iyNd.s jQy' l%sia;= j¾I m<uq
jk iy fojk ishjiaj, § jeõj,ska nÿ wh
lr .ekSfï n,h fn!oaO úydrj,g mjrd §ug
rcjre lgqh;= l<y'
Okj;a fjf<`o m%OdkSka" kdúl lghq;=j,
fhÿKq lmams;a;ka" ffjoHjreka" .=rejre wා§yq
fndfyda l,l isg iudcfha m%N+ka f,i ie,lk
,oy' ta lsisÿ flfkla f.dú;eka lghq;=j,
fyda i;a;aj md,k lghq;=j, ksr; fkdjQy'
fulS m%N+jrekaf.a uÜgug my<ska isáfha rfÜ
idudkH ck;dj hs' fi,a,smsj, Tjqka y`ÿkajd
§ ;sfnkafka zl=ãkaZ hk kñks' f.dúfhda"
tf`âre" j<x idokafkdaa" ueKsla lmkafkda"
kshe¨Kq mqoa.,fhda fï w;r isáhy' uq`M uy;a
iudch u kv;a;= jQfha fï msßia w;r isá
f.dúhka úiska ksmojk wdydrj,sks'
rfÜ idudkH ck;dj iy by< uÜgfï m%N+ka
w;r iïnkaO;dj mej;sfha idudkH fjf<kaoka
idudkH rcfha ks,OdÍka wdÈ w;rueÈ msßia
yryd h' jßka jr .ïj, ixpdrh l< rcfha
idudkH ks,OdÍka .ek fi,a,smsj, i`oyka ù
;sfí' tjeks ixpdrj, § idudkH .ïjeishka
;ukaf.a .eg¨ Tjqkag oekqqï ÿka w;r tlS
ks,OdÍka tu f;dr;=re rcfha by< ks,OdÍka
yryd rcqg oekajQy'
iudcfha my< u uÜgfï isáfhdaa odifhda h' Tjqka
i;= ld¾hh jQfha fkdfhl=;a jev lghq;=j,
fh§u h' iudcfha fjk;a mqoa.,hskag ;snQ
79
PdhdrEmh wxl 6'1 Y%S ,xldfõ rcjre ;uka úiska fjfyr úydrj,g fok ,o §ukd iy kS;sh ms<sn`o wod<jk foa
.,aj, ,shd ;eîug lghq;= l<y' bka woyia lrk ,oafoa tu f,aLkj, §¾>ld,Sk meje;auhs'
ksoyi Tjqkag fkd;sìKs' j¾. follg wh;a
odifhda tl, isáhy' mdrïmßl j odihka
f,i .; l< wh bka tla lKavdhuls' Tjqka
ye`ÈkajQfha wkajhd;odi hk kñks' l=,shg ,nd
.; yels odifhda o tl, úiq y' OklalS;odi
hkq tjekakka ye`Èkaùug fhÿ moh hs'
fuu iudc ixúOdkhg wh;a jQ tlsfkl
lKavdhï w;r hym;a iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd
f.k hEug;a" Y=Nisoaêh wdrlaId ùug;a wjYH
oE rcq w;ska bgq úh' iudcfha wkqms<sfj< f.dv
ke.S ;sfnk tla tla wdh;k w;r ;sfnk ne`§u
wdrlaId lr .ekSfuka iudchla ì`o jeàug
fkd § /l .; yels nj wfma rg md,kh l<
nqoaêu;a rcjre oek isáhy' fuu ixl,amh
ye`Èkaùug j¾;udkfha Ndú; flfrkafka
iudc taldnoaO;dj (Social cohesion) hk
jHjydrh hs' Od¾ñl f,i md,kh f.k hEug
80
Tjqka ksrka;rfhka W;aidy .;af;a ta ksid h'
6'2 kS;sh iy iïm%odh
iudchla hym;a f,i mj;ajd f.k hEug iudch
úiska iïu; lr .kq ,nk fmdÿ ms<s.ekSï b;d
jeo.;a h' kS;s njg m;ajkafka tfia iïu; lr
.kakd fmdÿ ms<s.ekSï h' iudchla u`.ska iaÓr
lr .kakd tjeks fmdÿ iïu; wdldr follska
mj;shs' ta w;ßka iuyr tajd ,sÅ; kS;s moaO;s
h' fiiq iudc ms<s.ekSï iïm%odhdkql+,j mej;
f.k ths'
iudcfha hym; Wfoid ñksiqkaf.a iudc úfrdaë
yeisÍï kS;s iy iïm%odh u`.ska md,kh flf¾'
iudcfha hym;a nj wdrlaId lsÍug b;d mqrdK
ld,hl isg wfma keKj;a md,lfhda kS;sh iy
iïm%odh wkqj lghq;= l<y'
kS;s iïmdokh lsÍug tlS kS;s l%shd;aul lsÍu
iy m%dfhda.sl Ndú;fha § tu kS;s kshdukh
lsÍug wfma rcjre ukd wjfndaOhlska l%shd
lf<da h' l%sia;= j¾Ifhka kjjk ishjfia §
furg md,kh lf<a udkjïu kï rc fm<m;g
wh;a lS¾;su;a rdc mrïmrdjls' ta rcqka úiska
fldgjk ,o fi,a,smsj, ta ld,fha kS;sh yd
iïnkaO j mej;s wdh;k .ek i`oyka h' tu
,smsj, zjod<Z iy ziNdjZ hk jpk fol .ek
lshefõ' kS;suh lghq;a;l § jodf<hska iy
iNdfhka wd ks,OdÍka Bg ueÈy;a jQ nj tajdfha
lshd ;sfí' fuys zjod<Z hk mofhka woyia lrk
,oafoa jHjia:dodhlh hs' rgl kS;s iïmdokh
lrkafka jHjia:dodhlh hs' tkï md¾,sfïka;=j
hs' merKs ld,fha § bka woyia lrk ,oafoa rdc
iNdj hs'
tu fi,a,smsj, iNdj hkqfjka woyia lr
;sfnkafka wêlrKh hs' rgl mekjQ kS;s
l%shd;aul lrkafka wêlrKh hs' merKs ld,fha
§ wfma rfÜ l%uj;a wêlrK l%uhla mej;s nj
fjk;a fi,a,smsj,ska o ;yjqre ù ;sfí'
ck;dj w;r kS;s kshdukh lrkq ,nkafka
wdrlaIl ks,OdÍka úisks' Tjqka l%shd;aul
lrkafka úOdhlfha n,;, hs' kjjk ishjfia
fi,a,smsj, zfïldmam¾Z hk mofhka y`ÿkajd
;sfnkafka tjeks ks,OdÍka h' th fou<
NdIdfõ zffuldmam¾Z hk mofhka ilia jQjls'
tys f;areu wdrlaIl ks,Odßhd hkak hs' tjeks
ks,OdÍka ye`Èkaùug oKavkdhl hk moh o
Ndú; úh' m<uq jk úchndyq rc;=udg i;=re
lror mej;s iufha wdrlaIdj ,nd fok ,oafoa
is;akdreìï nqoaOkdhl kï jQ oKavkdhlfhl=
nj úchndyq rc;=ud úiska ,shjk ,o mkdlvqj
;U ikakfia i`oyka fldg ;sfí'
wfma rfÜ b;sydifha merKs;u hq.hg wh;a
kS;s fln`ÿ iajrEmhlska mej;sfha oe hs
úia;rd;aul jYfhka oek .ekSug wjYH lrk
idlaIs ÿ¾,N h' tfy;a wju ;rñka tajdfha
iajrEmh fln`ÿ ù oe hs jgyd .ekSug merKs
fi,a,smsj,ska hï u`. fmkaùula ,efí' fï
w;=ßka l%sia;= j¾Ifhka m<uq jk iy fojk
ishjiaj, § rpkd lrk ,o furg fi,a,smsj,
i`oyka jk kS;s wod< jkafka jeõ mßmd,kh
iy rcfha bvï mßyrKh lsÍug iïnkaO nÿ
wh lsÍug hs' nÿ jYfhka rchg f.úh hq;=
jQfha ksIamdokfhka yfhka tlls'
nÿ kS;sh hgf;a wh l< m%Odk nÿ j¾. kï"
• olm;s ^ixialD;( Wolm%dma;s& - jeõj, c,h
Ndú; lrkakkaf.ka wh l< noao
• fndclm;s ^ixialD;( fNdaclm%dma;s& - rcqg
wh;a bvïj, j.d lsÍu fjkqfjka f.jk
,o noao
• u;ruðnl ^ixialD;( ud;%slu;aiHNd.& we<
ud¾.j, u;aiHhska we,a,Su fjkqfjka rch
wh l< noao
iuyr wjia:dj, rch NdKav f,i nÿ wh lr
.;af;a h' wiajekak f,i .kakd f.ä oyhlg
tla f.ähla nÿ f,i rchg f.úh hq;= nj
kjjk ishjig wh;a fi,a,smshl i`oyka h'
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,ska yereKq úg ;j;a wxY
lsysmhlg nÿ kS;sh wod< j ;sìKs' úfoaYj,ska
NdKav wdkhkh lsÍfï § jrdhj, § tl,
f¾.=nÿ wh lr .ekssKs' yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalhg
wh;a wïn,kaf;dg f.dvjdfha msysá merKs
fn!oaO úydrhl we;s l%sia;= j¾Ifhka m<uq
jk ishjig wh;a fi,a,smshl tu úydrh wi,
tl, msysgd ;snqKq jrdhlska wh l< f¾.= nÿ tu
úydrhg mQcd l< nj i`oyka lr ;sfí'
fï wdldrhg mkjd ;snQ nÿ kS;s W,a,x>kh
l<jqkag muKla fkdj iudc idOdrKh /l
.ekSug mkjd ;snQ fjk;a kS;s jqj o lv l<
whg o~qjï lsÍug tl, Widú moaO;shla
l%shd;aul úh' tjeks uydêlrKhla ms<sn`o
i`oykla m<uq jk .cndyq rcq úiska is;=,amõfõ
msysgqjd ;sfnk fi,a,smshl oelafõ' ta m%foaYfha
mej;s uyd úksYaph Yd,dfjka ,efnk ov uqo,a
^uyúkspys ,nkl já;s& rcq úiska is;=,amõj
úydrfha jev jdih lrk NslaIQka jykafia,df.a
isõmih imhd .ekSug mQcd l< nj tu ,smsfha
úia;r fldg we;'
mßirfha ;sfnk iajdNdúl fkdb`ÿ,a .=Kh
wdrlaId lr .ekSug wfma nqoaêu;a rcjre
ksrka;rfhka u l%shd l<y' tfyhska iajdNdúl
mßirhg wh;a i;=ka" .yfld<" c,h iy mi
wd§ oE wdrlaId lr .ekSug wjYH lrk kS;s Í;s
81
PdhdrEmh wxl 6'2 Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú; jQ merKs;u ldishla' fuu ldis j¾.h y`ÿkajkafka yiatnQ ldis hkqfjks' tajd
ksmojk ,oafoa bkaÈhdfõ § h' fjf<`ÿka úiska tu ldis furgg f.k tk ,È'
mekùug Tjqyq Wkkaÿ jQy'
ksis ld,hg iS iEu fkdlrk mqoa.,hskag
l<x myl ovhla kshu lsÍu iïnkaO kS;shla
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka kj jk ishjig wh;a
fldKavjÜgjdka geï ,smsfha i`oyka h' jeis
ld,fha iSiEfuka mi fidaod hdug ,lajk ksid
fuu kS;sh mkjd ;sfí'
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= uekúka mj;ajd f.k hEug
wod< m%;sm;a;s wdrlaId lr .ekSug md,lhska
úiska fkdfhl=;a kS;sÍ;s mekùug lghq;=
lr ;sfí' wkqrdOmqr fjiai.sßfha ;sfnk
fi,a,smshl fï wdldrfha kS;shla olakg we;'
tys lshd ;sfnkafka jeõj,ska f.dú;eka lrk
l=Uqrej, isyskeá" ù" ñi" uqx weg jemsÍu fkdl<
hq;= nj hs' fuu ,smsh y;r jk uyskao rc;=udg
wh;a tlls'
fjf<`odu merKs iudcfha mej;s jeo.;a jD;a;Ska
w;=ßka tlls' rg we;=<; mej;s fjf<`odu
uekúka mj;ajd f.k hEu i`oyd wjYH lrk
kS;sÍ;s iïmdokh lsÍug wfma nqoaêu;a rcjre
j.n,d .;ay' l%sia;= j¾Ifhka kjjk ishjfia §
furg mej;s tjeks kS;sj, iajrEmh fln`ÿ oe hs
jgyd .ekSug wmg bjy,a jk m%Odk uQ,dY%hla
jkafka nÿ,a, geï ,smsh hs' fuh fidrfndrjej
geï ,smsh hkqfjka o ye`Èkafjhs' th y;rjk
82
Woh rc;=ud ^l%s'j' 946-954& úiska msysgqjk
,oaols' rc;=ud uyshx.K úydrhg .uka lrk
wjia:dfõ fydamsá.uqj kï ia:dkfha ;snQ rcfha
fjf<`om<lg meñK tys isÿ fjñka mej;s
wlghq;= lsysmhla j<lajñka mkjk ,o kS;S
tu fi,a,smsfha úia;r lr ;sfí' tu fi,a,smsfha
i`oyka kS;s lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
• fydamsá.u fjf<`om< iSudfõ fjf<`odï
lrk whf.ka muKla nÿ wh l< hq;= jk
w;r fjf<`om< miqfldg hkakjqkaf.ka nÿ
wh fkdl< hq;= nj
• ks,OdÍkag fkdfmkajd tu fjf<`omf<a
NdKav úl=Kk whf.ka fo.=Khla nÿ wh
l< hq;= nj
• rcfha ks,OdrSka úiska m%ñ;s.; fkdlrk
,o uoáh nr ^;rdÈ mä& fhdod fjf<`odï
fkdl< hq;= nj
• nq,;a iy mqjla úlsŒu ta i`oyd ilia lrk
,o u~qj, muKla ;nd fjf<`odï l< hq;=
nj
• fmdfydh Èkj, fjf<`odï l< whf.ka
ovhla jYfhka f;,a noaola ,nd .; hq;= nj
PdhdrEmh wxl 6'3 w,shd iy iajia;sl ldish hkqfjka y`e¢kafjk fuu ldish o merKs ld,fha Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú; jQjls
fidrfndr jej geï ,smsfha oelafjk kS;SÍ;s
.ek wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSfuka tu geï,smsh
msysg jQ wjêfha furg mej;s wNHka;r
fjf<`odug wod< isú,a kS;sfha iajrEmh fln`ÿ
jQfha oe hs jgyd .; yels h'
lsisÿ if;l= fkdueßh hq;= njg uq,a jrg
kS;shla mkjk ,oafoa wuKav .dñKS wNh rcq
^l%s'j' 19-29& úisks' th ye`ÈkajQfha zud>d; kS;shZ
kñks' ó yrl=ka" t< yrl=ka iy t`Mjka >d;kh
lrkakkag urK o`vqju mekùfï kS;shla y;r
jk ñys`ÿ rcq ^l%s'j' 956-972& úiska lrjk ,o
ñyska;,d mqjre ,smsfha i`oyka h' ksYaYxlu,a,
rc;=ud ^l%s'j' 1187-1196& úiska c,dYj, Ôj;a jk
mlaISka fkdueßh hq;= njg kS;shla mkjk ,§'
wmrdO kS;sh iïnkaOfhka o wfma rcjre
oeä j lghq;= l<y' fï iïnkaOfhka ie,lsh
hq;= ;rfï mq`M,a úia;r wmg yuqjkafka y;r
jk ñys`ÿ rcq ^l%s'j' 956-972& úiska lrjk ,o
fõje,aleáh fi,a,smsfha h' fidrlï lsÍu" ñkS
ueÍu wdÈ jroj,a i`oyd Èh hq;= o`vqjï tys úia;r
fldg ;sfí' ñkSS ueÍug o`vqju t,a,d ueÍu
hs' wkai;= yrla fidrlï fldg wiqjqjfyd;a
fidrd.;a i;=ka fidhd whs;slrejkag ndr §
yrl=kaf.a YÍrj, ;nd ;sfnk uqødj r;a fldg
fidrlï l< whf.a k<f,a ;eìh hq;= nj tys
lshd ;sfí' ie`.ù isák wmrdOlrejka w,a,d
.ekSu i`oyd j.lSu tl, mjrk ,oafoa tu
wmrdOlrejka wh;a .ïjeishkag h' wmrdOlre
w,a,d .kakd ;=re Tyq Ôj;a jQ .fï jeishka
úiska rchg noaola f.úh hq;= úh' th ye`ÈkajQfha
z.DyoKavZ hk kñks'
o`vqju hkq jro l< ;eke;a;dg ,nd fokakla
jqjo tu.ska wdo¾Yhla f.k iudcfha fjfik
fiiq ck;dj jrog fkdfm<ôh hq;= nj bka
wjOdrKh lrk ,§' th wmg wh;a kS;shg
miqìï jQ o¾Ykh hs' j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldfõ
Ndú; jkafka frdau-,kafoais kS;sh hs' th
fndfyda miq ld,hl § wfma rgg y`ÿkajd fok
,oaols'
6'3 uqo,a iy úksuh
úksuh hkqfjka fuys § woyia flfrkafka
wd¾Óluh wruqKlska hqla; j lrkq ,nk
yqjudre l%shdj,sh hs' wd¾Ól lghq;=j, §
merKs;u hq.fha § furg Ndú; jQfha NdKav
yqjudre l%uh nj ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hj,
oelafjk f;dr;=re wkqj fmfka' mqrdúoHd;aul
leKSïj,ska fidhd f.k ;sfnk ueáfhka
ksu l< jD;a;dlr ljp we;eï úg wd¾Ól
lghq;=j, § úksuh i`oyd Ndú; flfrkakg
we;ehs mqrdúoHd{fhda l,amkd lr;s'
furg ldis Ndú;h wdrïN jkafka l%sia;=
83
mQ¾j 250 § muK h' tajd W;=re bkaÈhdfõ isg
fjf<`ÿka úiska furgg f.k tkq ,enQ ߧldis
úfYaIhls' mqrd úoHd{hska tajd y`ÿkajkafka
zyiatnQ ldisZ hk kñks' jD;a;dldr" p;=ri%dldr
iy wdh; p;=ri%dldr hk yevj,ska hq;a fuu
ldis u; úúO ixfla; fldgd ;sfí' tu ldis
furgg meñKsfha bkaÈhdfõ isg fuys meñKs
fjf<`ÿkaf.a ud¾.fhks'
jk fyda kjjk ishjig wh;a h' l,| hkq
nr uekSfï tallhls' fjiai.sßfhka fidhd
.;a l%sia;= j¾Ifhka oy jk ishjig wh;a
fi,a,smshl wkqrdOmqrfha ta ld,fha msysgd ;snQ
ùrdxl=r kñka ye`ÈkajQ mkai,l jdih l<
NslaIQka jykafia,dg y;r jk ldYHm rc;=ud
^l%s'j' 898-914& úiska rka l,x 200 la mQcd l< nj
m%ldYhg m;a fldg we;'

merKs fi,a,smsj, zlydmKZ hkqfjka o idys;H Y%S ,xldfõ fkdfhla m<d;aj,ska úfoaYSh
lD;sj, zlyjKqZ kñka o y`ÿkajd ;sfnkafka iïNjhla ;sfnk ldis o yuq fõ' fï w;r
fuu yiatnq ldish hs' fuu moh ie§ ;sfnkafka jvd;a iq,n frdauldis h' úfoaYSh ldis furg
ixialD; NdIdfõ tk l¾IdmK hk mofhks' Ndú; jQfha o tajdfha f,day nrg wod< jákdlu
ie,ls,a,g .ekSfuks' oekg fidhd f.k
l%sia;= mQ¾j m<uq jk ishjfia w.Nd.fha § fyda ;sfnk fndfydauhla frdauldis ;Uj,ska idok
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka m<uq jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha § ,o tajd hs' mqrdK ld,fha § wfma rfÜ ;snqKq
fyda furg iajdëk ldishla ksmojQ njg idlaIs jrdhj, ;Sre nÿ wh flrsKs' úfoaYslhska
;sfí' mqrdúoHd;aul leKSïj,ska fidhd f.k ;ukaf.a fjf<`o NdKav furgg /f.k tk úg
;sfnk w,sfhl=f.a iy iajia;slhl rElï olajd nÿ f.jk ,oafoa ;ukaf.a rfÜ uqo,sks' tys §
;sfnk ldish Bg ksoiqkls' wk;=rej úúO ldisj, f,day nr ie,ls,a,g f.k ;sfí' frdau
rcjreka ;ukaf.a md,k ld, ;=< ldis ksl=;a lr ldis yereKq úg merKs Ök ldis" wrdì ldis
;sfí' ldis wÉpq .eiSfï lghq;a; Ndr j fjk u iy ì%;dkH ldis o Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú; úh' wm
ks,OdÍfhla isáfha h' Tyq y`ÿkajk ,oafoa zrEm ±l ;sfnk V.O.C hk bx.%Sis wl=re iys; ldis
wOHlaIZ kñks' l%sia;= mQ¾j fojk ishjig
wh;a fi,a,smsj, ta
ku ,shd ;sfnkafka
zremolZ f,i h' by;
olajd ;sfnkafka ^wxl
6'2& furg Ndú;fha
mej;s merKs ldishls'
ft;sydisl hq.fha
§ furg úksuh
lghq;=j, § ldis
fjkqjg f,day nr
o jákdlula f,i
Ndú; ù ;sfí'
wkqrdOmqrfha msysá
wNh.sß úydrfha
leKSï lghq;=j, §
rka f,day lene,a,la
fidhd .eksKs' tu
f,day lene,a, u;
zrka foúis l<`o
hsZ hkqfjka ,shd
;sìKs' ta wlaIr PdhdrEmh wxl 6'4 fuu j¾Kj;a mn`t fidhd .kakd ,oafoa merKs ud.u k.rfhks' fujeks
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka wg mn`Mj,ska ilia lrk ,o wdNrK me<`§ug tl, ldka;dfjda uy;a fia reÑ lrk ,o nj
fujeks mqrdjia;= uÕsska lÈug meyeÈ,s fõ'

84
fmrÈ. bka§h fjf<`o iud.u kñka ye`ÈkajQ
,xfoais fjf<| iud.ug wh;a tajd hs'
mqrdK ld,fha Y%S ,xldj ish wd¾Ól lghq;=j,
§ jvd;a ld¾hlaIu ùug wjYH lrk Ndú;h
m%dfhda.sl j wdfoaY lr .;a wdldrh fuhska
meyeÈ,s fõ'
6'4 ldka;d ksfhdackh
merKs ld,fha § Y%S ,xldfõ iudch ldka;dj .ek
f.!rjfhka l,amkd l< w;r Wiia wkaoñka
ie,lS h' ta ms<sn`o lreKq idys;H uQ,dY%hj,ska
fuka u mqrdúoHd;aul idlaIsj,ska o ;yjqre fõ'
rdcH md,kh i`oyd mjd ldka;djkag wjia:dj
,nd §fuka wfma rfÜ merKs iudch Tjqka fj;
;enQ úYajdih iy f.!rjh ms<sìUq lrhs' pQ,iSj,S
foaù kñka ye`ÈkajQ uy /ðkla ms<sn`o i`oyka
jk fi,a,smshla ,dyq., msysá ks,a.sß iEh kñka
ye`Èkafjk merKs ia;+mh wi,ska fidhd f.k
;sfí' ,S,dj;S /ðk f;jrla furg md,kh l<d
h'
fmdÿfõ .;a l, merKs ld,fha furg iudcfha
úiQ ldka;dj oeä iudc ne`§ïj,ska mSvdjg m;a
kqjQjd h' Tjqkag ksoyfia lghq;= lsÍug ndOdjla
jQ nj fmkajk idlaIs idys;H uQ,dY%hj, olakg
ke;' ;ukaf.a iajdñhd ÿre rgl fjf<`o
lghq;=j, kshe,SS jir ;=klska kej; meñfKk
;=re yqol,dj ld,h .; l< ldka;djla ms<sn`o
úia;r rijdyskS kñka ye`Èkafjk merKs
idys;H lD;sfha i`oyka fõ' ldka;djl úfYaI
f.!rjdorhg m;a jQfha uõjreka f,i Tjqka
bisÆ j.lSu ksid hs' jrla NslaIqka jykafia,d
úydruydfoaúh wu;d m%ldY fldg isáfha Tn
fmr mska l< neúka uy;a hi biqre yd iem
iïm;a ,nd isák nj hs' Bg ms<s;=re ÿka úydr
uydfoaúh" ¥jre iy mq;=ka ke;s Ôú;h l=uk
iemla oe hs NslaIQka jykafia,df.ka fmr<d
m%Yak l< nj rijdysksfha i`oyka h'
újdy ùu ldka;djl úiska l< hq;= iudc
fufyjrla f,i ms<s.eksKs' jhi wjqreÿ oyih
blau jQ úg újdyh i`oyd wehg iqÿiqlï
,eìKs' újdyhg iqÿiqlï ,nk ;=re ldka;djl
;ukaf.a fouõmshkaf.a /ljrKh hgf;a ld,h
.; l< hq;= úh' fouõmshka úiska ;ukaf.a
ÈhKsh iQm Ydia;%fhys ksmqK lrjkq ,eîu
Tjqka i;= j.lSula nj iyiaij;a:qmamlrKh
kï uQ,dY%fha i`oyka h' id,sh l=uref.a ìß`o jQ
wfYdalud,d ÿgq.euqKq rcqf.a ud<s.fha § rij;a
f,i wdydr ms<sfh, fldg ldf.a;a is;a Èkd .;a
nj ioaO¾ud,xldrfha úia;r fõ' iQmYdia;%fha
olaI ldka;djka ye`ÈkajQfha zuOqmdÑldZ hk
úfYaI f.!rj kdufhka nj Oïmshdwgqjd
.egmofha olajd ;sfí' we;eï wjia:dj, ta
i`oyd uOqry;a;rid hk ku o fhdod ;sfí' tys
f;areu ñysß w;a.=Khla we;a;S hkak hs'
rdclSh mjq,aj, yereKq úg idudkH iudch
;=< o ldka;djkag kdhl;ajh ysñ lr .ekSug
ndOdjla mej;sfha ke;' l%sia;= mQ¾j fojk
ishjfia § muK furg m%foaYSh md,khg
iïnkaO j mreul kñka ye`ÈkajQ kdhlfhda
msßila isáhy' wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalhg wh;a
n%dyauKhd.u kï ia:dkfhka fidhd f.k
;sfnk tla;rd fi,a,smshl mreul¨ iukd
kï ldka;djla .ek i`oyka h' weh mreul
kÈl kue;a;df.a ìß`o f,i tys i`oyka h'
fuys mreul¨ hkq mreul hk mofha ia;%S,sx.
iajrEmh hs' tjl ldka;djka o m%dfoaYSh md,k
lghq;=j, kshe,S isá nj ikd: lsÍug tu
fi,a,smsh lÈu idlaIshls' fn!oaO NslaIqka
jykafia,d Wfoid .,a f,ka mQcd lsÍug fmruqK
.;a Wmdisldjkaf.a kï tfia mQcd lrk ,o
.,af,kaj, fldgd ;sfí' wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalhg
wh;a fldlawefí kï ia:dkfhka fidhd .kakd
,o l%sia;= j¾Ifhka fojk ishjig wh;a m¾j;
,smshl ;,;d ,laIaó kï jQ ldka;djl .ek
i`oyka h' Nd;sh;siai rcqf.a ld,fha § weh
;ukaf.a mjq, i;= foam<j,ska fldgila fn!oaO
úydrhlg mQcd l< nj i`oyka h' ;uka i;=
Okh úhoï fldg Ydiksl lghq;= lrf.k
hdug tl, úiQ ldka;djkag ksoyi ;sìKs'
wfma rfÜ merKs ld,fha § úiQ ldka;djka ms<sn`o
idys;H uQ,dY%hj,ska bÈßm;a flfrk fujeks
woyia ;yjqre lsÍug wjYH idlaIs mqrdúoHd;aul
leKSïj,ska o fidhd f.k ;sfí' l%sia;=
mQ¾j 1129 ;rï wE; ld,hl § ldka;djl úiska
;ukaf.a weia msydgq j¾K .ekaùu i`oyd Ndú;
lrk ,o f,day l+rla r;akmqr Èia;%slalhg wh;a
Wvrxpduvu kñka ye`Èkafjk ia:dkfha merKs
ksjdihlska yuq úh' tmuKla fkdj hul ;Èka
W,k ,o r;= iy ly meye;s .=re.,a len,s
85
lsysmhla o ueá mn`Mjla o tys ;sìKs' Tjqka fuu
.=re.,a Ndú; fldg ;sfnkafka ;ukaf.a iu
j¾Kj;a lrkq i`oyd hs' óg wjqreÿ ;=kaoyilg
fmr wjêhl § wfma rfÜ Ôj;a jQ ldka;djka
tf,i ish rE imqj .ek Wkkaÿ ùug ld,h
ñvx.= l< nj thska ms<sìUq fjhs' ldka;djkaf.a
wdNrKj,g wh;a fkdfhl=;a oE mqrdúoHd;aul
leKSïj,ska fy<sorõ ù we;' l%sia;= mQ¾j 700-450
w;r ld,jljdkqjlg wh;a merKs fidfydkla
oUq,a,g kqÿre bínkalgqfõ msysgd ;sfí' tys
leKsïj, § b;d u is;a.kakd iq,q f., ud,hla
fidhd .eksKs' ta ud,h iE§ug Ndú; lr ;sfnk
iuyr mn`M bkaÈhdfjka wdkhkh lrk ,o
tajd hs'
mqrdK ld,fha § furg úiQ ldka;dj ujl f,i
o fidfydhqßhl f,i o iudcfha f.!rjhg
,la jQjd h' weh lsisjl=f.a ;dvk mSvkj,g
,la fjñka wiykldÍ f,i cSj;a jQ njg idOl
ke;' wfma iudch b;sydifha fndfyda wE;
ld,hl isg ldka;djkaf.a ksoyig .re lsrSug
86
mqreÿ ù isáfha h'
6'5 foaYSh wdydr
b;d mqrdK ld,hl isg fï rfÜ jeisfhdaa
foaYSh j jefjk oE wdydrhg .;ay' wjqreÿ
10500 lg fmr ls;=,a., fn,s f,fka jdih l<
furg m%d.aft;sydisl jeisfhda ish wdydrhg .;a
j,afo,a iy weáflfi,a ms<sn`o idlaIs fidhd
f.k ;sfí'
ft;sydisl hq.fha § wdydrh i`oyd nyq, j
Ndú; jQ OdkH j¾. jQfha ù iy l=rlalka h' óg
wu;r j W`ÿ" uqx" ;," uE" wuq" fufkaß" fldx.="
jre" hj wdÈ oE o wdydrhg .eksK' Y%S ,xldfõ
ft;sydisl lD;sj, merKs ld,fha § ñksiqka
úiska wdydrhg .kakd ,o OdkH j¾. 7 la .ek
i`oyka fõ' tajd kï id,s" ùys" leoEi" jrl"
lx.=" ¥u iy hj hkdÈh hs'
lS¾;s Y%S fï>j¾KdNh rcq ^l%s'j' 301-328& úiska
lrjk ,o f;daKs., fi,a,smsfha ù" W`ÿ" uqx iy
;, .ek i`oykafõ' l%sia;= j¾Ifhka
12 jk ishji jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ
m%N+jreka w;r ckm%sh j mej;s
wdydrhla jQfha iqj`o .sf;,ska msiQ
fudkr uia iy we,a yd,ska ie¥
n;a nj ioaO¾ur;kdj,sfha i`oyka
fõ'
tiufha ÿ.S ckhd w;r iq,n j
mej;s wdydrhla jQfha m,d ud`Mj"
ldä weUq, iy ksjqvq ydf,a n;a
h' iy,a msá m,a lr idod .kakd
weUq,la ldä weUq, kñka y`e¢kafõ'
merKS Y%S ,dxlslhska w;r le`o j¾.
mdkh lsÍu isß;la j mej;sKs'
le`o hk jpkh fjkqjg merKs
fmd;aj, fhdod ;sfnkafka hd.=
fyda yïnq hk jpkhs'
OdkH j¾. neo l=vq fldg idod
.kakd wdydrhla w;aiqKq kñka
PdhdrEmh wxl 6''5 m%KS; wdydr nqÈk
msßila ±lafjk ls%ia;= j¾Ifhka oykjjk
ishjfia § w¢k ,o Ñ;%hla' fuh
uq,a.sß., úydrfha olakg ;sfnkakls'
PdhdrEmh wxl 6'6 mrsirh ms<sn`oj wfma uq;=kañ;a;ka ;=< uy;a wjOdkhla ;sìKs' yels iEu wjia:djl u mßirh iq/l
.ekSug Tjqyq lghq;= l<y' mßirfha ;sfnk cSjudk nj fmkajk fuu Ñ;%h oykujk ishjfia § le,Ks úydrfha
w`Èk ,oaols'

87
merKs fmd;aj, y`ÿkajd § ;sfí' w;=remila
f,i ;, wkqNj lr we;' NslaIQka jykafia
flfkl= yg w;=remila f,i ;, mQcd lsÍula
.ek i`oykla f;daKs., fi,a,smsfha we;=<;a h'
;s, ix.=,sld hkqfjka ye`oskajQ wdydrhla .ek
oïmshdwgqjd .egmofha i`oyka fõ' th ;,.=,s
úh yels hs'
OdkH j¾.j,g wu;r j w, j¾. o merKs
hq.fha wdydrj, jeo.;a ;ekla f.k ;sìKs'
je,a w," l=l=<," lgq w," fld`v," n;, wdÈ
w, j¾. .ek merKs idys;H lD;sj, i`oyka h'
fid`v, hk moh ioaO¾ud,xldrfha oelafõ'
tl, Ndú; l< t<j`M w;r jegfld`M" ;ïm,d"
jerKsh o¨" lr fld<" ¨Kqú, fld<" ,nq" mqyq,a"
lrngq" lelsß" ;síngq" fk<Uq w," uqrex.d wdÈ
foa úh' z,nq" mqyq,a" fid`v," jegfld`M" wd§ jQ
ish¨ u ,sh cd;Syq lgq we;s relhZ hkqfjka
lrk úia;rhla ioaO¾ur;kdj,sfha oelafõ'
neÿï" ue,a¨ï iy fydoao hk l%uj,g wu;r j
t<j`M msiSu wdldr ;=klg isÿ flßKs' ta wdku"
weUq, iy kshU,dj hkqfjks' Èhdre fkdjQ
w;ska f.k wkqNj l< yels moug ilia lr
.;a jHxck kshU,dj hkqfjka ye`Èkaú‚'
jHxck rij;a lsÍug l=`Mnvq j¾. fh§u
merKs ld,fha o Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú; úh' tjeks
foa y`ÿkajk ,oafoa lgql NdKav hk kñks'
j¾;udkfha ldka;djka l=`Mnvq hk jpkh
fjkqjg fmdÿfõ Ndú; lrkafka ;=kmy hk
jpkh hs' ta jpkfhka woyia lrkafka hï
úfYaIs; øjH ;=kla iy ;j;a j¾. myls'
uq,ska lS ;=ka j¾.h kï ¨Kq ÿre iy ñßia
h' fiiq miaj¾.hg wh;a jQfha iqÿÿre l`Mÿre
fld;a;u,a,s wn iy W`Myd,a h' iuyr m%foaYj,
wn iy W`Myd,a fjkqjg wifudao.ï iy
i;l=mam Ndú; lr ;sfí' fï yereKq úg wdydr
ri .ekaùug weUq,a j¾. fhdod .eksK' foys"
fodvï" f.drld" kiakdrï" .vdfoys ta i`oyd
f.k ;sfí' merKs fmd;am;aj, lrfíôh kñka
y`ÿkajd § ;sfnkafka lrmsxpd hs'
wdydr msiSug fhdod .kakd f;,a fmdÿfõ
ye`ÈkajQfha lk f;,a kñks' tys woyi lEug
.kakd f;,a hkak hs' ta w;r m%Odk jQfha
88
ÿkaf;,a iy .sf;,a h' iq`M jYfhka fmd,af;,a
Ndú;fha ;sìKs'
lsrs mrsfNdackh idudkH .eñhka w;r mjd
;sìKs' kjjk ishjig wh;a fi,a,smsj,
lsßf.ß kñka y`ÿkajd ;sfnkafka .ïj, isá
lsßfokqka h' §lsß hk jpkh o tu f,aLkj,
fhdod ;sfnk fyhska uqojk ,o lsß wkqNjh o
isß;la j mej;sKs' ish ÈhKsh újdy ù ksjiska
kslafuk wjia:dfõ zudf.a ÿjKshg lsß lkakg
irla ndkl=;a ÿkukd fõoehsZ hkqfjka mshl=
wik wdldrh mQcdj,sfha i`oyka h'
le`o j¾. wkqNj lsÍu wfma rfÜ b;d mqrdK
ld,hl isg isß;la j mej;sKs' th Èrjd .ekSug
myiq hym;a wdydrhls' le`o hk jpkh fjkqjg
wfma merKs fmd;am;aj, wUq" yUq ldä hk jpk
o fhdod ;sfnkq oelsh yels h' iy,a j;=frka
;ïnd ¨Kq ñY% lr .;a úg th Èh le`o kñka
ye`Èkaú‚' iy,a tla fldgilg j;=r fldgia
yhla fhdod frda.Skag idok le`o ye`ÈkajQfha
hjd.= kñks' W`Mle`o kñka o y`ÿkajd we;s fuu
le`o j¾.h wm oeka y`ÿkajkafka ¨Kq le`o
hkqfjks' úúO frda.dndO i`oyd fnfy;a j¾.
ñY% fldg le`o j¾. ms<sfh, flßKs' b;d rij;a
f,i ilik ,o ri W`Mle`o kñka jHjydr jQ
le`o j¾.hla .ek ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfha i`oyka
h' c,h uqiq fkdfldg lsfrka msi ómeKs iy
.sf;,a fhdod th ksjqKq miq fodvï hqI lj,ï
fldg th ilid .eksKs' merKs ld,fha furg
úiQ ck;dj Èkfha uq,a u wdydrh f,i le`o
mdkh lf<da h' fnfy;a .=K we;s fld<j¾.
fhdod ilik ,o tjeks le`o j¾. y`ÿkajk
,oafoa weUq,ayUq fyda weUq,a le`o hk kñks'
i;a;aj wdydr mßfNdackh o tl, mej;sfha
h' f.dvìu fjfik i;=kaf.a uia fuka u
ud`M j¾. o wdydrhg .ekSug merKs ld,fha
jeisfhda mqreÿ j isáfhda h' jeõj, isg l=Uqre
lrd úysfok l=vd we< ud¾.j, ud`M we,a,Su
fjkqfjka rch wh l< noaola tl, ye`ÈkajQfha
ud;%sl u;aiH Nd.h hk kñks' fuys § ud;%sl
hkqfjka y`ÿkajd ;sfnkafka l=vd we< ud¾. hs'
merKs ld,fha Y%S ,dxlslhsfhda ;ukaf.a wdydrh
.ek fyd`Èka ie,ls,su;a jQy' f.dú;eka lghq;=
iy i;a;aj md,k lghq;=j, § kSfrda.S Yla;su;a
YÍrhla mj;ajd .ekSu wjYH jQ fyhska wdydrh
iy kSfrda.sNdjh .ek Tjqka ish wjOdkh fhduq
l< nj fmfka' Tjqyq lsisÿ f,ilg lD;%su wdydr
mßfNdackh fkdl<y' iajNdjO¾ufha mj;sk
foa muKla tajdfha mj;sk fmdaIK .=Khg
ydkshla fkdjk f,i ilid f.k wdydrhg
.ekSug Tjqyq mqreÿ ù isáfhda h' th j¾;udkfha
cSj;a jk wm ldg;a fyd`o wdo¾Yhls'
6'6 mßirh wdrlaId lr .ekSu
iudchla tys jdih lrk idudcslhskag ys;lr
wdldrhg mj;ajd f.k hdug kï tu iudch
ia:dk.; j ;sfnk iajdNdúl mßirh wdrlaId
lr .; hq;= h' iajdNdúl mßirh úkdY
lsÍfuka fkdfhl=;a m%Yakj,g uqyqK §ug wmg
isÿ fõ' .iaje,a lmd ±ófuka c,h ysÕ ùfï
wk;=r we;s fõ' mi fidaod hdu ksid ksire
njg m;a ùfuka njfnda. M,odj wvq fõ' fï
ish,af,ys u wys;lr m%;sM, ú`o ord .; hq;af;a
wm úiska u h'
mßirh wdrlaId lr .ekSfï jeo.;alu
ksrka;rfhka isysm;a l< merKs ld,fha úiQ
wfma md,lhka ta i`oyd kS;s Í;s mkjkakg mjd
Wkkaÿ ù we;' y;r jk ñys`ÿ rc;=ud úiska
msysgqjk ,o wkqrdOmqr mqjre ,smsfha Wia f.dvìï
bvïj, le,E fkdlemsh hq;= njg ksfhda. lr
we;' Wiaìïj, ;sfnk iajdNdúl jkdka;r lmd
ìu fy,Sfuka mdxY= Ldokh;a tu.ska kdh hEï
wdos wk;=re we;s ùu;a isÿ úh yels h' wfkla
w;g iajdNdúl c, W,am;a is§ hEug o th
iDcq fya;=jls' ;=ka jk Woh rcq ^l%s'j' 935-938&
úiska msysgqjk ,o fi,a,smshla wkqrdOmqrfha
nqoaOkafkfy, kñka ye`Èkafjk ia:dkfha
msysgqjd ;sfí' tu fi,a,smsfha tla ;ekl zj,a
j, o`vqm;a fkdlmkq bidZ hkqfjka i`oyka
mdGhla ;sfí' thska woyia lrkafka o le,Ej,
.iafld<ka fkdlemsh hq;= nj hs' mia jk
ldYHm rcq úiska msysgqjk ,o fldKavjÜgjdka
geï,smsfha i`oyka lreKq wkqj .iafld<ka
l<ukdlrKfha § rch úiska mkjd ;sfnk
kS;s Í;sj,g wkql+, j l%shd lrk f,i rcfha
ks,OdÍkag Wmfoia § ;sfí'
iajdNdúl mßirfha cSj;a jk i;=ka wdrlaId
lr .ekSu" mi wdrlaId lr .ekSu wdÈ foag
wh;a kS;s Í;s wfma merKS fi,a,smsj, olakg
;sfí' fï lreKq ish,a, iudf,dapkh lrk úg
fmfkkafka mßirh wdrlaId lr .ekSug merKs
ld,fha wm i;= j ixúOdkd;aul jevms<sfj<la
;snQ nj hs'
fuf;la fuu mdvfï idlÉPdjg ,la l< foa
u`.ska Tn wjfndaO lr .; hq;af;a w;S;fha
wfma rfÜ cSj;a jQfha f.!rjdkaú; mqrjeishka
nj h' jir oyia .Kkla ;siafia wLKav j fï
rg ckdjdi l< Tjqka f,dalfha fjk;a lsisÿ
ck fldgilg fkdfofjks jk wkaoñka cSj;a
ùug ish cSjk w;aoelSï wkqidrfhka f.dv
k.d .;a ±kqu wdfoaY l< wdldrh Tn wdo¾Yhg
.; hq;= h'
l%shdldrlu
1' iudc OQrdj,sfha tlsfkl lKavdhïj,g
mej;s ld¾hNdrh hym;a iudchla
f.dvke.Sug odhl jQ wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
2' merKs iudc ixúOdkfhka j¾;udkhg
.; yels wdo¾Y fmkajd fokak'
3' merKs kS;sh yd iïm%odh hym;a iudchla
f.dvke.Sug bjy,a jQ wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
4' w;S;fha wkq.ukh l< mßir ixrCIK
l%u j¾;udkhg wod< lr.; yels wdldrh
fmkajd fokak'
5' f,v frda.j,g f.dÿre ùu j<lajd
.ekSug w;S; wdydr rgdjkaf.ka ,nd .;
yels wdo¾Y fmkajd fokak'
6' merKs iudch ì| fkdjeà wdrCId ùug
iudc Oqrdj,sfha tla tla lKavdhï w;r
mej;s hym;a iïnkaO;d fmkajd fokak'
89

jeo.;a lreKq
1'wfma mqrdK iudch úêu;a wdldrhg
ixúOdkh ù ;sìKs' by< isg my<g n,h .,d
hk wdldrhg ilia ù ;sîu ksid iudcfha
tlsfkldg wh;a j.lSï uekúka bgq lsÍug
bka fm<Uùula we;s lf<a h'
2' kS;sh iy idOdrKh iudcfha hy meje;au
fjkqfjka l%shd;aul lsÍug merKs ld,fha
furg úiQ md,lfhda l%shd l<y' kS;sh ms<sn`o
ukd jegySula fndfyda mqrdK ld,hl isg wfma
uq;=kañ;a;ka i;= j mej;s w;r kS;s.rel j
lghq;= lsÍug Tjqyq fm<ö isáfhda h'
3'wd¾Ól lghq;= ld¾hlaIu j yeisrùug Y%S
,xldfõ me/kakka hqyqiq¨ j lghq;= lr
;sfí' wd¾Ól yqjudre udOHhla f,i f,day
ldis Ndú;h Tjqka úiska wdrïN lrk ,È'
f,day ldis wÉpq .eiSfï § wjYH lrk
m%ñ;sh mj;ajd f.k hdu i`oyd rEmol kñka
ye`ÈkajQ úfYaI ks,Odrsfhla o tl, isáfha h'
kd.ÍlrKh - .ula k.rhla njg mßj¾;kh ùfï
l%shdj,sh ye`ÈkAùug kd.ÍlrKh hk jpkh Ndú; fõ'
th ixlS¾K l%shdj,shls' k.rhlg idfmalaIj .ula hkq
ir, ckdjdihls' iSñ; cklKavdhula m%udKfhka l=vd
wjldYhlg f.dkq ùfuka .ula ilia fõ' {d;S;ajh u;
f.dv kef.k mjq,a in`o;d tys m%Odkh' k.rhla hkq
ie,lsh hq;= ;rfï úYd, ck.ykhlska hq;a ckdjdihls'
tys fjfik ck;dj Tjqfkdjqka w;r in`o;d mj;ajkafka
jD;a;ShNdjh mokï lr f.kh' .ula k.rhla njg m;a
jkafka .fï ksIamdok yelshdj jeä ù Okm;Ska ìys jQ
úgh' Okj;a msßia cSj;a jk ckdjdij, olakg ;sfnk
lemS fmfkk ,laIK jkafka foaYsh yd úfoaYSh fjf<`o
lghq;=j,g iïnkaO ùu" Ys,am m%d.=kH;dj" md,k
jHqyhla ;sîu" wlaIr moaO;shla Ndú; lsÍu hkdÈh hs'
iudc ia;rdhkh - lsishï iudchl cSj;ajk mqoa.,hska
w;r j;afmdfydi;alï wkqj we;s jk fjkialï iudc
ia;rdhkh kñka ir,j meyeÈ,s l< yelsh' ks¾Ok
mka;sh" uOHu mka;sh" Okm;s mka;sh hkqfjka iudcfha
jHjydr jkafka tf,i ia;r f,i fnÿKq fldgia h'

4'ldka;djf.a f.!rjh iy wehf.a wkkH;dj

.ek .eUqre wjOdkhla mqrdK Y%S ,dxlsl
iudch ;=< mej;sfha h' weh i;= fkdfhl=;a
.=K ,laIK ksid ldka;dj iudcfha
f.!rjdorhg m;a jQjd h' rg md,kh lsÍu
i`oyd o ldka;djka f;dard .ekSug wfma
merKs iudch lghq;= lr ;sfí'

5'Wiia YsIagdpdrhla ;ekSug ;rï wfma

uq;=kañ;a;ka Yla;su;a kSfrda.s msßila njg
m;a jQfha Tjqkaf.a wdydr mqreÿ fi!LH
iïmkak j uekúka ixúOdkh ù ;snQ ksid h'
foaYSh W!rejlska ilid .;a tu wdydr kSfrda.s
Èúhla f.ùug wo jqj o Ndú; l< yels h'

6'wfma uq;=ka ñ;a;ka f.dúhka jQ fyhska Tjqyq

iajdNdúl mßirh iu. iqyo in`o;djla
mj;ajd .;ay' .yfld<" i;d isõmdjqka úkdY
lsÍu fjkqjg mßirhg ys;lr wkaoug tajd
iu. .kqfokq lsÍug wjYH kS;s Í;s mjd
tl, ;sìKs'

90
 7 úh<s l,dmfha mer‚ k.r msßySu yd kj rdcOdks
ìys ùu
ye`Èkaùu
W;=reueo úh<s l,dmhg wh;a j ;snQ
merKs wkqrdOmqr k.rh;a ol=Kq úh<s
l,dmhg wh;a j ;snQ ud.u k.rh;a
§¾> ld,hla ;siafia wisßu;a mqrjr f,i
l%shd;aul j mej;sKs' tu k.r ìys ùug wod<
miqìu .ek ft;sydisl uQ,dY%h úia;r lr
;sfí' ksoiqkla f,i olajkafka kï wkqrdO
.%duh f,i l,la mej;s ;ek wkqrdOmqrh
kñka ye`Èkafjk k.rh njg mßj¾;kh
lsÍug mKavqldNh rcq iu;a jQ nj uydjxih
i`oyka lrhs' l,ska mej;s .ula k.rhla
f,i j¾Okh ùu .ek ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hj,
oelajkafka b;d ksjerÈ woyils' we;a;
jYfhka u k.rhla f,i j¾Okh jkafka
.%dóh ckdjdihls'
.%dóh ckdjdihla kd.ßl ckdjdihla
olajd j¾Okh ùu b;d §¾>ld,Sk jQ;a
l%udkql+, jQ;a l%shdj,shls' tys § isÿ jkafka
ñksiqkaf.a cSjk ffY,sh .%dóh iajrEmhl
isg kd.ßl iajrEmhla f;la fjkiaùïj,g
,la ùu hs' tfia isÿùu §¾>ld,Sk l%shdj,shl
m%;sM,hls' tla w;lska tu l%shdj,sh i`oyd
rg wNHka;rfha we;sjk wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj
iDcq j u n,mj;ajhs' wfkla w;ska úfoaY
rgj,a iu`. we;s lr .kakd fjf<`o in`o;d
o tu l%shdj,sh i`oyd ;SrKd;aul n,mEula
we;s lrhs' fuu mdvu u.sska Y%S ,xldfõ
merKs k.r ìys ùu iy tajd wjk;shg hdu
ms<sn`o lreKq úia;r flf¾'
7'1 kd.ßl cSú;fha miqìu
Y%S ,xldfõ m<uq jk kd.ÍlrKh ms<sìUq jkafka
W;=reueo úh<s l,dmhg wh;a wkqrdOmqrh
iy ol=Kq yd .sksfldk È. Y%S ,xldfõ msysá
merKs ud.u k.rfhks' l%sia;= mQ¾j 450 muK
jk úg fuu k.r fol j¾Okh ùfï uQ,sl
,laIK my< ù ;sìKs' thska woyia lrkafka
k.rhlg wjYH lrk mjqre" Èh w.,a" ùÈ wdÈh
f.dvke.S ;snqKq nj muKla fkdfõ' k.rhl
cSj;a ùug wjYH lrk cSjk ;;a;ajhla ;sfnk
ck.ykhla ks¾udKh ù ;sîu hs'
fï rfÜ cSj;a jQ m%d.a ft;sydisl m%cdj ish
ixpdrl ovhï cSú;h w;yer ta fjkqjg
f.dú;ek m%Odk fldg .;a cSú;hlg yqre ùu
fmkakqï lrk idlaIs l%sia;= mQ¾j 2400 ;rï
wE;lg wh;a jk nj fojk mdvfï § bf.k
.ekSug Tng wjia:djla ,eìKs' f.dú;ekg
mqreÿ ùu ksid ta ld,fha iudcfha we;s jQ m%Odk
fjkialula jQfha ia:srjdiS;dj we;s ùu h'
iaÓrjdiS;dj hkq tla ;ekl È.= ld,hla cSj;a
ùu hs' fï rfÜ merKs;u .ï ìys ùug uQ,sl
jQfha fï ldrKh hs'
fï uQ,sl .ïj, úiQjka ish cSjfkdamdh f,i
f.dú;ek;a" i;a;aj md,kh;a lr f.k .sh
msßils' óg iu.dó j ovhï lsÍu o mej;sKs'
f.dú;ek iy i;a;aj md,kh ksid Tjqkaf.a
tÈfkod wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj ;yjqre úh' ksh`.h"
.xj;=r" i;=ka w;r me;sr hk jix.; frda.
wdÈ iajNdjO¾uh u.ska we;s lrk Wjÿrej,
n,mEug yiq fkdjkakg fuu jD;a;Ska
fofla ksr; j isá ñksiqkaf.a cSú;h iduldó
iycSjkhlska hqla; úh'
§¾>ld,Sk j f.dú;eka lghq;=j, fh§fuka ta
ta ckdjdij, jdih l< mqoa.,hska w;r tla
meyeÈ,s fjkialula we;s jk ,l=Kq my<
fjñka ;sìKs' th f.dú;eka l< bvïj,
iajNdjh" f.dú;eka lghq;= l<ukdlrKfha §
tla tla mqoa.,hd úiska ±lajk ,o ksmqK;dj
wdÈ lreKq /ila u; mokï úh'
c,h uekúka ,efnk ire mila iys;
bvï j, f.dú;eka l< f.dùkag fyd`o
wiajekakla ysñ jQ w;r t;rï ire fkdjk
bvï j.d l< whg we;eï úg j¾Ih mqrd
cSj;aùug ;rïj;a wiajekakla ,nd .; fkdyels
úh' wiajekak ire jQ mqoa.,hskag j¾Ih mqrd
m%fhdack .ekSfuka
91
 ie,iqu wxl 7'1 merKs wkqrdOmqr k.rfha ie,eiau olajk igykla
miqj b;sÍ ùug ;rï w;sf¾l OdkH m%udKhla
OdkH wgqj, ;sìKs' fuu b;sß jk fldgi
ye`Èkafjkafka ksIamdok w;sßla;h hk úfYaI
jpkfhks' iudchla ;=< ksIamdok w;sßla;hla
we;s ùu iy tu.ska w;sßla; ysñhka msßila ìys
ùu hkq tlS iudch ;=< úYd, mßj¾;khla we;s
lrjk iq,q ;;a;ajhls' fuf,i w;sßla; ysñhka
furg mqrdK iudcfha jdih l< nj fmkajd
§ug iqÿiq tla WodyrKhla cd;l wÜGl:dfõ
olakg ;sfí' tys i`oyka lr we;s wkaoug tla
lkakhlska kshñ; wiajekak fkd,eîfuka
wdydr ys`. jQ .eñfhla ta .fï .ï kdhlhd
yuq ù B <`. lkakfha § kej; wdmiq fok
fmdfrdkaÿj u; ù u,a,la Tyqf.ka b,a,d .kS'
cd;lÜG l:dfõ i`oyka fuu mqj; wfma rfÜ
merKs iudch ;=< isÿ fjñka ;snQ fmr lS iudc
fjki ±lafjk lÈu b`.shls' tla me;a;lska
f.dú;eka lghq;= wvd< ùu ksid ÿmam;a jQ
.eñhd .ek;a Tyq jeks whg wd¾Ól jYfhka
92
Wojq l< yels w;sßla; ysñhd .ek;a woyila
thska wmg ,efí'
by; ±lafjk uQ,dY%fha úia;r jk w;sßla;
ysñhd .ï kdhlfhl= nj olajd ;sîfuka wm
úiska jgyd .; hq;= tla jeo.;a ldrKhla
;sfí' tkï Tyqg kdhl moúh ysñ ùug n,mE
m%Odk fya;=j Tyq wd¾Ól jYfhka iuDoaêu;a
mqoa.,fhl= ùu hs' zmreulZ iy zn;Z hkqfjka
y`ÿkajd we;s ;j;a ta wdldrfha u m%dfoaYsl
kdhlhska .ek fi,a,smsj, f;dr;=re i`oyka h'
mreuljreka ms<sn`o úia;rhla f;jk mdvfï §
bÈßm;a lr ;sfí'
wd¾Ól yelshd mokï lr f.k fuf,i
Okj;=ka iy ÿmam;=ka f,i iudch fn§
hdu ye¢kafjkafka iudc ia;rdhkh ìys ùu
hkqfjks' k.r we;s ùug mokï jQ tla jeo.;a
l%shdj,shla f,i ie,lsh yelafla fuf,i
iudch ia;rj,g fjka ùu hs'
7'2 m<uq jk kd.ÍlrKh
l%sia;= mQ¾j 450 muK jk
úg wfma rfÜ iudch ;=<
iudc ia;rdhkh hï ÿrlg
iïmQ¾K;ajhlg m;a j ;sìKs'
ta ld,h jk úg ksIamdok
w;sßla;hg ysñlï lS m%foaYSh
m%N+ka úYd, msßila úh<s l,dmh
mqrd me;sÍ isá nj uq,ald,Sk
fi,a,smsj,ska ;yjqre fõ' ±kg
y`ÿkd f.k ;sfnk fi,a,smsj,
mreul hk jpkfhka y`ÿkajd
we;s mqoa.,hska .Kk úYd,
ixLHdjls' fï m%N+jre mjq,a
jYfhka ixúOdkh ù isáfhda
h' fuu m%N+ mjq,a ;u ;ukaf.a
mjq,aj,g wh;a lS¾;sh mj;ajd
f.k hdu i`oyd fhdod .;a
tla Wml%uhla jQfha ;ukaf.a
n, uysuh fmkajkq jia
úfoaYj,ska wdkhkh lrk ,o
NdKav mßyrKhg fm,öu hs'
wkqrdOmqrh iy ;siaiuydrduh
wd§ mqrdK k.rj, lr ;sfnk
leKSïj, § úfoaYj,ska
wdkhkh lrk ,o ueá NdKav
mn`M wdÈ foa fidhd f.k ;sfí'
fujeks foa yqjudre jkafka
úfoaYSh fjf<`odug iïnkaO
ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i hs'

bkaÈhdkq id.rfha tjl

l%shd;aul j mej;s wka;¾cd;sl
fjf<`o lghq;=j,g il%sh
f,i iyNd.s ùu ksid
úYd, Okhla rg ;=<g .,d ie,iqu wxl 7'2 merKs
wdfõ h' ksIamdok w;sßla;fha
ysñlrejka jQ iq`M;r msßig
fiiq ndysr m%Yak fkdjQfhka
;ukaf.a cSú;h iqfLdamfNda.S f,i mj;ajd
f.k hdug wjldYh ,eìKs' rg ;=<g .,d tk
wdodhu mßmd,kh lsÍug wjYH fyhska md,k
hdka;%Khl wjYH;dj we;s úh' w;sßla; ysñlu
ksid iudcfha m%N+;ajh ysñlr .;a msßia uekúka
ie,iqï lrk ,o ckdjdihlg f.dkq jQy' ùÈ"
fjf<`om<j,a" hd;=l¾u i`oyd wjYH
fmdf<dkakrej k.rfha ie,eiau olajk igykla
wd.ñl f.dvke.s,s" fi!kao¾hd;aul WoHdk"
wdrlaIl m%dldr iy c,dYj,ska iukaú; tjeks
ckdjdihla k.rhla hkqfjka ye`Èkafjhs'
merKs wkqrdOmqr k.rh tjeks ie,iqï iy.;
ksudjlska hqla; j mej;s nj mKavqldNh rcq ta
k.rh ie,iqï l< wdldrh ms<sn`o j uydjxih
lrk úia;rfhka ikd: fõ'
93
PdhdrEmh wxl 7'1 kgnqka j j,aje§ ;sfnk :Qmdrdu ia;+mh' wkqrdOmqr k.rh ì`o jeàfuka miq fujeks iaudrl
ish,a, u kgnqka njg m;a úh' fuu PdhdrEmh uE; ld,fha m%;sixialrKj,g fmr .kakd ,oaols.
.ïjeis f.dúhka úiska ksmojk ,o wdydr
j,ska iy i;a;aj ksIamdokj,ska iajhxfmdaIKh
ùu;a f,day l¾udka;h jdß ;dlaIKh we;=¿
fjk;a l¾udka;j, §¾> ld,hla ld¾hlaIu
f,i kshe,SSu;a fya;=fldg f.k jir 1400 lg
wdikak ld,hla wkqrdOmqrh Èjhsfka w.k.rh
f,i l%shd;aul j mej;sKs' ol=Kq m<df;a msysá
ud.u k.rh o ta m<df;a ixialD;sl ÈhqKqj
ms<sìUq lrk legm;la njg m;a úh'
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka yh jk ishjiska miq
bkaÈhdkq id.rh yryd l%shd;aul fjñka mej;s
wka;¾cd;sl fjf<`odu wrdì fjf<`ÿka w;g
m;a úh' bkaÈhdkq id.r fjf<`o lghq;=j,
tf;la mej;s N+f.da,Sh wjOdkh jQ bkaÈhdkq
id.rfha ngysr fldgi ;j ÿrg;a mq`M,a lrñka
Bg w.aksÈ. wdishdj iy ol=Kq Ökh o wE`od
.ekss‚' l%sia;= j¾Ifhka kjjk ishjiska miq j
bkaÈhdkq id.rfha fjf<`odu bkaÈhdkq id.rfha
94
kef.kysr fldgig flakaø.; fjñka mej;sKs'
fï fjki u.ska we;s lrk m%;s,dN Y%S ,xldjg
ysñlr .ekSug kï kef.kysr fjrf<a msysá
jrdhj,a il%sh lsÍu;a ta jrdhj,a yryd rg
;=<g we§ tk wdodhu md,kh lsÍug;a ta ia:dk
yryd meñfKk úúOdldr mqoa.,hskaf.ka rfÜ
wdrlaIdjg we;s úh yels ;¾ck j<ld .ekSug;a
md,kh i`oyd tu fjr< ;Srhg jvd iómia:
k.rhla mdol lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj;a wfma
¥ro¾YS md,lfhda wjfndaO lr f.k isáhy' m<uq
jk úchndyq rc;=ud m<uqjrg fmdf<dkakrej
ish md,k uOHia:dkh f,i f;dard .ekSug
fuu ;;a;ajh iDcq f,i u n,mEula we;s l<
nj fmfka'
úchndyq rcqf.ka wk;=rej rc meñKs
m<uq jk mrdl%undyq rc;=udf.a iufha mej;s
iudc jgmsgdj iy úfoaY iïnkaO;d mÍlaIdfjka
úuik úg kj w.aksÈ.
wdishd;sl fjf<`o in`o;d
ta jljdkqfõ Y%S ,xldfõ
foaYmd,ksl" wd.ñl iy
wd¾Ól lghq;= fj; l=uk
wkaofï n,mEula we;s lf<a
o hk ldrKh meyeÈ,s
fjhs' uydjxih i`oyka
lrk wkaoug m<uq jk
úchndyq rcqf.ka miq j rc
meñKs lsysm fofkla nqreuh
iy ldïfndac hk
wdishd;sl rgj, rdclSh
ldka;djka újdy lr .;ay'
fmdf<dkakre hq.h f,i
.efkk ld,mßÉfPaoh ;=<
furg ks¾udKh jQ l,d
lD;sj," tkï ksoiqkla
f,i nqoaO m%;sud iy we;eï
jdia;= úoHd;aul ks¾udKj,
w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl ,laIK
uekúka biau;= ù ;sfí'
fmdf<dkakrej .,a
úydrfha nqoaO m%;sud iy
fmdf<dkakrefõ i;auy,a
m%didoh kñka ye`Èkafjk
f.dvke.s,a, Bg .e<fmk
fyd`o u ksoiqka folls'

7'3 fmdf<dkakrej ì`o

jeàu PdhdrEmh wxl 7'2 fmdf<dkakrefõ ,xld;s,lh uE; ld,fha m%;sixialrKj,g
fmr mej;s wdldrh' fmdf<dkakrej k.rh ì`ojeàfuka miq j fujeks iaudrl
wkqrdOmqr rdcOdksfha j,aìys úh '
wjika md,lhd jQ mia jk
iuDoaêu;a hq.hla WÞ lf<a h' tfy;a m<uq jk
ñys÷ rcqf.a ld,fha § fpda,
mrdl%undyq rc;=udf.a wNdjfhka miq j Woa.;
wdl%uK t,a, ù tu rdcOdksh ì| jegqKq w;r
jQ foaYmd,k jHdl+,;d ksid fmdf<dkakre
wk;=rej m<uq jk úchndyq rc;=ud fpda,hkaf.
rdcOdksh l%ufhka mßydksh lrd .uka l< nj
ka rg ksoyia lr f.k fmdf<dkakrej
fmfka' m<uq jk mrdl%undyq rc;=udf.ka miq j
w.kqjr njg m;a lr .ksñka rg tla fiai;a
jir 9 l ;rï ld,hla Yla;su;a md,khla f.k
lf<a h' m<uq jk úchndyq rcqf.a wNdjfhka
hk ,oafoa ksYaYxlu,a, rc;=ud mu‚' fufia
miq j Woa.; jQ wNHka;r .eg¨ ksid mej;s
fmdf<dkakre rdcOdksh l%ufhka mßydksh lrd
foaYmd,k jHdl+,;d wjika lr kej; jrla
hdug yd wjidkfha th ì| jeàug ;=vq ÿka
rg tlafiai;a lrk ,oafoa m<uq jk mrdl%undyq
fya;= lsysmhla ;sfí'
rc;=ud úisks' t;=ud fmdf<dkakrej w.kqjr
;j ÿrg;a ixj¾Okh fldg rg mqrd jeõ 1' ÿ¾j, md,lhka n,hg m;a ùu'
wuqKq m%;sixialrKh lrjd kej; jrla furg m<uq jk mrdl%undyq rcqf.a wNdjh isÿ jQ j¾I
95
1186 isg fmdf<dkakre rdcOdksh ì| jegqKq j¾I
1215 olajd 29 jir ;=< md,lhka 12 fofkl=
muK jßka jr n,hg m;a j we;' fï w;ßka
ksYaYxlu,a, rcqf.a jir 9 l md,k ld,h
yereKq úg fiiq ish¨ fokdf.a rdcH ld,h b;d
flá ld,j,g iSud úh' fuhska fmfkkafka tu
md,lhkag foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajhla f.dvk.d
.ekSug fkdyels jQ njhs' th fmdf<dkakre
hq.fha mßydkshg fya;= úh'
2' ld,sx. yd mdKavH jxYslhka w;r n,
wr.,h
m<uq jk úchndyq rcqf.a wNdjfhka miq j furg
isá ld,sx. jxYslhka yd mdKavH jxYslhka w;r
n, wr., W;aikak úh' fï ksid ld,sx. jxYhg
ys;j;a msßia tu jxYhg wh;a md,lhka n,hg
m;a lsÍug l%shd l< w;r mdKavH jxYslfhda
;ukag ys;j;a kdhlhka n,hg m;a lsÍug
fjfyiqKy' fuys m%;sM, jYfhka ld,sx.
jxYslhka tu jxYhg wh;a ksYaYxlu,a, rcqf.a
wNdjfhka miq j t;=udf.a nEkd ^ifydaoßhf.a
mq;d& jQ fpdav.x. ifydaorhd jQ iydiu,a,"
ìij jQ l,HdKj;SS jeks wh jßka jr n,hg
m;a fldg we;' mdKAvH jxYslfhda m<uq jk
mrdl%undyq rcqf.a ìß| jQ ,S,dj;S ìij ;=kajrla
n,hg m;a l<y' fufia ld,sx. - mdKavH n,
wr.,h rdcOdksfha mßydkshg fya;= úh'
3' wd¾Ól mßydksh
ksYaYxlu,a, rcqf.a wNdjfhka
miq j ÿ¾j, md,lhka n,hg m;a ùu;a"
Tjqkag foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajhla f.dvk.d
.ekSug fkdyels ùu;a ksid tl, mej;s jeõ
wuqKq moaO;sh ksis mßÈ kv;a;= fkdl< nj
fmfka' foaYmd,k jHdl+,;d mej;s fuu ld,
mßÉfþofha § m%foaYSh mßmd,kh o ÿ¾j,
jkakg we;' tu.ska lDIsld¾ñl mßydksh;a"
fjf<|du wvmK ùu;a isÿ ù wd¾Ól msÍySulg
u. mEÿKs'
4' ld,sx. ud>f.a wdl%uKh
fmdf<dkakre rdcOdksh ì| jeàug n,mE
wdikak;u fya;=j jQfha ld,sx. ud>f.a
wdl%uKhhs' ud> úYd, yuqÞjla iys; j j¾I
1215 § furg wdl%uKh lrk úg rfÜ mej;s
ÿ¾j, foaYmd,k jd;djrKh ksid wdl%u‚l
yuqÞjg uqyqK §fï yelshdjla ,dxlslhkag
96
fkd;snq‚' tys m%;sM, jYfhka fmdf<dkakre
k.rh yd rcrg m%foaY /ila ud>f.a yuqÞj
hg;g m;a úh' ud>f.a wdl%uKh ksid isÿ jQ
úkdYh;a" Woa.; jQ m%;sM,;a i,ld n,k úg
th fmdf<dkakrej w.kqjr flfrys muKla
fkdj jir tlaoyia mkaishhlg fkd wvq rcrg
YsIagdrpdrfhys brKu flfrys o m%n, n,mEula
we;s l< nj fmfka'
fuu wdl%uKh ksid isÿ jQ úkdYh úia;r
flfrk uydjxi mdGhla fufiah'
• —^wdl%u‚lfhda ''''''& ñksiqka ne| oud
jO fldg Okh meyerf.k È<skaoka l<y'
m%;sud ì| fyÆy" ffp;H úkdY l<y" úydr
fld,a,lEy" Wmdilhkag myr ÿkay" orejkag
;e¿Ey'˜ fufia i;=re yuqÞj wkq.ukh l<
úkdYldÍ lghq;= ksid rcrg ck;djf.a Ôú;
yd foam< wdrlaIdj ke;s úh'
Woa.; jQ m%;sM,h jQfha mSvdjg m;a NslaIQka
jykafia,d we;=`M fiiq ck;dj wdrlaIdj m;d
reyqKg" u,h rgg ^l÷lrhg& fyda udhd rgg
ixl%uKh ùu hs' fï ksid rcrg fndfyda m%foaY
ck Y+kH úh' uOH.; md,kfhka .s,syqKq we;eï
fmfoia jkaks m%foaY njg m;a úh' oyia .Kka
ck;dj Èkm;d jkaokdudk l< rejkaje,s iEh"
wNh.sßh" fÊ;jkh jeks isoaOia:dk l%ufhka
j,a ìys úh' rcrg m%foaYfha ckdlS¾Kj mej;s
k.r fndfyduhla kgnqka njg m;a úh'
mer‚ k.r mßydkshg fya;=
• i;=re wdl%uK'
• uOH.; md,kh ì| jeàu'
• wdrlaIdj ke;s ùu'
• fjf<|du yd .ukd.uk lghq;=
wvmK ùu'
• ck;dj fjk;a m%foaYj,g ixl%uKh
ùu'
7'4 fojk kd.ÍlrKh
úh<s l,dmfha mej;s k.r tajdfha mej;s
iuDoaêfhka msßySug m;a ùu;a iu. fkdfnda
l,lska úh<s l,dmfhka msg; úfYaIfhka ksß;
È. m%foaYj, ;j;a k.r lsysmhla mek kef.kq
±lsh yels h' fuu k.r ìysùu ;j;a kd.ÍlrK
l%shdj,shl m%;sM,hls' foaYmd,k n,h
úuOH.; ùu ksid md,k uOHia:dk lsysmhla
iuld,Sk j l%shd;aul ùu" kj jrdhj,a j¾Okh
ùu" idys;Hfha lemS fmfkk mqk¾cSjkhla
we;s ùfuka kj nqoaê m%fndaOhla ms<sìUq ùu
hk fuu l%shdj,sh fojk kd.ÍlrKhla f,i
ye`Èkaùug m%udKj;a mokula imhhs' kj
fjf<`o iïnkaO;d cd,hla ks¾udKh ùu;a
tu.ska jdKsc lghq;=j, mq`M,a ùula olakg
,eîu o fï ld,fha we;s jQ kd.ßl j¾Okh
iïnkaOfhka ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= ;j;a jeo.;a
m%jK;djls'
fojk kd.ÍlrK l%shdj,sfha § ìys jQ k.r Bg
fmr hq.fha mej;s uyd k.r iu. ikaikaokh
lrk úg fmfkk m%Odk úfYaI;dj jkafka
fojk kd.ÍlrKh hgf;a j¾Okh jQ
k.rj, ie,iqï fmr mej;s cHdñ;sl ie,iqï
wdlD;sfhka ñ§ ksoyia iajrEmhlg mßj¾;kh
jQ nj hs' mßudKh w;ska i,lk úg jqj o
tajd wkqrdOmqrh" fmdf<dkakrej fuka uyd
mßudK iajrEmhla fmkakqï fkdlrhs' fuu
fjkig fya;=j fojk kd.ÍlrKfhka miq
n,h úuOH.; j mej;Su úh yels hehs úoaj;ayq
fmkajd fo;s'
oUfoKsh
j¾I 1215 § fmdf<dkakre rdcOdksh ì| jeàfï
isg j¾I 1232 § oUfo‚ rdcOdksh msysgqjk
f;la ld, mßÉfþoh furg b;sydifha wjq,a
úhjq,a iys; wjêhls' rfÜ w.kqjr i;=rka
w;g m;a j ;snQ fuu ÿIalr ld, mßÉfþofha §
we;eï iajfoaYSh kdhlhka wdrlaIs; ia:dkj,
ÿ¾. msysgqjdf.k Ydikh;a rg;a i;=rkaf.ka
/l .;a nj uydjxifha i|yka fõ' hdmyqj l÷
uqÿfkys tn÷ ÿ¾.hla msysgqjdf.k tu m%foaYh
i;=rkaf.ka /l.;a iqN fifkúhd" reyqfKys"
f.daúkaou,h kï l÷ uqÿfkys n,fldgqjla
;kdf.k i;=rka reyqKg we;=`M ùu j<lajñka
isá nqjfklndyq wdÈmdojrhd yd uyshx.Kh
wdikak m%foaYfhys .xfo‚h m¾j;fha ÿ¾.hla
msysgqjdf.k isá ixL fifkúhd fï w;ßka
lemS fmfka'
fuf,i rfÜ wdrlaIdj fjkqfjka uy;a
fjfyila f.k l%shd l< o ;u n, m%foaYh
wdrlaId lr .ekSfï wruqK ñi bka Tíng
f.dia i;=rd u¾okh fldg rg tlafiai;a lsÍfï
woyila ta lsisjl= ;=< fkdjQ nj fmfka' tjeks
woyila fmr±ß lr f.k lghq;= l< mqoa.,fhl=
f,i fmfkkafka tjl oUfoKsfha jdih l<
;=ka jk úchndyq kue;s m%N+jrhd hs' fyf;u
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka 1232-1236 w;r ld,jljdkqfõ
§ oUfoKsh ish md,k uOHia:dkh lr .ksñka
md,kh f.k .sfha h' ta ld,h ;=< oUfoKsh
k.rhlg wjYH lrk wxf.damdx.j,ska
iukaú; j j¾Okh úh'
j¾I 1232 § oUfoKs rdcOdksh msysgqjk ,oafoa
f;jk úchndyq rc;=ud úisks' rcrg mer‚ rc
mjq,g fu;=udf.a ;snQ in|;dj l=ula ± hs meyeÈ,s
ke;' fï rcq uq,a ld,fha § jkaks kdhlfhl=
jYfhka lghq;= l< nj uQ,dY%h j, i|yka fõ'
jkaks hkq rcrg YsIagdpdrh ì| jeàfuka miq
ìys jQ m%foaYSh md,k tAll úfYaIhls' fï wkqj
úchndyq rcq o uq,a wjêfha m%foaYSh md,lfhl=
jYfhka isg l%ufhka n,hla f.dvk.d f.k
udhd rg isá i;=rka m,jdyer oUfo‚h
rdcH uOHia:dkh f,i f.dvke.+ nj fmfka'
fmdf<dkakrej i;=rkag hg;a ùu;a iu.
oka; Od;=j yd md;% Od;=j wdrlaId l< NslaIQka
jykafia,d tu mQckSh jia;= fld;au,hg f.k
f.dia iÕjd ;nd tAjd wdrlaId l<y' fï nj
±k.;a ;=ka jk úchndyq rc;=ud tlS mQckSh
jia;= oUfo‚ rdcHhg jevujd fn,s., o<Þ
ue÷rla lrjd tAjd tys ;ekam;a lrùh' o<Þj ysñ
ùu kS;Hkql+, rdcH;ajh ,eîula f,i ck;dj
ie,l+ neúka rcqf.a tu ls%hdfjka oUfo‚
rdcOdkshg ;j jeo.;alula ,enq‚' oUfo‚fha
úchiqkaordrduh ;ekùu" le,‚ úydrh
m%;sixialrKh lrùu" WmiïmÞ ux.,Hh h,s
mj;ajd ix> ixfYdaOkhla lrùu yd wNdjhg
f.dia ;snQ fmd;m; kej; ,shùu jeks wd.ñl
yd cd;sl lghq;= /ila o f;jk úchndyq rcq
úiska lrjk ,È' fu;=udf.a rdcH ld,h jir
4 la jQ w;r j¾I 1236 § fyf;u wNdjhg m;a
úh'
fojk
fojk mrdl%undyq rc;=ud ^l%s'j' 1236 - 1270&
f;jk úchndyq rcqg mrdl%undyq yd nqjfklndyq
hkqfjka mq;=ka fofofkl= isá w;r tu rcqf.a
wNdjfhka miq jeäuy,a mq;a mrdl%undyq l=ure
97
j¾I 1236 § oUfo‚fha rclug m;a úh'
t;=ud fojk mrdl%undyq rcq f,i ye¢kafõ'
fojk mrdl%undyq rcq <ud ld,fha § fyd|
wOHdmkhla ,enQ wfhls' msh rcq Ôj;a j
isá wjêfha § ix>rlaÅ; udysñhka m%uqL
uyd ix>hdf.ka wOHdmkh ,enQ t;=ud
miqj W.;a mçrejkla njg m;a úh' fï
ksid l,sld, idys;H i¾j{ mKaä; hk
Wmdê kdufhka msÿï ,enQ t;=ud iïmdokh
l< úYsIag .%ka: wo olajd b;sß j mj;S'

fojk mrdl%undyq rcq n,hg m;a jk úg;a

rg i;=re wdl%u‚lhkaf.ka ksoyia j
fkd;snq‚' tfia u w¨;a wdl%u‚lfhl=g
uqyqK §ug o t;=udg isÿ úh' rfÜ ck
Ôú;h h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu" wd.ñl
yd wOHdmksl Wkak;shlg lghq;= lsÍu
we;=`M ;j;a wNsfhda. /ila t;=ud yuqfõ
mej;sK' tfy;a rc;=ud W.f;l= yd
nqoaêuf;l= jQ neúka fï ish¨ wNsfhda. ch
.ekSug t;=ud iu;a úh'

fojk mrdl%undyq rc;=ud ld,sx. ud>

yd igkg iQÞkï fjñka isá wjêfha ie,iqu
tkï t;=udf.a tfldf<dia jk rdcH
j¾Ifha § ^l%s'j' 1247& pkaøNdkq kï cdjl
wdl%u‚lfhla úYd, yuqÞjla iu. furgg
f.dv neiafia h' Y%S ,xldjg fuf;la ish¨
wdl%uK t,a, jQfha bkaÈhdfõ isg jqj;a pkaøNdkq
meñ‚fha w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl m%foaYhla jQ u,h
w¾Ooaùmfha W;=re m%foaYfhks' tl, tu m%foaYh
fn!oaO rgla jQ fyhska pkaøNdkqf.a wruqK
jQfha fn!oaO mQckSh jia;= w;am;a lr .ekSu úh
yels h' l%s'j 1247 § fojk mrdl%undyq rcqf.a
fufyhùu u; ,dxlsl yuqÞj úiska pkaøNdkqf.a
yuqÞj m,jd yßk ,È'
fojk mrdl%undyq rcq uqyqK Èh hq;= m%n, u
wNsfhda.h jQfha ud>f.a md,kfhka rc rg
uqojd .ekSuhs' jir 40 la muK rcrg m%foaY
md,kh l< ud> wjg n,fldgq msysgqjd wrlaIdj
;r fldg ;snq‚' fï ksid ud>g tfrys j
;SrKd;aul m%ydrhla t,a, l< hq;= úh' rcqf.a
ie,iqulg wkqj yuqÞj fhdojd kef.kysr yd
ngysr foiska fmdf<dkakre k.rh jgfldg
we;' rcqf.a yuqÞjg uqyqK §ug ud>f.a Ngfhda
wjg n,fldgqj, isg fmdf<dkakrejg /iaù
98
wxl 7'3 merKs hdmyqj k.rfha ie,eiau olajk igykla
isáhy' rcqf.a yuqÞj t,a, l< m%n, m%ydrfhka
ud>f.a yuqÞ wka; mrdchla ,nd we;' fï
;SrKd;aul igk j¾I 1255 § muK isÿ jQ nj
ms<s.efka' ud>f.ka rcrg uqojd .ekSu fojk
mrdl%undyq rcq ,enQ úYsIag ch.%yKhls'
óg fmr rcqf.a yuqÞj iu. igka fldg mer§
m,d .sh pkaøNdkq bkaÈhdfjka o l=,S yuqÞ ,nd
f.k j¾I 1261 § muK kej; jrla oUfo‚h
wdl%uKh lf<a h' úYd, yuqÞjla iys;j
oUfoKsh jg l< pkaøNdkq oka; Od;=j" md;%
Od;=j yd rdcHh ;ukag ,nd fok f,i rcqg
;¾ckh lf<a h' rcqf.a yuqÞj yd pkaøNdkqf.a
yuqÞj w;r kej; jrla m%n, igkla isÿ úh'
fuys § bkaÈhdfõ mdKAvH wêrdcHfhka o fojk
mrdl%undyq rc;=udg iyh ,enqKq nj fmfka'
fuu igfka § i;=re yuqÞj h<s;a mrdchg m;a
jQ w;r wdl%u‚lhd jQ pkaøNdkqq o Ôú;laIhg
m;a úh' fojk mrdl%undyq rcq i;=rkaf.ka rg
fírd .ekSug l%shd lrk w;r u foaj m;srdc
kï weu;sjrhd fhdojd wd¾Ól" wd.ñl yd
wOHdmksl wxYj, o m%n, ÈhqKqjla we;s lsÍug
l%shd lf<a h'
hdmyqj
l%sia;= j¾ෂfhka 1270 § muK fojk mrdl%undyq
rcq ñh .sh fyhska Tyqf.a mq;a úchndyq l=ure
rclug m;a úh' Tyq isõ jk úchndyq f,i
ye¢kafõ' fndai;a úchndyq f,i o m%isoaO jQ
fu;=udf.a rdcH ld,h jir follg iSud úh'
rc jdi, we;s jQ yuqÞ l=uka;%Khlska fuu
rcq Ôú;laIhg m;a úh' wk;=rej isõ jk
úchndyq rcqf.a ifydaorhd jQ N=jfklndyq
l=urd l=uka;%Klrejka uev mj;ajd j¾I 1272
muK n,hg m;a úh' m<uq jk nqjfklndyq rcq
f,i ye¢kafjk fu;=ud .eg¨ /ilg id¾:lj
uqyqK ÿka md,lfhls' rcq n,hg m;a jQ w¨; u
jkaks kdhlfhda msßila rcqg tfrys j ler,s
we;s l<y' fï ld,fha § u ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq yuqÞ
lsysmhla ,xldj wdl%uKh l<y' tla wdl%uKhla
fufyh jQfha ld,sx.rdhr kï fikam;sfhls'
;j;a fiakdjla fpdav.x. kï fiakdm;sfhl=
úiska fufyh jk ,È' fuu i;=re Wjÿrej,g
id¾:lj uqyqK ÿka rcq oUfo‚fha jir lsysmhla
ie,iqu wxl 7'4 merKs l=reKE., k.rfha ie,eiau olajk igykla irfcda;sudff, kï øúv ldjHfha i|yka
.; fldg wk;=rej jvd;a wdrlaIdldÍ ia:dkhla
jQ hdmyqj ;u w.kqjr jYfhka f;dard .;af;a
h' m<uq jk N=jfklndyq rcq úfoaY rgj,a iu.
fjf<| in|;d we;s lr .ekSug ±ä Wkkaÿjla
±lajQ wfhls' fuu rc;=ud úiska ,xldj iu.
fjf<| in|;d we;s lr .ekSu ms‚i idlÉPd
lsÍug Bðma;=fõ iq,a;dka fj; hjk ,o
;dkdm;sjre msßila j¾I 1283 wfm%a,a udifha §
Bðma;=fõ lhsfrda k.rfha § ms<s.;a nj jd¾;d
fõ' thg fkdfnda l,lg miq j¾I 1284 § m<uq
jk N=jfklndyq rc;=ud ñh .sfha h'
N=jfklndyq rcqf.a wNdjfhka miq j by; lS
fndai;a úchndyq rcqf.a mq;a mrdl%undyq kï
l=udrhd iy m<uq jk N=jfklndyq rcqf.a mq;a
fojk N=jfklndyq l=udrhd w;r rclu ms<sn|
u; .egqula we;s jQ nj fmfka' fï wjia:dfõ
§ ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ m%foaYSh kdhlfhl= jQ wd¾h
pl%j¾;S keue;af;l= hgf;a mdKavH yuqÞjla
,xldjg meñK hdmyqj n,fldgqjg myr §
o<odj /f.k bkaÈhdjg f.dia mdKavH rcq jQ
l=,fYalrg Ndr § we;' miqj by; lS fndai;a
úchndyq rcqf.a mq;a mrdl%undyq l=urd
bkaÈhdjg f.dia l=,fYalr rcq yuq ù
idlÉPd fldg o<odj kej; ,nd f.k
furgg meñK fmdf<dkakrejg f.dia
tys md,k lghq;= fufyhù h' f;jk
mrdl%undyq f,i y÷kajk tu rcqf.a
rdcH ld,h wdrïN jQfha l%s'j' 1287 § h'
tfy;a l%s'j 1293 § muK fmdf<dkakrej
jegÆ fojk N=jfklndyq l=urd by;
lS f;jk mrdl%undyq rcq mrdch fldg
o<odj /f.k l=reKE.,g meñK th ;u
w.kqjr njg m;a lr .;af;a h'
l=reKE.,
l=reKE., rdcOdksh msysgjQ m%:u md,lhd
by; lS mßÈ fojk N=jfklndyq rcq fõ'
t;=udf.a rdcH ld,h j¾I 1293 isg jir
9 l muK ld,hla hehs ms<s.efka' fojk
N+jfklndyq rcqf.a wNdjfhka miqj
Tyqf.a mq;a mrdl%undyq l=udrhd l=reKE.,
rcúh' furg b;sydifha y;r jk jrg
yuqjk mrdl%undyq rcq Tyq neúka t;=ud
isõjk mrdl%undyq rcq f,i ye¢kafõ'
99
mßÈ j¾I 1302 § fyf;u rclug m;aj we;'
l=reKE., rdcH iufha § nqÿ oyfï Wkak;shg
fuka u wOHdmksl yd Ydia;%Sh wxYhg úYd,
fiajhla isÿ j we;' tf;la md,s NdIdfjka mej;s
mkaish mkia cd;l fmd; isxy,g mßj¾;kh
lsÍu fï hq.fha isÿ jQ lemS fmfkk fiajhls'
o<od isß;" isxy, fndaê jxih" wkd.; jxih yd
o<od mQcdj,sh jeks .%ka: fï ld,fha § rpkd
ù we;' y;r jk mrdl%undyq rcqg miq j f;jk
N=jfklndyq fyj;a jkaks N=jfklndyq iy
isõ jk úchndyq fyj;a ijq`M úchnd hkqfjka
rcjre fofofkla ms<sfj<ska l=reKE., md,k
lghq;= f.k .sh nj i|yka fõ' fuu rcjrekaf.a
lghq;= ms<sn| jeä úia;r wkdjrKh ù ke;'
tfy;a ;=kajk N=jfklndyq rcq úiska l=reKE.,
jej ;kjk ,± hs ckm%jdoj, i|yka fõ'
.ïfmd< rdcOdksh
j¾I 1341 § isõ jk N=jfklndyq rc;=ud
úiska .ïfmd< rdcOdksh msysgqjk ,È' fuu
rcq l=reKE., wjika md,lhd jQ ijq`M
úchndyq rcqf.a mqf;l= hehs ms<s.efka' isõ jk
N=jfklndyq rcqg ;j;a ifydaorfhla isá w;r
miajk mrdl%undyq rcq f,i ye¢kafjk fyf;u
iuld,Sk j ±È.u rdcOdkshla f.dvk.df.k
md,k lghq;=j, ksr; úh' .ïfmd< rdcH
iuh wdrïN jk úg ±È.ug wu;r j ;j;a
rdcOdks folla ìys j ;snq‚' wd¾h pl%j¾;S
rc fm<m; hgf;a hdmk rdcOdksh msysgqjd
;snQ w;r w,flaYajr mrmqr úiska rhs.u fjku
rdcOdkshla mj;ajdf.k hk ,È' fï ksid
.ïfmd< rdcOdkshg fndfyda wNsfhda.j,g
uqyqK §ug isÿ úh'
.ïfmd< rdcH iufha ±lsh yels úfYaI
,laIK lsysmhls' .ïfmd< rc mrmqr iu.
in|;d f.dvk.d f.k isá lemS fmfkk m%N+
mjq,a folla isàu tla ,laIKhls' .ïfmd<
isá fiakd,xldêldr fikúr;a mjq, bka
tlls' fiakdê,xldr fikú ±È.u mrdl%undyq
rcqf.a ifydaoßhla újdy lrf.k isá w;r III
úl%undyq kñka .ïfmd< miq j rc jQfha tu
fom,f.a mqf;ls' rhs.u isá w,flaYajr mjq,
by; lS fojk m%N+ mjq, fõ' fuu mjqf,a lemS
fmfkk ;eke;a;d ksYaYxl w,flaYajr fõ'
100
.ïfmd< rdcH iufha rclu Wreu jQfha mshdf.
ka mq;dg fyda ifydaorhdf.ka ifydaorhdg
rclu ,enqKq mer‚ l%uhg fkdj ududf.ka
miq nEkdg fyj;a ysgmq rcqf.a ifydaoßhlf.a
mqf;l=g h' fuh mshdf.ka mq;dg rdcHh Wreu
ùfï mS;D uQ,sl Wreuhg jvd uõ md¾Yajfhka
rdcH Wreu ùfï ud;D uQ,sl Wreu l%uhls'
.ïfmd< rdcH iufha § bnka n;=;d kï
wrdì ixpdrlfhl= ,xldjg meñK ;uka weiQ
ÿgq foa j¾;d lr ;eîu jeo.;a lreKls' j¾I
1344 § hdmkhg meñ‚ bnka n;=;d tys md,lhd
jQ wd¾h pl%j¾;sf.ka Wmldr ,nd f.k Y%S mdo
jkaokdjg f.dia we;' iqÿ wef;l= ;ndf.k isá
w,fldakd¾ kï iajdëk md,lfhl= .ek n;=;d
i|yka lrhs' tlS w,fldakd¾ hkq w,.lafldakdr
mrmqf¾ wfhls'
.ïfmd< f;jk úl%undyq rcqf.a md,k
ld,h jk úg W;=f¾ isá wd¾hpl%j¾;sf.a
ks,Odßka .ïfmd< rdcHhg meñK we;eï
m%foaYj,ska nÿ wh l< nj i|yka fõ' fuh
.ïfmd< rdcHfha iajdëk;ajhg le<,la jQjd
fuka u wd¾Ólhg o myrla úh' fï ksid rcqf.a
m%Odk wud;Hjrhd jQ ksYaYxl w,flaYajr
fldaÜfÜ n,fldgqjla ;kd yuqÞj /ia lr
wd¾hpl%j¾;s rcqf.a nÿ ks,Odßkag o~qjï
muqKqjd ;sfí' fuhska lsmqKq wd¾h pl%j¾;s
.ïfmd< rdcH wdl%uKh l< úg w,flaYajrf.a
yuqÞj úiska tlS yuqÞj mrdchg m;a lrk ,§'
ksYaYxl w,flaYajr wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.
ksid .ïfmd< rdcH Yla;su;a jqj;a miqld,h
jk úg w,flaYajr mjq, w;ru u;fNao we;s jQ
nj fmfka'
.ïfmd< rdcHfha wjidk ld,fha Ök
wdl%uKhla furgg t,a, úh' Ökfha hqxf,da
kue;s wêrdchd úiska tjk ,o fpka fyda
fikúhd j¾I 1405" 1409 yd 1411 hk jirj,
,xldjg f.dvnei we;' fyf;u 1409 § furgg
meñ‚ úg rhs.u isá ùr w,flaYajr kï
md,lhd fpka fyda fikúhd ksis mßÈ ms<sf.k
ke;' fï ksid fyf;u ;ud f.kd mqo m~qre
fojqkaor foajd,hg mqÞ Ök" m¾ishdkq yd fou<
NdIdj,ska Ys,d ,smshla o msysgqjd wdmiq f.dia
 hdmkh
iqÑh
úh,s l,dmSh rdcOdks uOHia:dk

ksß;È. uQ,sl lr.;a rdcOdkS uOHia:dk

hdmkh md,k uOHia:dkh

mßmd,k fn§ï
rcrg
udhdrg
u,hrg
wreú
wdre reyqKqrg
u,
aj;
=T
h

`.
s.
e,
uy j

ó
Th

±eÿre Th

Th
uy

le<Ks
.`.

l`M .`.

is;shu 7'1 Y%S ,xldfõ merKs rdcOdks uOHia:dkj, jHdma;sh

101
we=;' tu ,smsh .d,af,a ;%sNdId ,smsh kñka
ye¢kafõ' wk;=rej 1411 § úYd, yuqÞjla iu.
kej; furgg meñ‚ fpka fyda fikúhd
ùr w,flaYajrf.a yuqÞj iu. igka fldg
ùr w,flaYajr we;=`M msßila isrlrejka f,i
w,a,df.k wdmiq .sfha h'
.ïfmd< rdcH iufha bÈ l< f.dvke.s,s
lsysmhla ;ju;a b;sß j we;s w;r isõ jk
N+jfklndyq rcq úiska lrjk ,o ,xld;s,l
úydrh yd .v,dfo‚ úydrh tA w;r lemS
fmfka'
fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh
.ïfmd< rdcH iufha § ksYaYxl w,flaYajr
weu;sjrhd fldaÜfÜ Yla;su;a n,fldgqjla bÈ
lr jQ nj by; i|yka flß‚' tfy;a fldaÜfÜ
rdcOdksh msysgqjk ,oafoa yh jk mrdl%undyq
rc;=ud úisks' t;=udf.a mshd chuy,Ek
keue;af;ls' uj iqfka;%d foaúh hs' .ïfmd<
rdcH wjidk ld,fha mej;s i;=re Wjÿre ksid
mrdl%undyq l=urdg ryis.; j we;s ±ä ùug
isÿ úh' fuys § ùÞ.u uyd ia:úrhka jykafia
l=urdg wjYH /ljrKh i,id § we;' wk;=rej
ùÞ.u ysñhkaf.a wkq.%yfhka j¾I 1412 §
mrdl%undyq l=ure rhs.u n,hg meñKsfha h'
jir ;=klg miq j t;=ud jvd;a wdrlaIdldÍ
ia:dkhla f,i m%lgj mej;s fldaÜfÜg meñK
j¾I 1415 § ;u wNsfIal W;aijh meje;aù h'
t;eka isg j¾I 1467 olajd È.= ld,hla t;=ud
furg md,kh lf<a h' yh jk mrdl%undyq
rc;=ud bgq l< fiajfha lemS fmfkk lreKq
fufia h'
• jkaks m%foaY fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg hg;a mD;=.SiSyq furgg meñ‚hy'
lsÍu
• imqu,a l=udrhd hgf;a yuqÞj hjd
hdmkh ch .ekSu
• Wvrg iduka; md,lhd jQ fcda;sh ì|jeàfuka miq hdmk m%foaYh wdYs%; j ìys jQ
isgqjrhd we;s l< le/,a, uev md,k tAllh hdmk rdcOdksh f,i ye¢kafõ'
meje;aùu
• fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh hgf;a rg tlai;a yeoEÍug we;s jvd;a m%lg lD;sh hd,amdk
fldg wd¾Ól jYfhka rg iuDoaêu;a
lsÍu
102
• rfÜ wOHdmksl yd idys;H
lghq;=j, ÈhqKqjg úYd, fiajhla
isÿ lsÍu
yh jk mrdl%undyq rcqf.ka miq rdcHh Wreu
ùug mqf;la fkdisá neúka t;=udf.a wNdjfhka
miq j rcqf.a Èh‚h jQ W,l=vh foaúhf.a mq;d
chndyq hk kñka rclug m;a flß‚' tfy;a
t;=udf.a rdcH ld,h b;d flá tlla úh'
yh jk mrdl%undyq rcq hdmkh hg;a lsÍfuka
miq tu m%foaY md,khg fhdojd isá imqu,a
l=urd yuqÞjla /f.k meñK fldaÜfÜ w.kqjr
jg,d chndyq rcq Ôú;laIhg m;a fldg n,h
w,a,d .;af;a h' j¾I 1469 § fyf;u yh jk
N=jfklndyq kñka rc úh' Tyqf.a md,kh wdrïN
jQ ld,fha § u miafhdÿka rg isxy, fmr<sh fyda
isxy, ixf. kñka y÷kajk le/,a,la we;s úh'
N+jfklndyq rcqf.a fufyhùu u; wïnq¨.,
l=udrhd úiska fï le/,a, uev mj;ajk ,§'
w;a wvx.=jg m;a lel=,kao, isßj¾Ok m;srdc
we;=`M ler,s kdhlhkag miq j rcqf.a iudj
,enq‚' tA i|yd msysgqjQ wNhÞk Ys,d ,smsh ±È.u
fi,a,smsh f,i ye¢kafõ'
yh jk N=jfklndyq rcqf.a wNdjfhka
miq t;=udf.a mqf; la jk mKaä; mrdl%undyq
n,hg meñ‚fha h' y;a jk mrdl%undyq f,i
ye¢kafjk t;=udf.a rdcH ld,h o È.= tlla
fkdù h' i;r fldar<h m%foaYfha md,k
lghq;= Ndr j isá wïnq¨., l=udrhd meñK
mKaä; mrdl%undyq n,fhka my fldg wgjk
ùr mrdl%undyq kñka rc úh' t;=ud n,hg
meñ‚fha j¾I 1490 § muK hehs ms<s.efka'
tu rcqf.a md,k ld,fha § fyj;a j¾I 1505 §
hdmkh iy jkakshd¾jre
l%s'j' oy;=ka jk ishjfia rcrg YsIagdpdrh
fuu rdcOdksfha wdrïNh yd b;sydih ms<sn|
iuld,Sk uQ,dY%h fkdue;s w;r tys b;sydih
ffjmj udff, kï .%ka:h fõ' tfy;a th 18
jk ishjfia § muK rpkd jQ tlls' Bg wu;r j
ffl,dh udff, iy fYa.rdYfYalr udff,
jeks fou< .%ka: o fuys§ jeo.;a fõ'
hdmk rdcOdksfha wdrïNlhd úch
l=,xffl wd¾h pl%j¾;S f,i ie,fla' Tyqf.a
md,k ld,fha isg mD;=.SiSkaf.a meñŒu f;la
hdmk m%foaYh md,kh l< l=,fYalr" úlalsru"
jfrdaoh" ud¾;Kav jeks md,lhka fÞf<dia
fofkl= ms<sn| úia;rhla hd,amdk ffjmj
udff, .%ka:fhys olajd ;sfí' hdmkfha md,k
lghq;= f.k .sh rc mrmqr wd¾h pl%j¾;Sjreka
f,i y÷kajd we;' j¾I 1344 § bnka n;=;d
furgg meñfKk úg wd¾h pl%j¾;Sjreka ;rul
Yla;su;a md,khla f.k .sh nj fmfka' .ïfmd<
rdcH iufha § .ïfmd<g wh;a m%foaYj, nÿ wh
l< wd¾h pl%j¾;Sf.a ksfhdað;hkag tfrys j
ksYaYxl w,flaYajr weue;sjrhd lghq;= l<
wdldrh óg by; § i|yka flßK' fldaÜfÜ
rdcH iufha § yh jk mrdl%undyq rcq imqu,a
l=udrhd hjd hdmk m%foaYh fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg
hg;a lf<a h' yh jk mrdl%undyq rcqf.ka miqj
hdmk m%foaYfha md,kh fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfhka
.s,sysK' t;eka isg mD;=.SiSkag hg;a jk f;la
hdmk rdcOdksfha f;dr;=re oy jk mdvfï §
idlÉPd flf¾'
jkakshd¾jre
rcrg YsIagdpdrh ì| jeàfuka miq
kef.kysr" W;=re ueo yd jhU m<d;aj, ck
>k;ajh wvq m%foaY wdY%s; j jkaks jYfhka
ye¢kaúh yels l=vd md,k tAll lsysmhla
ks¾udKh jQ nj fmfka' fïjdfha isá m%foaYSh
wêm;sfhdaa jkaksjre f,i ye¢kafj;s' mQcdj,sh
kï .%ka:fha lshd we;s wdldrhg oUfo‚
rdcOdksh msysgqjQ f;jk úchndyq rcq uq, § jkaks
kdhlfhl= f,i lghq;= l< wfhls' fldaÜfÜ
yh jk mrdl%undyq rcqf.a ld,h wdrïN jk
úg fun÷ jkaks m%foaY oy wgla mej;s nj
iuld,Sk uQ,dY% j, i|yka fõ' uOHu rdcOdksh
ÿ¾j, j mej;s wjia:dj, jkakshd¾jre lsis hï
iajdëk;djla nqla;s úkao o fojk mrdl%undyq"
yh jk mrdl%undyq jeks rcjrekaf.a ld,j,
jkaks m%foaY m%Odk rdcOdkshg hg;a flß‚'
Wvrg rdcOdks iufha § kef.kysr m%foaYfha
jkaksjreka isá njg f;dr;=re ;sfí' tfy;a
Tjqka Wvrg rcqf.a n,hg hg;a jQ msßils'
7'4'1 wd¾Ól rgdj
rcrg YsIagdpdrh ì| jeàfuka miq f;;a
l,dmSh m%foaY lrd ixl%uKh jQ ck;djg kj
N+f.da,Sh mßirhlg yev .eiSug isÿ úh' ÿ¾.
wdYs%; m%foaYhkays rdcOdks ìys ùu;a" w.kqjr
jeä l,la tla ia:dkhl fkdmej;Su;a" fuys
úfYaIs; ,laIKhls' f;;a l,dmhg j¾Idj
fyd¢ka ,enqKq neúka uy jeõ yd jdß ud¾.
bÈ lsÍug jeä wjOdkhla fhduq fkdl< njla
fmfka' lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd wyia Èh fhdÞ
.ekSug Tjqyq fm<UqKy' ful, o Tjqkaf.a
m%Odk ðjfkdamdh lDIsl¾udka;h úh' m%Odk
j.dj ù j.dj jQ w;r c,h ysÕ m%foaYj, fyaka
f.dú;eka flß‚'
l%ul%ufhka fudjqyq jd‚c wd¾Ól
rgdjlg keUqre jQy' wdydr i|yd jjk ,o
fNda.j, w;sßla;h fjf<|du i|yd fhduq
flß‚' thg fya;= jQfha úfoaY rgj,a iu.
mej;s fjf<| in|;d ;j ;j;a j¾Okh ùu hs'
f;;a l,dmfha jk.; j jejqKq l=re÷
ful, m%Odk fjf<| fnda.hla úh' mqjla"
.ïñßia" tkid,a" idÈlald jeks fnda.j,
w;sßla;h wmkhkh i|yd fhduq flß‚' Bg
wu;r j uq;=" ue‚la" we;=ka yd we;a o< jeks
fjf<| NdKav o wmkhkh lrkq ,eì‚'
bkaÈhdj" wrdìh" Ökh" m¾ishdj"
Bðma;=j jeks rgj,a iu. Y%S ,xldj fjf<|
in|;d mj;ajd ;sfí' úfoaY fjf<|du rcqf.a
tAldêldrh hgf;a mej;=‚'
tl, ,xldfõ mej;s ireidr fjf<Þu
iïnkaO j idys;H yd mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h
j, fukau foaYdgk jd¾;dj, o i|yka ù ;sfí'
Ökfhka Y%S ,xldjg msÕka NdKav wdkhkh l<
njg ±È.u m%foaYfhka ,enqKq mqrd úoHd;aul
idlaIsj,ska fy<sorõ fõ' wNHka;r fjf<|du
iïnkaO lv ùÈ ;snQ nj l=reKE., úia;rh kï
mqiafld< fmdf;a i|yka fõ' ,xldfõ ngysr
103
fjr<nv keõ f;dgq wdY%s;j ireidr fjf<|dula
mej;s nj l%s'j'1344 § Y%S ,xldjg meñ‚ bnka
n;=;d kï uqia,sï foaY ixpdrlhdf.a jd¾;dj,
i|yka fõ'
7'4'2 wd.u
fojk kd.ÍlrK iufha § o m%Odk wd.u
jYfhka nqÿ oyu ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh úh'
oUfo‚ hq.fha isg fldaÜfÜ hq.h olajd o<od
jykafia fjkqfjka o<od ukaÈr ;ekùug yd
fndfyda fjfyr úydr bÈ lsÍug rcjre lghq;=
l<y' ful, ck;dj foúhka flfrys uy;a
Nla;shlska yd úYajdihlska lghq;= l< njg
idOl ;sfí' Wmq,ajka" úNSIK" ialkaOl=udr"
iuka wdÈ foújreka weoySu;a tu foúhka
fjkqfjka foajd, ukaÈr bÈ lsÍu;a mej;=Ks'
ikafoaY idys;H lD;sj, o Wmq,ajka úNSsIK
foújreka ms<sn`o i|yka ù ;sfí'
myf<dia jk ishjfia muK Ysj
foajd,hla Y%S chj¾Okmqrhg hdno j ;snQ njg
f;dr;=re fy<s fõ' yskaÿ Nla;slhka Wfoid tu
foajd,h bÈ jkakg we;ehs úYajdi flf¾'
y,dj; uqkafkaYajrï fldaú," ful, yskaÿ
ne;su;=kaf.a mQckSh ia:dkhls'
úfoaY fjf<| lghq;=j, kshe¨Kq
uqia,sï ne;su;=ka mÈxÑ j isá uqyqÿ f;dgqm<j,a
wdYs%; j Tjqkaf.a mQckSh ia:dk mej;sK'
7'4'3 l,dj yd .Dy ks¾udKh
hdmyqfõ isg fldaÜfÜ rdcH iuh olajd ld,fha
ìys jQ k.rj, .Dy ks¾udK l,djka rdYshla
wo o ±l.; yels fõ' fuu .Dy ks¾udK i|yd
ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amSh wdNdih
,eî ;sîu iqúfYaI ,laIKhls'
hdmyqj rdcOdksfha olakg ,efnk msh.egfm<
yd tys l=¨kq ks¾udKh i|yd mdKavH yd
ldïfndac wdNdih ,nd we;s nj úYajdi flf¾'
.ïfmd< hq.hg wh;a .v,dfoKs úydrfha
104
we;s ms<su f.h iuld,Sk ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq .Dy
ks¾udK ffY,sfha wdNdih ,nd ;sîu meyeÈ,s j
olakg ,efí'
ms<su f.hg iïnkaO fldg foajd, bÈ
lsÍu o fuu hq.j, § olakg ,efnk ;j;a
,laIKhls'
.v,dfoKs ms<su f.hg iïnkaO fldg Wmq,ajka
foúhka Wfoid foajd,hla ;kd ;sîu fuhg tla
WÞyrKhls' ,xld;s,l ms<su f.hg iïnkaO
fldg o fuf,i foajd, bÈ fldg ;sfí' ms<su
f.j,a ;=< fuf,i foajd, olakg ,eîu yskaÿ
yd uydhdk woyia .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh flf¾
n,mE njg idOlhls'
.ïfmd< hq.fha ;=ka jk úl%undyq rcq
úiska lrjk ,o weïnelafla foajd,h w.kd ,S
leghï iys; f.dvke.s,a,ls' tys we;s w.kd
,S leghï iys; lKq yd ±juh jy,h tys
wmQ¾j;ajh úoydmdhs'
fojk kd.ÍlrK iufha NdIdj yd idys;Hfha
úYd, m%fndaOhla we;s jQ njg fndfyda idOl
;sfí' .sys meúÈ W.;a mçjreka ìys ùu idys;H
ÈhqKqj i|yd rcjrekaf.a fkdu o wkq.%yh
,eîu" wOHdmk uOHia:dk /ila ìysùu idys;H
Wkak;sh flfrys n,mEfõ h'
oUfoKssfha fojk mrdl%undyq rdcH
iufha fndfyda idys;H m; fmd; ,shejq‚'
l,sld, idys;H i¾j{ mKaä; hk Wmdê
kdufhka msÿï ,o t;=ud úiska o idys;H lD;s
lsysmhla ,shd ;sfí' isxy,fha uyd ldjHhla
jk lõis`MñK fojk mrdl%undyq rcq úiska
rÑ; njg ms<s.efka' O¾ufiak ysñhka ,shQ
ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh" uhQrmdo mßfõKdêm;s
nqoaOmq;% ysñ ,shQ mQcdj,sh oUfoKs hq.fha rÑ;
jeo.;a .oH .%ka: folls' isxy, jHdlrK
ms<sn| ,shejqKq iso;a iÕrdj" ldjHlrKh
ms<sn| kS;s we;=<;a t`M i±ia ,l=K fuu hq.hg
wh;a fõ' NslaIQka jykafia,df.a meje;au ms<sn|
úkh kS;s Í;s we;=<;a oUfoKs l;sldj;" fojk
mrdl%undyq rcqf.a Èk p¾hdj we;=<;a l|jqre
isß;" fuka u nqoaO mq;% ysñhka rpkd l<
fhda.d¾Kjh kï jákd fjo fmd; o oUfoKs
iufha ,shejq‚' ful, md,s NdIdfjka ,shejqKq
jeo.;a lD;s lsysmhla o fõ' iuka;l+g j¾Kkd"
rijdyskS" idrix.%yh" fNaiÊc uxcqid kï fjo
fmd;" y;a:jk.,a, úydr jxih yd :Qm jxih
WÞyrK fõ'
l=reKE., iufha isxy, .oH idys;Hh ;j
ÿrg;a fmdaIKh úh' mkaish mkia cd;l fmd;
isxy,g mßj¾;kh lsÍu" o<|d isß;" o<od
mQcdj,sh" isxy, fndaê jxih fï hq.fha rÑ;
uyÕ= lD;Ska h'
.ïfmd< hq.fha § ikafoaY ldjH ,sùu
wdrïN úh' uhQr ikafoaYh yd ;sir ikafoaYh
mer‚u ikafoaY idys;H lD;s fol f,i
ie,fla' mdró Y;lh" ðkfndaOdj,S" nd,dj;dr
jeks md,s idys;H lD;Ska o ioaO¾ud,xldrh o
fï hq.fha ,shejqKq idys;H lD;s lsysmhls'
isxy, idys;Hfha iaj¾Kuh hq.h f,i
fldaÜfÜ hq.h ye¢kaúh yels h' yhjk merl=ïnd
rdcH iuh idys;Hhg w.kd fufyjrla bgq jQ
ld, mßÉfþohls' yh jk mrdl%undyq rcq fY%aIaG
krm;sfhl= fia u W.;a mçrejkls' ful,
idys;Hfha ÈhqKqjg lghq;= l< W.;a mçjre
rdYshls'
f;dg.uqfõ Y%S rdyq, ysñ" lEr.,
jkr;k ysñ" bre.,a l=,;s,l msßfjka ysñ
jeks W.;a ysñjre ful, idys;Hfha ÈhqKqjg
uy;a fiajhla bgq l<y'
merl=ïnd isß;" ldjHfYaLrh"
nqÿ.=Kd,xldrh" f,dajev iÕrdj" .=;a;s, ldjH"
yxi" mfrú" .srd" ie<,sys‚" wdÈ ikafoaY
ldjHh o fï W.;=ka w;ska ìys jQ lD;Ska h'
Nla;s ldjH" Ysf,da ldjH" ygka ldjH"
m%Yia;s ldjH" WmfoaY ldjH" fldaI .%ka: wdÈ
jYfhka idys;HlrKh úúO me;sj,g fhduq
ùu ful, iqúfYaIS ,laIKhls' ixialD; .%ka:
o rpkd jQ w;r Nla;s Y;lh Bg WÞyrKhls'
fn!oaO wOHdmksl uOHia:dk rdYshla
o fï hq.fha § ìysjq‚' yh jk mrdl%undyq
rcq ;u uE‚hka isysùu ms‚i mems,shdfka
iqfka;%dfoaù msßfjk bÈ lf<a h' lEr.,
moaudj;S msßfjk" foúkqjr bre.,al=,;s,l
msßfjk" ùÞ.u >kdkkao msßfjk wdÈ fn!oaO
uOHia:dk idys;Hfha ÈhqKqjg uy;a fiajdjla
l< úoHia:dk fõ'
l%shdldrlu
1' Y%S ,xldfõ mer‚ k.r ìys ùug yd ì|
jeàug n, mE fya;= i|yka lrkak'
2' my; i|yka ia:dk Y%S ,xldfõ is;shul
,l=Kq lrkak'
wkqrdOmqr .ïfmd< hdmyqj
fmdf<dkakrej fldaÜfÜ
oUfo‚h l=reKE.,
jeo.;a lreKq
1' mqrdK ld,fha Y%S ,xldfõ rdcOdks fjkia
ùug n, mE tla m%Odk idOlhla jQfha kd.ßl
uOHia:dk fjkia ùu hs' th tfia ùug rg
wNHka;rfha mek ke.=Kq ;;a;aj fuka u
wka;¾cd;sl fjf<`odfï isÿ jQ fjkialï o
n,mEula we;s lf<a h'
2' merKs hq.fha furg k.r ìys ùfï
l%shdj,sh m<uq jk kd.ÍlrKh iy fojk
kd.ÍlrKh hkqfjka l%shdj,s folla
Tiafia ú.%y l< yels h' fuu l%shdj,s fol
u.ska mek ke.=Kq k.rj,g wh;a kd.ßl
ie,iqïj, meyeÈ,s fjkialï olakg ;sfí'
3' kd.ÍlrK l%shdj,sh iy k.r flakaø
fldg f.k isÿ jQ l%shdud,d wjfndaO lr .;
hq;af;a tu l%shdj,s yg .;a iudc- foaYmd,ksl
miqìu ;=< h'
4' fmdf<dkakre rdcOdksh ì| jeàfuka miq
oUfo‚h" hdmyqj" l=reKE.," .ïfmd< yd
fldaÜfÜ jYfhka rdcOdks lsysmhla ìys úh'
hdmkh flakaø lrf.k hdmk rdcOdksh ìys
ù ;snq‚'
5' fldaÜfÜ rdc iufha § wOHdmksl yd
idys;H wxYfha úYd, m%fndaOhla ;snq‚'
105
 8 uykqjr rdcOdksh
ye`Èkaùu
fldaÜfÜ yd iS;djl rdcOdksfha ì| jeàfuka
miq rfÜ iajdëk;ajh /lSu uykqjr
rdcOdksfha j.lSula njg m;a úh' furg
mej;s fjk;a lsis u rdcOdkshla uqyqK fkdÿka
wNsfhda. /ilg uqyqK foñka tu rdcOdksfha
rcjre yd uyck;dj ;uka fj; mejreKq
j.lSu j¾I 1815 jk f;la fkdmsßfy,d bgq
l<y' ,xldfõ wjika rdcOdksh jQ uykqjr
rdcOdksfha wdrïNh" jHdma;sh" mßmd,k
ixúOdkh iy iudc wd¾Ól rgdj ms<sn|
f;dr;=re fuu tAllh ;=<ska Tng wOHhkh
lsÍug ie,fia'
8'1 wdrïNh yd jHdma;sh
fixlv., kqjr" Wvrg rdcOdksh" lkafo kqjr
wd§ úúO kïj,ska uykqjr rdcOdksh y÷kajd
;sfí'
lkao Wvrg rdcOdksfha w.kqjr jQfha uykqjr
hs' th iajdNdúl j wdrlaIs; jQ ia:dkhls'
uykqjr k.rhg uyje,s .fÕka wdrlaIdjla
,efí' n,k" yqkakia.sßh" jeks ÿ¾. ud¾. ksid
myiqfjka fuu m%foaYhg we;=¿ ùu ÿIalr fõ'
tfia u uykqjr rdcOdksh fi!uH foaY.=Khlska
yd ireidr N+ñ Nd.hlska iukaú; h'
yh jk mrdl%undyq rdcH iufha fldaÜfÜ
rdcHhg hg;a m%foaYSh md,k tAllhla jYfhka
mej;s Wvrg m%foaY wdY%s;j uq,a jrg iajdëk
rdcOdkshla f.dvk.k ,oafoa fiakd iïu;
úl%undyq rc;=ud úisks' fï ksid Wvrg
rdcOdksfha wdrïNlhd fiakd iïu; úl%undyq
rcq f,i ie,fla'
fiakd iïu; úl%undyq rcqf.a wkqm%dma;slhd
jQfha Tyqf.a mq;a chùr nKavdr h' ^1511-1551&
fu;=ud È.= l,la Wvrg md,kh lf<a h' fudyq
iS;djl md,l udhdÿkafka rcqf.a ñ;=frl= úh'
fldaÜfÜ md,l VI jk úchndyq rcqg úreoaO j
106
úchnd fld,a,h we;s jQ iufha § chùr nKavdr
rcq udhdÿkafkag wdOdr imhd ;sfí'
chùr nKavdr rcqf.a wejEfuka Tyqf.a mq;a
lr,sheoafoa nKavdr Wvrg rc njg m;a úh'
fu;=ud mD;=.SiSka yd ys;j;a m%;sm;a;shla f.k
.sfha h' lr,sheoafoa nKavdrf.a fuu m%;sm;a;sh
flfrys Wvrg ro, m%OdkSyq wukdm jQy'
tksid Tjqyq iS;djl md,l rdcisxy rcqg iydh
ÿkay' tl, Wvrg m%N+jrfhl= jQ fmardfo‚fha
ùriqkaor nKavdr m<uq jk rdcisxy rcqg
Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍug Wmldr lf<a h' fuu
wdl%uKhg uqyqK § .; fkdyels jQ lr,sheoafoa
nKavdr ;u Èh‚h jQ l=iqudik foaúh yd nEkd
jQ huisxy nKavdr iu. mD;=.SiSka fj; m,d
.sfha h' l=iqudik foaúh fodak l;sßkd kñka
o huisxy nKavdr fÞka ms,sma kñkao mD;=.SiSka
fj;ska fn!;Siauh ,oy'
l%s'j' 1580 § muK Wvrg hg;a fldg.;a m<uq
jk rdcisxy rcq iS;djl isg Wvrg m%foaY
md,kh lf<a h' tfy;a ùriqkaor nKavdrf.a
l%shd l,dmh flfrys iel is;+ m<uq jk rdcisxy
rcq WmdhYS,S j Tyq urKhg m;aa lf<a h' fuu
isÿùfuka miq ùriqkaor nKavdrf.a mq;d jQ
fldkmamq nKavdr o mD;=.SiSka fj; m,df.dia
wjqia;%shdfõ fÞka cqjdka kñka fn!;Siau ,eî h'
iS;djl rdcisxy rcq Wvrg flf¾ wkq.ukh
l< we;eï m%;sm;a;s .ek Wvrg m%N+ msßi
;=< l, lsÍula ;snq‚' fï ksid wjia:dfjka
m%fhdack .;a mD;=.SiSyqQ ;uka Ndrfha isá huisxy
nKavdr Wvrgg hjd Wvrg we;eï m%N+jrekaf.a
o iydfhka tys mD;=.Sis .e;s md,khla msysg
jQy' mD;=.SiSka huisxy nKavdr Wvrgg hejQ
wjia:dfõ Tyqf.a wdrlaIdjg hejQ yuqÞj;a iu.
ùriqkaor nKavdf.a mq;a fldkmamq nKavdr o
Wvrgg msg;a l<y' mD;=.SiSkaf.a rElv md,lhd
jQ huisxy nKavdr flá ld,hlska ñh .sh
fyhska Tyqf.a <dnd, mq;a l=urd isxydikhg m;a
fldg md,kh f.k hdug mD;=.SiSka W;aidy l<
kuq;a fldkmamq nKavdr ksid th wid¾:l úh'
 uyje,s .`.g

l`ÿ
Wvj;a; l`ÿjeáh

fnda.ïnr jej
l=Uqre
.egfò g l=Uqre

uyje,s .`.g
yka;dk l`ÿjeáh
ie,iqu wxl 8'1 merKs uykqjr k.rfha ie,eiau ±lafjk is;shula' T- o<od ud,s.h A- u`.=,a uvqj N- kd: foajd,h
P- m;a;sks foajd,h V- úIaKq foajd,h K- l;r.u foajd,h AV- wia.sß úydrh AW- wêldrï j,õj MV- u,aj;a; úydrh
S- ia;+mh B- fndaëkajykafia KV- l=udremafma ùÈh BR- rcqf.a yuqod fiakdxl ksjiak KP- rc ud,s.h

Wv/áhkaf.a iydh ,nd .;a fldkmamq nKavdr
mD;=.SiSkag tfrys j Wvrg n,h w,a,df.k
m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh kñka rclug m;a úh'
fldkmamq nKavdrf.a fuu ks¾NS; l%shdld,dmh
ksid Wvrg rdcOdksh ;=< mD;=.Sis md,khla
we;s ùu je<l=‚'
m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq ^1592-1604&
huisxy nKavdrf.ka miq Wvrg rc njg m;a m<uq
jk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq ùriqkaor nKavdrf.a mq;d
úh' fu;=ud Wvrg kj rdcjxYhl wdrïNlhd
fõ' m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq n,hg m;a ùu;a
iu. uqyqK ÿka wNsfhda. lsysmhla úh'
1' kS;Hkql+, rdcH Wreuhla fkdùu
2' Wvrg rdcOdksh mD;=.Sis .%yKfhka fírd
.; hq;= ùu
3' Wvrg rdcHh iS;djl n,mEfuka uqÞ.; hq;=
ùu
4' mßydkshg m;a nqÿ iiqk k.d isgqúh hq;= ùu'
5' uykqjr rdcOdksfha wd¾Ól lghq;= ÈhqKq
l< hq;= ùu
• úu,O¾uiQßh rcq Wvrg ish kS;Hkql+,
whs;sh ;yjqre lr .ekSg mshjr lSmhla
wkq.ukh lf<a h'
1' Wvrg rdcOdksfha kS;Hkql+, Wreuh ysñ jQ
l=iqudik foaúh újdy fldg f.k rdcH;ajh
107
;yjqre lr .ekSu
2' frdaudkq lf;da,sl wd.u w;yer nqÿ oyu
je,| .ekSu
3' úu,O¾uiQßh kñka fn!oaO kula ,nd
.ekSu
4' fo,a.uq úydrfha i`.jd ;snQ oka; Od;=j
uykqjrg jevu lrùu

• iS;djl rdcOdksfha n,mEfuka Wvrg

ksoyia lr .ekSu ms‚i Wv/áhkaf.a
iyfhda.fhka m<uq jk rdcisxy rcq
mrdchg m;a flßK'
• fu;=ud Wvrg rdcHh mD;=.Sis
.%yKfhka fírd .ekSug wkq.ukh
l< mshjr lsysmhls'

1' l%s'j'1594 oka;=f¾ igfka § mD;=.SiSka

wka; mrdchg m;a lsÍu
2' mD;=.SiSkag tfrys j my;rg we;s jk
ler,sj,g iyh §u
3' mD;=.Siska m,jd yeÍug ,kafoais iyh
,nd .ekSug W;aidy lsÍu

• mßydkshg m;a nqÿoyu k.d isgq ùug

úu,O¾uiQßh rcq wkq.ukh l< mshjr
lsysmhls'

1' nqreu foaYfhka WmiïmÞj f.k tAu

2' ,xld;s,lh" ߧ úydrh" .v,dfo‚h"

jeks mer‚ fjfyr úydr w¨;ajeähd lsÍu

• fu;=ud uykqjr rdcOdksfha wd¾Ól

ÈhqKqj ms‚i wkq.ukh l< mshjr PdhdrEmh wxl 8'1 fojk rdcisxy rc;=udf.a iajrEmh ±lafjk
lsysmhls' is;=jula' fuh uykqjr hq.fha § fuys jdih l< frdí¾Ü fkdlaia
kue;s ì%;dkH cd;slhd úiska w`Èk ,oaols'
1' f.dú;ek ÈhqKq lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu
úu,O¾uiQßh rcq yÈisfha je,÷Kq oreKq WK
2' lmq j.dj ÈhqKq lsßug wkqn, §u frda.hlska l%sia;= j¾I 1604 § urKhg m;a úh'
3' fld;auf,a yd j,mfka m%foaYfha hlv yd fikr;a rc;=ud ^l%s'j' 1604-1635&
jdfka l¾udka;h ÈhqKq lsÍu
m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq ñh hk úg
4' Wvrg rdcHh wdY%s; fjä ¨Kq l¾udka;fha Tyqf.a mq;a l=udrjre <dnd, úfha miqjQy' tksid
ÈhqKqjg mshjr .ekSu úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a ×;s ifydaor fikr;a
l=ure 1604 § Wvrg rclug m;a úh' fu;=udg
fufia úúO ud¾.hkaf.ka Wvrg rdcOdksh uqyqK §ug isÿ jQ wNsfhda. lsysmhla úh'
wdrlaId lr .ekSug lghq;= l< m<uq jk
108
1' Wvrg rdcH Wreuh ;yjqre lr .ekSu
2' mD;=.SiSkaf.ka Wvrg rdcHhg t,a, jQ ;¾ck
wju lr .ekSu
fikr;a rcq n,hg m;a uq,a wjêfha § l=iqudik
foaúh ^fodak l;sßkd& újdy fldg f.k
rdcH;ajh ;yjqre lr .;af;a h'
l=iqudik foaúh m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh
rcqf.ka mq;=ka fofofkl= o fikr;a rcqf.ka
tla mqf;l= o ,enqjd h' fudjqka w;=ßka jvd
olaI jQfha nd, mq;a uyd wia:dk l=ureh ^fojk
rdcisxy l=ure& rclu Wfoid l=udrjreka
w;r we;s jk ;r.h je<elaùug fikr;a rcq
Wvrg rdcHh fldgia ;=klg fnÞ tu m%foaY
l=udrjrekag mjrd § we;' tA wkqj W!j m%foaYh
l=udrisxy l=ureg o" ud;f,a m%foaYh úfÊmd,
l=ureg o" uykqjr m%foaYh rdcisxy l=ureg o
mejß‚'
uyd wia:dk l=ure fyj;a fojk rdcisxy l=ure <dnd,
úfha isg u Wvrg rdcHh mD;=.i S s ;¾ckj,ska fírd
.ekSug mshdg iyh úh' rKY+r;ajfhka fmruqfKa
isá fyf;u l%i s ;a = j¾I 1630 W!j rkafo‚fj,
igfka § mD;=.iS kS a iuQ, >d;kh lf<aa h' tfia u
Wvrg foaYiSudfõ jQ mD;=.i S k
s g
a hg;a .ïj,g m%ydr
t,a, lr Tjqka wvmK lsÍug o l%h s d lf<a h'
fojk rdcisxy rcq ^ l%s'j'1635 - 1687&
l%s'j 1635 § fikr;a rcq ñh hdu;a iu.
rdcisxy l=ure fojk rdcisxy kñka Wvrg rc
njg m;a úh' fu;=ud ish md,k iufha § uqyqK
ÿka wNsfhda. lsysmhls'
1' mD;=.SiSkaf.ka Wvrgg t,a, jk m%ydr 50 lg jeä ld,hla rclu ord j¾I 1687 §
ue~ meje;aùu
2' mD;=.SiSka furáka m,jd yeÍu
3' Wvrg ro, m%OdkSkaf.ka t,a, jQ
;¾ck wju lr .ekSu
4' ,kafoais n,mEfuka Wvrg ksoyia lr ld,fha § Wvrg ro, m%OdkSka ish n,h j¾Okh
.ekSu
mD;=.SiSkaf.ka Wvrgg t,a, jk m%ydr ue~
meje;aùu i|yd fu;=ud ish mshdf.a rdcH iufha
isg u lghq;= lf<a h' W!j rkafoKsj, igfka
fuka u j¾I 1638 .kafkdare igfka § o fyf;u
mD;=.SiSka wka; mrdchg m;a lf<a h'
mD;=.SiSka furáka m,jd yeÍug kdjql
n,h iys; lKavdhul iyh rcqg wjYH úh' tA
i|yd ,kafoais iyh ,nd .ekSug fojk rdcisxy
rcq lghq;= lf<a h' l%sia;= j¾I 1638 § ,kafoais
iyh ,nd f.k j¾I 1658 jk úg mD;=.SiSka
furáka fkrmd yeÍug fojk rdcisxy rcq
iu;a úh' mD;=.SiSka furákaa m,jd yeßh o rcq
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ whqßka ,kafoaiSyq mD;=.Sis
n, m%foaYhka ys ish n,h msysgq jQy' uqyqÿnv
m%foaY /il n,h msysgqjd .;a ,kafoaiSyq j¾I
1658 isg ;u n, m%foaYh jHdma; lr .ekSug
ksrka;r j W;aidy l<y' j¾I 1665-1668 ld,fha
§ ,kafoaiSka úiska Wvrg m%foaY lsysmhla w,a,d
.kakd ,È' tu ld,fha § ksy~ j isá fojk
rdcisxy rcq 1670 - 1675 ld,fha § ,kafoaiSkag
tfrys j m%n, m%ydr lsysmhla Èh;a fldg Tjqka
i;= jQ m%foaY /ila u w;am;a lr .;af;a h' fï
ksid Wvrg rdcOdksfha Yla;sh f;areï .;a
,kafoaiSyq t;eka isg Wvrg rcjreka iuÕ
iduldó j isàug j.n,d .;ay'
,kafoaiSka furg fjr<nv m%foaYfha
n,h msysgqjd .ekSu fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a uq`M
rfgys u rc njg m;a ùfï wruqKg ndOdjla
úh' tfy;aa mD;=.SiSka furáka m,jd yeÍfï
§ Tjqka i;= jQ m%foaYhkaf.ka jeä fldgila
Wvrg rdcHh i;= lr .ekSug fu;=ud iu;a
úh' l,amsáh" y,dj;" ;%sl=Kdu,h yd uvl<mqj
jeks jrdhka ful, Wvrgg wh;a úh'
fufia Wvrg rdcOdksfha n, jHdma;shg
úYd, fiajhla isÿ l< fojk rdcisxy rcq jir
urKhg m;a úh'
fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq ^l%s'j'1687- 1707&
fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a wejEfuka Tyq mq;a fojk
úu,O¾uiQßh rc njg m;a úh' fu;=ud mshd
fuka olaIfhla fkdù h' tksid fuu rcqf.a
lr.kq olakg ,efí'
fu;=ud rc njg m;a ùfuka miq
,kafoaiSka iuÕ iduldój lghq;= lsÍug l%shd
lf<ah' olaI md,lfhl= fkdjqj o ish mshdf.a
109
 PdhdrEmh wxl 8'2 oykjjk ishjfia § uykqjr o<Þ fmryer iy uykqjr k.rfha ùÈj, iajrEmh fmkajk ÿ¾,N
.kfha PdhdrEmhla
iufha uykqjr rdcOdksfha n,h jHdma; j ;snQ
m%foaYh /l .ekSug fu;=ud iu;a úh'
fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a ld,h jk
úg Wvrg rdcOdksfha WmiïmÞj kej;;a
mßydkshg m;a j ;snq‚' tksid kej; nqreu
foaYfhka furgg WmiïmÞj f.k tAug fu;=ud
mshjr f.k we;' tA i`oyd Tyqg ,kafoaiSka
Wmldr l< njg f;dr;=re ;sfí' fu;=ud o<od
ud,s.dj m%;sixialrKh l< njo ±lafõ' l%sia;=
j¾I 1707 § fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq urKhg
m;a úh'
Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcq ^l%s'j'1707-1739&
fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a mq;a Y%S ùr
mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy 1707 § Wvrg rc njg m;a
úh' fu;=udg mßmd,k lghq;= ms<sn| j ukd
110
wjfndaOhla fkdùu ÿ¾j,;djla úh' fuys
m%;sM,h jQfha Wvrg m%N+ msßia ;j ÿrg;a ish
n,h j¾Okh lr .ekSu hs'
fu;=ud o ish mshd fuka ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq
l=udßldjla irK mdjd .;af;a h' fuu
újdyfhka rcqg orejka fkdùh' tys m%;sM,h
jQfhA ol=Kq bkaoshdkq iïm%Þhg wkqj hñka
ìijf.a ifydaorhdg rclu Wreu ùu hs'
kdhlal¾ rdc jxYh
Y%S úch rdcisxy rcq ^l%s'j 1739 - 1747&
Y%S ùrmrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcq
Wreulrefjl= fkd;nd u j¾I 1739 § ñh .sfha h'
tys § ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq iïm%Þhg wkqj ìijf.a
ifydaorhd jQ Y%S úch rdcisxy l=ure uykqjr
rdcOdksfha rclug m;a úh' fu;=udf.ka
werô kj rdc jxYh kdhlal¾ jxYh hkqfjka
y÷kajkq ,efí' Y%S úch rdcisxy rcq uqyqK ÿka
m%Odk wNsfhda.h jQfha Wvrg rdc iNdfõ ro,
m%OdkSkaf.a n,h j¾Okh ù ;sîu h' fuu
;;a;ajh iukh lr .ekSu i|yd Tyq kdhlal¾
mrïmrdfõ ×;Skag Wvrg rdc iNdfõ ;k;=re
,nd ÿkafka h'
nqÿ oyu je,| f.k È.= l,la NslaIQka
weiqf¾ ye§ jevqKq fu;=ud je,súg irKxlr
ysñhkaf.a Wmfoia mßÈ nqreufhka WmiïmÞj
furgg f.k tAug lghq;= l<;a tu jHdhduh
id¾:l fkdù h'
Y%S úch rdcisxy rcq ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq l=udßhla
irK mdjd .;a kuq;a orejka fkdisá neúka
rdcH Wreulrejl= fkd;nd u j¾I 1747 § ñh
.sfhah'
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq ^l%s'j' 1747-1781&
Y%S úch rdcisxy rcqf.a urKfhka miqj
t;=udf.a ìijf.a fidfydhqre jQ lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy
j¾I 1747 § Wvrg rdcOdksfha rcq njg m;a úh'
n,hg m;a jk úg lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq jhi
wjqreÿ 16 ;rï <dnd, úfha miq jQ ksid t;=udf.a
mshd jQ kf¾kmamd kdhlal¾ md,k lghq;=j,g
weÕs,s .eiQ nj jd¾;d fõ'
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq n,hg meñ‚
ld,h jk úg furg nqoaO Ydikh fnfyúka
mßydkshg m;a j ;snq‚' fï ksid je,súg
irKxlr ysñhkaf.a Wmfoia mßÈ rg mqrd fn!oaO
m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍug fï rcq l%shd lf<ah' tA
i|yd rcq wkq.ukh l< mshjr lsysmhla my;
±lafõ'
• rcq ishï foaYhg ¥;hka hjd Wmd,s ysñhka
m%uqL NslaIQka furgg jevujd j¾I 1753 §
h<ss WmiïmÞj msysgqùu' tu.ska j¾;udk
ishï ksldfha wdrïNh isÿ úh'
• Wvrg yd my; rg m%foaYj, meje;s
úydrdrdu m%;sixialrKh lrùu
• je,súg irKxlr ysñhkag ix>rdc ;k;=r
msßkud fn!oaO m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍug rcq
tu ysñhkag iyh ,nd §u
• j¾I 1760 - 1765 ld,fha Wvrg yd ,kafoaiSka
w;r hym;a in|;d ì| jegq‚' fï ksid
fomlaIh w;r igka lsysmhla we;s úh'
tu .egqï ksu jQfha j¾I 1766 § rc;=ud
yd ,kafoaiSka w;r idu .súiqula w;aika
lsÍfuks' lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq o Wvrg
isxydikhg Wreulrefjl= fkd;nd j¾I
1781 § ñh .sfha h'
rdcdêrdcisxy rcq ^l%s'j'1781 - 1798&
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.ka miq Tyqf.a ifydaorhd
rdcdêrdcisxy kñka Wvrg rc njg m;aúh'
fï jk úg Wvrg ro, m%N+jreka yd kdhlal¾
jxYsl rcjreka w;r jQ u; fNao j¾Okh fjñka
;snq‚'
fuu rdcH iufha § isÿ jQ jeo.;a isÿ ùula jQfha
l%sia;= j¾I 1796 § bx.%SiSka ,xldfõ fjr<nv
m%foaY w,a,d .ekSuhs' rdcdêrdcisxy rcq o
wkqm%dma;slfhl= fkd;nd u j¾I 1798 § ñh
.sfha h'
Y%s úl%u rdcisxy rcq ^l%s'j'1798-1815&
rdcdêrdcisxy rcqf.a wNdjfhka miq j
tjlg uy wÈldrï ms<su;,õfõf.a wjYH;dj
mßÈ lkakidñ l=urd Y%S úl%u rdcisxy kñka
j¾I 1798 § rclug m;a flre‚' fuu rcq
l%ufhka ;u kdhlal¾ ×;Skaf.a nig wjk;
ùu ksid Wvrg ro, msßia yd rcq w;r in|;dj
ì| jegq‚' j¾I 1803 § bx.%SiSka Wvrg wdl%uKh
l< kuq;a Wv/áhkaf.a iydfhka bx.%Sis yuqÞj
mrdch lsÍug rcq iu;a úh' tfy;a fuu rcqf.a
md,k ld,fha wjika jir lsysmfha rcq b;d
lDDr wkaoñka lghq;= lsÍu ksid uyck;dj yd
rcq w;r in|;dj msßyq‚' fï ksid WmdhYS,S j
lghq;= l< bx.%SiSyq 1815 fmnrjdß udifha §
Wvrg rdcOdkshg yuqÞj hjd rcq w;awvx.=jg
.;ay' 1815 ud¾;= fojk Èk Wvrg ro,hka yd
bx.%SiSka w;r we;s jQ Wvrg .súiqu mßÈ tu
rdcOdksh bx.%SiSkag hg;a úh' bx.%Sis w;awvx.=fõ
isá Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq Tjqka úiska fj,af,darhg
msgqjy,a lrk ,È'
8'2 uykqjr rdcOdksfha mßmd,k ixúOdkh
uykqjr rdcOdksfha mßmd,k ;ka;%fha
by< u mqoa.,hd jQfha rc;=ud h' rc;=udf.a
111
iydhg wêldrïjre fofofkl= isá w;r
foaYmd,k jYfhka Tjqka fojeks jQfha rc;=udg
mu‚' rdcHfha jeo.;a lghq;= idlÉPd lsÍug
rdc iNdjla mej;=‚' rcqf.a m%Odk;ajfhka
/ia jQ fuu iNdjg wÈldrïjre" Èidfõjre"
uy f,alï" tA tA noafo f,alï,d iyNd.s jQy'
rdcOdksfha mßmd,k lghq;= wxY lsysmhlg
fnÞ ;snq‚' rcqf.a iDcq md,kh hgf;a mej;s
uy jdi, fiajh" rcqf.a wëlaIKfhka m%Odk
wêldrïjreka yryd l%shd;aul jQ rgjiu kï
m%foaYSh md,k ixúOdkh" uynoao fyj;a tA tA
wxY m%OdkSka hgf;a mej;s noafo ixúOdkh yd
úydr foajd,.ï md,kh m%Odk mßmd,k wxY
úh'
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­rcqf.a n,h
• rfÜ by< u n,h ysñ ;eke;a;d rc;=ud h'
• rfÜ iduh mj;ajdf.k hEu yd wdrlaIdj
ie,iSu rcqf.a m%Odk ld¾hhka fõ'
• iïm%Þh yd fmr isß;g wkqj rcq lghq;= l<
hq;= úh'
• rfÜ by< u wêlrKh rcq jQ w;r
jerÈlrefjl=g urŒh oKavkh mekùfï
n,h rcqg ;sn‚
q '
• rfÜ ish¨ foaYmd,k lghq;"= wd¾Ól lghq;=
yd mßmd,k lghq;= rcqf.a uQ,l s ;ajfhka
s d;aul úh'
l%h
wÈldrïjre
my; i|yka m%foaY tA tA wêldrïjrhd hgf;a
mßmd,kh úh'
uy wÈldrï
y;a fldarf,a
W!j
ud;f,a
j,mfka
ìka;ekak
fj,a,iai
kqjrl,dúh
112
uy wÈldrï yd fojk wêldrï f,i ye¢ka jQ
wÈldrï ;k;=re folla mej;=‚' uy wÈldrï
m,af,.ïmy wÈldrï f,i;a" fojk wÈldrï
Wv.ïmy wÈldrï f,i;a ye¢kaúK'
wÈldrïjrekaf.a wd× fyda m‚úv m%foaYSh
ks,OdÍka lrd f.k .sh msßi lgqmq,af,a
m‚úvlrejka f,i ye¢kaúK' ߧ ú,a,la ±uQ
by< fldk keuQ fõje,la Tjqkaf.a ks, i,l=K
úh'
uyjdi, fyj;a ud,s.dj i;= ks,OdÍka
rc ;k;=f¾ .dïNSr;ajh /lf.k
rcjdi, lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdu fï ks,OdÍkag
Ndr úh' rcjdi, msßiaj,g wdydr mdk ieliSu"
rcjdi,g frÈ ms<s" wdNrK .Dy NdKav iemhSu
wdÈh;a fudjqkag wh;a rdcldß úh' rcqf.a Rcq
wëlaIKh hgf;a fuu msßi md,kh flß‚'
uy jdi, tA tA ld¾hdxY Ndr j ks,fujre yd
uqykaÈrïjre úYd, msßila rdcldß lghq;=j,
ksr; j we;' .ckdhl ks,fï fyj;a we;=kaf.a
lghq;= Ndr ;eke;a;d" uyf,alï" uy .nvd
ks,fu" Èhjvk ks,fu" y`M jvk ks,fu" n;a
jvk ks,fu" wia mka;sfh uqykaÈrï" lúldr
uvqfj uqykaÈrï jeks wh uyjdi, ks,OdÍkag
WÞyrK fõ'
rgjiu fyj;a m%foaY md,kh
Wvrg rdcHh rg yd Èidj hkqfjka
m%foaY 21 lska iukaú; úh' uykqjrg wdikak j
msysá Wvq kqjr" há kqjr" ;=ïmfka" ydßiam;a;=j"
ÿïnr" fyajdyeg" fld;auf,a" Wv nq,;a.u" md;
fojk wÈldrï nq,;a.u" rg jYfhka ye¢kajQ m%foaY úh' y;r
fldar<h" y;a fldar<h" W!j" inr.uqj" ud;f,a"
y;r fldar,h j,mfka wdÈ jYfhka ye¢kajQ Èidjks 12 la
;snq‚' rg jYfhka ye¢ka jQ m%foaY Ndr ks,OdÍka
;=ka fldar,h
rfÜ rd, fyj;a rfÜ uy;ajreka f,i ye¢ka
inr.uqj jQ w;r Tjqka hgf;a ,shk rd," WKaäh rd,
yd ;j;a iq`M ks,OdÍka msßila isg we;' Èidjks
W!j m<d; Ndrj isá ks,Odßka Èidj f,i ye¢ka jQ w;r
Wvq kqjr" há kqjr" Èidjksh fldar<j,g;a" fldar, m;a;=j,g;a fnÞ
;=ïmfka ;snq‚' fldar<hla Ndr j isá ks,Odßhd fldarf<a
kñka ye¢kaúKs' fldar<fha tla tla l=, Ndr j
fld;auf,a" nq,;a.u uqykaÈrïjreka isá w;r" Tjqka hgf;a tla tla
.ï Ndr j úÞfkajre isáhy'
noafo ixúOdkh
foaYmd,k jYfhka mej;s m%foaYSh ixúOdk
cd,hg wu;r j Èidj ;=< isá Ys,amSka fyda l=,
Tjqkaf.a ld¾h wkqj fjk u ixúOdkh fldg
;snq‚' uq,a ld,fha noafo ixúOdkh fjk u
l%shd;aul jQj;a Wvrg rdcHfha wjidk ld,fha
th Èidj hgf;a l%shd;aul úh' fuu ixúOdk
jHqyhg WÞyrK my; ±lafõ'
úydr foajd, md,k lghq;=
fï hgf;a úydrdrdu md,k lghq;=
uykdhl yd wkqkdhl ysñjrekaf.a
uQ,sl;ajfhka l%shd;aul úh' o<od ud,s.dfõ
lghq;= Èhjvk ks,fu;=ud uÕska l%shd;aul
flß‚' úydr yd foajd, kv;a;=j mqo mQcd
ixúOdkhg yd fmryer lghq;=j,g .ïjr ,enQ
rdcldß Y%uh iemhQ msßia isáhy'

uäf. noao ^m%jdyk lghq;=&

wêlrK lghq;=
l=refj noao^we;==ka we,a,Su&
• by< u wêlrK n,;, rcq i;= úh'
nvye, noao^j<x ;ekSu&
• iEu ks,Odßfhl=g u ;u moúh wkqj
rÞ noao ^frÈ fia§u& wêlrK n,;, ysñ úh'

ye| noao ^frÈ úùu& • we;eï kvq weiSfï n,h jQfha rcqg mu‚'

rc;=ud úiska u úi|k ,o kvq j¾. lsysmhls'

jeo.;a kdhlhka iïnkaO kvq rdcfødays;ajh ms<sn| kvq

ler,s flda,dy, ms<sn| kvq úydr yd NslaIQka iïnkaO kvq

l=uka;%K kvq

tl, jerÈlrejkag ,nd ÿka o~qqjï fufia ±laúh yel'

w;=,a myr §u li myr §u frdã /yeg ±óu

ov .eiSu bmf,ka ;e,Su ysiflia lemSu

o~q lf`oa .eiSu oÕ f.hs ,Eu Èfha .s,ajd ueÍu

we;=ka ,jd md.d ueÍu msgqjy,a lsÍu

113
PdhdrEmh wxl 8'3 uykqjr hq.fha mej;s meÿre úùfï l¾udka;h bÈßhg f.k .sh oykjjk ishjig wh;a Ys,amSka
mjq,la

8'3 wd¾Ól l%uh
uykqjr rdcOdks iufhys jQfha lDIsld¾ñl w¾: l%uhls'

• th mßfNdackh mokï lr.;a tlls'

• wd¾Ól rgdj iajhxfmdaIs; tlla úh'

• l÷lr m%foaY nyq, jQ neúka ù f.dú;ek l< yels m%foaY iSñ; úh'
• mer‚ rcrg yd reyqK hk m%foaYhkag wh;a mßmd,k fldgia Wvrgg wh;a jqj o jdßud¾.
l%u mßydkshg m;a j ;snQ ksid f.dú;ek iSñ; úh'
• l÷lr m%foaYhkays l÷ nEjqï Tiafia ilia flreKq fy,aj," l=Uqrej, ù f.dú;ek isÿ flre‚'

• Wvrg rdcHfha jeä bvï m%udKhla fyaka f.dú;ekg fhÿ‚'

• l=rlalka" wuq" fufkaß" bßÕ= jeks OdkH j¾. yd w, n;, tAjdfha j.d flßK'

• f.j;= wdYs%; j fldia" fo,a" .ïñßia" idÈlald" lrouqx.=" mqjla" t<j`M" m,;=re j.d lrk ,È'

• w;sf¾l wdydr fnda. u.ska o wdydr wjYH;d imqrd .kakd ,È'

• hlv" oej" f,day yd ,dlaId l¾udka;h o mka l¾udka;h o ÈhqKq j mej;sK'

• lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd;a lsß ,nd .ekSu i|yd;a i;a;aj md,kh isÿ lrk ,È'
114
8'4 iudc ixúOdkh
• rfÜ ish¨ bvïj, Wreulrejd rcq njg
ms<s.ekSula úh'
• uykqjr rdcOdksfha bvï" whs;sh yd nqla;sh
mokï lrf.k fldgia lSmhlg fnÿ‚'
.nvd.u- rc jdi, m%fhdackh i|yd fjka
jQ bvï
kskao.ï- ro, m%OdkSka l< fiajh fjkqfjka
m%Þkh l< bvï
úydr.ï- úydrdrdu idod mQcd l< bvï
foajd,.u - foajd, i|yd mQcd l< bvï
mrfõKs.u ^kskao.u& - .ï jeishka
mrïmrd.; j nqla;s ú¢ bvï
rgjeisfhda ;uka nqla;s ú¢ bvu fjkqfjka
lsishï fiajdjla fyda kshñ; NdKav m%udKhla
rcqg iemhQy'
rg jeishkaf.a fiajd l%uh rdcldßh kñka
ye¢kaú‚'
• uykqjr rdcOdksfha mej;sfha .%dóh
iudchls'
.u iajhxfmdaIs; tlla úh'
tys iudc iïnkaO;d l=, l%uh u; mokï
úh'
tA tA l=,hg fjka jQ wd¾Ól lghq;= olakg
úh'
wdjdy újdy lghq;= l=,h mokï lrf.k
isÿ flßK'
§. újdyh" ìkak újdyh yd tl f.hs lEu
hkqfjka újdy l%u ;=kls'
Wvrg .eñ iudcfha ish¨ lghq;= w;a;ï
l%uhg isÿ úh'
mjq, m%Odk iudc tAllh úh'
.=K.rel nj iudcfha m%lg ,laIKh úh'
mkai, .eñ Èúh yd ne÷Kq uOHia:dkh úh'
uykqjr hq.fha md,lfhda
fiakdïu; úl%undyq rcq ^l%s'j' 1469-1511&
chùr nKavdr rcq ^l%s'j' 1511-1551&
lr,a,shoafoa nKavdr rcq ^l%s'j' 1551-1581&
m<uq jk rdcisxy rcq ^l%s'j' 1581-1591&
m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq ^l%s'j' 1592-1604&
fikr;a rcq ^l%s'j' 1604-1635&
fojk rdcisxy rcq ^l%s'j' 1635-1687&
fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq ^l%s'j' 1687-1707&
Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcq ^l%s'j' 1707-1739&
Y%S úch rdcisxy rcq ^l%s'j' 1739-1747&
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq ^l%s'j' 1747-1781&
rdcdêrdcisxy rcq ^l%s'j' 1781-1798&
Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq ^l%s'j' 1798-1815&
l%shdldrlu
1' uykqjr rdcOdksfha md,lhka fY%aIaG jQ
wdldrh WodyrK iys; j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' uykqjr rdcOdksfha mßmd,k ixúOdkh
iudc wd¾Ól ld¾hCIu;djg odhl jQ
wldrh fmkajkak'
3' uykqjr hq.fha iudc ixúOdkh ms<sn|
mqj;am;lg ,smshla ilia lrkak'
jeo.;a lreKq
1' uykqjr hq.h Y%S ,xldõ wjika rdcOdks
iuh hs' ta ld,h ;=< md,lhskag mD;=.Sis"
,kafoais iy bx.%SiS hk f;je±reï hqfrdamSh
cd;Ska iu. lghq;= lrkakg isÿ úh'
2' fï ld,h ;=< wfma rcjre rfÜ tlai;aNdjh
/l.ekSug uy;a fjfyila orñka WmdhYS,S
f,i lghq;= l<y'
3' tl, iudch úúO jD;a;Sh lKavdhï wkqj
ixúOdkh ù ;sìKs'
115
4' uykqjr rdcOdksh md,kh l< we;eï
rcjre kdhlal¾ kñka ye`Èkafjk ol=Kq
bkaÈhdkq jxYhlg wh;a jQy'

5' 1815 j¾Ifha § tjl Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH

wdKavqldrjrhd jQ frdn¾Ü n%jqkaß.a we;=`M
bx.%Sis cd;sl ks,OdÍka iy Wvrg isxy,
m%N+jreka lsysm fofkl= w;r w;aika lrk
,o Wvrg .súiqu kñka ye`Èkafjk f,aLkh
uÕska Wvrg rdcOdksh tx.,ka;fha rcq
fj; mjrd fok ,È' th uykqjr rdcOdksfha
wjidkh <`.d lrùug ;=vq ÿka m%Odk fya;=j
f,i fmfka'

116
 9 mqkreoh
ye`Èkaùu
mqkreoh hk jpkfha f;areu h<s bm§u
hkak hs' l%sia;= j¾I ody;r jk ishjfia isg
odih jk ishji olajd hqfrdamfha l,d;aul yd
úoHd;aul lafIa;%j, isÿ jQ mq`M,a mßj¾;kh
ye¢kaùu i|yd b;sydi{fhda mqkreoh hk
jpkh fhdo;s'
mer‚ .%Sl frdau YsIagdpdr mej;s iuh hqfrdamd
b;sydifha mqrd;k hq.h f,i ie,fla' l%sia;=
j¾I 5 jk ishjfia frdau YsIagdpdrh ì|
jeàfuka miq .;jQ jir oyil muK ld,h
hqfrdamfha uOH;k hq.h f,i yeoskafjhs'
uOH;k hq.h wjidk ld,fha § mer‚ .%Sl
frdau YsIagdpdrj, mej;s idys;Hh" l,dj
yd o¾Ykh ms<sn| kej; fidhd ne,Sfï
m%n, Wkkaÿjla hqfrdamh ;=< we;s úh' tys
m%;sM,hla jYfhka .%Sl frdau YsIagdpdrj,
mej;s mer‚ l,d ffY,Ska kej; Ndú;hg
.ekSu;a" idys;H yd o¾Ykh .eUqßka yeoEÍug
hqfrdamShhka fm<öu;a ksid hqfrdamd iudcfha
mq`M,a mßj¾;khla isÿ úh' tu.ska by; lS
mer‚ YsIagdpdr kej; mK ,enqfõ h hk
w¾:fhka mqkreoh hk jpkh Ndú; flf¾'
mqkreo iufha hqfrdamfha iEu lafIa;%hlu
mdfya we;s jQ fjkialï ksid uOH;k hq.h
wNdjhg hdug;a hqfrdamd b;sydifha kQ;k
hq.h wdrïN ùug;a lreKq ie,iq‚'
9'1 mqkreoh we;s ùug n,mE fya;=
• fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rh ;=¾ls
cd;slhkag hg;a ùu
uOH;k hq.fha wjidk Nd.fha b;d ÈhqKq
fjf<| k.rhla jQ fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,h
hqfrdamd W.;=kaf.a wjOdkh Èkd.;a tlla úh'
fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rfha ;snQ mqia;ld,j,
.%Sl frdau idys;H fmd;m; ;ekam;a j ;snQ w;r
.%Sl yd frdau W.;a;= fndfyda msßila tys wOHhk
lghq;=j, ksr; j isáhy' tfy;a l%s'j' 1453 §
fuu k.rh bia,dï Nla;sl ;=¾ls cd;slhkag
hg;a ùu ksid frdaudkq lf;da,sl wd.u weoyQ
W.;=kag ;j ÿrg;a tu k.rfha Ôj;a ùug
wmyiq úh' fï ksid tu W.;a;= .%Sl -frdau
fmd;am;a /f.k fiiq hqfrdamd rgj,g m,d
f.dia .%Sl yd ,;ska NdId wOHhkh tu hqfrdamd
k.rj, m%p,s; l<y' tys m%;sM, jYfhka .%Sl -
frdau ixialD;sj, h<s msì§ula we;s úh'
• fjf<|du ÈhqKq ùu yd kj Okj;=ka
msßila ìys ùu
l%sia;= j¾I fodf<dia jk ishjfia isg fmrÈ.
yd wmrÈ. rgj,a w;r fjf<| yd jd‚c
lghq;=j, ÈhqKqjla we;s úh' fï ksid jekSish"
ðfkdajd jeks fjf<| k.r msysá b;d,sfhys"
fjf<|du ksIamdokh yd nexl= lghq;=j,ska uqo,a
Wmhd.;a kj Okj;a;= msßila ìys jQy' fuu
Okj;=ka mer‚ jevjiï ro,hka u; hemqKq
msßila fkdjQ fyhska l,d;aul lghq;= flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug wjYH ksoyia ukila
fuka u tAjdg wkq.%yh ±laúh yels Ok n,hla
o Tjqkag ;snq‚' b;d,sfhys tl, l=vd rdcOdks
/ila mej;s fyhska tAjdfha ìys jQ Okj;a;=
l,d;aul lghq;=j,g wkq.%yh ±laùug bÈßm;a
jQy' mqkreoh b;d,sfhka wdrïN ùug th m%n,
fya;=jla úh' b;d,sfha maf,darkaia k.rfha
Ôj;a jQ fuäis ^medici& kï Okj;a mjq, tys
l,d;aul lghq;=j,g w; ys; ÿka Okj;=kag
WÞyrKhls'
• nqoaê m%fndaOh
frdau YsIagdpdrfha mßydksfhka miq wd.ñl
wdh;k uq,a lrf.k mej;s wOHdmk l%uh ;=<
m%Odk úIh jQfha foaj O¾uh" o¾Ykh" kS;sh
jeks úIh lsysmhla mu‚' tfy;a fodf<dia jk
ishjfika miq j ìys jQ kj wOHdmk wdh;kj,
mer‚ idys;H" kdgH" Yío úoHdj" b;sydih
jeks kj úIhka b.ekaùug lghq;= l< fyhska
mqkreo iuh jk úg kj W.;a;= msßila ìys
jQy' hqfrdamd cd;Ska ;=< nqoaê m%fndaOhg n,mE
117
 PdhdrEmh wxl 9'1 r*dfh,a úiska isiaghska foõueÿf¾ is;=jï lr ;sfnk foaj orejka fofofkl= ±lafjk Ñ;%hla
;j;a fya;=jla jQfha uqøK l¾udka;h hs' j¾I
1454 § .=gkan¾.a uqøK hka;%h ksmoùu;a iuÕ
b;d,sfha m%foaY /il uqøKd, wdrïN úh' fï
hgf;a fmd;a m;a iq,n ùu;a .%Sl frdau fmd;a
m;a uqøKfhka ksl=;a ùu;a ksid th idys;Hh"
kdgH l,dj wdÈh flfrys m%n, Wkkaÿjla we;s
ùug fya;= úh'
m,a,sfha wdêm;Hh úfõpkh ùu
uOH;k hq.h jk úg mdma jykafia iy l%sia;shdks
m,a,sh i;=j uy;a n,hla mej;=‚' fï ksid
wd.u ñksia Ôú;fha fndfyda wxY flfrys úYd,
n,mEula we;s lr ;snq‚' lf;da,sl iNdfõ
we;eï mQcljre wd.ñl me;a;g jvd f,!lsl
me;a;g nr jQ Èú meje;aulg yqre ù isáhy'
mqkreo iufha ke.S wd Ñka;k m%fndaOfha
m%;sM, jYfhka lf;da,sl iNdfõ we;eï
ÿ¾j,;d úfõpkhg ,la úh' tx.,ka;fha
118
fcdaka jhsla,sma" fndysñhdfõ fcdaka yia" m%xYfha
brdiauia yd c¾uksfha udáka Æ;¾ jeks wh tn÷
úfõpk l< wh w;r lemS fmfka'
hqfrdamfha fjkia ùug mqkreoh n,mE
wdldrh
hqfrdamfha fuf;la wd .uka u. fjkia lsÍug
mqkreoh uy;a fia n,mEfõh' th Ydia;%Sh"
foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól yd úoHd;aul wdÈ iEu
wxYhl u fjkila lsÍug iu;a úh'
Ydia;%Sh mqkreoh
Ydia;%Sh mqkreoh jYfhka ie,flkafka
myf<dia jk ishjfia hqfrdamfha NdIdj" idys;H
yd l,d Ys,am tkï Ñ;% l,dj" m%;sud l,dj" .Dy
ks¾udK Ys,amh wdÈ wxYhkays we;s jQ m%fndaOh hs'
NdIdj yd idys;Hfha
mqk¾Ôjkh

uOH;k hq.fha §
hqfrdamd rgj, Ndú;
jQfha f.da;%sl NdId h'
wd.ñl lghq;=j, § yd
kS;sh yeoEÍfï § hï
m%udKhlg ,;ska NdIdj
Ndú; úh' .%Sl NdIdj
u< NdIdjl ;;a;ajhg
weo jeà ;snq‚' tfy;a
mqkreo iufha § .%Sl yd
,;ska NdIdfjka ,shjqKq
fmd;a m;a mßYS,kh jeä
ùu ksid tu NdIdj,
kfjdaohla we;s úh' fuh
Ydia;S%h mqkreofhys §
isÿ jQ jeo.;a fohls'
tfuka u ,;ska yd
.%Sl NdId bf.kSu
ú,dis;djla f,i
ie,lSug o mgka
.ekqqKs' fï ksid tf;la
Ndú; jQ m%foaYSh NdId
wNdjhg .sfha h'

.%Sl ,;ska NdId bf.k

.ekSfuka miq tu
NdIdfjka ,shjqK rEmh wxl 9'2 .e,s,sfhda .e,s,s ¥f¾laIfhka wNHjldYh mÍlaId lrk wkaou ±lafjk
fmd;am;a yeoEÍu is;=jula' úoHd;aul fidhd .ekSï hqfrdamSh mqkreo hq.fha lemS fmfkk m%jK;djls'
ksid idys;Hfha kj
m%fndaOhla isÿ úh'
úfYaIfhka .%Sl kdgH ms<sn| n,j;a Wkkaÿjla udkjjdoh
we;s úh' idys;Huh jYfhka fiajhla l< udkjjdoh fyj;a ñksid W;=ï fldg ie,lSu
.;a l;=jre /ila ful, ìys jQy' b;d,sfha mqkreofha úfYaI ,laIKhla úh' uOH;k hq.fha
vdkafÜ" fmÜrdla" fndleIsfhda" tx.,ka;fha § ish,a, wd.u uq,a lrf.k wd.ñl rduqjla ;=<
i¾ f;dauia uqj¾" m%ekaisia fílka yd ú,shï isÿ úh' tfy;a udkjjdoh uq,a ùu ksid iEu
fIlaiamsh¾ m%xYfha brdiauia o fï w;r jeo.;a fohla foi u jvd;a úpdrd;aul j ne,Sug mgka
;ekla .ks;s' Tjqyq lD;s /ila rpkd l<y' .ekqqKs' foaj O¾ujd§ úIhka fjkqjg udkjjd§
ksoiqka f,i w,.shß vdkafÜ rpkd l< äúkd úIhka bf.kSu wdrïN úh' WÞyrK jYfhka
fldñähd ldjH .%ka:h o fmÜrdla rpkd l< idys;Hh" b;sydih" l,dj" kS;sh" wdpdr úoHdj
f,dardg ieye,s lú kï .%ka:h o fmkakqï l< fmkakqï l< yels h' fï ksid .%Sl frdau wdNdih
yels h' ,en udkjjdohg keUqre jQ .;a l;=jre /ila
fuu hq.fha ìys jQy'

119
l,d Ys,am
mqkreo iufha l,d Ys,am lafIa;%fha we;s jQ
fjkialï
uOH;k hq.fha ish¨ Ys,amSka ixúOdkh ù isáfha
fY%a‚ jYfhks' fï ksid ful, ìys jQ ks¾udK
fY%A‚j, kñka ye¢kaú h' tfuka u l,d Ys,am
wd.ug keUqre ùu o úfYaI ,laIKhls' l,d
lD;sj,g wkq.%y ±laùfï Yla;sh m,a,shg muKla
;sîu;a" uOHld,Sk Ñka;kh wd.ñl b.ekaùï
mokï fldg f.dv ke.S ;sîu;a fuhg fya;=j
úh' fï ksid l,dlrejkag ;u Yla;shg wkqj
iajdëk j ks¾udK lsÍug bvla fkd;snq‚' tfy;a
mqkreo iufha fï ish,a, fjkia úh' l,dlrejkag
wkq.%y ±laùug f,!lsl ri úkaokh w.h lrk
Okj;a;= bÈßm;a jQy' mqkreo iufha w.h lrk
,o mqoa.,jdofha m%;sM,hla jYfhka l,dlrefjda
iajdëk j ;u olaI;d biau;= lrñka ks¾udK ìys
lsÍug mgka .;ay' tf;la fY%a‚j, kñka ye¢kajQ
l,d lD;s tAjd ks¾udKh l< l;_Dkaf.a kñka
t<s ±laùug lghq;= flß‚' fï ksid wd.ñl
is;=ú,sj,g uq,a ;ek §u fjkqjg fm!oa.,sl;ajh
biau;= flfrk f,!lsl ri úkaokhg uq,a ;ek
ÿka l,d lD;s rdYshla ìys úh'
Ñ;% l,dj
l,d Ys,am w;ßka mqkreo iufha b;d mq`M,a
fjkilg ,la jQfha Ñ;% l,dj hs' b;d,sfha
maf,darkaia k.rh kj Ñ;% l,djla ìys l<
uOHia:dkhla úh' f,!lsl ri úkaokh i|yd
iajdNdúl;ajhg uq,a;ek § ks¾udK ìys lsÍu ksid
ful, Ñ;% yd uQ¾;sj, ksrej;a yd wv ksrej;a rEm
olakg ,efí' fuf;la wd.ñl jYfhka jeo.;a jQ
mqoa.,hka tkï l%sia;=ia jykafia" lkHd ußh ;=ñh
jeks wh Ñ;%j,g jia;= úIh úh' tfy;a mqkreo
iufha Okj;=kaf.a rEm Ñ;%hg ke.Su ±lsh yels
h' ful, isá Ñ;% Ys,amSka w;ßka ,shkdfvda
vdúkaÑ" uhsl,a wdkacf,da" r*dh,a" uefilaIsfhda"
fndÜá fp,a,s wd§yq jeo.;a wh fj;s"
,shkdfvda vdúkaÑ Ñ;% Ys,amsfhl= fuka u
;j;a lafIa;% .Kkdjl m%ùKfhla o úh' Tyq
lúfhla ix.S;{fhla úoHd{fhla yd m%dfhda.sl
bxðfkarefjla o úh' fudyqf.a fudkd,sid yd
ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a wka;su fNdack ix.%y jeks
Ñ;% úYaj l,d lD;s f,i wog;a ckm%sh;ajhla
Wiq,hs'
120
uhsl,a wdkacsf,da o ful, isá olaI Ñ;%
Ys,amsfhl= fukau uQ¾;s yd .Dy ks¾udK
Ys,amsfhls' Tyq isiaghska foajia:dkfha isú,sfï
we| we;s is;=jï Ñ;% l,dfõ úYsIag;ajh úoyd
olajhs' wjidk úksYaph kï Ñ;%h yd isiaghska
ukaÈrfha u we| we;s wdoïf.a Ñ;%h o Tyqf.a
Ñ;% w;r jeo.;a fõ'
m%;sud l,dj
l,d Ys,am w;r fk<sSfï l,djg o mqkreo
iufha jeo.;a ;ekla ysñ úh' lsß.reçka m%;sud
fk<Su ful, lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' uhsl,a
wdkacsf,da" mqkreo iufha isá w.% .KH m%;sud
Ys,amsfhla úh' fuäis mjqf,a f,dfrkafida fuäis
ksrEmKh lrk m%;sudj fudyq lsß.reçka fk<d
;sfí' msfhgd m%;sudj o fudafiiaf.a m%;sudj o
Þú;af.a m%;sudj o Tyqf.a fiiq ks¾udK w;r
lemS fmfka'
.Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh
mqkreo iufha .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amfha o jeo.;a
fjkialï we;s úh' uOH;k hq.fha .Dy
ks¾udK Ys,amfha úfYaI ,laIKh jQfha W,a
fla;= wdldr yevfhka hq;a wdrelal=" Wia jy,
yd msróv yevfha l=¨kq h' tA fjkqjg mqkreo
iufha frdau .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh wkqj jgl=re
wdrelal=" Wia l=¨kq yd w¾O f.da,dldr YsLr
.Dy ks¾udK l,dfõ m%Odk ,laIK njg
m;a úh' frdaujreka wkq.ukh lrñka ful,
iqfLdamfNda.S ukaÈr ;ekSu o isÿ flß‚'
.Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh uekúka ms<sìUq lrk
f.dvke.s,s w;r frdaufha Ydka; mS;r neis,sld
foajia:dkh yd maf,darkaia ys wdik foõueÿr
lemS fmfka' uhsl,a wdkacf,da" ,shkdfvda
vdúkaÑ" r*dh,a mqkreo iufha isá olaI .Dy
ks¾udK Ys,amSkag WÞyrK fõ'
úoHd;aul ÈhqKqj
mqkreo iufha jeo.;a ,laIKhla jQfha úoHdj
ÈhqKq ùu hs' .%Sl frdau fmd;am;aj, wdNdih ,o
W.;a;= tla úIhlg muKla iSud fkdù úúO
lafIa;% ms<sn| j úoHd;aul j fidhd ne,Sug
PdhdrEmh wxl 9'3 hqfrdamSh mqkreofhka we;s jQ fjkialï lafI;% .Kkdjla fj; n, meje;aú h' jdia;= úoHdj iy
uQ¾;s l,dj bka tla lafI;%hls' fuu PdhdrEmfhka ±lafjkafka mqkreo iufha ffY,shg wkqj m%xYfha bÈ lrk ,o
fkajdisl f.dvke.s,a,ls'

fm<UqKy' mDÓúh" br" y|" ;rld wdÈ iEu
fohla ms<sn| j u Tjqyq ksßlaIKh l<y' tys
m%;sM,hla jYfhka úYajh ms<sn| j kj u;
bÈßm;a úh' tfia u úoHdfõ ÈhqKqjla o we;s
úh'
úYajh ms<sn|j bÈßm;a jQ kj u;
fmda,ka; cd;sl ksl,ia fldm¾kslia
c¾uka cd;sl fcdyekaia flma,¾
fldm¾kslia bÈßm;a l< woyia ;yjqre fldg
tAjd ;jÿrg;a bÈßhg f.k hñka fi!r.%y
uKav,fha .%yf,dal iQ¾hhd jfÜ b,smaidldr j
.uka .kakd nj fidhd .;af;a h'
b;d,s cd;sl .e,S,sfhda .e,s,s

mDÓúh f.da,dldr nj;a wfkl=;a .%yhka iQ¾hhd ÿr olakh ksmoù h' thska wdldY jia;=
jfÜ mßN%uKh jk nj;a fidhd .;af;ah' ksßlaIKh lr pkaø wdjdg, n%yiam;s .%yhdf.a
úoHdjg jQ buy;a fiajh ksid Tyq kQ;k ;drld Wm.%yhka we;s nj fidhd .;af;a h' Tyq w;ayÞ
úoHdfõ mshd f,i ye¢kafõ' ne,Sfï mshd f,i ye¢kafõ'

tx.,ka; cd;sl whsfila ksõgka

.=re;ajdl¾IK kshuh fidhd .;af;ah'
121

'ffjoH úoHdfõ ÈhqKqj
ffjoH úoHdfõ kfjdaohla fuu wjêfha we;s
úh'
bx.%Sis cd;sl ú,shï ydfõ
ñksia isref¾ reêr ixirK moaO;sh ms<sn|
jeo.;a f;dr;=re fidhd .;af;a h'
iaúia cd;sl ffjoH meri,aiia
f,v frda. iE§ug ;=vq fok fya;= o tAjdg
m%;sl¾u o w;ayÞ ne,S h' Tyq kQ;k T!IO
úoHdj flfrys o frda. Ñls;ail l%u flfrys o
úYd, n,mEula lf<a h'
iaúia cd;sl uhsl,a i¾fgia
reêrh yojf;a ol=Kq fldaIfhka msgù f.dia
fmKye,s u.ska msrsisÿ ù h<ss;a yoj;g meñK
YÍrh mqrd u úisÍ hEu ms<sn| j f;dr;=re
fidhd .;af;a h'
'fcdyekaia .=gkan¾.a
c¾uka cd;sl fcdyekaia .=gkan¾.a uqøK hka;%h
ksmoù h'
foaYmd,k kfjdaoh
jevjiï hq.fha tla tla m%foaY md,kh
lsÍfï n,h m%foaYSh md,lhkag mjrd ;snq‚'
m%foaYSh md,lhka f,i lghq;= lf<daa bvï ysñ
jxYdêm;sjreh' iajdëk j lghq;= lsÍu ksid
md,k lghq;=j, § Tjqyq rcqg jvd n,hla N=la;s
úkaoy' tl, ck;dj tla tla m%foaYSh md,lhka
hgf;a md,kh ùu ksid ;uka Ôj;a jQ m%foaYfha
jeishka f,i is;=jd úkd tla rgl cd;shla
f,i yeÕSulska lghq;= lf<a o ke;'
mqkreo iufha cd;sl rdcH ìys ùu foaYmd,k
lafIa;%fha isÿ jQQ jeo.;a u fjkils' fjka
fjka j ;snQ m%foaYSh rdcH tla fldg tla rc
flfkla hgf;a tlai;a lsÍu fuys § isÿ úh'
fï ksid rcq md,k lghq;=j, § jeo.;a jQ w;r
ish¨ n,;, rcq jgd flakaø.; úh'
12 jk ishjfia fjf<| lghq;=j, ÈhqKqj;a
122
iu. uOHu mka;shl ìys ùu isÿ úh' uOHu
mka;sh hkq fï jk úg fjf<|dfuka uqo,a
Wmhdf.k Okj;a jQ msßihss' fuu mka;shg
fjf<kaoka" nexl=lrejka" keõ ysñhka yd
;j,ï ysñhka jeks msßia wh;a jQy' uOHu
mka;sh iudcfha n,j;a ùu;a iu. u fuf;la
bvï ysñ jxYdêm;sjrekag ysñ j ;snQ n,;, yd
whs;sjdislï Tjqkaf.ka .s,sfykakg úh' cd;sl
rdcHj, rcjre ;ukaf.a md,k lghq;=j, §
w¨;ska ìys jQ fuu uOHu mdka;slhka iydh
lr .;ay' Tjqkaf.a fjf<| lghq;= i|yd rdcH
wkq.%yh o ,enq‚'
wd¾Ól kfjdaoh
mqkreo iufha hqfrdamfha wd¾Ól lghq;=
j, mq`M,a fjkila isÿ úh' uOH;k hq.fha
m%fõ‚h flakaø fldg mej;s iajhxfmdaIs;
wd¾Ól l%uh mßydkshg m;a ù fjf<|dfï
ÈhqKqjla ful, we;s úh' hqfrdamfha cd;sl
rdcHhka ìys ùfuka miq fjf<| lghq;= mq`M,a
lsÍu i|yd rcfha wkq.%yh iDcq j u ,enq‚' tA
i|yd hqfrdamd rgj, cd;sl fjf<| m%;sm;a;s"
cd;sl nÿ m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul úh' tfuka u foaY
.fõIKfhys m%;sM,hla jYfhka kj uqyqÿ ud¾.
fidhd .ekSfuka hqfrdamd cd;Skag fmrÈ.g yd
weußld uydoaùmhg meñŒug yels úh' fï
ksid tu m%foaYj, ;snQ fjf<| øjH tkï l=`M
nvq" rka ߧ" uq;= ue‚la" we;=ka" we;a o< jeks
foa hqfrdamhg f.k hdug yelshdj ,enq‚' fï
Tiafia fjf<|dfï ÈhqKqjla we;s úh'
fjf<| lghq;= mq`M,a ùu;a iu. uqo,a Ndú;h
jeä úh' uqo,a fkdaÜgq yd ldis Ndú;h m%p,s;
úh' .kqfokq i|yd uqo,a ÿr neyer f.k hdu
ÿIalr yd wkdrlaIs; jQ ksid fplam;a yd
nexl= wKlr l%uh mqkreo iufha wdrïN úh'
jHdmdßlhkag ;u fjf<| lghq;=j,g wjYH
uqo,a Khg §u o nexl= uÕska isÿ flß‚'
kj fjf<| ud¾. fidhd .ekSu
l%s'j 1453 § ;=¾lsjreka fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a
k.rh hg;a lr .ekSu;a iu. hqfrdamSkaf.a fmr
wmr foÈ. fjf<| lghq;=j,g ndOd we;s úh'
uqyqÿ yd f.dvìu fjf<| ud¾. ish,a, u mdfya
;=¾ls wêrdcH hg;g m;a úh'
tA ksid wdishd;sl NdKav ,nd .ekSu i|yd
fmr È.g <Õd úh yels kj uqyqÿ ud¾. fiùug
hqfrdamshfhda fm<UqKy'
kj uqyqÿ ud¾. fidhd hdfï .uk id¾:l lr
.ekSug iqÿiq mßirhla o hqfrdamfha fï jk úg
ilia fjñka ;snq‚' tkï"
• kdúl .ukaj, iqrlaIs; j fh§ug yels
ud,sud hka;%h" W;=re ;re udmlh ksmoùu
• mqkreofha § f,dalh f.da,dldr nj fidhd
.ekSu
• fgd,ñf.a f,dal is;shu u.ska f,dalh
ms<sn| ksis wjfndaOhla ,eîu
• cd;sl rdcHhka fuu .uka i|yd wkq.%y
±laùu
foaY .fõIKh i|yd uq,ska u Wkkaÿ jQfha id.r
no rgj,a folla jQ mD;=.d,h yd iamd[a[h hs'
mD;=.d,fha fykaß l=udrhd ^kdúl fykaß& foaY
.fõIK lghq;=j,g úYd, wkq.%yhla ,nd
ÿkafka h'
mD;=.d,fha isg fmrÈ.g <Õd ùu i|yd uqyqÿ
ud¾.hla fiùfï fhÿKq n¾f;da,ñhqvhia
wm%sldfõ ol=Kq ;=vqjg meñK tys § l=Kdgqjlg
yiq ùu ksid thg l=Kdgq ;=vqj kñka kï
;nd wdmiq ish rg n,d hd;%d lf<a h' miq j
mD;=.d,fha rcq úiska th Y=N me;Sfï ;=vqj f,i
kï lrk ,È'
n¾f;da,ñhqvhia .sh .uka u. Tiafia .uka
l< jiafldao .dud bkaÈhdfõ le,slÜ jrdhg
<Õd úh' fuh hqfrdamshhka m%:ufhka wdishdjg
meñŒug fidhd .;a kj uqyqÿ ud¾.h hs'
iamd[a[fha m¾äkkaâ yd bifn,d /ðkf.a
wkq.%yh hgf;a l%siafgdam¾ fld,ïniag ngysr
bkaÈhd ¥m;a fidhd .ekSug yels úh' weußf.da
fjia mQIs weußldj ^kj f,dalh& fidhd .;af;a h'
m¾äkkaâ ue.,ka-ms,smSkh o lefí ifydaorfhda
-lekvdj o fidhd .;ay'
mqkreofha f.da,Sh m%jK;dj
mqkreoh uq,ska u wdrïN jQfha b;d,sfha
maf,darkaia k.rfhks' wk;=rej th b;d,sfha
fiiq m%foaYj,g jHdma; ù miq j hqfrdamh mqrd
me;sre‚' mqkreo iufha we;s jQ foaY .fõIK
ksid hqfrdamShfhda kj rgj,a fidhd hdug mgka
.;ay' tys m%% ;sM, jYfhka wdishd" wm%sld yd
weußld uyoaùmj, hqfrdamd n, jHdma;shla we;s
úh' 16 jk ishjfia isg Y;j¾I y;ryudrla
muK fulS uyoaùmj, we;eï rgj,a hqfrdamfha
úúO cd;Skag wh;a hg;a úð; njg m;aj ;snq‚'
fï ksid foaYmd,k jYfhka fuka u fjf<|du
yd iudcSh ixialD;sl jYfhka o hqfrdamh yd
fiiq f,dalh w;r in|;d f.dvke.=‚' fuu
in|;d ksid uqøK l¾udka;h f,dj mqrd
me;sre‚' fuu.ska hqfrdamfha Ñka;kh yd
idys;H fiiq rgj,;a jHdma; úh' hg;a úð;j,
Okj;=kaf.a ¥ orejka wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd
hqfrdamhg hdu;a fï i|yd fya;= úh' hqfrdamShfhda
;u hg;a úð;j, ;u ;uka weoyQ wd.u m%pdrh
l<y' tfia u foajia:dk yd f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu
uÕska hqfrdamfha tjlg m%p,s; jQ jdia;= úoHdj"
l,d Ys,am fiiq rgj,g;a ,enq‚' hqfrdamh
yd f,dalfha rgj,a w;r we;sjQ in|;d ksid
hqfrdamSh ;dlaIKh yd úoHd;aul ±kqu wdÈh;a
f,dj mqrd me;sß‚' fuu.ska mqkreoh f.da,Sh
m%jK;djla njg m;a úh'
9'2 mqkreoh ,xldj flfrys n,mEu
hqfrdamfha we;s jQ mqkreofha n,mEu furgg
,enqfKa Èjhskg meñ‚ mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais yd
bx.%Sis cd;slhska uÕsks' fuu cd;Ska ,xldfõ
uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, n,h ±rE ld,fhys Wvrg
fjk u iajdëk rdcHhla mej;s fyhska furg
iudcfha mq`M,a fjkila we;s lsÍug Tjqkag
yelshdj fkd,enq‚' tfy;a j¾I 1815 § Wvrg
rdcOdksh ì%;dkHhkag hg;a ùfuka miq j
j¾I 1948 olajd ,xldj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla
jYfhka mej;s fyhska tu ld,h ;=< furg
foaYmd,k lafIa;%fhys muKla fkdj wd¾Ól yd
iudc" ixialD;sl jYfhka o mq`M,a fjkialï
/ila isÿ úh'
123
foaYmd,k fjkialï bx.%SiSka úiska l%shd;aul lrk ,o wd¾Ól
m%;sixialrK ksid ,xldfõ wdkhk wmkhk
19 jk ishji jk úg mqkreoh" wd.ñl
wd¾Ólhla ìys úh' fï ksid wdydr øjH mjd
m%;sixialrK" uqøK Ys,amfha ÈhqKqj" Okjdofha
,xldjg wdkhkh flß‚' óg wu;r j uqo,a
ke.Su yd ld¾ñl úma,jh wdÈh fya;= fldgf.k
Ndú;h m%p,s; ùu" ÿïßh ud¾. yd uyd ud¾.
hqfrdamh ;=< mq`M,a Ñka;k fjkila we;s j
moaO;shla we;s ùu' fld<U" .d,a," ;%sl=Kdu,h
;snq‚' fï wkqj ì%;dkH md,k iuh ;=< furg
jeks fjf<| k.r ìys ùu iy kj Ofkdamdhk
isÿ jQ fjkialï tu kj Ñka;kfha n,mEu ksid
ud¾.j,ska uqo,a Wmhd .;a uOHu mka;shla
isÿ jQ nj ie,lsh yels h' Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a
ìys ùu wd¾Ól jYfhka furg isÿ jQ ;j;a
jk f;la idïm%Þhsl rdcdKavq wdKavq l%uhla
fjkialïj,g WÞyrK fõ'
furg mej;sh;a ,xldj hg;a úð;hla njg m;a
ùfuka miq tu md,k l%uh wjika úh' bx.%SiSka
úiska y÷kajd fok ,o wdKavq m%;sixialrK iudc ixialD;sl fjkialï
ksid miq ld,Sk j md¾,sfïka;= wdKavq l%uhla uqøK l¾udka;h ,xldjg y÷kajd §u mqkreofha
furgg ,enq‚' ì%;dkH md,k ld,h ;=< tf;la n,mEu furgg ,enqKq ;j;a wjia:djls'
furg mej;s m%foaYSh md,k l%uh o fjkilg uqøK l¾udka;h furgg y÷kajd fok ,oafoa
,la úh' Wvrg rdcOdks iufha isá wêldrïjre" ,kafoaiSka úiska jqj;a th jvd;a m%p,s; jQfha
Èidfjjreka" fudfydÜgd,jre" yd fldard<jreka ì%;dkH md,k iufha § h' uqøK l¾udka;fha
jeks idïm%Þhsl ks,Odß mka;sh fjkqjg w¨;a ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ fmd;am;a" iÕrd yd mqj;am;a
md,k l%uhg .e<fmk kj ks,Odß mka;shla wdÈh m%ldYhg m;a ùu ksid iudcfha ±kqïj;a
fuka u mßmd,k wdh;k moaO;shla o ìys úh' Ndjh by< .sfha h' tu.ska hqfrdamd Ñka;kh;a
tfia u furg mej;s mer‚ kS;s Í;s moaO;sh o idys;Hh;a furgg ,enq‚' ì%;dkH md,k
wNdjhg .sfha h' ,kafoaiSkaf.a md,k ld,fha iufha § we;eï ,dxlslhka hqfrdamd rgj,g
frdau ,kafoais kS;sh furgg y÷kajd § ;snq‚' f.dia wOHdmkh ,nd furgg meñŒu;a ngysr
ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha § iuld,Sk hqfrdamSh Ñka;kh furgg ,enqKq ud¾.hls'
kS;s uQ,O¾uj,g wkql+, kS;s Í;s moaO;shla o
hqla;sh mis|,Sfï wêlrK moaO;shla o furg ,xldjg hqfrdamShhka meñ‚fha hqfrdamfha
ia:dms; úh' l%sia;shdksfha tlai;alu ì| jegqKq wjêhl §
h' j¾I 1517 § hqfrdamfha isÿ jQ wd.ñl úma,jh
wd¾Ól fjkialï thg fya;= úh' mD;=.Sis cd;slfhda furg uqyqÿnv
m%foaYj, frdaudkq lf;da,sl wd.u jHdma; l<
uOH;k hq.fha § hqfrdamd fjf<|
w;r ,kafoaiSyq ;uka weoyQ frmrudÿ Nla;sh
lghq;=j, § lemS fmkqK jekSish" ðfkdajd"
furg m%p,s; l<y' fuuÕska hqfrdamfha mej;s
fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a jeks uOHOrΠuqyqo wdYs%;
wd.ñl ksldhka furg me;sre‚' ,kafoais
k.r fjkqjg mqkreo iufhka miq j mD;=.d,h"
md,k ld,fha § fuka u ì%;dkH md,k
iamd[a[h" m%xYh" ´,kaoh yd tx.,ka;h jeks
iufha § furg l%shd;aul l< wOHdmk lghq;=
w;a,dka;sla id.rh wdY%s; rgj,g jeo.;a ;ekla
ksid ngysr wOHdmk l%uh furg m%p,s;
,enq‚'
úh' tfia u hqfrdamShhka ,xldj ;=< bÈl<
hqfrdamShhka furgg meñŒu;a iuÕ ,xldj foajia:dk yd fjk;a f.dvke.s,s wdÈfhka
yd hqfrdamh w;r iDcq fjf<| in|;d wdrïN hqfrdamfha mej;s jdia;= úoHdj furgg ,enq‚'
úh' fjf<|du b,lal lr .ksñka ,kafoaiSka
furg l=re÷ j.d l< w;r ì%;dkHfhda fldams"
fldfldajd" isxfldakd" f;a yd rn¾ jeks fjf<|
fnda. j.d l<y' hqfrdamShhka hgf;a furg
jdŒc wd¾Ól rgdjlg yqreùu ksid tf;la
mej;s .%dóh iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: l%uh ì| jegqKs'
124
l%shdldrlu
hqfrdamfha we;s jQ mqkreoh Y%S ,xldfõ
foaYmd,ksl" wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl wxY
flfrys n,mE wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

jeo.;a lreKq
1' hqfrdmfha 14 jk yd 16 jk ishjia w;r
ld,h ;=< l,d;Aul yd úoHd;aul wxYj,
isÿ jQ mq`M,a mßj¾;kh mqkreoh f,i
ye`Èkaúh yels h'
2' hqfrdamfha mqkreoh wdrïN ùug ;=vq ÿka
fya;= /ila mj;S'
3' mqkreoh uq,ska u wdrïN jQfha b;d,sfha
maf,drkaia k.rfhks'
4' mqkreo iufha l,d;aul yd úoHd;aul
lafIa;%j, we;s jQ mßj¾;kh ksid ñksia
Ñka;kfha fjkila we;s úh'
5' mqkreo iufha kj fjf<`o ud¾. fidhd
hdu ksid hqfrdamh yd fiiq f,dalh w;r
kj in`o;d f.dvke.=Ks'

125
 10 Y%S ,xldj yd ngysr f,dalh
ye`Èkaùu
l%sia;= j¾Ifhka fojk iyi%l j¾Ifha uq,a
Nd.fha mgka ol=Kq hqfrdamh flakaøfldg
f.k we;s jk kj fjf<`o m%fndaOfha
m%;sM,hla f,i hqfrdamSh cd;Syq úfYaIfhka u
kef.kysr rgj,aj,g ish wjOdkh fhduq
l<y' Bg miqìï jQfha tu rgj, ;sfnk úúO
iïm;a fjf<`odug ,nd .ekSu hs'
bkaÈhdkq id.rfha fjf<`odug iïnkaO
ùug wod< §¾> b;sydihla i;= jQ Y%S ,xldj
hqfrdamSh cd;Ska iu. lghq;= l< wdldrh
;=< hï hï úfYaI;d ±lsh yels h' fjf<`o
wruqKq wìnjd foaYmd,ksl wruqKq biau;=
ùu ksid fuu hq.fha § Y%S ,xldj yd
ngysr f,dalh w;r mej;s in|;dj, lemS
fmfkk m%;súfrdaO;d ud,djla ±lsh yels h'
úfoaYslhdf.a wdêm;Hh;a Bg tfrys j ke.=Kq
iajfoaYslhdf.a m%;súfrdaO;d;a w;r mej;s
m%;sl%shd ud,djla fuu hq.fha § olakg ;sfí'
fuu mdvfuka tu lreKq ms<sn`o j idlÉPd
lsÍug kshñ; h'
10'1 mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñŒu
wE; w;S;fha isg u wdishdj yd hqfrdamh w;r
fjf<| in|;d meje;ajQ m%Odk ud¾. ;=kla
;snq‚'
1' fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rfha isg m¾ishdj"
uOH wdishdj yryd Ökh olajd jeà ;snQ ud¾.h
fyj;a fiao udj;
2' fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha isg uOHOrΠuqyqo
Tiafia ñirh" r;= uqyqo yryd bkaÈhdkqq id.rhg
meñ‚ ud¾.h
3' fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha isg ne.avEâ" m¾ishka
fndlal yryd bkaÈhdfõ ngysr fjr<g meñ‚
ud¾.h
fuu ud¾. Tiafia fjf<| ino;d meje;aùfï
126
§ f.dvìï m%foaYj, § NdKav m%jdykh i|yd
;j,ï Ndú; l< w;r uqyqÿ .ukaj, § keõ
Ndú; flß‚' uOH;k hq.h jk úg wdishdkq
fjf<|dfï tAldêldrh uqia,sï cd;slhka i;=
úh' uqia,sïjre wdishdfõ l=`Mnvq we;=`M NdKav
tla /ia lr hqfrdamShhkag úlsŒfuka wêl
,dNhla ,enQy' by; lS fjf<| ud¾. ;=k u
fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rh yd iïnkaO ù ;snQ
neúka hqfrdamSh l%sia;= Nla;slhka hgf;a ;snQ
tu k.rh fmr wmr foÈ. fjf<|dfï m%Odk
uOHia:dkh njg m;a j ;snq‚' tfy;a j¾I 1453
§ bia,dï wd.u weoyQ ;=¾lsjre fuu k.rh
hg;a lr .ekSu ksid wdishdj yd hqfrdamh w;r
idïm%Þhsl fjf<|dug myr jeÿ‚'
fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rh ^j¾;udk
bia;dkanq,a& bia,dï Nla;slhka i;= ùu ksid
hqfrdamSh l%sia;shdkskag úYd, mdvqjla isÿ úh'
tu k.rh w,a,d .;a uqia,sïjre wdishdfõ l=`M
nvqj, ñ, by< kexùu" NdKav ysÕhla we;s
lsÍu yd l,g fõ,djg NdKav fkdiemhSu
wdÈh u.ska hqfrdamShhkag uy;a ÿIalr;d we;s
l<y' hqfrdamShhka È.= l,l isg wdishd;sl
l=`M nvq mßfNdackhg yqre ù isá neúka l=re÷"
.ïñßia" we;=`M l=`M nvq i|yd hqfrdamd fjf<|
fmdf<a fyd| b,a¨ula ;snq‚' fï jk úg by;
lS idïm%Þhsl fjf<| ud¾. bia,dï Nla;slhka
hg;g m;aj ;snqKq neúka wdishdjg meñŒug
kj ud¾. fiùfï wNsfhda.hlg hqfrdamShfhda
uqyqK ÿkay' tys § mD;=.SiSyq fmruqK f.k
lghq;= l<y'
mD;=.SiSkaf.a uõrg mD;=.d,h fõ' mD;=.d,h
hkq ksß; È. hqfrdamfha whsîßhka w¾Ooaùmh
;=< msysá rgls' tfia u mD;=.d,h w;a,dka;sla
id.rhg uqyqK,d msysgd ;sfí' fï ksid mD;=.siSkag
;u úfoaY in|;d meje;aùug isÿ jQfha uqyqÿ
ud¾. uÕssks' tys m%;sM, jYfhka w;S;fha isg u
mD;=.SiSyq iuqø lghq;= ms<sn| fyd| ksmqK;djla
±lajQy' 15 jk ishjfia mD;=.d,fha isá fykaß
l=ure fkdfyd;a kdjql fykaß foaY .fõIK
lghq;= .ek uy;a Wkkaÿjla ±lajQ wfhls'
 PdhdrEmh wxl 10'1 merKs f.dvke.s,a,l leghï lr ;sfnk ,kafoaiSskaf.a ,dxPkh'
mD;=.d,fhys kdjql úoHd,hla mj;ajdf.k
.sh fyf;u kdúl Ys,amh" is;shï úoHdj"
;drld Ydia;%h jeks úIhka tys b.ekaù h'
fuu lreKq ksid wdishdjg kj uqyqÿ ud¾.hla
fiùfï lghq;=j, § fiiq hqfrdamShhkag jvd
mD;=.SiSyq bÈßfhka isáhy' mD;=.Sis cd;slfhl=
jQ jiafldao .dud wm%sldj jgd .uka fldg j¾I
1498 § bkaÈhdfõ le,slÜj,g meñŒu;a iu.
wdishdfõ hqfrdamd n, jHdma;sh wdrïN úh'
mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñŒfuka miq j ,kafoais"
bx.%Sis" m%xY jeks fiiq hqfrdamShfhda o wdishdjg
meñK úúO m%foaYj, ;u n,h me;srjQy' fufia
16 jk ishji wdrïNfha isg jir 450 la muK
wdishdfõ hqfrdamd n, jHdma;sh mej;=‚'
hqfrdamShhka wdishdjg meñ‚fha wruqKq lsysmhla
we;s j h' wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .ekSu" wd.u m%pdrh
lsÍu yd cd;Hka;r lS¾;sh Èkd .ekSu jeks
fya;= tA w;r m%Odk tAjd úh' 16 jk ishjfia isg
20 jk ishji olajd ld, mßÉfþofha hqfrdamfha
isÿ jQ foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól fjkia ùï wkqj
hqfrdamShka wdishdjg meñŒfï wruqKqj, o hï
hï fjkialï we;s úh'
mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñŒfï uQ,sl wruqK jQfha
wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .ekSu yd frdaudkq lf;da,sl
wd.u m%pdrh lsÍu hs' mD;=.SiSka meñfKk úg
wdishdfõ fjf<| tAldêldrh uqia,sïjreka i;= j
mej;=Kq fyhska Tjqka mrdch fldg tu fjf<|
tAldêldrh ;uka fj;g ,nd .ekSu mD;=.SiSkaf.a
wruqK úh' tu.ska w;súYd, ,dNhla ,eìh
yels nj mD;=.SiSyq ±k isáhy' jiafldao.dud
le,slÜj,g meñŒfuka miq —l%sia;shdkSka iy
l=`Mnvq fidhd wms fuys meñ‚fhuq˜ hehs m%ldY
fldg ;sîfuka mD;=.Siska ;=< mej;s wd¾Ól
yd wd.ñl wruqK meyeÈ,s fõ' jiafldao.dudg
miq j bkaÈhdjg meñ‚ fojk mD;=.Sis kdúl
lKavdhug mD;=.d,fhka ,eî ;snQ Wmfoiaj,
127
fjf<| .nvdjla bÈ lsÍug wu;r j mQclhka
mia fofkl=g meñK O¾uh foaYkd lsÍu i|yd
le,slÜj, md,lhdf.ka wjir ,nd .kakd
fuka i|yka úh' uq,a ld,fha isg ;ukaf.a
n,h jHdma; jk m%foaYj, iajlSh wd.u me;sr
ùfï wruqKla o mD;=.SiSka ;=< mej;s nj fuhska
meyeÈ,s fõ'
10'2 mD;=.SiSka meñ‚ wjêfha Y%S ,xldfõ
foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh
Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdkq id.rfha uqyqÿ fjf<| ud¾.
wdYs%; jeo.;a uOHia:dkhla jYfhka msysá
neúka hqfrdamShhkaf.a wdishd;sl lghq;= j,
§ jd‚cuh yd hqouh jeo.;alula furgg
,eî ;snq‚' mD;=.SiSka uq,a ld,fha § fihs,ka
jYfhka y÷kd f.k isá furg ;=< b;d fyd|
;;a;ajfha l=re÷ ksmofjk nj o Tjqyq ±k
isáhy' fï ksid bkaÈhdjg meñK fkdfnda
l,lska u ,xldj flfrys o mD;=.Siskaf.a
wjOdkh fhduq úh' j¾I 1505 ud¾;= udifha §
mD;=.d,fha rcq úiska fmrÈ. mD;=.SiS m%;srdchd
jYfhka *%ekaisial= o w,afïÞ m;a lr tjk ,È'
mD;=.d, md,lhd w,afïÞg ,nd § ;snQ Wmfoia
w;r fihs,ka ^,xldj& fidhd .; hq;= h hk
WmfoaYh o we;=<;a úh' *%ekaisial= o w,afïÞf.a
mqf;l= jQ f,dfrkafida o w,afïÞ .uka.;a
keõ lKavdhula l=Kdgqjlg yiq ù wyïfnka
furgg meñ‚ fyhska mD;=.d, rcqf.a tu
wruqK bgq úh'
j¾I 1505 § f,dfrkafida o w,afïÞ we;=`M
uq,a u mD;=.Sis lKavdhu furgg meñfKk
úg Y%S ,xldj ;=< foaYmd,k tlai;alula
fkd;snQ neúka úfoaYSh n, jHdma;shlg iqÿiq
miqìula mej;=‚' yh jk mrdl%undyq rc;=ud
fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh msysgqjd rg tlai;a fldg
foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajhla we;s fldg ;snQ kuq;a
t;=udf.a wNdjfhka miq j ld,hla .; jk úg
tu tlai;alu ì| jegq‚' fï ksid mD;=.SiSka
meñfKk úg fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg wu;r j Wvrg
yd hdmkh jYfhka ;j;a rdcOdks folla ìys
ù ;snq‚' ,xldjg meñ‚ mD;=.SiSyq uq,ska u
fldaÜfÜ rdcH iu. in|;d f.dvk.d .;ay'
mD;=.SiSka fld<Ug meñ‚ wjia:dfõ § Tjqkaf.a
ksfhdað;hka rcq yuqùug leojdf.k hk úg
fld<U isg jg jx.= iys; ud¾.hla Tiafia
Tjqka le|jdf.k .sh nj lshfõ' fld<U yd
128
fldaÜfÜ m%foaYh w;r ÿr m%udKh jeä fldg
±laùu ms‚i rcqf.a ksfhdað;hka fh¥ fï Wmdh
ksid—mrx.shd fldaÜfÜ .shd jf.a ˜ hehs msre<la
we;s ù ;sfí'
mD;=.SiSka furgg meñfKk úg úYd, rdcH
jYfhka mej;s fldaÜfÜ rdcH 1521 § we;s
jQ úchnd fld,a,h;a iu. fldgia ;=klg
fn§ hdu mD;=.Sis n, jHdma;shg ;j;a
myiq úh' fldaÜfÜ md,lhd jYfhka isá
wg jk ùr mrdl%undyq rcqf.ka miq t;=udf.a
mqf;l= jQ yh jk úchndyq l=urd rclug m;a
úh' úchndyq rcqf.a m<uq jk újdyfhka isá
mq;=ka ;sfokd jk nqjfklndyq" udhdÿkafka
yd rhs.u nKavdr hk ifydaor l=udrjrekag
wkd.; rclu fkdmjrd foajrdc kï fjk;a
l=udrfhl=g wkd.; rclu Wreulr §fï
W;aidyhla ksid .egqula we;s úh' ;ukag rdcH
Wreuh fkd,eîu ms<sn| wdrxÑ jQ by; lS
l=udrjre ;sfokd tjlg Wvrg md,lhd jQ chùr
nKavdr rcqf.ka wdOdr ,ndf.k fldaÜfÜg
meñK rdcH n,h ,nd .ekSug W;aidy l<y'
tys § i,udka kue;a;l= úiska úchndyq rcq
urKhg m;a lrk ,È' yh jk úchndyq rcqf.
ka n,h ,nd .ekSug j¾I 1521 § we;s jQ fuu
isoaêh úchnd fld,a,h jYfhka ye¢kafõ'
úchnd fld,a,fhka miq j fldaÜfÜ rdcHh
fldgia ;=klg fnÞ by; l=udrjre ;sfokd
w;r fnÞ .;ay' tA wkqj fldaÜfÜ m%foaYfha
md,lhd jYfhka y;a jk nqjfklndyq n,hg
m;a úh' udhdÿkafka l=ure iS;djl rcq njg m;a
jQ w;r rhs.u nKavdr rhs.u m%foaYfha n,hg
m;a úh' fufia fldaÜfÜ rdcHh fldgia ;=klg
fn§ hdfuka jeä jdis w;a jQfha furg n,h
me;srùfï wfmalaIdfjka isá mD;=.SiSkag h'
Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, mD;=.Sis n,
jHdma;sh
fldaÜfÜ rdcHh fldgia ;=klg fn§ jeä
l,a hdug fmr y;a jk nqqjfklndyq rcq yd
udhdÿkafka rcq w;r u;fNao we;s úh' fldaÜfÜ
rdcHfha wkd.; rdcH Wreuh ms<sn| m%Yak iy
udhdÿkafka rcq fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg wh;a m%foaY
lsysmhla w;am;a lr .ekSug ;e;a lsÍu fuu
u;fNaoj,g fya;= úh'
nqjfklndyq rcqg iuqøfoaúh hkqfjka ye¢ka
jQ Èh‚hl isá kuq;a fldaÜfÜ wkd.; Wreuh
mejÍug mqf;la fkdisáfha h' tjlg rKY+rfhl=
jYfhka m%isoaO j isá ùÈfh nKavdr" iuqø foaúh
l=ußh újdy lrf.k isá w;r Tjqkag O¾umd,
yd úchmd, hkqfjka mq;=ka fofofkl= ,eî
;snq‚' ;u Èh‚hf.a mq;d jQ O¾umd, l=ureg
wkd.; rdcH Wreuh mejÍu nqjfklndyq rcqf.a
wfmalaIdj úh' fldaÜfÜ rdcH .ek wkd.;
n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;s lrf.k isá udhdÿkafka rcq
nqjfklndyq rcqf.a fuu ;SrKhg lsis fia;a leu;s
fkdù h' úchnd fld,a,fha § m%uqL ld¾hNdrhla
bgq l< udhdÿkafka rcq rKY+rfhl= jQ w;r Wvrg
isá chùr nKavdr rcqf.ka o Tyqg wdOdr ,nd
.ekSfï yelshdjla ;snq‚' fï ksid udhdÿkafka
rcqf.ka fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg lror meñfK;ehs ìh
jQ nqjfklndyq rcq ;u wdrlaIdj i|yd mD;=.SiSka
le|jd .;af;a h' fufia fldaÜfÜ yd iS;djl
rdcOdks w;r mej;s u;fNao ksid fldaÜfÜ
wdrlaIlhka jYfhka w.kqjrg we;=`M jQ md;=.SiSyq
tu rdcHfha ish¨ lghq;=j,g weÕss,s .iñka
;u n,h m;=rejd yeÍfï WmdhYS,S jHdmdrhla
l%shd;aul l<y'
mD;=.SiSka yd uqia,sïjreka w;r fjf<| ;r.hla
mej;s fyhska furg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, mD;=.Sis
n,fldgq bÈjkq ±lSug uqia,sïjre leu;s fkdjQy'
wjia:dfjka m%fhdack .;a mD;=.SiSka fldaÜfÜ
rdcHh ;=< isá uqia,sïjrekag tfrys j lghq;=
lsÍug nqjfklndyq rcq fmd<Ujd .;af;a h' fï
ksid fjr<nv m%foaYj, isá uqia,sïjrekaf.a iydh
iS;djl udhdÿkafka rcqg ,enq‚' ,xldfõ isá
uqia,sïjrekaf.a b,a,Su u; bkaÈhdfõ le,slÜj,
md,lhd jQ iefudßka mD;=.SiSkag tfrys m%ydr
i|yd udhdÿkafka rcqg kdúl iyh ,nd §ug
bÈßm;a úh' iefudßkaf.a wdOdr u; udhdÿkafka
rcq úiska mD;=.SiSkag tfrys m%ydr lsysmhla Èh;a
lrk ,o kuq;a mD;=.SiSka i;=j ;snQ kdúl n,h
yd wú n,h bÈßfha tu igkaj,ska id¾:l m%;sM,
fkd,eì‚'
nqjfklndyq rcq Ôj;a j isáh § iS;djl yd
fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh w;r .egqï lsysmhla we;s
úh' fuu .egqïj, § mD;=.SiSka fldaÜfÜ rdcHfha
wdrlaIdj fjkqfjka igka l< w;r mD;=.SiSkaf.a
hqo úhou f.ùug rcqg isÿ úh' nqjfklndyq rcq
mD;=.SiSkaf.a iyh ,nd .;a kuq;a Tyq mD;=.Sis .e;s
md,lfhla njg m;a jQfha ke;' rcq lf;da,sl
wd.ug yrjd .ekSug mD;=.Siska W;aidy ±rEj;a
fyf;u th m%;sfIam lf<a h' fï ksid l,la .;
jk úg nqjfklndyq rcq yd mD;=.SiSka w;r u;
.egqï W;aikak úh' wd.ñl fya;=j,g wu;r j
mD;=.SiSka fldaÜfÜ jeishkag b;d wêl ñ,g
;u NdKav úlsKSu;a" fldaÜfÜ ksIamdok wju
ñ,g ,nd .ekSu;a jeks wd¾Ól lreKq o fï
i|yd n,mEfõ h' fuu u; .egqï wjika jQfha
mD;=.Sis fjä myrlska nqjfklndyq rcq urKhg
m;aùfuks' l+f;da kï mD;=.Sis f,aLlhd jd¾;d
lr we;s mßÈ j¾I 1550 foieïn¾ 29 Èk rcqf.a
urKh isÿ j we;'
nqjfklndyq rcq Ôj;a j isáh § ;u uqKqnqre
O¾umd, l=uref.a ms<srejla mD;=.d,hg hjd trg
rcq w;ska tu ms<srejg Tgqkq me<|ùug lghq;=
fh§u u.ska l=urdg wjYH mD;=.Sis /ljrKh
fkdwvqj ,nd § ;snq‚' fï ksid nqjfklndyq
rcqf.a urKfhka miq j mD;=.Sis wdrlaIdj
uOHfha O¾umd, l=ure fldaÜfÜ md,lhd njg
m;a úh' O¾umd, rcq mD;=.Sis rElv md,lfhl=
njg m;a ùu;a lf;da,sl wd.u je,| .ekSu;a"
;u rdcOdksh ;=< tu wd.u me;srùug bv
i,id §u;a" fldaÜfÜ jeishkag mD;=.SiSkaf.ka
isÿ jk wlghq;=lï je<elaùug l%shd fkdlsÍu;a
ksid Tyqg uyck iydh fkd,en .sfha h' fï
ksid wdrlaIdj m;d o<Þj mjd iS;djlg jevu
flß‚' j¾I 1551 isg 1597 olajd O¾umd,
rcq kdñl rfcl= jYfhka isáh;a fï ld,fha
fldaÜfÜ kshu md,lhka njg m;a jQfjda
mD;=.SiSyq h' O¾umd, rcq ;E.s Tmamqjlska ;u
rdcH Wreuh mD;=.SiSkag mejÍu ksid tu rcqf.a
urKfhka miq fldaÜfÜ md,khg mD;=.SiSkag
kS;Hkql+, whs;shla o ,enq‚'
ùÈfh nKavdr
nqjfklndyq rcqf.a Èh‚h jQ iuqøfoaúh újdy
lrf.k isá ùÈfha nKavdr olaI rKY+rfhls' ;u
mq;a O¾umd, rcqf.a md,kh wdrïN jQ wjêfha §u
mD;=.SiSka fldaÜfÜ rc ud,s.h fld,a, lEu;a"
fldaÜfÜ jeishkag Tjqka fkdfhl=;a wlghq;=lï
lsÍu;a ksid ùÈfha nKavdr mD;=.SiSkag tfrysj
ke.S isáfha h' fï ksid mD;=.SiSka úiska Tyq
w;awvx.=jg f.k fld<U fldgqj ;=< isrlr
;nk ,È' tfy;a ùÈfh nKavdrf. ìij ;u
129
ieñhd isrfldg isá ueÈßhg ryfia WuÕla
lmamjd Tyq isfrka ksoyia lr .;a;d h' wk;=rej
mia fhdÿka fldar,fha me<E| m%foaYhg m,d .sh
fyf;u tys n,fldgqjla f.dvk.d mD;=.Sis
úfrdaê igkla wdrïN lf<a h' mD;=.SiSka flf¾
l,lsÍ isá fldaÜfÜ jeishkaf.a iydh o ùÈfh
nKavdrg ,enq‚' ùÈfh nKavdrf.a igka ksid
mD;=.Skag fndfyda w,dN ydks isÿ úh' tfia u
ùÈfh nKavdrf.a lghq;= iS;djl md,lhkag
o uy;a ysirohla úh' fï ksid udhdÿkafka
yd mD;=.SiSka tAldnoaO ù me<E| n,fldgqj
wdl%uKh fldg ùÈfh nKavdr mrdchg m;a
lf<a h' wk;=rej Wvrg rdcOdkshg m,d.sh
fyf;u miq j hdmkhg f.dia isáh § we;s jQ
.egqulska urKhg m;a úh'
iS;djl rdcOdksh
iS;djl rdcOdksfha md,lhd jQ udhdÿkafka
rcq tu rdcOdksh wdrïN jQ wjia:dfõ isg u
mD;=.SiS úfrdaë m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lf<a h'
fldaÜfÜ rdcH ;=< mD;=.SiS n,h j¾Okh
ùu;a iu. udhdÿkafka rcq fldaÜfÜ md,lhka
yd mD;=.SiSka hk fomlaIhg u tfrys j igkg
fm<Uq‚' fï ksid O¾umd, rcq fldaÜfÜ
md,lhd njg m;a ùfuka miq j udhdÿkafkaf.a
m%ydr ;j;a ±ä úh' j¾I 1555 muK jkúg
udhdÿkafkaf.a mq;a álsß nKavdr l=ure olaI
rKY+rfhl= f,i iS;djl yuqÞjg kdhl;ajh
§ug bÈßm;a ùu ksid tu yuqÞj ;j;a Yla;su;a
úh' j¾I 1557 § udhdÿkafka ish¨ Yla;sh fhdÞ
fldaÜfÜ k.rhg m%n, m%ydrhla t,a, lf<a h'
tfy;a mD;=.Sis ld, ;=jlal= m%ydr ksid iS;djl
yuqÞjg k.rhg we;=`M ùu wmyiq úh' wk;=rej
udhdÿkafka fldaÜfÜ k.rfhka neyer msysá
m%foaYj,g jßkajr myr §fï m%;sm;a;shla
wkq.ukh lf<a h'
fldaÜfÜ k.rh jeg,Sfï igk wid¾:l
ùfuka miq ál l,la m%n, m%ydrj,ska je<lS
isá iS;djl md,lfhda wk;=rej fldaÜfÜ yd
fld<U fldgqjg tljr myr §fï igkla Èh;a
l<y' fuys § udhdÿkafka rcqf.a mq;a álsß l=ure
fufyhjQ iS;djl yuqÞj yd mD;=.SiSka w;r
uq,af,aßhd fjf,a § oreKq igkla weú`M‚' mqrd
Èkhla ;siafia mej;s fï igfka § mD;=.SiSyq
wka; mrdchla ,enQy' tys § mD;=.Sis mlaIfhka
130
ñh .sh ixLHdj 1600 la muK fj;e hs jd¾;d
fõ' fuh wdishdkq rgl § mD;=.SiSka ,enQ
oreKq;u mrdchls'
fldaÜfÜ k.rhg iS;djlska jßka jr t,a, jQ
m%ydr ksid j¾I 1565 § muK O¾umd, rcq tu
k.rh w;yer oud fld<U fldgqfõ mÈxÑhg
.sfha h' tfiau j¾I 1581 § muK udhdÿkafka
rcq ñh .sh w;r álsß nKavdr l=ure rdcisxy
kñka iS;djl rc úh' rc ù fkdfnda l,lska u
fyf;u tjlg Wvrg md,lhd jQ lr,sheoafo
nKavdr m,jd yer tu rdcOdksh o iS;djlg
wE|d .;af;a h' fï wkqj 1582 muK jk úg furg
mD;=.SiSkaf.a n,h fld<U fldgqj we;=`M fiiq
m%foaY lsysmhlg muKla iSud lsÍug rdcisxy
rcqg yelshdj ,enq‚' fï ksid fldaÜfÜ rdcH
i;= m%foaY fndfydauhla o rhs.u rdcOdksh yd
Wvrg rdcOdksh o uq`Mukska u iS;djlg hg;aj
;snq‚'
iS;djl rdcisxy rcq wjia:d foll § fld<U
fldgqj jg,d mD;=.SiSka furáka m,jd yeÍug
W;aidy lf<a h' tfy;a mD;=.SiSka i;= jQ wú
wdhqO n,h yd fmrÈ. mD;=.Sis uQ,ia:dkh jQ
f.dafjka mD;=.SiSkag wdOdr ,eîu ksid tu
wjiA:d fofla § u rcqf.a m%h;akh wid¾:l úh'
rdcisxy rcq 1587 § fojk jr fld<U fldgqj
jg,Efï § fnf¾ jefõ c,h we< ud¾.hla lmd
uqyqog niaijd fldgqjg we;=`M ùug W;aidy
l<;a th wid¾:l úh' iS;djl rdcOdkshg
m%udKj;a kdúl Yla;shla fkdùu fuu igka
wid¾:l ùug ;=vq ÿka ;j;a fya;=jls' fufia
mD;=.SiSkag tfrys j ksrka;r igkl fh§ isá
rdcisxy rcq Wvrg úu,O¾uiQßh rcq yd l<
igklska mrdch ù wdmiq iS;djlg meñfKk
úg fm;xf.dv Whfka § WK lgqjla wekSfuka
we;s jQ ;=jd,hla fya;=fjka urKhg m;a úh'
wk;=rej iS;djl rdcOdksh o ì| jegq‚'
iS;djl md,lhka ksrka;r hqoaOhl kshe,Su;a"
rdcisxy rcq wjika ld,fha wkq.ukh l<
fn!oaO úfrdaë m%;sm;a;sh;a" rdcisxy rcqg
Wvrg hg;a lr .ekSug Wmldr l< ùriqkaor
nKavdr uerùu ksid Wvrg jeishkaf.a iyh
wvq ùu;a" ùriqkaor nKavdrf.a mq;a fldkmamq
nKavdr Wvrg rc ùu;a' rdcisxy rcqf.ka miq
rdcOdkshg ksis Wreulrefjla fkdisàu;a jeks
lreKq iS;djl rdcOdksfha ì| jeàug fya;= jQ
nj ie,lsh yels h' tfy;a iS;djl md,lhka
f.k .sh mD;=.Sis úfrdaë foaYfm%aó igk ksid
furg mD;=.SiS n, jHdma;sh fndfyda ÿrg iSud jQ
nj ms<s.; hq;= h'
iS;djl rdcOdksfha mßydks hq.fha § kej;;a
Yla;su;a jQ mD;=.SiSyq tu rdcOdksfha ì| jeàu;a
iu. fldaÜfÜ yd rhs.u rdcOdksj,g wh;aj
;snQ fmfoia yd iS;djl hgf;a ;snQ we;eï m%foaY
w;am;a fldg f.k furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY /il
n,h msysgqjd .;ay'
hdmk rdcOdksh
rcrg YsIagdpdrh ì| jeàfuka miqj ìys jQ
hdmk rdcOdksfha md,k lghq;= fufyhjk
,oafoa wd¾h pl%j¾;S kï rc fm<m;la úisks'
mD;=.SiSka furgg meñ‚ wjêfha tu fm<m;g
whs;s mrrdcfialrï rcq hdmkfha md,lhd
jYfhka lghq;= lf<a h' l=re÷" .ïñßia jeks
fjf<| øjH hdmk m%foaYfhka fkd,enqKq neúka
furgg meñ‚ uq,a oYlfha § mD;=.SiSyq hdmkh
.ek t;rï ie,ls,a,la fkd±lajQy' j¾I 1519 §
ixls,s kï l=udrfhla hdmkfha n,h w,a,d .;a
w;r 1561 olajd fyf;u tu m%foaYh md,kh
lf<a h'
ixls,s rcqf.a md,k ld,fha § mD;=.SiSkaf.a
fjf<| keõj,g ndOd t,a, ùu;a" hdmkhg
wh;a m%foaYj, lf;da,sl wd.u me;srùug
tfrys j ixls,s rcq lghq;= lsÍu;a ksid
mD;=.SiSka yd .egqï we;s úh' fï wkqj j¾I 1543
§ mD;=.SiSyq rcqg tfrys j hdmkh wdl%uKh
l<y' tfy;a ixls,s rcq mD;=.SiSka iu. hqoaOhlg
fkdf.dia Tjqka b,aÆ lmamï f.ùug tlÕ ùu
ksid .egqu je<lsKs'
hdmk md,lhd iu. iduh we;s lr .ekSfuka
miq mD;=.Sis mQclfhda hdmkhg wh;a m%foaYj,
lf;da,sl wd.u me;srùug l%shd l<y' yskaÿ
mQclhka fuhg tfrys jQ fyhska ixls,s rcq
ukakdrï m%foaYfha lf;da,sl wd.u me;srùfï
lghq;=j,g ndOd we;s lf<a h' fuys § ixls,s
rcq yuqÞj;a iu. ukakdrï m%foaYhg f.dia tys
lf;da,sl wd.u je,|f.k isá whg kej; ;u
idïm%Þhsl wd.u ms<s.kakd f,i ksfhda. lf<a h'
tu ksfhda.hg msgqmE whg ±ä o~qjï meñKùh'
ukakdrï m%foaYfha lf;da,sl wd.u me;srùug
fuh uy;a ndOdjla jQ neúka hdmkfha md,lhd
n,fhka my lrk f,i ñIkdÍ mQcljre
mD;=.SiSkaf.ka b,a,d isáhy' fï ksid ixls,s
rcq j¾I 1548 § iS;djl udhdÿkafka rcq iu.
ikaOdkhlg meñKsfha h' mD;=.Sis úfrdaêfhl=
jQ ùÈfh nKavdr hdmkhg m,d .sh wjiaA:dfõ
ixls,s rcq Tyq ms<s.;af;a h' tfy;a fï tllska
j;a id¾:l m%;sM, fkd,enq‚'
j¾I 1560 § mD;=.SiSka kej; jrla hdmkh
wdl%uKh l< fyhska ixls,s rcq w.kqjr w;yer
m,d .sfha h' wk;=rej fyf;u h<s;a jrla
mD;=.SiSka bÈßm;a l< ±ä fldkafoais u; n,h
/l .;a kuq;a fï wjia:dfõ § ukakdru w,a,d
.;a mD;=.SiSyq tys wdrlaIl n,fldgqjla bÈ
lr .;ay' ukakdru wysñ ùu hdmk md,lhdg
n,j;a mdvqqjla úh' tu.ska ie,lsh hq;= N+ñhla
Tyqg wysñ jQjd muKla fkdj ukakdru wjg
uq;= lsñ§fuka ,enQ wdÞhu;a wysñ úh' tfia u
ukakdrfï isg hdmkfha foaYmd,k lghq;= j,g
w; ±óug;a mD;=.Siskag wjia:dj ,enq‚'
j¾I 1561 § mqúrdcmKavrï kï l=urd ixls,s
rcq n,fhka my fldg hdmkfha n,h w,a,d
.;af;a h' fuhska miq hdmkfha isxydikh
iïnkaOfhka Wreulrejka w;r n, wr.,hla
wdrïN úh' fuys § we;euqka mD;=.Sis iyh fidhd
.sh fyhska mD;=.SiSkag ys;j;a wh n,hg m;a
lsÍug yelshdj ,enq‚' tfia m;a jQ md,lhka
mjd wjia:dj ,enqKq úg mD;=.SiSkag tfrys
j lghq;= l< fyhska 1591 § mD;=.SiSyq kej;
jrla hdmkh wdl%uKh fldg tÈßudkakisxyï
keue;af;la ;ukag .e;s md,lfhl= jYfhka
isxydikhg m;a l<y' fyf;u mD;=.SiSkag
wjk; j lghq;= l< kuq;a wjia:d lsysmhl § u
Wvrg fikr;a rcqg hdmkfha uqyqÿ iSudj yryd
ol=Kq bkaÈhdj iu. fjf<| in|;d meje;aùug
bv i,id ÿkafkah' 1617 § hdmkfha md,lhd
ñh hdu;a iu. h<s;a tys n, wr.,hla we;s úh'
tys m%;sM, jYfhka ixls,s l=udr kï rc mjqf,a
;eke;af;la n,h w,a,d .;af;a h' hdmkfha
md,lhka we;eï wjia:dj, Wvrg rcqf.a
fjf<| lghq;=j,g iydh §u;a" ol=Kq bkaÈhdj
iu. in|;d meje;aùu;a mD;=.SiSyq lsis úfgl;a
fkdbjiQy' fï ksid 1619 § ms,sma o T,sfõrd
hgf;a hejQ mD;=.Sis yuqÞjla úiska hdmkh hg;a
131
lrk ,È' wk;=rej mD;=.SiSkag tfrys j ;j;a
ler,s lsysmhla we;s jqj;a tAjd u¾okh l<
mD;=.SiSyq 1621 jk úg hdmk m%foaYfha ;u n,h
msysgqjQy' hdmkfha rdcH Wreulrejka w;r n,
wr., ksid tys ck;dj fn§ isàu;a" m%udKj;a
ks;H yuqÞjla tys md,lhkag fkdisàu;a"
Wvrgg fuka iajdNdúl wdrlaIdjla fkd;sîu;a
tu rdcOdksfha ì| jeàug fya;= úh'
Wvrg rdcOdksh ;=< mD;=.Sis n,h
me;srùfï m%h;ak
iS;djl rdcOdksh ì| jeàfuka miq my; rg
fndfyda m%foaYj, mD;=.Sis n,h jHdma; jQ
fyhska rfÜ iajdëk;ajh /l .ekSfï j.lSu
NdrjQfha Wvrg rdcOdksh fj;g h' mD;=.Sis"
,kafoais yd bx.%Sis cd;slhkaf.ka t,a, jQ úúO
wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK foñka j¾I 1815 olajd tu
j.lSu bgq lsÍug Wvrg rdcOdkshg yelshdj
,enq‚' fuys § Wvrg m%foaY ;=< mD;=.Sis n,h
me;srùfï m%h;ak iy Bg tfrys j Wv/áhka
wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾. ms<sn| i,ld n,uq'
uykqjr rdcOdksh fyj;a Wvrg rdcOdksh ;=<
mD;=.Sis n,h me;srùfï m%h;ak wdrïN jQfha
mD;=.SiSka fldaÜfÜ foaYmd,k lghq;= j,g
weÕs,s .iñka isá wjêfha § u h' I jk
úu,O¾uiQßh rcq Wvrg n,hg m;a ùug fmr
tu rdcOdksfhys n,h me;srùug mD;=.SiSka
±rE W;aidyhka wg jk mßÉfþofha § i|yka
flßK' ±ä u¾okhla u.ska ler,s lrejka mrdch l<y'
oka;=f¾ igk
mD;=.SiSka hgf;a l,la .; fldg Tjqkaf.a
hqoaO Ys,amh yd fjk;a Wmdh ud¾. .ek
fyd| wjfndaOhla ,nd isá fldkmamq nKavdr
úu,O¾uiQßh kñka Wvrg rc ùu .ek mD;=.SiSyq
lsisfia;a i;=gq fkdjQy' fï ksid mD;=.Sis
/ljrK ,nd isá lr,sheoafo nKavdrf. Èh‚h
jQ l=iqudik foaúh ^fodak l;sßkd& Wvrgg
le|jdf.k f.dia weh n,hg m;a fldg ;ukag
.e;s md,khla msysgqùug mD;=.SiSyq W;aidy
l<y' 1594 oS mD;=.Sis lms;dka ckrd,a fmfrda
f,dfmia o iQid hgf;a Èh;a l< wdl%uKfha
§ l=iqudik foaúh Wvrg /ðk jYfhka m;a
lrk ,È' tfy;a úfoaYslhka n,hg m;a l<
;eke;a;shl /ðk jYfhka ms<s.ekSug ue<s jQ
132
Wv/áfhda m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqg iyh
ÿkay' fmafrda f,dafmia o iQidg ;u yuqÞj;a iu.
miq neiSug isÿ úh' 1594 Tlaf;dan¾ udifha §
oka;=f¾ fjf,a § mD;=.Sis yuqÞj yd Wv/áhka
w;r uy;a .egqula we;s úh' fuu igkska
mD;=.Sis yuqÞj u úkdYhg m;a jQ w;r wdl%uKh
fufyhjQ fmafrda f,dfmia o iQid mjd urKhg
m;a úh' tys § l=iqudik foaúh Wv/áhkaf.a
w;awvx.=jg m;a jQ w;r úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud
úiska weh újdy lr .kakd ,È' fï újdyh ksid
Wvrgg kj rdc jxYhla ìys úh' Wvrg rcOdksh
;=< ;ukag .e;s md,khla msysgqùug mD;=.SiSska
±rE W;aidyh wid¾:l jQfha Tjqkag wka;
mrdchla w;a lr foñks' úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a
hqoaO WmdhYS,S;ajh;a" Wv/áhkaf.a iydh rcqg
,eîu;a" mD;=.SiSkaf.a iydhg my; ráka .sh
yuqÞj Wvrg § rcqg tl;= ùu;a" úu,O¾uiQßh
rcqf.a ch.%yKhg fya;= úh'
n,k igk
fmafrda f,dfmaia o iQid urKhg m;a ùfuka miq j
mD;=.SiSka úiska fodka fcdfrksfuda o wifõÿ
furg lms;dka ckrd,a jYfhka m;a lr tjk ,È'
oka;=f¾ § mD;=.SiSka mrdch ùu;a iu. tÈß,af,
rd, hgf;a my;rg m%foaYj, mD;=.Sis úfrdaê
le/,a,la we;s úh' fï le/,a,g úu,O¾uiQßh
rcqf.a iydh ,enq‚' fï ksid mD;=.SiSyq ler,s
kdhlhka ureuqjg m;a fldg .ïìï .sks ;nñka
wk;=rej wifõÿ Wvrg iu. hqoaOhlg ieriq‚'
j¾I 1602 § f.dafjka wu;r yuqÞj f.kajd .;a
wifõÿ oyia .Kkl yuqÞjla iys;j Wvrg
wdl%uKh lf<a h' tfy;a mD;=.Sis yuqÞjg <Õd
úh yels jQfha n,k lfmd,a, olajd mu‚' tys §
úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a Wmdhla wkqj i;=re yuqÞj
jg l< Wv/áfhda mD;=.SiSkag oreKq m%ydrhla
t,a, l<y' mD;=.SiSka fjkqfjka igkg f.dia
isá my;/áfhda fuys § o úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a
mlaIhg tl;= jQy' Wv/áhka t,a, l< m%ydr
ksid mD;=.SiSka ie,lsh hq;= msßila ureuqjg m;a
jQ w;r Tjqkaf.a wú wdhqO Wv/áhka w;g m;a
úh' fuu mrdch;a iu. wifõÿ u,ajdk yryd
fld<Ug miq neiafia h' wifõÿf.a wdl%uKh
wid¾:l ùfuka miq j úYd, yuqÞjla fhdÞf.k
Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍu fjkqjg jßka jr tys
.ïìïj,g myr foñka Wv/áhkag w,dN ydks
lsÍfï m%;sm;a;shla mD;=.SiSska úiska wkq.ukh
lrk ,È' úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka miq Wvrg
n,hg m;a jQ fikr;a rcq fï ksid 1617 §
mD;=.SiSka iu. idu .súiqulg t<UqKs' tfy;a
th ksis mßÈ l%shd;aul jQfha ke;'
rkafoKsj, igk
furg mD;=.Sis lms;dka ckrd,ajrfhl= jYfhka
lghq;= l< fldkaia;ka;Skq o id W!j m%foaYh
yryd Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍu ksid rkafoKsj,
igk we;s úh' j¾I 1630 cQ,s udifha §
600 l muK mD;=.Sis Ng msßila iy ;j;a 4500
l muK l=,S yuqÞjla iys; j fldkaia;ka;Skq
o idf.a kdhl;ajfhka fuu wdl%uKh isÿ
úh' mD;=.SiSyq fuys § nÿ,a, k.rh w,a,df.k
th úkdY lr ±uQy' Wvrg fikr;a rcq ;u
yuqÞj;a iu. nÿ,a,g meñK mD;=.SiSskag tfrys
m%ydrh wdrïN lr we;' fikr;a rcqf.a mqf;l=
jq uyd wia:dk l=ure ^miq j fojk rdcisxy
rcq& Wvrg yuqÞjg kdhl;ajh iemhS h' Wvrg
yuqÞ mD;=.SiSka jg l< úg mD;=.SiSkaf.a iyhg
f.dia isá my;rg uqo,sjre rcqg tl;= jQy' fï
ksid Yla;su;a jQ Wvrg yuqÞj t,a, l< m%ydr
fya;=fjka wirK jQ mD;=.SiSyq je,a,jdh wi,
rkafoKsj,g miq neiaiy' tys § mD;=.SiSka jg
fldg Wv/áhka t,a, l< m%ydr ksid mD;=.SiSka
350 la muK Ôú;laIhg m;a úh' ;j;a msßila
Wv/áhka úiska w;a wvx.=jg .kakd ,oy'
lms;dka ckrd,a fldkaia;ka;Skq o id mjd fuys
§ urKhg m;a úh' fuu wdl%uKh mD;=.SiSka
yÈisfha t,a, l< tlla fkdj jir folla
muK ie,iqï fldg l,ah,a n,d isÿ l< tlls'
tfy;a Wv/áhkaf.a Wmdh fl!Y,Hh yuqfõ
mD;=.Sis ie,iqï ish,a, ì| jegq‚' w;r u ;r.hla we;s ùu ksid fmrÈ. Yla;su;a
.kafkdarej igk
j¾I 1638 ud¾;= udifha § tjlg furg
mD;=.Sis lms;dka ckrd,a Èfhdaf.da o fuf,da
úiska kej; jrla Wvrg wdluKh lrk ,È'
oyil muK mD;=.Sis Ng msßila iy ;j;a
oyia .Kkl l=,S yuqÞjla iys; j .uka .;a
mD;=.SiSyq jeä wmyiqjlska f;dr j uykqjr
k.rhg we;=`M jQy' fikr;a rcqf.ka miq n,hg
meñK isá fojk rdcisxy rcq fï wjia:dfõ §
WmdhYS,S j k.rfhka wE;a úh' wk;=rej l,a
h,a n,d rcqf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a Wvrg yuqÞj
mD;=.SiSyq jg lළy' .kafkdarefõ § fomlaIh
w;r oreKq igkla isÿ úh' Wv/áhka iqmqreÿ
f,i t,a, l< m%ydr ksid mD;=.SiSyq fuu
igkska o wka; mrdchla ,enQy' igk fufyh
jQ Èfhdaf.da o fuf,da mjd Ôú;laIhg m;a úh'
fuys§ úkdY fkdù b;sß jQ mD;=.SiSka ixLHdj
.ek úúO jd¾;d ;sfí' tA yeu tll u i|yka
.Kk ishhlg jvd wvq h' tfia u Wvrg w,a,d
.ekSug mD;=.SiSka fufyh jQ wjika wdl%uKh
o th úh'
Wvrg n,h ,nd .ekSug mD;=.SiSka t,a, l<
ish¨ wdl%uK wid¾:l ùug fuka u Wvrg
rdcOdksh ;j ÿrg;a wdrlaId ùug n,mE fya;=
lsysmhla ;sfí' tA w;r"
• Wvrg ck;dj yeu úg u rcqg iydh §u
• mD;=.SiSska fjkqfjka igka lsÍug .sh my;
/áhka Wvrg § rcqg tl;= ùu
• Wv/áhkaf.a igka Wml%u yd rcjrekaf.a
Wmdh fl!Y,Hh
• Wvrg rdcOdksfha iajdNdúl msysàu hk
lreKq jvd;a jeo.;a úh'
10'3 Y%S ,xldj yd ,kafoaiSka
,kafoaiSkaf.a uõ rg ´,kaoh fõ' mD;=.SiSska
wdishdjg meñK Y;j¾Ihla muK .; jk
úg Tjqka meñfKk uqyqÿ ud¾. fy<ss lr.;a
,kafoaiSyq wdishdjg meñŒug mgka .;ay' uq,a
ld,fha § ´,kaofha ;snQ úúO fjf<| iud.ï
wdishdjg meñ‚ fyhska ´,kao fjf<| iud.ï
n,hla f.dvke.Sug ,kafoaiSkag yelshdj
fkd,enq‚' fï ksid 1602 § ,kafoais fjf<|
iud.ï lsysmhla tl;= fldg fmrÈ. ´,kao
fjf<| iud.u fyj;a voc iud.u msysgqjkq
,eì‚' t;eka isg ,kafoaiSka fjkqfjka
wdishdfõ foaYmd,k lghq;= yd fjf<| lghq;=
fufyhjk ,oafoa voc iud.u úisks' fjf<|
iud.ul uQ,sl wruqKq ,dN bmhSu fyhska
,kafoaiSka wishdjg meñŒfï m%Odk wruqKq
wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .ekSu nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
wdishdjg meñ‚ ,kafoaiSyq cdjd ¥mf;a n;dúh
133
 ls ñ

is;shu 10'1 Y%s xldfõ ,xfoais n,fldgq ia:dk .; j ;snQ wdldrh'

134
uQ,ia:dkh lrf.k fmrÈ. ;u n,h m;=rejd
yeÍug mgka .;ay' ,kafoaiSka wdishdjg meñK
jeä l,a hdug fmr" b;d fyd| j¾.fha l=re÷ yd
.ïñßia jeks fjf<| øjH iys; ,xldj flfrys
Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh' mD;=.Sis hqoaOj,ska
mSvd úÈñka isá Wvrg rcjreka ,kafoaiSka iu.
in|;d f.dvk.d .ekSug leue;af;ka isàu
ksid furgg meñK ,xldj ms<sn| ;j ÿrg;a
f;dr;=re ±k .ekSug ,kafoaiSkag yelshdj
,eì‚'
j¾I 1602 § ,kafoais ¥;fhl= jQ fcdßia
jEka iams,an¾cka ,xldjg meñK m<uqjk
úu,O¾uiQßh rcq yuq úh' Bg miq isn,a o j¾Ü
kï ;j;a ¥;fhla meñ‚fha h' tfy;a fï ¥;
.uka j,ska id¾:l m%;sM, fkd,enq‚' ,kafoaiSka
yd Wvrg md,lhka w;r M,ÞhS in|;d wdrïN
jQfha fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha § h' mD;=.SiSka
ksrka;rfhka Wvrg iu. hqoaO lsÍu ksid Tjqka
furáka m,jd yeÍu fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a
wruqK úh' tA i|yd m%udKj;a kdúl n,hla
rcqg fkd;snqKq neúka fyf;u ,kafoaiSkaf.a
iydh ,nd .ekSug lghq;= lf<a h'
fojk rdcisxy rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r isÿ jQ
,sms yqjudre ùï yd ¥; .ukaj, m%;sM, jYfhka
mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmSu i|yd rcqg iydh
,nd §ug ,kafoaiSyq leu;s jQy' ,kafoais kdúl
yuqÞ wKfok ks,Odß fjiag¾j,aâ yd ,xld
¥;hka w;r we;s jQ tlÕ;dj mßÈ 1638 j¾Ifha
§ fomlaIh tl;= ù uvl<mqfõ mD;=.Sis
n,fldgqjg myr ÿkay' tfy;a n,j;a igkla
isÿ ùug fmr tu n,fldgqfõ isá mD;=.SiSyq
hg;a jQy' fï ksid uy;a i;=gg m;a jQ fojk
rdcisxy rcq ,kafoaiSka iu. .súiqula w;aika
lf<a h'
1638 Wvrg ,kafoais .súiqfï uQ,sl lreKq
1' mD;=.SiSka furáka m,jd yerSug Wvrg rcqg
iydh §ug ,kafoaiSka tlÕ ùu
2' ,kafoaiSkag jeh jk uqo,a fjf<| øjH ^l==reÿ"
.ïñßia" ó" bá wdÈh& u.ska f.ùug rcq tlÕ
ùu
3' we;=ka yer Wvrg fiiq fjf<| øjH ,nd
.ekSu ms<sn| tAldêldÍ whs;sh ,kafoaiSkag
,eîu
4' mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w,a,d .kakd ,o n,fldgq j,
rcq woyia lrkafka kï ,kafoais yuqÞj k;r
lrùug tlÕ ùu
j¾I 1638 § uvl<mqj n,fldgqj hg;a lsÍfï
isg mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd yeÍu i|yd ;j;a
jir 20 la .; úh' fï ld,fha § mD;=.SiSka
i;=j ;snQ ;%sl=Kdu,h" ó.uqj" .d,a," l`M;r"
fld<U" ukakdru yd hdmkh we;=`M n,fldgq
Wvrg yuqÞj yd ,kafoaiSka úiska w,a,d .kakd
,§' fufia 1658 jk úg mD;=.SiSka ,xldfjka
fkrmd yeÍug yelshdj ,enq‚' rcq yd ,kafoaiSka
w;r w;aika l< .súiqu wkqj mD;=.SiSkaf.ka
w,a,d .;a n,fldgqj, ,kafoais yuqÞj k;r
lrùu rcqf.a leue;a; mßÈ isÿ úh hq;= j ;snq‚'
tfy;a tu j.ka;sh wu;l l< ,kafoaiSsyq úúO
fya;= bÈßm;a lrñka ;ukag jdisÞhl m%foaYj,
n,fldgq rcqg Ndr §fuka je<l=Ky' fï ksid
fojk rdcisxy rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r fyd| ys;
m`Mÿ úh'
foවන rdcisxy rcq ,kafoaiSka furgg
leojd .;af;a wruqKq folla bgqlr .ekSfï
wfmalaIdfjks'
1' ,kafoais wdOdr ,nd f.k mD;=.SiSka ,xldfjka
fkrmSu
2' mD;=.SiSka hgf;a ;snQ m%foaY Wvrgg wE|df.k
iajdëk yd ksoyia ,xldjla ìys lsÍu
fuu wruqKq foflka m%:u wruqK bgq lr
.ekSug rcq iu;a jqj;a mD;=.SiSkaf.ka ksoyia
jQ fndfyda m%foaYj, ,kafoais n,h me;sÍu ksid
fojk wruqK bgq lr .; fkdyels úh' fï
ksid rcq ,kafoaiSkag myr foñka Tjqkag ,nd
.; yels m%foaY ixLHdj wju lsÍfï Wmdhla
Èh;a lf<a h' rcqf.a fuu Wmdh ksid 1658 jk
úg ,kafoaiSkag ,nd .; yels jQfha ,xldfõ
mD;=.SiSka i;= jQ N+ñhg jvd wvq N+ñ m%udKhls'
fojk rdcisxy rcq hkq m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh
rcqg miq Wvrg rdcOdkshg kj jeo.;alula ,nd
ÿka wfhls' ,kafoaiSka iu. ,sms .kqfokq j, §
;ud ,xldfõ wêrdchd njg rcq m%ldY lf<ah'
,kafoaiSka o tn÷ ,sms .Kqfokqj, § rcq
—;%sisxy,dëYajr˜ hehs kdñl j fyda ms<sf.k
;snq‚' rcq ,kafoaiSkag ,sms ,shk úg —ug fiajh
135
 PdhdrEmh 10'2 Wvrg kdhlhska ,xfoaiska yuqù'
lrk ys;j;a ,kafoais cd;sh˜ jeks mdG fh¥ w;r
,kafoaiSyq o rcqg ,sms ,shk úg —Tn jykafiaf.a
iqjp lSlre fiajl˜ jeks mo fhdÞ .;ay' j¾I
1665-1668 ld,fha ,kafoaiSyq m%ydr ud,djla Èh;a
lr Wvrgg wh;a m%foaY lsysmhla w;alr .;ay'
tfy;a 1670-1675 ld,fha § fojk rdcisxy rcq
t,a, l< m%ydr ud,djla ksid ,kafoaiSkag wh;a
m%foaY /ila Tjqkag wysñ úh' fï ksid Wv/áhka
iu. igkaj,g hdu ;u úkdYhg fya;= jk nj
f;areï .;a ,kafoaiSyq 1670 miq Y;j¾Ihla ;rï
ld,hla Wvrg iu. .eàïj,ska je<lS isàug
W;aiy l<y'
• Wvrg rdcH iïnkaO ,kafoaiSkaf.a
m%;sm;a;sfha lemS fmfkk ,laIK
I. ,kafoais fjf<| iud.ug mdvq isÿ
jk .egqïj,ska je<lS Wvrg iu.
iduldó j lghq;= lsÍug ,kafoaiSka
W;aidy ±Íu
II. Wvrg rcqf.a fyd| ys; Èkd .ekSug
rcqg ;E.s fnda. ,nd §u" rcq yuq ùug
¥; msßia heùu" rcq iu. ,sms yqjudre
lr.ekSu" fuu lghq;= u.ska rcqf.a
fyd| ys; Èkd f.k Wvrg jefjk
l=re÷ ;uka fj;g ,nd .ekSu
,kafoaiSkaf.a wfmalaIdj úh'
136
III. WmiïmÞj f.k tAu jeks rcqf.a
wd.ñl lghq;=j,g wjYH keõ imhd
§u
fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqg" úch
rdcisxy rcqg yd lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqg
fun÷ lghq;=j,g ,kafoaiSyq keõ
imhd ÿkay'
• Wmßu wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .ekSfï ,kafoais
m%;sm;a;s'
I. Wvrg rcq fjk;a úfoaYslhka iu.
fjf<| in|;d meje;aùu ,kafoaiSyq
yels ;rï wjysr l<y'
II. rcq iu. u; .egqï we;s jQ úg Wvrg
yd my;rg w;r lvj;a jid ±óu'
III. my; rg we;eï m%foaYj, ù j.dj
ÈhqKq lsÍug ,kafoaiSka lghq;= lsÍu'
fuu.ska úfoaYj,ska iy,a wdkhkhg
hk úhou wju lr .ekSug ,kafoaiSyq
wfmalaId l<y'
IV. l=re÷ j.d lrùu yd l=re÷ j.dj
wdrlaId lsÍuට lghq;= lsÍu' l=re÷
fjf<|dfuka ,kafoaiSkag úYd,
 ,dNhla ,nd .; yels ksid fuu
m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul l<y
V. ,kafoaiSkag ,dN ,eìh yels Wla
j.dj" fldams" lmq wdÈh j.d lrùug
l%shd lsÍu
Wvrg rdcH yd ,kafoaiSka w;r .egqï we;s
ùu
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,h jk úg tf;la
,kafoais md,kfhka mSvdjg m;a j isá
my; /áfhda ;uka fjkqfjka ueÈy;a jk f,i
Wvrg rcqf.ka b,a,d isáhy' j¾I 1760 wjidk
Nd.fha ó.uqj yd ud;r jeks m%foaYj, ,kafoais
úfrdaë ler,s we;s úh' rcq .,f.dv wêldrï
hgf;a my;rg m%foaYhg yuqodjla tjQ w;r tu
yuqodfjda laIKsl m%ydr lsysmhla t,a,fldg
lgqjk fldgqj" ud;r fldgqj we;=`M ia:dk
lsysmhla hg;a l<y' miq j ,kafoaiSsyq fuu
ia:dk kej; w,a,d .;ay'
j¾I 1764 § ,kafoaiSyq nerka jekaa tla
wdKavqldrjrhdf.a fufyhùu u; fiakdxl 6 la
fhdod .ksñka Wvrg wdl%uKh l<y' tfy;a fï
fiakdxl yfhka tllgj;a uykqjrg <`.d ùug
bv fkd,enqKs' iqmqreÿ m%ydr u`.ska Wv/áfhda
fï fiakdxl mrdch l<y'
j¾I 1765 § ,kafoaiSsyq kej; jrla Wvrg
wdl%uKh l<y' Wv/áhkaf.a m%ydrj,g uqyqK
foñka fujr ,kafoaiSyq uykqjrg we;=`M ùug
iu;a jQy' lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq iduhla we;s
lr .ekSug leue;a; ±lajQ fyhska ,kafoaiSyq
;ukag jdisodhl fldkafoais ud,djla bÈßm;a
l<y' tfy;a ,kafoaiSka bÈßm;a l< widOdrK
fldkafoais ms<s.ekSug rcq wlue;s úh' fï ksid
k.rh fld,a, lE ,kafoaiSyq udihlg jeä
l,la tys .; l<y' tfy;a wdydr ys`.h" f,v
frda. yd jeis iuh wdrïN ùu ksid ,kafoaaiSyq
uykqjr w;yer kej; fld<Ug meñKshy'
,kafoaiSkaf.a wdl%uK" ;¾ck yd jir lsysmhla
we§ .sh hqoaOj,ska mSvd ú£u ksid j¾I 1766
§ lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq ,kafoaiSka iu. idu
.súiqula w;aika lf<ah' 1766 .súiqu ksid
Wvrg rdcOdkshg fjr<nv ;Ssrhla wysñ úh'
Wvrg idïm%odhsl fjf<`odug o fuu.ska
myr jeÿKs' ,xldfõ ,kafoaiSka i;= j
mej;s m%foaYj, ,kafoaiSkag we;s whs;sh
.súiqfuka ms<s.ekqKs' .súiqfï we;=<;a ;j;a
j.ka;s /ilska u jdis w;ajQfha ,kafoaiSkag h'
fï ksid .súiqfï fldkafoais ,sys,a lr .ekSug
Wv/áhka ,kafoaiSka iu. idlÉPd meje;ajQ
kuq;a ,kafoaiSyq thg tl`. fkdjQy' wjidkfha
th m%dfhda.sl jYfhka l%shd;aul fkdjk ;ekg
m;a lsÍug Wv/áfhda lghq;= l<y'
l%shdldrlu
1' fldaÜfÜ iy hdmkh rdcH mD;=.SiSska i;=
ùug tla fya;=jla jQfha tu rdcHj, mej;s
wNHka;r .egqï h' rgl wiu.sh tu rfÜ
úkdYhg fya;= jk nj fï weiqßka meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
2' mD;=.SiSka Y%S ,xldjg meñKs wjêfha
,xldfõ foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh úia;r lrkak'
jeo.;a lreKq
1' wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .ekSu" wd.u m%pdrh
lsÍu jeks wruqKq we;sj hqfrdamShhka uq,skau
wdishdjg meñKsh;a l,ska l,g hqfrdamfha
we;s jQ fjkialï iu`. Tjqkaf.a wruqKq
fjkia úh'
2' mD;=.SiSka furgg meñfKk úg
foaYmd,k tlai;alula fkd;sîu Tjqkaf.a
n, jHdma;shg Wmldß úh'
3' fldaÜfÜ md,lhd jQ O¾umd, rcq mD;=.SiSkag
ys;j;a j lghq;= lsÍu ksid tu rdcOdksh
;=< uq,ska u mD;=.Sis n,h me;sreKs'
4' 16 jk ishji ;=< iS;djl rdcOdksfha
md,lfhda m%n, mD;=.Sis úfrා්ê igkl ksr;
jQy'
137
 5' Wvrg rdcOdksh ;=< mD;=.Sis n,h me;sr
ùfï m%h;akh ksid Wv/áhka iy mD;=.Siska
w;r igka lSmhla isÿ úh'
6' Wvrg rdcOdksfha md,lfhda mD;=.SiSka
mkakd ±óu i|yd ,kafoaiSkaf.a iyh ,nd
.;ay'
7' Wvrg rcjreka iy ,kafoaiSka w;r úúO
.egqï we;s úh'
Lakdusnghe S., 1994. 'Oil Lamp'. Sacred Images of Sri
Lanka. Sydney: The Art Gallery of New South Wales
Paranavitana S., 1970. Inscriptions of Ceylon.
Brahmi Inscriptions, Part I. Colombo: Department of
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fuu mdvï fmdf;a we;=<;a lreKq Wmqgd .ekSug Ndú;
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fida,x.wdrÉÑ wd¾'" 1997' Y%S ,xldfõ f,dayúoHdfõ
lsysmhla fuys my; olajd ;sfí' th m%Odk jYfhka
b;sydih' úÿrdj fj`Mu 19" wxl 1" foaYSh ±kqu l,dmh
.=rejrekaf.a myiqj i`oyd;a YsIHhdg jeäÿr Wojq lsÍu
i`oyd wjYH jkafka kï fouõmshkag fyda fjk;a
jeäysáfhl=g ta i`oyd Ndú; l< yels w;aje,la jYfhks'
lsis úfgl;a fuu uQ,dY%h YsIHhd úiska wksjd¾hfhka
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