Like all surveys, route surveys require the collection of f and old records. While the courdinate geometry associatec attention, there is also a legal component to route surveys tha ‘The lack of research into a route survey may result in sub construction phases of the roadway. Alignment Alignment data involved three different data types: survey, leg for each are as follows: 2 A series of tangents and curves that define the direction o! stations, itis used as a baseline for locating features, cross-sections, © alignment may be produced from dats -ecorded on plans, previous st absence of any existing alignment data, a “best fit” alignment physical location of the roadway. When re-establishing a responsibility to gather and evaluate all the evidence. of the line. 4 ‘Legal: The ent that is 'ised to define act c Often, this line is used+ As-Built plans. These plans show the difficult to locate, particularly on older: + Construction plans, These plans will depict th surveyed monuments used to stake out the project. but also those records of subsequent projects over construction. These newer construction plans may shed + Property and control notes from relevant authority ; government corners and alignment points used by the Basic Factors of Alignment and Grad , [7 route location it is usually found that the termini * controlling points are at different elevations. Mo t existing physical features rarely permit a straight locatic These circumstances invariably require the intro ,horizontal changes in direction; therefore, gra “horizontal curves are important features of route Curvature is not inherently objectionable, shortest distance between two points, it-is also consideration of some aesthetic importance in the lo The device of curvature gives the designer limitl location to the natural swing of the topogra pleasing and economical. Excessive or may introduce serious operating haz constructing, maintaining, or oj Steep grades are lik ccessive curvature.requires a location having mt usually intermediate controlling points such ‘stossings, mountain passes, and revenue-prod Power is transmitted as readily up a vertical cable Grades, therefore, have no significance, and river Present no unusual problems. Where changes in di are made at angle towers. Consequently, the al Possible from generating station to substation. influence of Terrain Character of the terrain between termini or major controlling impress a characteristic pattern upon’ a route location; p case of a highway or a railroad. Terrain may be generall rolling, or mountainous. ‘ In comparatively level regions the line may be straight minor deviations being introduced merely to skirt wat foundations, or possibly to reduce land damages. On an however, the artificial control imposed by following boundaries should not be permitted to govern. In rolling countzy the location pattern d ridges and valleys with respect to the general di orientation may result in a valley line ha frequent culverts and bridges, and fill in ridge line having simpler alignment and d such situations, andThe highway location process involves four phases: 1. Office study of existing information, 2. Reconnaissance survey. 3. Preliminary location survey. 4. Final location survey. 1- Office study of existing information ‘The first phase in any highway location study is the examination in which the road is to be constructed. This phase is usually carrie field or photogrammetric investigation, All the available dataare collecte igta can be obtained from existing engineeringreports, maps, aerial Which are usually available at one ormore of the state’s agriculture, geology, hydrology,and mining, The type and am examined depend on the typeof highway being considered, but in obtained on the followingcharacteristics of the area: % * Social and demographic, including land use and zoning patterns, + Environmental, including types of wildlife; location of x sites; and the possible effects of air, noise,and water pollutio Economic, including unit costs for construction‘+ eadastral maps Tre the location ofproperty boundaries: May be overlid on th ‘tes that may beimpacted by the routedesign + existing road design plans + Show existing alignments+ May be in digital form* Enable ‘ig 2tion of the aerialphotographs, taking nand soil conditions. v Serviceability of route to industrial and population areas. + Crossing of other transportation facilities, such as rivers, * Directness of route. Control points between the two terminals are determined for each f unique bridge site with no alternative may be taken as a pri identified are then plotted on photographic base maps. 3- Preliminary Location Survey During this phase of the study, the positions of the feasible rot establishing all the control points and determining preliminary for each. Preliminary alignments are used to evaluate of the alternative routes. ’ 3.1 Economic Evaluation* Any secondary effec ; ts, which may be in the f economic activities. Y Oe tne 1m cases where an environmental impact study is req determine the environments! impact of each alternative routet Su negative and/or positive effets the highway facility willhave on the the construction of a freeway at grade throughan urban area may level for the residents of the area(negative impact), or the highway it provides betteraccess to jobs and recreation centers (positive heldat this stage to provide an épportunity for constituents to give negative impacts of the proposed alternatives.The best alternnt considered, is then solected as thepreliminary alignment ofthe high is the detailed layout of the selected horizontal and vertical alignments are determined and the " drainage channels are also determined. ‘The convention of intersections (PI) of the straight portionsof the h curve between these. This isusually a trial-and-error best alignment isobtained, taking both ‘Curvetemplates are available