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ET8304
Power Theories &
Compensation with Power Electronics

Lecture 10 March 10, 2022

Elisabetta Tedeschi

Lecture 10 - Outline
• The (Fryze)-Buchholz-Depenbrok theory
– Extension of Fryze’s theory to multi-conductor
systems
– Extension of Fryze’s theory to instantaneous
quantities
– Application to compensation systems
• The theory of Kusters & Moore
– Application to compensation systems
• The theory of Czarnecki
» (presented by Paul)

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Mathematical concepts in
multiphase systems
 x1 (t )   x1 
 ...   
Vector  ... 
  T
x =  x(t )dt =  xi 
quantity 1
x =  xi (t )   
  T 0
 ... 
 ...  Average
 
 xn (t )  value  x n 
n n T
1
x, y =  xi , yi =  xi (t ) yi (t )dt Scalar product of vector
i =1 i =1 T 0 quantities
n
x = x, x = X
i =1
i
2
Norm of the vector
n
x • y =  xi yi Instantaneous product
i =1

Extension to multi-conductor circuit

✓ Elaborated by Buckholtz, starting from Fryze’s theory

• Extension to multi-phase circuits

requires agreement on the reference
point used for voltage calculation

• Selection of the voltage reference

determines the voltage value, but not the
physical behavior of a connected load

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Extension to multi-conductor circuit

Extension from single phase to multi-

phase circuit
i(t) iR(t) ?
R R
iS(t) uRS(t) uRT(t)
u(t) S
iT(t) uST(t)
T T

iR(t) ?
R
uRN(t) iS(t)
S
uSN(t) iT(t)
T
uTN(t)
N

Extension to multi-conductor circuit

n = n. of conductors
Use of the “virtual
star-point” (0),
which defines
voltages that
permanently and
under all condi-
tions sum up to
zero
1 n 1 n
ur 0 = −  u r u 0 =  u  = 1, 2...., n
n  =1 n  =1
r = arbitrary reference point

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Extension to multi-conductor circuit

Using the virtual “star-point” (0), no
conductor is treated as a special conductor

Vector notation is used to define system

quantities:
i = i1 , i2 , ..., in  u = u10 , u20 , ..., un 0 
Collective instantaneous values:
n n
u = 

u
=1
2
0 i = 

i
=1
2

Extension to multi-conductor circuit

Collective RMS values:

T n
1
U = 
T t −T
u2dt = 

U
=1
2
0

T n
1
I = 
T t −T
i2dt = 

=1
I 2

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Instantaneous power/current definition

p = uT • i

The vectors “u” and “i” define a plane in an

n-dimensional vector space (n>2), where the
vector of current can be decomposed into:
vector of power currents: i p = G p (t ) u
p = uT • i = uT • G p (t ) u  G p (t ) = p u2
vector of powerless currents: i z = i − i p = i − Gp (t ) u

Instantaneous power/current
definition
Equivalent circuit of equivalent load

Only the vector of power currents transfers

energy to the load at each instant

The vector of powerless currents causes

power in each conductors, but the sum of
these powers is zero in every instant

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Instantaneous power/current
definition
Definition of power quantities exploits the
orthogonality of current components
2 2
i = i p + iz  u i = u ip + u
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
iz
u2i2 = u2i p2 + u2iz2  s 2 = p 2 + pz2

Collective instantaneous Collective instantaneous

apparent power apparent powerless power

Instantaneous apparent power s is the maximum value of the absolute value of

instantaneous power for given instantaneous collective voltages & currents

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Observations on powerless
current/power

Both cause powerless currents

I.e. powerless currents don’t describe a specific type of

energy transfer between source and load

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Average quantities definition

T T
1 1
Pa =  p dt =  uT • idt Active power
T t −T T t −T

T T
1
i a = Ga u  
T t −T
uT • i a dt = Ga  u2dt = GaU 2 = Pa
t −T

Active current Ga = Pa / U 2 = p / u2  G p

Active conductance
(≠ avg power conductance)
i x = i − i a = i − Ga u Non- active current

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Average quantities definition

i = ia + i x = ia + i z + iv iv= Variation current

The different current terms are orthogonal, so

the following power balance can be obtained
S 2 = Pa 2 + Px2 = Pa 2 + Pz2 + Pv2

Most of these power

terms are fictitious
quantities, with no
physical meaning

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Use of the FBD Theory for

compensation
Compensation of powerless currents
i z = i − i p = i − G p (t ) u
- It operates at instantaneous level
- It does not require energy transfer
- The only power quantity to be
calculated is the collective
instantaneous power
uTL • i L
i C ( omp ) = −i z = i p − i L = T uL − i L
uL • uL

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Use of the FBD Theory for

compensation
Compensation of non-active currents
i x = i − i a = i − Ga u
- It operates at average level
- It requires energy transfer
T

u • i L dt
T
L

i C ( omp ) = −i x = i a − i L = t −T
T
uL − i L
u • u L dt
T
L
t −T

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Use of the FBD Theory for

compensation

Compensation Compensation
of powerless of non-active
currents currents

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Use of the FBD Theory for

compensation

Compensation Compensation
of powerless of non-active
currents currents

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Use of the FBD Theory for

compensation

- Compensation strategy:
- No compensation
- Powerless current
compensation
- Non-active current compensation

V. Staudt “Power Theory: Power Currents, Active Currents, Nonactive Currents”, V. 1.1, January 2002

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Use of the FBD Theory for

compensation

- No compensation

V. Staudt “Power Theory: Power Currents, Active Currents, Nonactive Currents”, V. 1.1, January 2002

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Use of the FBD Theory for

compensation
Powerless
compensation

V. Staudt “Power Theory: Power Currents, Active Currents, Nonactive Currents”, V. 1.1, January 2002

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Use of the FBD Theory for

compensation
Non-active
compensation

V. Staudt “Power Theory: Power Currents, Active Currents, Nonactive Currents”, V. 1.1, January 2002

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Lecture 10 - Outline

• The (Fryze)-Buchholz-Depenbrok theory

– Extension of Fryze’s theory to multi-conductor systems
– Extension of Fryze’s theory to instantaneous quantities
– Application to compensation systems
• The theory of Kusters & Moore
– Application to compensation systems

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Theory of Kusters & Moore (1975)

Developed in the time domain, for single
phase circuits, with use of established
concepts
Apparent power
S= u i
T
1
P = u, i =  u(t )  i (t ) dt I pU Active power
T 0

P P
i p (t ) = 2
u (t ) = u (t ) Active current
u U2
Note that symbols are changed! Ip in K&M indicates the activa current (≠ Ip in FBD)

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Theory of Kusters & Moore (1975)

 Current decomposition
i = i p + iq
2 2
i = i p + iq
2

Reactive current

I q = I 2 − I p2 RMS of the reactive current

Q = S 2 − P2 Reactive power

Same definitions as Fryze’s “non-active

current/power”

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Theory of Kusters & Moore (1975)

Further decomposition of the reactive current
i = i p + iq
2 2
i = i p + iq
2

- Introduction of a current component of capacitive or

inductive type

 u, i d Capacitive reactive
iqC = 2
u (t ) con u(t ) = u(t )
u dt current

 uˆ, i
iqL = 2
uˆ (t ) con uˆ (t ) =  u(t )dt Inductive reactive
uˆ 0 current

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Theory of Kusters & Moore (1975)

Further decomposition of the reactive current
i = i p + iq
2 2
i = i p + iq
2

-Introduction of a power component of capacitive or

inductive type

 u, i u, i
iqC = 2
u (t ) I qC = = QC = UI qC Capacitive reactive
u u power
 uˆ, i uˆ, i
iqL = 2
uˆ(t ) I qL = = QL = UI qL Inductive reactive
uˆ uˆ power

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Theory of Kusters & Moore (1975)

Further decomposition of the reactive current
i = i p + iq
2 2
i = i p + iq
2

-Introduction of a current component of capacitive or

inductive type

 u, i
iqC = u(t ) = iqCr = iq − iqC Residual
2
u (capacitive) reactive
current
 uˆ, i
iqL = 2
uˆ(t ) = iqLr = iq − iqL Residual (inductive)
uˆ reactive current

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Representation of single-phase loads

i(t)
K&M current decomposition + iqrC(t)
ip(t) iqC(t)
i(t) u(t) G C

+ -
i(t)
u(t)
+ iqrL(t)
ip(t) iqL(t)
- u(t) G L

-
- Current component proportional to the voltage, ip
- Current component proportional to the voltage derivative, iqC
- Current component proportional to the voltage integral, iqL
- Residual current component, ir (capacitive or inductive)
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Theory of Kusters & Moore (1975)

Sinusoidal voltage Distorted voltage

Linear load Inductive and capacitive Inductive and capacitive

reactive components reactive components are not
are equal in magnitude equal and can be of both
but opposite in sign. signs.
Residual reactive Residual reactive component
component is zero is zero

Non-linear load Inductive and capacitive Inductive and capacitive

reactive components
are equal in magnitude
but opposite in sign.
Residual reactive
component is present
reactive components are not
equal and can be of both
signs.
Residual reactive component
is also present

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Theory of Kusters & Moore (1975)

 Power terms

QL = u iqL = UI qL = QLr = S 2 − P 2 − QL2

Inductive reactive power Residual (inductive)

reactive power

QC = u iqC = UI qC = QCr = S 2 − P 2 − QC2

Capacitive reactive power Residual (capacitive)

reactive power

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Use of the K&M Theory for

compensation

Usefulness for compensation purposes:

Load characterization through an inductance and
a capacitance (in addition to a conductance)
allows, if they are negative, the direct
compensation of the corresponding current term,
by using reactances with a value equal and
opposite to those used to characterize the load.

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Example of application of the K&M theory

i(t)

u(t) Sinusoidal
case

u(t) i(t)

Tedeschi, E. (2009). “Cooperative control of distributed compensation systems in electric networks under non-sinusoidal operations” PhD Thesis.

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Example of application of the K&M theory

i(t) u(t)

u(t) Sinusoidal case IqL=0.612 p.u.

IqC=-0.612 p.u.
i(t)

decomposition with inductive current decomposition with capacitive current

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Example of application of the K&M theory

i(t)

u(t) Non-sinusoidal
case

u(t) i(t)

Tedeschi, E. (2009). “Cooperative control of distributed compensation systems in electric networks under non-sinusoidal operations” PhD Thesis.

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Example of application of the K&M theory

i(t) u(t)

u(t) Non sinusoidal case

i(t)

decomposition with inductive current decomposition with capacitive current

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Observations on the Theory of

Kusters & Moore
- The decomposition into inductive reactive vs.
capacitive reactive current (and corresponding
residual components) is not orthogonal
- Both components can be present at the same
time
- This implies that the cancellation of one
component affects the other component
- It is an average power theory

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Observations on the Theory of

Kusters & Moore
Pros:
- It further investigates the nature of the non-
active current introduced by Fryze
- It is oriented to the compensation with passive
means
- Relies on measurable quantities

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Observations on the Theory of

Kusters & Moore
Cons:
- It is not really interested in the physical
meaning of the different current components
- It produces negative RMS values
- It is non-orthogonal

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Lecture 10: summary

Theory of Buchholz- Depenbrock

1 – Extension of Fryze’s Theory to multi-conductor

systems and instantaneous domain
2 – Usefulness for compensation purposes

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Lecture 10: summary

Theory of Kusters and Moore

1 – Further investigation of the concept of non-active

current introduced by Fryze’s Theory
2 – Usefulness for compensation purposes (with passive
means)
3 – Limits of the Kusters and Moore’s Theory

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Reference material
1) Staudt, V. "Fryze-Buchholz-Depenbrock: A time-domain power
theory." 2008 International School on Nonsinusoidal Currents
and Compensation. p.1-12
2) Kusters, N. L., & Moore, W. J. M. (1980). On the definition of
reactive power under non-sinusoidal conditions. Power
Apparatus and Systems, IEEE Transactions on, (5), 1845-
1854.
3) V. Staudt “Power Theory: Power Currents, Active Currents,
Nonactive Currents”, V. 1.1, January 2002
4) Tedeschi, E. (2009). “Cooperative control of distributed
compensation systems in electric networks under non-
sinusoidal operations” PhD Thesis.

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Thanks for your attention

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