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PHYSICS THEORY

PAPER 1
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Section A

Answer all the questions in this section. Answer in the spaces provided.

1 A ball rolls down a slope, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

The metre rule shows the position of the ball at times t = 0, 1.0 s, 2.0 s and 3.0 s

(a) Explain how Fig. 1.1 shows that the ball is accelerating.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Calculate the average speed of the ball between t = 1.0 s and 3.0 s.

average speed = .................................................. [2]

(c) Two of the forces that act on the ball are air resistance and weight.

State what, if anything, happens to these forces as the ball accelerates.

air resistance: ……………………………………………………………………………………
weight: ..............................................................................................................................
[2]
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(d) Explain why, if the slope is long enough, the ball eventually reaches a constant speed.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

2 (a) Explain what is meant by the moment of a force.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a system for raising a heavy piece of metal into a vertical position.

A man pulls on the rope with a horizontal force T. The piece of metal has a weight of
2000 N and is freely pivoted at A. The system is in equilibrium.
(i) By taking moments about A, calculate T.

T = .................................................. [2]
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(ii) The force T and the force that the rope exerts on the man are related by Newton’s
third law. State the relationship between these forces.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

3 Fig. 2.1 shows part of a hydraulic jack used to lift the front of a car.

The operator pulls the handle and causes a force of 50 N to act on the small piston. The
force exerted by the oil on the large piston increases by F. The large piston moves and
rotates the arm about the pivot. This raises the front of the car.

The cross-sectional area of the small piston is 1.5 cm².

The cross-sectional area of the large piston is 5.0 cm².

(a) Calculate
(i) the pressure in the oil caused by the force on the small piston,

pressure = .......................................................... [2]

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(ii) the value of F.

F = .......................................................... [1]

(b) Explain why the large piston moves through a shorter distance than the small piston.

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) The efficiency of the jack is 75%. Explain what is meant by efficiency.

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

4 The apparatus shown in Fig. 1.1 is used to measure the extension of a spring.
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(a) Explain how the mass causes a force on the spring.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1]

(b) The force on the spring is a vector quantity. State what is meant by a vector quantity.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) Fig. 1.2 shows a graph of the length of the spring plotted against the force on the

spring, for forces between 0 and 10N.

(i) 1. State a formula that relates the unstretched length l0 of the spring, stretched .
. length l of the spring and the extension e of the spring.

…………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

2. A mass produces a force of 9.0N on the spring. Determine the extension of .

. the spring caused by this mass.

extension = ........................................................... [1]

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(ii) The limit of proportionality of the spring is reached when the force is 10N.

The spring is easier to stretch after the limit of proportionality.

On Fig. 1.2, continue the line to suggest how the length changes when the force
. is greater than 10N. [1]

5 Two different kettles are used to heat water, as shown in Fig. 3.1

Data for the two kettles is shown in Fig. 3.2.

(a) (i) Calculate the efficiency of the electric kettle.

efficiency = ........................................................... [2]

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(ii) Calculate the useful power of the gas heated kettle.

power = ........................................................... [2]

(b) Both kettles contain the same mass of water, at the same initial temperature. State and

explain which kettle brings the water to boiling point first.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(c) The boiling water produces steam at 100°C.

State one difference between molecules in the steam and molecules in the boiling water.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

6 Fig. 2.1 shows the thinking distance and the braking distance for a car driven at 100km/h.

The car has old, smooth tyres.

(a) Calculate the total stopping distance for the car.

stopping distance = ......................................................... [1]

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(b) The car is now fitted with new tyres.

At a speed greater than 100km/h, the total stopping distance is the same as in (a).

(i) State and explain the effect that the increase in speed and the use of new tyres . . .
... have on the thinking distance

Effect ...........................................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) State and explain the effect that the increase in speed and the new tyres have on . .
.. the braking distance.

Effect ...........................................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................. [2]

7 (a) (i) State the difference between a scalar quantity and a vector quantity.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State two examples of each type of quantity.

scalar quantity vector quantity

1 ...................................................... 1 ......................................................

2 ...................................................... 2 ......................................................

[2]
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(b)

In the space next to Fig. 1.1, draw a labelled vector diagram to show the resultant vector
obtained by adding vector P to vector Q.

Draw vector P, vector Q and the resultant vector to the same scale as in Fig. 1.1.
[2]

8 A swing is made by tying rope loosely to the branch of a tree, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

A child swings backwards and forwards several times, starting at the highest point A.
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(a) Explain how another child can obtain an accurate measurement of the time for one . . . .
. . . complete swing.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) When the child moves from A to B, she falls a vertical distance of 0.60 m. She loses
. 240J of gravitational potential energy. The gravitational field strength g is 10 N/kg.

(i) Calculate the mass of the child

mass = ..........................................................[2]

(ii) Suggest two reasons why her kinetic energy at B is not equal to 240 J.

1. ................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

[2]
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Section B

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 represents the conversion of energy in a mobile phone.

(i) State the form of energy stored in the battery.

................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the useful form of output energy from the battery.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State two useful forms of output energy from the mobile phone.

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) When the battery is in use, the average current is 1.3mA.

Determine the charge that passes through the battery in a time of 2.0 minutes.

charge = ......................................................... [2]

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(c) A student estimates the thermal energy produced in the battery when the mobile phone is
. used and uses this value to estimate the efficiency of the battery.

He measures a temperature rise of 5.0°C within the battery in a period of time when the .
. useful energy output from the battery is 5200J.

The mass of the battery is 110g and its specific heat capacity is 830J / (kg°C).

(i) Calculate the thermal energy (heat) needed to raise the temperature of the battery by .
. 5.0°C

thermal energy = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) State what is meant by efficiency.

............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Calculate the efficiency of the battery.

efficiency = ......................................................... [2]

(iv) Suggest and explain one reason why the value for the efficiency calculated in (iii) is . . . .
. larger than the actual efficiency of the battery.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 15]
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10 Fig. 9.1 shows a map of the route taken by a car as it travels from town A to town B.

The journey involves a distance and a displacement.

(a) (i) Using the scale on Fig. 9.1, determine the displacement in travelling from A to B.

size of displacement = ...............................................................

direction of displacement = ............................................................... [3]

(ii) State how distance differs from displacement.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) In some parts of the journey, the car is travelling at a constant speed but is also . . . . .
. accelerating.

Explain how this is possible.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(b) At town B the car makes an emergency stop.

The total stopping distance of the car is the thinking distance added to the braking . . . . .
. distance.

(i) Describe what is meant by the thinking distance.

.........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The brakes on the car work badly. This increases the braking distance.

State two other factors that increase the braking distance.

1. ......................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

2. ......................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

[2]

(c) The mass of the car and driver is 1200kg. Just before the brakes are applied, the speed .
... of the car is 30m/s.

(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car and driver just before the brakes are applied.

kinetic energy = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) The braking force that stops the car is 1800N.

Calculate the deceleration of the car.

deceleration = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) Explain why the temperature of the brakes increases during braking.

.........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 15]
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