Domestic Violence against Women:

In Human Rights Perspective

(A Case Study of Punjab)

Submitted to GC University Lahore

in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

IN
POLITICAL SCIENCE
By

Ms. Sofia Naveed

Session 2008-2012
Registration No. 70-GCU-PS-08

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

GC UNIVERSITY LAHORE
 A

Domestic Violence against Women:

In Human Rights Perspective
(A Case Study of Punjab)

Ms. Sofia Naveed

Session 2008-2012
Registration No. 70-GCU-PS-08

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

GC UNIVERSITY LAHORE
 DEDICATION

I dedicate my thesis to my loving daughters Khansa ZahoorLali, Areeba Zahoor Lali

and Areesha Zahoor Lali, who are everything to me and the very reason for my

existence.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Almighty Allah for his countless blessings due to which I
was able to complete my research.

I want to pay my best regards to my beloved mother and father for their love, care and prayers
throughout my life and their desire to see my dream into reality.

I want to pay my gratitude to acknowledge my Alma mater University and Political Science
Department as my, to give me audacity “COURAGE TO KNOW”.

My heartiest thankfulness to my counselor andsupervisor, Dr. Khalid Manzoor Butt,

Chairman of Political Science Department, GC University Lahore who guided and supported
me generously to accomplish this research., he always welcomed, guided and supported me
throughout this research process. He is forme like an icon and he is the one who steered me,
wherever, I faced divergence or felt deviated required his guidance and support. He was so
kind and humble and he always extended his support taking great interest in my research area
of concern.

I wish topay regards to my late (may Allah rest their souls in eternal peace-amen) teachers,
Professor Sir Javid Sheikh and Professor Muhammad Azhar for their encouragement and
guidance all the time. I am also thankful to Dr. Tahir Kamran, Head of the History
Department, GC University, Lahore for his guidance and support.

I owe my gratefulness Professor Dr. Khalid Makhdoom Javid for his explicit understanding of
the certain issues and for his valuable deliberation. I am also obliged to Professor Mohammad
Farooq, Department of English, GC University, Lahore for his kind support and for taking
great interest in my work.

I am very grateful to Mr. Rashid Javid, Country Head of Plan International, Pakistan, my Line
Manager Ms. Farrah Naz for their best understanding with the cause and my honorable
colleagues Mr. Imran Shami, Samina Sardar, Omer Mirza, Safdar Raza, Soofia Aziz and
Mohammad Ishaq for their help and support while, sharing my work responsibilities during
my study leave form the office.
I want to pay my special regards and want to acknowledge the courtesies of Muhammad
Akmal Pasha as a close associate to my family who helped me during the research. I am also
thankful to Mr. Abdul Waheed, Chief Librarian, GC University, Lahore, who helped me
regarding library concerns.

I want to thank my dear Ph.D.‟s course mates and friends Sadia Mushtaq, Fouzia Ghani,
Nabeela and Ahmed Raza for their help and support wherever I needed during this research. I
also want to pay thanks to my field research and data analysis team especially Mr. Irfan, Mr.
Tariq and Ms. Afsheen I am also thankful to Mr.Hafiz Muhamamd Idrees & Mr.Ali
Mehmood for thesis formatting and printing.

In the end, I am also very grateful to all my research participants and personalities who
trusted me, shared their personal issues and problems and gave their precious time during
field research activities.
 ABSTRACT

The stigmatic predicament of domestic violence against women (DVAW) is quite common in
Pakistan. The knowledge generation and technological advancements have by and large
degenerative with respect to DVAW; since the negative forces and stratagems are
overwhelmingly dominating the preventive and the preemptive strategies and enactments.
Pakistan is no exception, the issue is embracing, most tiers of the society like an octopus,
though the degree and outlook could vary from culture to culture. Here, in termsof trend
projection, around 30 % to 40 % of victims lament some sort of violence against them.

With this conceptual understanding in mind, the present study was undertaken; and six
districts of the province of Punjab (Pakistan) were selected. The quantitative and qualitative
data were collected through the instruments of the questionnaire, FGDs, and Expert
Interviews. The Chi-square test was also applied to determine the significance of relationships
between various variables.

Consolidating the findings of all the survey instruments, one must ascertain that the issue of
DVAW in Pakistan is heinous and needs serious redress at multiple levels especially the
government, community, NGOs and the media. The victims are generally suffered at the
hands of social,economic and legislatory setback. These setbacks could be phrased in terms of
lack of education, poor economic standing and Pakistani male-chauvinism where the cushion
being the hollow legislation and ceremonial implementation thereof.

As the saying goes,„tries die from the top‟, the provincial government needs to play its due
role and come forward with a „bold legislation‟ and a „blind implementation‟that can bull-
doze any force that can potentially emerge as manipulative rather exploitative; and the
remaining machinery of the country would naturally dog after it; where the principal
components of the machinery include the local governments, NGOs and the media. If not, the
central government would be an accomplice to the forces and entities that practically render
and declare, „frailty thy name‟s woman.‟ (Shakespeare)
 Table of Contents
Chapter 1 01
Introduction 02
1.1 Introduction 02
1.2 Statement of the Problem 05
1.3 Significance of the Study 12
1.4 Formation of the Hypotheses 13
1.5 Objectives of the Study 14
1.6 Structure of The Thesis 14
1.7 Sources 15
1.8 Research Design 16

Chapter 2 19
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 19
2.1 Domestic violence against women in Ancient Era 20
2.2 Domestic Violence against Women in Middle Era 23
2.3 Domestic Violence against Women in Modern Era 26

Chapter 3 33
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW 33
3.1 Conceptual Framework 34
3.2 Gender Equality – 10 keys Issues 34
3.3 Literature Review 40

Chapter 4 55
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 59
4.1 Domestic Violence against Women-An Overview 56
4.2 Perception on Domestic VAW 62

Chapter 5 75
Women’s Rights in Human Rights Perspective 75
5.1 DVAW – Human Rights Voyage 78
5.2 The Role of West 82
5.3 Global Society & Human Rights 85
5.4 Role of United Nation 86
5.5 Pakistan‟s legislation for DVAW 88

Chapter 6 97
Findings of the Field Research 97
6.1 Quantitative analysis 100
6.2 Focused Group Discussion (FGD) 123
6.3 Expert Opinion 126
6.4 Analysis of the findings of the field 136
Survey, FGDs and Interviews of the Experts
Chapter 7 141
Conclusion and Recommendations 141
7.1 Conclusion 142
7.2 Recommendations 143

Chapter 8
Appendices 148
Appendix 8.1 149
Appendix 8.2 153
Appendix 8.3 156
Appendix 8.4 162
Appendix 8.5 247

Bibliography 242
 List of Figures
Figure No. Title Page

01 District-wise sampling distribution 100

02 Age distribution of respondents 101
03 Marital status of respondents 101
04 Respondents‟ educational attainment 102
05 Respondents having children 102
06 Respondents‟ number of children 103
07 Effect of education on number of children 103
08 Post-marital divorce status 104
09 Occupations of respondents 104
10 Respondents who were threatened 105
11 Respondents who shouted, screamed or swore 105
12 Respondents whose movements were checked 106
13 Respondents who were in social life 106
14 Respondents who were kept short of money 107
15 Respondents who were criticized 107
16 Respondents who were put down in front of others 108
17 Respondents whose children were shouted at or threatened 108
18 Respondents who were threatened of divorce/separation 109
19 Respondents who were threatened to be killed 109
20 Respondents who were threatened to be kicked off 110
21 Respondents who were threatened to be declared as corrupt 110
22 Respondents whose spouses drink or are addict 111
23 Respondents whose spouses drink many times a day 111
24 Respondents whose spouses were more violent after drinking / addiction 112
25 Respondents whose spouses stopped them from leaving room 112
26 Respondents whose spouses chocked / held hand at their mouth 113
27 Respondents whose spouses forced to do something against their will 113
28 Respondents whose spouses slept on their body 114
29 Respondents whose spouses pushed , grabbed out showed them 114
30 Respondents whose spouses punched/kicked on body 115
31 Respondents whose spouses used objects to hurt their spouse 115
32 Respondents whose spouses threw things upon them or about the room 116
33 Respondents whose spouses punched or kicked walls or furniture 116
34 Respondents whose spouses demanded love when they did not want 117
35 Respondents whose spouses tried to strangle, burn or drown them 117
36 Respondents whose spouses twisted their arm, pulled them by hair 118
37 Respondents whose spouses caused cuts, bruise, burns on spouse‟s body 118
38 Respondents whose spouse caused them broken arm , legs or ribs 119
39 Respondents whose spouses caused them miscarriage/injury 119
40 Respondents whose spouses made them blackout / unconscious 120
41 Respondents whose spouses caused their broken teeth or split lips 120
42 Respondents whose spouses caused them sickness or vomiting 121
43 Respondents whose spouses caused their broken nose, jaw or cheekbone 121
44 Respondent whose spouses caused bleeding on face or body 122
45 Respondents whose souses cause them burst eardrum, or deafness 122
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

01 Sample Distribution 17
02 Definition of domestic violence – spontaneous response 63
03 Action consecrated domestic violence after prompting 64
04 Definition of domestic violence after prompting 65
05 Justification of acts 66
06 District Rawalpindi (FGD) 123-124
07 District Faisalabad (FGD) 124
08 District Attock (FGD) 124
09 District Attock (FGD) 125
10 District Chakwal (FGD) 125
11 District Khaneal (FGD) 125
12 District D.G Khan (FGD) 125
 LIST OF MAPS

Map No. Title Page No.

1 Map of Pakistan 98

2 Map of Punjab 99
 List of Abbreviations
AMB Adara Moasherti Behbood
ASF Attock Sahara Foundation
AWAIC Abused Women‘s Aid in Crisis AWAIC
BC Before Christ
CBOs Community Based Organizations
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against
Women
CPC Criminal Procedure Code
CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child
D.G Khan Dera Ghazi Khan
DCO District Coordination Officer
DVAW Domestic Violence against Women
FAAR Feminist Alliance Against Rape
FGD Focused Group Discussion
GII Gender Equality Index
GN Criminal Procedure Code
GNP Gross National Products
GOs Government Organizations
GTP General System of Preferences
HDI Human Development Index
HHS House Hold Survey
HRC Human Rights Council
HRCP Human Rights Commission of Pakistan
ICCPR International Convention on Civil and Political Rights
ICESCR International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
IDI In Depth Interview
IET IQRA Educational Trust
LHRLA Lawyers for Human Rights and Legal Aid
NCSW National commission on the status of women
NGO Non-Government Organization
PPC Pakistan Penal Code
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SPARC Society for the Protection of the Social Sciences
UDR Universal Declaration on Human Rights
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNHCR United Nations Commission of human Rights
UNICEF United Nations International Children‘s Education Fund
VAW Violence Against Women
WDD Women Development Department
WHO World Health Organization
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1
1.1 Introduction
Domestic violence against women is a challenging issue in recurrent age,
confronting by most countries of the world. Its magnitude has been quite alarming
particularly in the developing countries of Africa, Latin America, and the South
Asia. This phenomenon hasmultiple implications but consistent violations of
Human Rights have made it a matter of real concern. Although efforts are being
made to address this problem yet the required results have not been achieved.

Since the inception of the United Nations issueslike Human Rights had been
brought into the limelight at international level and subsequently, few movements
were initiated for the protection of Human Rights of the people. The supporters of
these movements were of the view that without Human Rights therewould be no
dignity of human beings they had a conviction that respect of Human Rights was the
basic requirement for the real participation of people and successful democracy. In
th
the last quarter of the 20 Century, the means of communication immenselyimproved

and were instrumental in making these people closer, motivated and more organize.
Consequently, their efforts for Human Rights turned the vibrant and enhanced
pressure on different stakeholders.

Initially, these Human Rights movements were for all affected people
irrespective of their age, race, religion, sex, and region. But with the passage of time,
some of them became more specific and readjusted their aims. Now they have been
working for a comparatively weaker segment of the society like women, children,
prisoners, refugees, and minorities.

A UN resolution designated November 25th as ‗International Day‘ for the

elimination of violence against women. Women, as victims of domestic violence,
belong to the weakest strata because they are dependent, vulnerable and do not
have proper voice and association for their rights and consequently they are being
abused, maltreated and exploited by the males for their vested interest. So,
morally they deserve extra sympathy and attention for the protection oftheir
rights. Although some measures have been taken not only by the government of
the affected countries but also by different national and international institutions
and agencies to address and control domestic valence against women yet they
have not proved much productive.
 Undoubtedly, the domestic violence against women is a specified pattern of
attitudes and behaviors used to control the other persons you are in a relationship
with.

2
Domestic violence against women certainly includes spousal abuseas well. Abusive
relationships get worse over time. Threats emerging from emotional and verbal
abuses move over bigger threats especially when there is a greater amount of
stress on the victim. The abuse escalates when he feels he may lose his partner,
or when the relationship ends.

The kids that reside at places where a mother is abused are more likely.
Even if they are not, children who witness abuse are victims of stress. Children will
growup either becoming victims of abusers or abusers; they have learned these
patterns of abuse from their home. Abusers are controllers who seek to isolate
and overpower their victims. No one deserves to be abused or no one can provoke
violence.

Over the past 30 years, there have been some significant gains in
addressing gender one quality in the world. The convention of the ‗Elimination of
All Forms of Discrimination Against Women‘, ‗the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action‘,
the‗Millennium Development Goal 3‘ and the ‗UN Security Council‘s 1325 and 1820
resolutions on women, Peace and Security‘are all worldwide political commitments
protecting the human rights of women, tackling gender-based violence and
endorsing gender equality. Globally, the numbers of girls in primary and secondary
education has increased and the percentage of women in public life, in the political
and economic spheres, has also grown, in many countries, new legislation exists
to safeguard the rights of women and to remove discriminatory legislation.
Increasingly, gender is on the agenda of most aidand multilateral organizations
and is reflected in formal gender policies and resource commitments to gender
equality. However, in spite of these gains, the lived realities of millions of women
and girls do not often reflect these policy commitments and gender inequalities
around the world remain persistent and deep.1

Domestic VAW is not a new element, it is practice for long times gone by
but now its nature; manifestation and objectives have been changed. It has been
posited that in the history of countries women have been subjugated by men.

With a view to obtaining subjugation of women, philosophies have been

fabricated through which the subordination of women has been minimized. As
promulgated by churches, the subjugation of women has also been condemned.
1
Liliana Corrieri, The Law, Patriarchy and Religious Fundamentalism: Women‘s Rights in
Pakistan(Asian
Legal Resource Centre (ALRC) & Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC, 2013)

3
 Pakistan being a post-colonial country has traditional and modern morals, with
its ancestry in a civilizing heritage and its development impulses steering it to
technological era. Thus Pakistan is in transcendence albeit a multitude of clannish,
feudal and other elements.

Taking forward the case of Pakistan, as by and large a Muslim country, the
local customs, traditions, and tribal setups have their share in determining the position
of women which at times override religious injunctions; a baby-girl is still taken as a
burden as implies a liability on the parents and other family members. Although as a
household member she contributes to the labor resources of the family, little
investment is done to increase her potential productively, for her value, as a future
contributor is considered negligible.

As far as the constitution of Pakistan is concerned, it exists but in sporadically

and is scarcely executed in its true spirit. The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees
equality to all people, including equality of sexes. But for our women, this remains an
illusory goal. Not only that, they are denied awareness of their rights. They have little
access to information and experience, to skills and training and to their sharein
mainstream development. A vast majority of women still wait for justice to be done to
them. How can women become partners with a can in the various sphere of life?
When will they get equal justice from the open system, why is it that in family
disputes,the concerned girl or women almost always finds she is unable to get a fair
deal from the prevailing system? The same applies to other fields too.

Since publicizing the 1999 report, Pakistan; ‗Violence against Women in the
Name of Honor‘, Amnesty International, has found that:

―While few positive changes have taken place in the area of women‘s
rights, the state in Pakistan still by and large fails to provide adequate
protection for women against abuses in the custody of the state, and in the
family and the community‖.

The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) concluded in its annual

report for the year 2000‖

―Despite making up almost 51 percent of the population, women continue

to face a discriminatory status within society; most alarmingly, it was found
that violence against them, in almost every form, was on the rise. A
woman was rapedevery two hourssomewhere in the country, while
hundreds became victims of honor-killings, domestic violence‖.

4
 Talking about the most populated province of Pakistan, that is Punjab, the
author discusses the plightof DVAW in these words. In the history of Punjab,the
question of rights of women has always been a very critical subject. Talking about
the women brings to mind grave injustices perpetrated upon throughout history.

Even in the present so-called modern times, women live in a male-

dominated world, where in general they have been subjected to all kinds of
sufferings, inequities, injustices, oppression, and harassments.

Women have been chattels and as personal possessions of men, they

always face discrimination and remained victims of domestic violence, while
considering them the weaker section of the society; while concerning about these
women even I this so-called modern age they are facing unequal treatment.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Punjab being a part of patriarchal society, its socio-cultural traditions describe
a women disposition within the four walls of a house being a mother, daughter, wife,
and sister in relation to a man. While thesis no denying of the social and emotional
context of these relationships, cultural norms and traditions projectthese as her only
roles. What is not recognized is that inherently the primary function of women within
all social roles is as a producer and provider. All voluntary services performed by
women within the home, at the farm running by the family, the familyfarm and their
engagement in other family activity or business are subsumed due to her predefined
social role and have no consideration

Throughout the history women in the (Punjab) province have been treated as
a disadvantaged and underprivileged sectionof the society. They are scarcely allowed
to enjoy their social lives and other rights. Political rights are not an exception. They
are also not given full opportunity to obtain an education; this mars their future
prospects both as a woman and as a house-wife. The choices are also limited to being
less educated and as the empirical finds prove they are victimized on the same
ground as a house-wife by their husbands.

―Often abuses are compounded poor girls and women are trafficked and
subject to forced marriage, forced prostitution or exploitative work
situations such as bonded labor. In all of these situations, they are likely to
be mental, physically and sexually abused and victimized, again without
having the wherewithal to obtain justice‖.2
2
On the interrelationship o abuses suffered by women: ‗‘Broken bodies, shattered minds: torture
and ill-treatment of women‘‘, Al Index: ACT 40/001 (2001)

5
 We are aware that violence is an unlawful conduct of human being, which
gives birth to human miseries thatmeans to heart or harm someone orally
physically, mentally or morally emotionally which stops her/his development. It is
just because of that societydetermine the role and attitudes. In our society males
are on upper handed due to their decision makingpower and economic
independence.

The term violence is extracted from the Latin word ‗Violare‘ and its roots
may be explored to the Latin words ‗Vis‘ (force) and ‗Fero‘(to carry), violence could
be construed to do something by force.

According to Cambridge Advanced Lerner‘s Dictionary, ―Violence means

using extreme force, actions or words intending to hurt people‖.

The New Lexicon Webster‘s Dictionary Volume-2 refers that―violence is a

use of physical force, passion, fury, distortion of meaning, desecration to do
violence to offend, outrage, to do violence to someone‘s sense of justice‖.

According to Longman Dictionary of the English Language, ―Violence refers

to a) exertion of physical force so as to injure

The UN General Assembly defines the term violence against women as:

―Any act to gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in,
physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of
such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring
inpublic or in private life".

DVAW being a crime has no exception. Domesticviolence against women

and girls includes verbal abuse, physical abuse, and emotional abuse, like
threatening, committing battery, abusing sexually, kidnapping, and forcing to do
something against the will of the victim.

The relationships could be the spouses, or childhood friends or the

intimates. Even the spouses who indulge in DVAW are often old friends and close
intimates. This often becomes a psychological dilemma as to why such persons
become so violent; they exploit the trust of others in the wakeof being old mates
of the women. Society generally does not doubt they can be violent.3
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 Common Psychological traits often exhibited by domestic abusers: this is for
granted that the violent persons have a low self-image and also low self-esteem
those surfaces in the form of violation since they have noother might to prove
their supremacy. The only way is to make use of their masculine power and prove
their spouses that they are superior to them.

The abusers try to control their spouses in many ways. The social
movements and the opportunities for employment are also denied so that their
circleremains at the minimum. Thus they can hardly have terms with the outside
world that makes the job of the men easy and they can easily land into DVAW.

The executors might further limit their spouses not to have banking
facilities availed. In the hands of their low self-esteem and the stratagem to
undermine the female, they have the tactic of exploiting the woman on the
grounds of Perda or veil. They pretend that religion does not allow women to walk
around freely in the society because this engenders several social evils, therefore,
they are justified in restraining their women to home in the larger interest of the
society and the women themselves. At times they are so absolved in indulging to
find out the rationale for DVAW that they do it unconsciously.

The debate between the abuser and the abused is long. The violent persons
when realizing that their spouses can leave them through divorce or other means of
separation they start abusing and character-killing. Thishas been in the history of
mankind even incurable.4

The abusers have certain psychological pressures. Some believe that the
violent persons have psychic problems due to which they internally forced to
indulge in DVAW. In other words, they do so as a patient. In the first instance this
can hardlybe a psychological problem, and second, it can be very well taken care
of through medical treatments.

The agencies that are supposed to maintain law and order, often find a few
types of unacceptable violations for example injuries. The perpetrators of
thevictim pretend in front of these agencies as if nothing wrong has been done or
nothing significant has occurred. The agencies have to trust the perpetrators
because it‘s a man chauvinistic society.
4
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 The abusers often show a variety of moods, like they would be very positive
one moment and would be very fatal in the next. They would be showing love and
affection out of nothing and wouldbecome very fierce in control in the next hour.
They often do so astheir relatives pump them to show their manliness and
muscularity. The perpetrators also support them in the wake of any mishap taking
place and defend them if the situation worsens. Theabusers show positive attitude
in order to win favors from the victim and the society, but at heart they are
violent. The abusers move under different moods;

―The use of psychological, emotional, and physical abuse intertwined with

periods of remorse, love, and happiness are deliberate tools used by
abusers to gain controlover the victims. Batterers may violently assault,
and then moments later apologize for their actions. Many purchase gifts of
flowers, candy, and other items in order to gain forgiveness. Abusers often
promise that they will beaver harm their partners again. Their promised
include obtaining professional help or counseling, but often these promises
are never kept, and are only used as another tool to prevent the victims
5
from leaving, (National Domestic Violence, TTY, USA, 2013)‖.

The list of abusing couldbe a long one, varying from region to region and
culture to culture:

―Physical domestic abuse is what one usually thinks of first physical

injuries inflicted against the survivor. Physical avulse can include showing
or pushing, hitting, punching, kicking, throwing an object, injuring or
threatening with a weapon or physical intimidation. Physical domestic
abuse can also include false imprisonment or confinement, like locking
someone ina bathroom for an extended period of time. Denying access to
medical treatment of necessary dedications is another form of physical
6
domestic abuse‖.

Whatever the form of violence, it must carry emotional effect with it. The
sentimental aspect of DVAW is yet another form. It could include verbal satires
that burn blood of the spouse and may cause mental pressure. Such attitude is
also a result of some complex on the part of the violent. It may also include
belittling comments, name calling and limiting thesocial life of the spouse.
 In several instances, the verbal abuse may escalate to physical harm.
Sentimental exploitation or teasing maybe even enduring on the part of the victim,
where the physical
5
Ibid.
6
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injuries may be healed earlier and much comfortably. At the same time, financial
domestic predicament would take care of stealing money, availing of banking facilities
of the spouse. This would be two-pronged since the victimis not only deprived of his
or her own banking facilities or credit for that matter but also is faced with the
mammoth amount of tensions.7

The sexual violence is another form of domestic violence against women.

Demanding love when the wife isnot willing to give is the most common type. The
sexual abuse is a violence that comes from the side of an intimate partner. This
certainly includes demanding sex or love from the intimate partner against his or
her will. This can also include forcing someone to participate in sexual acts against
one's will or refusing to indulge in unsafe intercourse. Women in such cases at the
first place refuse or then fail to pinpoint in front of others in the hands of shame
and shyness. Apart from just feeling shy, they feel afraid of illness or other
infections. This renders them even economically weak that can otherwise be
exploited by the males.

―Children who witness domestic‘s violence are victims themselves and

growing up amidst violence predisposes them to a multitude of social and
physical problems. Constant exposure to violence in the home and abusive
role models teaches these children the violence is a normal way of life and
places them at risk of becoming society next generation of victims and
abusers. Victims of domestic violence reaction many different ways to the
abuse they suffer. In most cases, the abuse is repeatedly inflicted and is a
constant fear for the victims. The victims are frequently exposed to
intimidation and threats, violence, andthe abuse is emotional and
8
psychological, as well as physical and sexual‖.

The victims must suffer from some sort of psychic disorder may be of a very low
degree. As the report goes, the victims exposed to repeated pressures face severe
traumatic disorders. They also lack interpersonal and other social skills. This tends to
affect their daily life behaviors which cast chain effect on the society and surrounding
factors. Others have nightmares and schizophrenic predispositions. The fear of the
unknown and insomnia also may bethe outcome.9
 The effect of violence on the children is quite natural. They are affected
and in most cases, they develop as criminals or have criminal or at least negative
tendencies.

7
Ibid.
8
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9
Ibid.

9
Often abused children often fail to get attention from their parents or the
caregivers this makes them diffident and tend to promote negative feeling and
sentiments. Such children remain withdrawn from social activities and perform
poorly in studies. Theyalso become a symbol of a joke at the school and their
internal stress even redoubles.10

The battered women, on the other hand, have their own predicaments. The
victimized women hardly remain able to take care of their children. Suchwomen
are impaired internally and lose mental capabilities to nourish their children in a
healthy manner which may help them develop into productive citizens. Such
mothers remain helpless and often cause a wave of sentimentalism that affects
others as well. They are themselvesnumb since they are so often battered.11

The abused women not only face psychological hammering but physical
injuries as well which could be exterior or even interior.

―Abused women are at higher risk of miscarriages, stillbirths,and infant

deaths, a 1999 study from Johns Hopkins found. Once born, children of
abused women were more likely to be malnourished and less likely to have
been immunized against childhood diseases. Long-term effects of abuse
that some women suffer includeanxiety disorders and panic attacks,
chronic depression, eating disorders, dissociative states, and strained
family relationships, drug and alcohol dependence, sexual dysfunction, and
poverty. Extreme cases can lead to suicide attempts and death either
12
attheir own hands or those of their abusers‖.

Such women have full right to get psychological treatment and physical as
well, though they scarcely get it. The sentimental abuse can have long-lasting
ramifications, the fact that has so often been registered. It may also harm their
reproductive health or engender other delivery-related complications which have
their foundations on the psychological state of the woman as well. Such traumatic
issues might take years to reveres. Other diseases may include bloodpressure,
diabetes and HIVetc. such diseases even if medicated hardly get cured since the
psychological pressure at the backend hardly allows the medicine to do its
service.13

10
Ibid.
11
http://www.suite101.com/content/the-problem-of-domestic-violence-a27267
12
Ibid.
13
http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/pakistan

10
 Of these, the battered women have a specialized predicament. Some 25 %
to 50 % of battered women are reported to attempt suicides. Even if they
survived, they remain panicand mentally disturbed and tend to lose interest in
their lives. The battered women also react by beating their children in response to
battering against them. They do so assume that their spouses will abstain from
battering these women but such moves only partially succeed. Symptoms of PTSD
include:

Hypervigilance

Flashbacks

Intrusive thoughts

Feelings of numbness

Insomnia

Nightmares

Avoidance of situations that might trigger memories of abuse.14

In existing situation, mostly females are submissive and marginalized and

they are considered the property of men. Despite they are contributing more than
males they are not equal shareholders. Their role is confined to four walls of the
house or to someextent they can only contributing domestic affairs of life.

They are not privileged like men but they observed and controlled by them.
In most of the case, they have neither got awareness about their basic human
rights nor access to the resources.

The term ‗domestic‘includes violence against women in any place and form
by a cherished spouse or other family members. The victims undergo in many
ways such as verbally, emotionally, physically. They lose decision power and also
less able to shield theirchildren from violence.

Essentially, their Human Rights are abused. They face trauma in a place
where they should feel safe; they live in fear in their home and experience
violence at the hands of somebody close to them who they should be able to trust.
14
http://www.suite101.com/content/the-problem-of-domestic-violence-a27267

11
 Atpresent, even in a day, numerous incidents of human rights violation of
the women take place and many women suffer due to the events of domestic
violence against them, which makes this practice really a matter of concern.

But hardly any meaningful efforthas been noticed to address the issues
relating to Domestic Violence against Women. As our state system promotes the
male domination and women are victims of violence in a number of ways, with
their other sufferings in the society, they are badly victimsofdomestic violence,
which is not even considered as a crime and take as a ‗private matter of family.

1.3 Significance of the Study

Domestic violence against women has adverse effects on women‘s lives.

Although in presence of international conventions and protocols, which have
signed by the most of the countries to protect human rights of women, yet the
situation is quite bleed.

Therefore, some meaningful and result oriented efforts are still required to
materialize the goals of human rights of women. In this regard, Jimmy Carter, the
former President of the United States of America commented; ‗the universal
declaration of human rights sets global standards that reflect the same vision that
inspires our own bill of rights. Almost every country has endorsed the declaration.
Yet in too much of the world, its promise is mocked‘.

The present study basically deals with the issues of ‗Domestic Violence
against Women in Punjab‘. It would provide a detailed understanding of causes of
DVAW and how much these violations have a significant impact on the life of a
woman.

The study of the desecration of the Women‘s Human Rights with this
particular concern of ‗Domestic Violence‘ against them would help to identify the
psychological, physical, moral, social and economic effects on the subject women.

The study would highlight, what kind of roles national and international
institution have played to address this problem and how much success they have
achieved so far. It would also help to identify and ascertain measuresand remedies
to make these affected women as self-reliant.
12
 This is important as academic research of Ph.D. level has been not
undertaken so far, therefore; it enhances the significance of the research. It is a
time taking and energy consuming task, which requires patience, commitment and
lot of sources to achievea realistic and doable conclusion. It requires analytical and
explore-able investigation of the cross-section of the society.

As far as the understudied subject is concerned the causes,forms and

impact of domestic violence will be studied under the framework women‘s Human
Rights and the study under subject will identify the forms of domestic violence
against women and girls in the province, and in the light of the findings of the
study concerned remedies and measures will be suggested to check, control
andalleviate this kind of violence against women from Punjab, the most populated
province of Pakistan.

In this regard, the recommendations will also provide a base as well

strategy to deal with the issue under study at the national level in Pakistan. This
study would become unique because it not only covers the violations of women‘s
Human Rights at homes taking place in our society but also evaluate the efforts
poured by the national and international institution and agencies to check and
eliminate this practice.

1.4 Formation of the Hypotheses

Domestic Violence against women (DVAW) is one of the gravest violations of human
rights. Though it is not uncommon to the Developed Countries.However, it remains
very pervasive phenomenon in the Lesser Developed Countries(LDC‘s).As Pakitan falls
in the latter category, therefore it is no exception. As a number reports of human and
women rights organizations, as well as the studies measuring gender-inequality amply
testify. The present study, while examining the DVAWin Pakistan, makes a case study
of the Punjab-- the largest province of the country. It argues that a number of factors
like prevalence of patriarchal system as well as traditional social practices,gender-
inequality, economic dependence of women upon menand poverty are the major
contributory causes of the DVAW in the province. Besides examining the causes, the
study seeks to look at various forms of the phenomenon. With the hindsight
ofobserving day-to- today occurrence of incidents of DVAW, one finds itassuming two
major forms. The first that looks rather benign, that is ill-treatment and abusive
behavior. And the other more heinous that includes incidents such as physical violence
resulting in serious injuries and deaths, incidents of throwing acids, ill-legal abortions
and forced prostitution. This

13
study examines the DVAW through the prism of human rights and describes all the
forms of DVAW as violations of human rights.

1.5 Objectives of the Study

To identify the causes and forms of Domestic Violence Against Women in

Punjab

To analyze this phenomenon and its impact on women‘s life

To suggest improvement the environment and preserve rights of women

1.6 Structure of THE Thesis

Diligence, lucidity and coherent expansion of ideas are the attributes of any
research study. To accomplish this thrust, the thesis is contained in seven chapters
including the introduction and conclusion.

Chapter 1 contains Introduction, a brief description of the topic under

study along with the statement of the problem, Objectives of the study, sources,
Research Design and Structure of the thesis. It will give an overview of the whole
thesis.

Chapter 2 reflects the historical background of Domestic Violence against

Women that how it voyage through various Eras‘and Civilizations have been
referred here. Then, the subsistence, a case study of women as victims of
domestic violence in Punjab also discussed.

Chapter 3 reveals the study and perception on the issue of Domestic

Violence against Women as a vulnerability. It comprises the description of printed
material already written on the subject under study. It also contains a detailed
description of books, reports, journals and other relevant officialdocuments,
internet explorer, websites, etc regarding the subject under study.

Chapter 4 reflects on the situational analysis of socio-cultural, political and

economic aspects of Domestic violence against women, it also unfolds the gender
inequality dimensions with reference to the topic under study.
 Chapter 5 describes the perceptions of Human Rights of Women and
presents an analysis of the efforts placed by different institutions to check
violations of human rights of the subject women as victim of domestic violence.

14
 Chapter 6 the findings of the field research are documented in this
chapter. Moreover, statistical methods are applied to the collected data for
analysis and to verify its validity.

Chapter 7 refers to the conclusion not only summarize the thesis but also
presents recommendations and implications for eradication of Domestic Violence
against Women.

Chapter 8 contains Appendices regarding Questionnaire, Focused Group

Discussion (FGD) and In-Depth Interviews (IDI) guidelines and Data‘ Tables. It
also includes a bibliography to the thesis.

1.7 Sources

Almost every social science research needs a methodology for validity,

reliability, and conduct. As for as understudy topic is concerned, both basic and
applied research of by purpose is used. In order to study the problem of domestic
violence against women and violations of their human rights, both primary and
secondary sources were considered.

To study Domestic violence Against Women in the context of Punjab all

concerned sources of information, social scientists, NGOs, political analysts, civil
society, government officials, media, newspapers, books, libraries,journals,
research reports, documentaries, internet have been approached and utilized for
correct, accepted and first hand information and facts about issue of DVAW in
Punjab.

To conduct any social researchers there are generally two types of sources
areregarded, i.e. primary source and secondary source. In the under subject
study, both sources were employed. The primary source like observation survey
module, expert interviews, and focused group discussions are applied. This source
is very useful to understand the environment and violations of human rights of
women more closely.

The secondary source usually consists of books, research reports, articles

are utilized to understand philosophy, nature background and to have an insight
of the problem published and unpublished material and official documents like
national policy, laws, acts, ordinance.

Surveys reports, memorandums, ratifications, declarations, and conventions

were also studied to assess the role of different institutions and agencies to
combat domestic

15
violence ageist women. Other secondary sources like newspapers, joules and
magazines were reviewed to get relatedclippings for the topic under study.
Moreover the electronic source, the internet was also undertaken to visit different
informative websites to download relevant material.

1.8 Research Design

To achieve the most advantageous level of reliability, consistency, and

neutrality, a research progression requires some structure and framework, while
incorporating some design, methods, techniques, measures, course of action.

A) Method

Domestic Violence against Women is an ongoing phenomenon therefore, an

empirical study was undertaken to know the details about the working conditions
and politics of the Human Rights of Women as Victims of the Domestic Violence.

No doubt domestic violence against women in Punjab possesses a big

population of women: therefore, a sample from the said population was carved by
using a purposive sampling method to make it a case study.

This random sample consisted of the stakeholdersfrom the 6 selected

districts of Punjab.

Therefore, a plan for that matter was scheduled to collect information and
data from understudy sample to document the incidents of human rights violation
in this phenomenon.

The applied method of research was used to assess the roles of local,
national, regional, and international infringements of women‘s Human Rights.

To achieve this purpose, descriptive research method was undertaken to have

reliable findings and to analyze the phenomenon.

b) Data Collection Techniques

The research study in hand is a quantitative study based on a survey

research conducted on a population consisting of households of the province of
Punjab of Pakistan.
16
The study is cross-sectional since the data was collected at one time from the
same population that is households of the Punjab province.

The targeted population for our study is the households of six districts of
Punjab; namely 1-Attock, 2- Rawalpindi, 3- Faisalabad, 4- Chakwal, 5- Khanewal,
and 6- Dera Ghazi Khan.

Since we had to target the ‗victim‘women and they could only be

approached through reference as no mapping was otherwise possible.

Therefore, I used snowball sampling technique; (the difficulty here was to

find out the thread which was traced through NGOs and UCs). So, different
households of the six districts were surveyed and data was gathered through a
questionnaire (Annex).

The questionnaires were distributed among 400 households;the sample size

was determined by consulting reliable source. Some 354 questionnaires were
received in a satisfactory manner, so they were analyzed.

c) Sample Distribution

The sample distribution was in the manner given hereunder:

Table: 1.1 Sample Distributions

# of
Name of District Respondents
1-Attock, 54

2- Rawalpindi, 60
3- Faisalabad, 55
4- Chakwal, 70
5- Khanewal, 60
6- Dera Ghazi Khan 55
Total 354

d) Data Collection Tools

The data collection tools were three in number, a questionnaire, Focused
Group Discussions (FGDs) and expert interviews. A contextualized questionnaire
was used to collect the required information from the respondents. The
questionnairecontained two sections.

17
 The first section sought information about the profile of the respondents.
This profile consisted of the following demographic variables: age of the
respondent, gender, qualification, marital status, number of children
(male/female), and the woman was given divorce, the woman got divorced, and
employment.

The second section took care of dimensions with respect to violence in

relationships. The other two techniques were the FGDs and Expert Interviews: The
former was conductedalong with stakeholders, and the latter was conducted with
experts on the subject from various walks of life.

Out of 400 questionnaires distributed, 354 questionnaires were received

back as useful. So the response rate was 88.5 %.

The data were analyzedusing frequency distribution. However, the data also
analyzed using cross-tabulations and the Chi-Square.

There is a lot of significance of Chi-square. It is a fact that many

experiments, particularly in social sciences result in observations that are only
classified into categories so that can consist of frequency cunt for the categories.

The chi-square test is used on a given population of multinomial values to

test the hypothesis concerning the proportion of various categories in the
population.

Thisway one can test whether a given set of values for the proportions
accurately describes the population.

The Chi-square statistic for testing hypothesis concerning about the

multinomial probabilities was proposed by Karl Person 1857-1936.

The purpose of this test was to locate the variables, which have significant
effects on domestic violence against women.
18
 CHAPTER 2

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

19
 Historical perspective is an attempt to embrace the entire human history as
to how the DVAW has taken on various shapes and intensities and the moral and
legal bindings have succeeded in curtailing the proliferation and impact of this
stigma.

The human history is predominantly a history of male chauvinism. In its

early phase the undue advantage of such chauvinism is seen as much starker, but
as the time passes through various millennia, the morality and consequently the
legislation accomplishes the degeneration of such chauvinism.

Thehuman history is predominantly a history of male dominance. In its

early phase the undue advantage of such chauvinism is seen as much starker, but
as the time passes through various millennia, the morality and consequently the
legislation accomplishes the degeneration of such chauvinism.

2.1 Domestic Violence against Women in Ancient Era

‗The Rule of Thumb‘has a great importance in the legal history of common
law practiced in the English society and in the greatest part of Europe. The origin
of ‗The Rule of Thumb‘is the permission granted to the husbands to punish them
in case the wanted to inflict pains on their wives because of their indecent
behavior or other reasons.15

The society of Rome during the reign of Romulus was in those days
under‗The law of Chastisement‘. The husbands had every right to handle their
wives physically in order to discipline them. This absolute right of punishing the
wives was granted to the husbands because in those days the husbands were
considered responsible for the actions of their wives. If the wife of a person
committed any indecent act he was answerable for those violations whether those
were related to morality or legal implications.

Under these laws, the husband was permitted to give physical leading to his
wife but with certain restriction. He could heat her only with a rod or a switch
which did not have its circumference greater than the girth of the base of the right
hands of the man.This rule was commonly known as ‗the rule of thumb‘. The
circumstances changed with the end of the Punic fights.16
15
Dobash R and Dobash R , Women, violence and social change (New York: Routledge,1992) .
16
Heinemann Sue,Timelines of American women‘s history (New York: 1996) A Roundtable Press
Book/Perigee Book, 162

20
 A lot of changes took place in that society. The women had been facing a
lot of problems at the hands of men became more and more relations. The result
was that they were able to get more and more freedom. Their fight for their rights
bore fruit. Their rights were accepted. They were given prosperity rights. Their
right to one their husbands in care of objectionable and unjust heating was
accepted.

The religious hierarchy was in action. Husband‘s patriarchate authority was

re-established by the church authoritiesthe values of Roman Jewish law were re-
enforced. Constantine the great, the Roman emperor took a very frightening
action. When he realized that his wife was of no more use for him, he got her
burned alive.17

This is not the only example the history of that society is full of examples of
wife beating woman was considered and better than the planes. Wife beating was
not exercised by the responsible members of the society. The squires and model
men of Europe never hesitated to give physical heating their wives. They were
cruel not only to their serfs but they gave beating their wives as often as they beat
their serfs. The peasants, who worked on the farms were not ignorant of the
behavior of them. The fatwood them in true letter and spirits, they did react their
wife very regularly.18

The church supported the actions of the husbands instead of censuring the
husbands the priests‘ blame the abused wives. They made them realize their
faults. They advised them to be faithful to their husbands. They advised then to
win the favor and good will of their husbands through more and more devotion
and to remain more obedient to then. 19

The women were not given any importance in that society. They were
considered a different species. They were not considered complete ofhaving any
human feeling and suffering. In a medieval society, the theological manual gave
men a free hand and allowed them to castigate his wife and beat her whenever
there was its need for her correction and so-called betterment.20

There was not the possibility of having every opportunity of remitter

feelings for all the people living in a society. The women who were undergoing
any punishment were during the resistance. The church was in between. A
medieval Christian scholar Friar
17
Lemon Nancy, Domestic violence law: A comprehensive overview of cases and sources (San
Francisco,
CA: Austin and Winfield), 188
18
Martin, Del, Battered wives (New York: Pocket Books, 1976), 58
19
Schechter Susan, Women and male violence(Boston MA: South End Press 1982), 104
20
Slaughter Ruth: While Ruth was at Haven House (Pasadena, CA)

21
Cherlulino Siena wrote down the Rules of Marriage‖He supported wife beating. It
is enough to make as realize the making of the society.

Christine de Pizan was there to counter ‗The Rules of Marriage‘. She wrote
a book in this book she demanded the right of the women to get educated and
have an equal right to men. She was there to accuse men of beating their wives.
It is very easy to realize the cruelties inflicted upon women when we comeacross
the suggestions of Bernard, advanced in 1427 requesting the men to the merciful
to their wives and stop beating them. He asked them to give them some liberties
and treat then at least with that mercywith which they beat their hens and pigs.

Contractual Consent Theory got its wings when Lord Hale a Jurist in England,
advanced inherits society with the tradition of non-recognitions marital rapes. He
advocated that women, when got married, gave themselves to their husbands and
had no right to withdraw until and unless they were divorced by their husbands. He
stated that when a woman marries a husband she gives her consent to have
matrimonial relations with him. She cannot retract it, therefore, we cannot blame a
husband to be guilty of a rape committed by him upon his wife whom he has lawfully
married because by their mutual matrimonial consent a wife has given a right to her
husband to establish matrimonial relations.

Lord Hale was the person who burnedwomen on the pretext of being
witches and has been acknowledged as a misogynist. Every action has a reaction
but in opposite direction. Abbe de Brantome was there to resist it. He comes out
with the question that what right has a man to kill his wife. 20 The rustlers in
America came with their con traditions and customs. They based their laws on the
old English common-law. They were of the view that wife can be healed without
any hesitation, to better than in her behaviors and attitudes. The advancementin
the civilization brought a visible, notable change. The trends changed. Wife
beating was considered and finally declared it against the law.

Russian were experiencing a very different situation during the period of

the rule of TVAN the Terrible that state church of Russia supported men in their
acts of suability against a woman by issuing a ‗House Hold Ordinance‘. It told that
how a man could beat his wife more effectively. It even allowed the male
members of the society. At that times
22
the husbands were allowed even to kill their wives, as they were legally permitted
to kill serf for disciplinary purposes.21

Russian woman bore these cruelties but the time came when they refused
to undergo these injustices and revolted. They brought an end to the life for
inflicting pains on them, they were chastisement to the buried alive with only their
heads above the ground they were left alone to die a very painful death but they
had raised their voice againstthe injustices done to them by their husbands.

The conscious of the male members of the societydid not feel it. They went on
doing what they had been doing against women. He had devised different excuses for
punishing women and satisfying their conscience. ‗The Golden Age of the Rod‘was
used mercilessly against the women and children. There was stressed upon them that
their sacred duty was to obey the husband without showing any resistance or
displeasure. No one went there to give any support or shelter towomen and the
violence against them was encouraged.

2.2 Domestic Violence against Women in Middle Era

There were certain psychological problems which disturbed the women in
the middle era. According to a German trial transcript, we come across a new form
of violence i.e., Lesbian, violence. Women were tried for lesbianism. Catharina link
was sentenced to death for advocating it and her co-defendant Catherina
Muhlhahn was sentenced to jail for three years. The wish of women to get the
right for a happy comfortable life, without any ill with or malice or aggression,
continued. It won‘t be of any surprise to know that Mississippi supreme court,
gave a decision in 1824 in Bradly state vs. miss (Walker) allowing a husband to
give only moderate chastisement in cases of emergency.

The history of the efforts made by women to gain a respectable place in the
society without the show of discrimination on the bases of gender is very long.
The persistent efforts of woman bore fruit. 1845 is the year in which the
womenliving in Sweden succeed to have inheritance law in their favor. This law
gives women and men equal inheritance rights. A Mississippi court was the first to
recognize the spousal Rape Exemption in 1857.
 The process of legal involvements continued. Lord Hale‘s Argument (the
1500‘s) in the court in Commonwealth v forgery succeeded to get the verdict that
the marriage to
21
Sproul, Kate: California‘s response to domestic violence(California Legislature, CA: Senate Office
of Research, 1996)52

23
the victim was a defense to rape. The subjection of women was the essay written
by John Stuart mill waited for eight years for publication because the writer feared
that thesociety was not ready to accept the subject and the contents of the essay.
In 1861 he pleaded to the parliament to reform the divorce law. He wanted the
moment to the granted the rightto divorce on the grounds of cruelty and violence
they are subjected to.22

In 1867 a society was in action against the cruelties done to women. They
had been established in 1875. It also aimed at preventing women from brutality.
Though there was an understanding that the women may be given the right to live
freely. A common man was acquitted, in the North Carolina, for giving three licks
to his wife. He had beaten her with a stick not longer than the size of his finger
and smaller than the thumb of his hand. Man was not ready to give any leverage
to women. The case was takento the higher court. The appellate court upheld the
decision. It gave the verdict that the government should not interfere with family
in the in the matters of ordinary nature. In America the sellers and the natives
were trying to reach and adjustability with one another and the radiations of the
natives.

In 1868 pact was signed by General Sherman and the Navajos General
Sherman desired the Navajos be select male leaders. It means thatthe women will not
be considered fit for participating in the matters ofnational importance where decision
making is important. The result was that Navajo Men learnt several ‗traditions‘. These
traditions included rolling women of their economic power their political power and
having the wife beating right.23

Allama was the first state to give official status to men with regard to the
beating of wives. Beating of wives was declared illegal the other states followed
the two. The state of Massachusetts also declared that wife beating is illegal.24

The times werecharging industrialization and education has brought a

change in the status of the women living everywhere in the world especially in
America. Men had realized the importance of women is the makingof a society. No
society had any opportunity to develop if the women were kept away from the
main stream of the society.
22
Slaughter,Ruth, While Ruth was at Haven House (Pasadena, year unknown) CA
23
Slaughter, Ruth, While Ruth was at Haven House. Pasadena, (year unknown) CA, 89
24
Lemon Nancy, Domestic violence law: A comprehensive overview of cases and sources .(San
Francisco, CA: Austin and Winfield, 1996) 37

24
 A mentally depressed woman who was living under the thumb could not
play any posited role in the making of a society. 1874 witnessed a very important
drastic change in the attitude of the society the supreme court of North Carolina
gave the verdict whatever the circumstance may be the husband has no right to
take any illegal action against hiswife which is centered on ‗wife-beating‘. The
court further advised that if a serious injury has been inflicted upon including
malice cruelty and intense violence by the husband. The matter may be settled
amicably.

It was the year 1878 Francis Power Cobber published ‗Wife Torture in
England‘. She pointed out that Liverpool was the ‗Kicking District‘where women
wives were facing great tortures at the hands of men/husbands. She came out
with the data that in a short span of three years 6000 cases of
seriousmanhandling of women were brought to light. The women had been
subject to serious injuries they had been maimed blinded trampled burnt and even
ruthless murdered in cold blood.

We all know that from the beginning of human knowledge women had
been considereda weaker species. They needed to the taken care of man wanted
to save her from others. However, they had to accept their fate. An abuse remains
an abuse as long as we accept that. Mans‘wife was considered to be his property.
In the developing world make parliamentarians worked for her betterment
matrimonial causes Act was passed. The Matrimonial causes Act gives women the
following rights higher to denied to them;

A victim of violence can obtain legal reparation from her husband.

She was entitled the custody of children.

They could retain earning and ravings and property secured during the separation.

The separation order could be abstained only if the husband had been tried
for inflicting a serious injury upon her and the court considers that he (the
husband) can be a serious danger for her security and survival.

In Europe, in England, in Asia and even in South Asia the peoples had
realized the importance of the rights of women. The year 1880 was the year
when, in England, a woman, who was subjectedto serious injuries on her body
which could result in putting her life to danger, was legally allowed to get
separation from her husband but hindered from divorcing him.

25
 Mozyland was the first state to pass a law to the effect that wife beating is
acrime. The punishment for it was 40 lashes or imprisonment in Jail for a year. It
was felt that a lance should be maintained in the society. Guided the verdict given
by the supreme court of North Carolina, in 1874, the lower court in North Carolina
gavea verdict in 1886 that a criminal indictment can be brought against an
husband only if;

i) The injuries have been grave enough to result in permanent injury.

ii) The beating has damaged a limb or put the life of woman in danger.
iii) The malice of husband against the wife is beyond all reasons and limits.

The supreme court of North Carolina hit the last nail in the coffin of
aggression, violence against women. It prohibited a husband from omitting even
the minutes injured upon his wife. The Mazzied Woman‘s propertyAct (in England)
made the affectation for injuries upon the body of the wife reasonable and
sufficient grounds for divorce. When Queen Vitoria came to power the women
began to enjoy more liberties and were granted more rights. Law makers began
enforcing reforms regarding women such as;

i) The liberty of women cannot be unlimited. They cannot be kept under law
and key.

ii) Life threatening to wife entitles her to sue against her husband and these
would be considered sufficient grounds for divorce.

iii) Wives and daughters can no longer be sold on prostitution.

2.3 DVAW in Modern Era

Education is the tool to make and unmakes human beings. The feudal lords
wanted labors to work in their fields. They had the peasants and prior to industrial
revolution human beings were the machines to earn for their masters. Serfs were
there to obey their masters. Increase in population was the demands of the times
women were weak and they were remain kept ignorant. They were under the control
of the male members of their families. Man had different things to do. Hunting was
their main occupations. The women and children were helpless creators who could be
used and exploited to meet their malicious ends.
 The time passed on the population of the world got multiplied. The links
between the peoples of the world living in different parts of the world got
strengthened.

Discoveries were made. Columns discovered America. America was invaded

by the people living in almost every part of the world. America became a meeting
place of
26
different cultures and different nations. The natives of America were either killed
or taken as serfs. People of different colors different entrances, speaking different
languages, having different religious beliefs, guided by different objectives in life
gathered together to live together. We know that the powerful always want to
have their own will prevailed. There was a need to reach a settlement so that
everyone could live in a peaceful environment. The culmination of different
cultures gave with to a new civilization which could survive only if there was a
mutual understanding. The need of law was felt law needed to define the
limitation andareas of action of everyone.

It was realized that the woman was not given their rights. Nobody was there to
raise his voice for them. The women had suffered a lot at the hands of men. They
were realizing the change looking place is the society and the difference having their
way in the different quarters of men. The women had become strong. They had learnt
to organize them enough is enough.

1970‘s were the year when women had the courage to announce ‗We will
not be beaten‘. There were the feeling among all the women living in all parts of
the country i.e. America. They were determined to organize themselves against
domestic violence. An organizing effort was started at the grassroots level aiming
at transforming public consciousness and the betterment inwomen‘s live. The
movement started with the belief that the women are helpless and are facing
brutality at the hands of their husbands.

A study exercised in 1970 in Oakland shows that the police responded to

16,000 calls which were made to them to seek their help in the matters of family
disturbance. This Data is collected for a period of six months.25

A self-help group ofwomen started working in Philadelphia. The women

were welcoming the change and were working passionately for it. The legal
service was being provided initially to the following groups of moment:

i) Those that had been separated or divorces.

ii) Thos wives who had been battered by their husbands.

iii) The single mothers.

 In California services were being provided the women who had been
subjected to rape. They objective were to laying the culprit in the courts of justice
and get down
25
Lemon, Nancy, Domestic violence law: A comprehensive overview of cases and sources (San
Francisco, CA: Austin and Winfield) 38

27
punished for their heinous crime. Wife-Killing was becoming very common. It
would be very astonishing and frightening to note that approximately 1/3 of
female homicide victims in California were killed by their husbands.

The situation in Kansas City was more frightening 40% of all homicides
were the cases of deliberate killing of wives by their husbands. Majority of these
barricades were net the result of immediate reaction. Sometimes the conflict
between wife and husband continued for even years and finally resulted in the
killing of wife. It is on record that in about 50% of such cases the police had been
called for intervention.

The women living in New York were also very active. A group under the
name of Radical Feminists was in action. They organizeda conference in Rape. The
response to this conference was amazing. It was a great success. It freed the
women from the fear of shame and instigated themto fight against abuser. It
articulated a theory that rape is an act of aggression London was not silenton this
issue. Erin Prizzey was very active. An advice centre was established in London.
Here women along with their children came. They met with oneanother. They
were facing the similar problem. They discussed those. They came to know that
they were notalone in the sea so suffering. 26

The cause was great they expanded themselves. In 1974 an informal

network of women had been established. The objective was to share information
form strategies to fight for their rights and affirm and re-affirm the desire and will
to support one another.

Reaction given it by male members of the society was frightening. It was

figured out that nationwide the crime of rape increased tremendously. Between the
periods i.e., from 1968 to 1973 it was 62%. The Domestic violenceagainst women did
not decrease. Reports read that during a period of two years i.e., during 1973 and
1974 several thousand cases of violence againstwomen were processed by the Bureau
of Family Relations at Francisco.27

A shelter house for women, who had been beaked by their husbands and
still had the threat of that, was established. All the measures were being taken by
the active members of different groups working for the Right of women. Work was
being done
26
Lemon, Nancy, Domestic violence law: A comprehensive overview of cases and sources (1996
San
Francisco, CA: Austin and Winfield) 32
27
Richard T Peterson,. ―Human Rights: Historical Learning in the Shadow of Violence‖, American
Journal of Economics and Sociology. Vol. 68:1 (January 2009) 253-272.

28
liberate women from the exploitation go men It was believed that physical beating
was an integral part of the oppression against women. They had reached the
conclusion that the liberation of women from man is the ultimate solution to it.28

The need to have a coalition with one another was realized. It was decide to
great a national battered women‘s movement. The process continued. One after the
other many decisions and actions were taken to bring women out of this miserable
condition. Ken was in action she was a state legislative aide she was statured at
Pennsylvania. She invited several women from different parts of the site. She
attended hearing she wanted to make the group workingat grass route level to have
an influence on pending state legislation. The meeting resulted in the formation of
Pennsylvania coalition Against Domestic violence.

Birch Bash was the first senator to show his interest in lodging and
introducing federal legislation on the refuge and help careless had been
established to help women who were exposed to violence against then.

These centers and organizations were giving excellent results. The figure
show that is the first quarter of 1975 almost 5,600 calls were received by same all
centers for help which were made by the wives living in that locality. It was very
encouraging to know that the number was half of the figures given during the
same period Last year. It showsthat the efforts made were not going but fruitful.29

The need for the rights of women was being accepted widely. Members of
the women‘s like ration form were in action in Europe and a shelter for battered
women had also been established in Australia. At its national conference held in
1975 a unanimous decision was reached to the effect that marital violence is an
issue needs immediate resolution. It announced the establishment of National task
Force on Battered women.30

Awake was formed in New Year with the objectives of abused women‘s Aid
in crisis were to help the battered women. The need for group counseling was
appreciated the women, who want to break away the shackles of slavery to their
husbands, will be helped. In April wife Assault task force was formed31.

28
Richard T Peterson ―Human Rights: Historical Learning in the Shadow of Violence‖, American
Journal of Economics and Sociology. Vol. 68:1 (January 2009) 253-272.
29
Dobash R. and Dobash R. Women, violence and social change, (New York: Routledge 1992) 38
30
Antoon De Baets, ―Impact of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on the Study of History
and Theory‖ Vol 48. February (2009)
31
Dobash, R. and Dobash, R:Women, violence and social change (New York: Rutledge. 1992)

29
 In 1976, the international women‘s year conference was held in Houston on
family violence. He did it through senate Judiciary committee. The establishment
of NCADV [The National coalition against Domestic violencewas the result of the
organized efforts made by women throughoutthe country. Financial aid was
needed to continue the effort without break. The Florida state Legislature imposed
a tax of 5 on marriage license. It was imposed to collect money for the shelters for
women are trouble.32

The social institutions surviving and working is the society were indifferent
to their needs as human beings. No doubt men wanted to help woman to get rid
of violence and exploitation but they were very few. Richmond to make women
come out of the web of difficulties, he was the head of thepolice department. He
was the first man in the nation to make domestic crisis intervention a training part
of his impressive training. He trained all the police offices in this regard. This
program was operated successfully without any financial grant coming from any
quarters i.e., federal or state funding waterline police department was having only
four police officers trained in family crisis.

This process continued and by the year 1976 allthe police officers had been
properly and effectively training in the attitude and behavior of the made members of
the society with the effect that repeat help calls decreased by 27% and even total
calls by 22%.33

The pace of scientific developments and the establishment of industries had

brought a great change in theoverall make up of the society. Industry was
flourishing. It was opting better maternity benefits to the worker. Educated,
Technical, Non-Technical and the raw hand worker were finding theirrespectable
places in the Industries. With the development industries there was a great
migration of people from the villages to the cities. New residential colonies were
being constructed. People coming from different places were learning to live with
theother strangest. People having different inherited customs andtraditions were
bound to live even with the people having entirely different and sometimes
opposing customs.
 They had to educate and re-educate them to establish a new civic sense
and order in which they could live unequally. Tolerance was the key note of all
responsible behavior.

32
Martin Del, Battered wive (New York: Pocket Books, 1976)

33
Sproul Kate, California‘s response to domestic violence(California Legislature, CA: 1996 Senate Office
of Research)

30
This change in the environments and the life style brought a change in the
thinking of the human beings. The demand of the time was that the families
should live their lives in such a style which is acceptable to the other neighbors
and the habitants of that vicinity.

Women were, especially, enjoying the change. The too hand the opportunities
to work in the factories and earn wages. This broadened theirvision they were feeling
themselves independent in their lives because they had disserved the means of
income. The interactions of women coming from different areas having different
understandings were able to discuss their problems. The family bond hadgrown
weaker. Members of the same family were working at different places in different
circumstances demanding different responses.

The make membersof the families had realized this situation. Step by step the
womenhad taught to five themselves from the cruel clutches of the male members
especially their husbands who often heat then mercilessly when they were over drunk
or short of money. Educatedmiddle class had promoted the cause of women and the
accreditation oftheir rights was being inedited with the happy results. Women had got
a respectable position in the society. Physical aggression against them was being
controlled primarily, by the womenthemselves as they decided ‗We will not the
beaten‘. The official efforts started in the reign of the Queen of England bore fruit
police was there to help the women against the physical aggression of husbands when
even they called them, the police.

The women were becoming holder and holder. Tracy Thurman filed a case
to theeffect that the police department hard shown the negligence and violated
her civil rights. He husband was sent to prison for fifteen years. He has been guilty
of stabbing her along withkicking on her head in the year 1983. However,
summing up the arguments it is not difficult to judge that the west has not yet
succeeded to overcome the desire of men to inflict pains on women although the
process has started and it hoped that one day there will be an end to violence
against women.

Pakistan, India and Bangladesh come in line with regard to the South Asian
countries on analysis of the ground inequalities and several discriminations against
them are deep rooted in the history of this region. The women when ever demanded
for any right were subjected to physical beatings. They were kept like slaves. They
were not fed properly. They were the tools in the hands of the males‘ member of the
society. Mental growth was denied to them.

31
 The whole of the society was in that mood therefore there was no body to
take care of them. Economics plays an important role in the self development of a
person the women did not have any means of earning. Whenever there was a
wish among the women to better themselves they were battered by their
husbands inflicting mental and physical torture on woman was considered the
right of the made members of the society.

In the sub-continent, due to patrarichal system, since long the Man was the
ruler and as a ruler hedid not want anyone to be his share holder. All the human
beings have a natural intellect. They want to flourish and develop. The man had
learned eh art of exploiting his physical force and the economic means of income.
He had the land. He had the tools ofearning. He could hunt wild animals He could
came their. He could maneuver to handle the situation. He kept the women
suppressed and frightened. She was given physical mistreatment and she was
kept hungry. She was exploited sexually. She was the means ofenjoyment. The
man was very possessive. He thought every stranger to an enemy. Women had
the natural ability to fascinate man and had no means to avoid exploitation at the
hands of Man.

Religion could be a source of the surface for her. She wanted the religious
leaders to help her. She forgot that they too were Man. Sexual hunger made them
hungrier all the men joined hands and kept the woman the salve to their wishes.

The gender inequalities despite strenuous legislation persisted, hence, most

women had to follow the traditions and other rules that got birth from the ovum of
patriarchy that pervaded their social system. As violence against women varies in
its nature and manifestation, however, their critical challenges to deal with the
issue.

The history of the women‘s struggle for their rights is not short. It was
encouraging to note that one group after the other group one state after the other
state, one country after the other country realized the importance of the issue.
Different organizations combined with the efforts of civil society are striving for the
rights of women and girls throughout the world through raising the mass
awareness on women and girls issues and concern and action are the part of
advocacy forums from local to international levelsfor policy advocacy, lobbing and
demanding new legislation and legal reform in align with the local laws for social
change and justice to.

32
 CHAPTER 3

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND

LITERATURE REVIEW

33
3.1 Conceptual Framework

DVAW is related with health, legality, economics, education, developmental

aspects; in other words it is human rights issue. It‘s also a global phenomenon;
even then the issue is shied off or undermined. In the circumstances where the
issue pertains to psyche the impact of abusing emotionally is dwindled still it can
cast unendurable scars. DVAW is predominantly a feminized transgression, in
which ‗privacy‘is the chief predicament to its realization. The major reason is that
historically women have been restrained to their homes and household chores.
Poverty affects both men and women, but women frequently face additional
discriminating, exculpation and limited choice as a result of discriminatory laws,
practices and policies.

Female headed households in particular live with the multiple demands of

productive and reproductive work, which is frequently not considered labor due to
its unrecognized monetary value. As a result of this lack of power, women are
often not included in the decision and choice makingprocess. If human
development and poor life quality lessening is about increasing human will being,
decision making and choice, then the escalation of Women‘s (Human) Rights and
Gender Equality has to be a prerequisite for abundance mitigation and human
development.34

3.2 Gender- Equality Ten key issues

(1) Gender and livelihoods: Women have varying degrees of

proportion of population in Pakistan. By the same token their literacy and other
features also have
differing levels. ―Women comprise approximately 70% of agricultural workers in
developing countries, and produce between 60-80% of food. In spite of this,
females are to suffer from hunger more than males. Inequalities / discriminatory
practices in many countries affectwomen‘s livelihood security in various means and
behavior. These could be the lack of outreach or power to manipulate land and
similar assets, lack to institutional finance, basic services and education,
information and technology.
 Increased rural livelihood insecurity has resulted in increased numbers of
women joining the informal workforce, often characterized by unequal terms and
conditions. In the formal workplace, a global gender wage gap exists of 17%. The
division of labor in the

34
Trocaire‘s policy and strategy, ―Promoting gender equality‖, (2009-2014)18

34
private sphere has not changed in of access parallel with that of the public sphere,
with the result that women still retain primary responsibility for unremunerated and
unrecognized work in the home, leading to the continuation of women‘s double
burden in the 21st century.

(2)Gender and HIV: The situation around the world is not very pleasant.
The advanced world might be experiencing advance levelsand forms of DVAW.
World widely, there has been a steady increase in the numbers of women infected
with HIV. In the sub-Saharan Africa in 2007 around 60% of young suffering from
HIV would be females while extent of such females in Latin America, Asia
andEastern Europe are escalating. Sexual andgender based violence is both a
driver and of HIV among women.

Females are additionally prone to HIV infection than the males biologically,
socially and economically. Women frequently fall squat of control to turndown the
offer of sex in intimate relationships. Limited economic opportunities can lead to
transactional sex as a last resort survival mechanism. HIV is not only a threat to
women‘s health and survival but it‘s also increases their domestic workloads.
Women and girls provide most of the home based care for those who are infected
with and affected by HIV. The multiple genders related drivers and consequences
of HIV need to be considered in prevention, treatment and care and in supporting
the rights of those living with or affected by HIV.35

(3) Gender-Based Violence (GBV): The term GBV embraces both

kinds of sexes that are male and female; however our present study does not
permit us to touch upon the male as a victim. GBV is a terminology that embraced
an array of notions which incorporates gender inequality in the form of
fundamental reason for GBV. Simply it implies anything that culminates into or
would result in physical, sexual or psychological damage or enduring, inclusive of
threatening, being coercive or denying of human freedom, be it open in society or
restricted at home.

It can engulf sexual violence, DVAW, sex trafficking, damaging practices which
could be female genital mitigation, forced / early marriage, coercive prostitution,
sexually harassing and exploiting through the instrument ofsex. It is widely
acknowledged that gender based violence is therein every society, sexual abuse and
exploitation, and harmful traditional practices, amongst others. Domestic or intimate
partner violence is the most prevalent from of GBV, but usually isnot recognize as
human rights abuse. According to the World Health

35
Trocaire‘s policy and strategy, Promoting gender equality, 2009-2014. P. 15

35
Organization Multi-Country research, in-between 6 % and 63% of females surveyed
had experienced physicaland / or sexual abuse in anintimate relation, with figures as
high as 40% in Bangladesh, Peru and Ethiopia .GBV often contributes to HIV
vulnerability and vice versa. While it is overwhelmingly women who are affected by
GBV, men and boys are also affected though to a lesser degree.Survivors of FBV often
face stigma, abandonment or even further violence, while access to justice is
extremely difficult and often denied.

GBV is greatly exacerbated in conflict settings, with systematic rape frequently

being used as weapon of war, witnessed in Rwanda, Darfur and Eastern democratic
Republic of Congo DRC amongst others. Conflict disrupts traditional protection
systems, communities and families, and often leaves females and girls especially
prone to abuse and exploitation. Addressing GBV asa complex issue required
coordinated preventive and responsive strategies across sectors such as governance,
justice, health and education. Addressing societal and cultural norms and beliefs
which allow GBV to continue is alsocritical.36

(4) Gender and Conflict: Around the world, various tribes face
different types of violence. Armed conflict and peace processed often impact
differently on women and men. Men and boys are extremely vulnerable to forced
conscription, abduction as child soldiersand to the loss of traditional roles due to
displacement. Women in conflict situations are particularly vulnerable to sexual
violence, particularly tape, forced prostitution, and sexual slavery. Impost conflict
societies, the normalization violence oftenleads to the continuation of violence
against women and impunity for such ads.

At international level, the inter-national tribunal for crimes at Rwanda

and for the former Yugoslavia has been successful in prosecuting perpetrators of
sex-based violence withrespect to females in wartime, setting new legal
precedents on sexual violence in conflict. UNSC resolution 1820 determines rape
and sexual violence in conflict as crimes against humanity. However, in spite of
these commitments, impunity withrespect to violence against females in rift
remains rife. UNSC resolution 1325 draws particular heeding to females‘state of
affairs in confrontation and their role in peace processes and negotiations. A huge
need remains to enforce the commitments of resolution 1325 through NATIONAL
action plans, to educate women and men about its provisions and to hold
governments to account on its implementation.37

36
Trocaire‘s policy and strategy, Promoting gender equality,( 2009-2014) 20
37
Trocaire‘s policy and strategy, ―Promoting gender equality‖. 2009-2014) 20

36
 (5) Gender and Political Participation: The political participation of
women is still not very popularly acceptable phenomenon, though it is on the rise.
Women‘s political
participation is growing, albeit slowly. Globally, as of 2006, women showed up
18% of
single and lower houses of the parliamentary setup, exceeded from 15% in 1991.
However,
women represent at least 30% of parliamentarians in only 19 countries.

While a number of factors influence women s political representation,

including
political will, civil society and the strength of national women political
representation,
including political will, civil society and the strength of national women‘s
movements the
most decisive factor currently remains gender quota systems which have a
major
responsibility in promoting the active participation of women in politics as well as
their
subsequent election. However, numbers do not always equal political power or
influence.

The challenge remains for female representations to be support and trained

in order
to meaningfully carry out their role. With decentralization occurring in many
nations‘
worldwide novel opportunities for participation of women representatives are
opening up,
particularly if women are enabled to avail of them.

(6) Gender and the Role of Men: The males are the factual
executors of violence against women, so if malesare trained and sensitized or
otherwise jolted through law, the issue can be addressed quite satisfactorily.

―The role ofmen in promotion gender equality is crucial. Men are

normally in a majority in positions of decision making and power,
particularly inthe public sphere. While the gender equality agenda
should be no different from any other justice and human rights
agenda, it tends to be seen as a women issue, something which
need t o change. In some cultures and societies men may only listen
to or beinfluenced by other men and they can play a strong
 advocacy and awareness raising role. Male gender based
vulnerabilitiesrelated to the need to preserve masculinity in the face
of other men, or the perceived failure to conform to masculine norms
also exists. Men who belong to sexual minorities are often among
the most persecuted and marginalized. There is a stark lack of data
relating to sexual violence against men and boys, particularly in
times of conflict, though anecdotal evidence suggests this is veryhigh
in certain regions and contexts‖.38

38
Trocaire‘s policy and strategy, Promoting gender equality, (2009-2014) 14

37
 (7) Gender and Faith: One important element of control could be
faith whatsoever one has. For, no religion of the world permits DVAW or any other
one. As a faith based agency traceries work is informed by Catholic Social
Teaching with a clear focus on human dignity and rights. However, we also work
with different faith communities, all of which we need to be cognizant of in our
work on gender equality.

Religion can be a positive force for change and influence in addressing

gender based inequalities in society but it can also uphold traditional gender
norms and beliefs that may discriminative against women. Increasing
fundamentalism in many countries is undoubtedly affecting women‘s human rights
and freedom, one must recognize the importance of engaging the inter-faith
harmony leaders and communities as proactive agents of change, recognizing
their influence and responsibility other many countries.

(8) Gender - Cultural Norms and the Personal Nature: As faith

has its role, so has the culture and personal predisposition in reducing DVAW.
Possibly the utmost confront of all in promoting gender equality is the deep-seated
mind sets and cultural norms that perpetuate a many of the gender related
injustices and inequalities that exist. Promoting gender equality is inmany ways
different from other justice issues insofar as it has a more intimate and personal
quality. Everyone is affected or influenced by their gender in some way or
another. The relationship and rights of males and females in open and social
domains are informed by cultural or traditional beliefs and ideas around
appropriate gender roles. Ultimately, gender equality will only be achieved through
changing personal attitudes and beliefs which is a long term and challenging
process.39

(9) Gender Analysis: A relatively modern phenomenon is the exploration of

the male/female characteristics. The observable fact of gender analysis is basically to
deal in a methodical manner of considering various influences of societal advancement
in relation with the other policies and government plans under the umbrella of it law.
This would take care of collecting sex disaggregated data/information and also the
one pertaining to gender sensitivity keeping in view the nature, size and distribution
of inhabitants under consideration.40
 (10) Gender Needs: The practical aspects of gender would be stated as
the ones that would pertain to males and females those needs which are related with
their needs like water,

39
Ibid, 16.
40
Wolf A room of one‘s own introduction (Virginia 2010)187

38
shelter and subsistence. These refer to interventions which take care of focusing
issues
related with males and females subjugation in terms of gender inequities. Also
that the
strategic gender areas and domains are enduring, generally immaterial, andare so
often
concerned with structural adjustment in society with respect to females stature. They
would
be the ones inclusive of legislation for equality in rights, choices, and extended
participation
in the process of decision making. The concept ofstrategic side of gender interests
was
developed by Maxine in 1986. The chronology of males opposition to
females‘emancipation
is extendedly fascinating than the tale of that deliverance at its own place.41

Gender sensitivity chiefly takes care of themeasures so as to assign due

credence to both the sexes, rather gender roles.

―Low gender sensitivity continues to be a cause of ‗Gender Based

Violence‘ and a serious issue, which represents consistent problems
in all walks of life. Victims are often required to make public
statements and narrate the intimate details of the abuse suffered in
formant of many people. In some cases, they are even asked to
simulate the actual actions. Sucha lack in delicacy and respect for
survivors increases their humiliation and embarrassment, and double
their sufferance. It is as if they went through that to pain again‖.42

As is observed generally by common people throughout their lives, the

gender
violence even starts from the conception of a female. GBV, particularly in the form
of
Domestic VAW is a fundamental dread special in the rural areas of the province
under
study. Females undergo sex-based, physical or mental abusiveness throughout
their lives.
Domestic VAW has strenuous corporeal and mental ramification and as a social
predicament engenders a much inter-related response from various sectors.

The chief form of Domestic VAW worldwide is that their husbands are
abusive or
other personal relations for that matter cant ignored. Domestic VAW could be a
subset of
prototype of offensive behaviors and have power over relatively than the lonely
action of
being bodily hostile. Domestic VAW can be in number of ways like emotional,
physical /
verbal, rape and even use of acid against the victim. At the same time murdering
and
coerced prostitution are also ubiquitous in Punjab. Very handful of females are
found
complaining under legal umbrella.
41
Ibid. (Virginia, 2010)213
42
Oxfam Briefing Paper ―Towards ending violence against women in south Asia‖, (August 2004)

39
 The violations could be inflicting injury, psychological torture by not
providing them to eat, often threatening of separation/divorce or marrying to
some other woman. Further, untying woman from her children, compelling her to
marry against her will, become a channel for swapped matrimonial relationships
otherwise get ready for being sold in the form of miss-matched marriages.

In larger family setups, wives are often victimized through DVAW incest and
rape, and even yet are forced to remain silent andkeeplips preserved. Otherwise they
would undergo an additional and even cruel domestic violence in the hands of males
from their family: like fathers, brothers, husbands, uncles, cousins, and the like. At
times, even they suffer violence from females ofthe family which perform at the
behest of other males of the family. These females could be mothers in law, sisters in
law, or their own mothers and sisters.

In short, Domestic VAW is the crime that is most under reported because it
is in general supportedby traditions which are considered as personal and pertain
to only those family matters which none outside the family can settle; hence the
plight of supremacy of customs Domestic VAW being supporting by their own
family members.43

3.3 Literature Review

Appropriate understanding of phenomenon of Domestic Violence against
Women entails the thorough study of pertinent literature and relevant stuff. It is
indispensable for a researcher to go through all the obtainable material on the
topic under study. Thishelps the researcher to understand pros and cons related to
the subject under study, while going through the concerned literature, the
researcher develops a widen realization of the issue and clarity regarding the
comparative and analytical aspects of thewritings. Literature review provides the
direction thoughtfulness to the researcher which led to draw a hypothesis of the
research. For the researcher the other purpose of the literature review is a
provision of substantiation and to hunt for the rationalization of the issue under
study.

The onslaught against females is well-practiced all around Pakistan, akin to

the third world countries and many of modern countries. In our perception, distant
from Pakistan females in South Asians nations like India andBangladesh find their
entities subjugated to the wills of men over them; be at home or in the society.
They would harm them in many respects for example through the hegemonies of
cultural and economic

43 http://www.suite101.com/content/the-problem-of-domestic-violence-a 27267

40
myths. These nations being by and large agricultural render the plight exponential
though traditionally shaped by clannish and landlord‘s setups and because of male
dominated constrictions females slice to an inferior status.

The empirical findings pertaining to such areas where Punjab is no

exception, similar social and cultural customs indicated that Domestic VAW is
always a glaring predicament.Highlighting and acknowledging the existence of
Domestic VAW and abusive attitude is prime move should we undo the violence
under question?44

The key word like ―gender‖, ― feminism‖, and ―violence against women ―
are critical to this study.They help us to engage the main streams of scholarship
that this section seeks to analyze.

It would be useful to provide brief insights into some of the gender-related

th
statistics about Pakistan. The country was placed on 125 position according to
Gender Empowerment Development Index. Pakistan was ranked 142 in the
Gender Gap Index 2014. The statistics show that Pakistan does not rank highly in
gender index and in the domains of women empowerment. The theme of gender
is implicated in a number of issues like women rights, women emancipation and
violence against women.

It would be useful to look at how gender has been viewed by mainstream

scholarship on South Asia, which has analyzed gender issue mainly through the
perspectives of ― Patriarchy‖.For instance, the works ofBorque and Warren [1981];
Basu [1992]; Paul [1992]; Visaria and Visaria and Jajeebhoy [2002]45fell into the
category. Another category of scholarship has examined the gender question by
emphasizing the role of social hierarchies. The works of Chowdhry [2004]; Bhatt
[2006]; Batliwala [1996] explain the role gender through the prism of social
hierarchy. On the other hand, the scholars like Kabeer and Haq [2010] and
Subramaniam [2006] give much importance to the role of ―social power‖for the
study of gender46.
All the trends of scholarship mentioned in the previous paragraph assign
women a passive role. However, these works are useful for the present enquiry,
as they can help us to understand the vulnerability of women vis-a-vis very strong
social structures.
44
UNDP, Asia-Pacific Human Development Report:Power, Voice and Rights: (A Turning Point for
Gender Equality in Asia 2010.) 19
45
S.J. Jejeebhoy, ―Convergence and Disvergence in Spouses‘perspective on Women‘s Autonomy in
Rural India.‖ 33, ?no. 4 (2002): 4.
46
N Kabeer and L Haq, ―The Power of Relationships: Love and Solidarity in Landless Women‘s
Organisation in Rural Bangladesh.,‖ Institute of Development Studies 41, no. 2 (2010): 79–87.

41
Asnoted that the scholarship based on themes of patriarchy, social hierarchies,
and social power, did not assign the women the role of the agency. Therefore,
some scholar in response to this trend began to portray women not mereley as
spectators but as proactive actors. The work of Pashington Obeng [2014] prsents
agood example. She does not see women as ―helpless pawn of an oppressive
society and culture.‖47Obang as developed her work on the notions of ―shakti‖ to
show how the women have embraced this principle and deployed it to regulate
their lives as proactive members of society who have considerable control on their
lives.48

One can appreciate the nuances of Obang‘s work. But the present study is
altogether different in its focus, content, and scope.For instance, P.Obeng ‘s works
celebrate women resistance; whereas the present inquiry is the case study of the
domestic violence against women in Punjab and it seeks to examine the factors
that caused or contributed to DVAW and apply the theory of human rights to
interpret the argument.

Gender has also been looked at from number of other prespective. For
instance, ―religion and gender‖is one of the key areas, which has evolved over
years. This pers pective also provides us vantage to examine alternative
imaginations. The works of Tamsim Bradley [2001] and Nandini Deo [2016] offer
very good examples of this emerging trend49.

As the above-mentioned works mainly focus on India they are not directly
related to the condition prevailing in Pakistan, therefore, they are not relevant to
the main theme of the study, which is about DVAW.

Another important keyword related to gender, which has generated serious

academic discussion in the themes of gender equality and inequality.The report
published by United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific(ESCAP)in 2015 , descibes ―gender equality and women‘s empowerment as
fundamental rights issues and cornerstones of sustainable and equitable
development‖50. The pursues the initiative

47
Ibid.,p.163.
48
Ibid., p.5 , and p.163.
49
Bradley Tamsin, Religion and Gender in the Developing World: Faith-Based Organizations and
Feminism in India (New York: I.B.Tauris &Co Ltd, 2011).
50
Shamshad Akhtar, Forward To Gender Equality and Women‘s Empowerment in Asia and the
Pecific:
Prespectives of Governments on 20 Years of Implimentation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform
for Action, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)(
Bangkok:ESCAP,2015), p.vii. . It would be useful to recall that the fourth conference on women
which was held in

42
taken by Fouth World Conference of Women held in 1995.This reports maps out
the progrees which has been made in these areas since 1995. It aspires to bring
the issues of gender equity and empowerment within the purview of fundametal
rights of human beings.

The scholars Glenada Strachan, Arosha Adikaram and Pavithra Kailasapathy

in one
of articles in [2015] have analyzed the issue of gender inequality in
comparative
perspective.Though they acknowledge that women constitute ―a hetrogenous
group‖, on account of number of factors.For instance, difference ―national and
regional labuor markets, ] national legislative frameworks and within companies
and organizations‖
However they argue that gender inequality in South Asia is that area, which can
help us to draw or establish a number pf similarities across South Asian countries.
Thearticle provided us critical insights about the position of Pakistan and South
Asian countries in terms of gender inequities.It shows that Pakistan is placed on
lower ranks among South Asian Countries on that criteria. It provides us fleeting
glimpses of the constraints that Pakistani women face in terms of empowerment
and representations.Thedebate of gender inequality has also been centered
around the areas of education andemploymen. The article of Fareeha Zafar [-------
---] examines the issue of the gender based discrimination against women in the
education sector. The article enlightens usabout the kind of challenges the girls
have to face while receiving education FreehaZafar also alludes to the long-term
effects of gender-based inequalities on the lives of women. Identifying the real
issue she avers ―the real challenge is how to strengthen the voice of women on
the subject of education‖51.

While highlighting the other adverse fallouts of gender-based inequalities

in education sector she brings in to focus the ―curriculum‖ and ―hidden curriculum
‖ she described the former as ―the ethos which affects peculiar thinking and
―perpetuate genderstereotyping‖. The article of ofMadiha Salik and Zhu Zhiyong
traces the long terms consequences of gender inqualities in higher educction. This
atricle explains that how gender inequalities create disparities and unequal
opptunities for girls in the education sector. The authors list anumber of factors.
For instance, there is a propensity among feudal families that perfer to invest in
eduction of boys over girls; security issues; early

Beijing in [1995] had vowed to bring them for mentions notions the status of human rights, and
the cornerstone of sustainable and equitable, development.
51
{Citation}

43
marriages; and; domestic work. In addition to these they highlight the role of
poverty, which forces the parents to send their girls for domestic work as
servants52.

Another streamof scholarship establishes connections between educational

inequalities a poverty. A report based proceedings of a workshop on gender an urban
poverty in South Asia
under the auspices of the Australian Government and AUSAID[2013] analyzes the
disastrous the impact of inequalities on the urban areas urban areas of South Asia.
Now we move on to scholarly works that have been conducted in Pakistan on this
issue. The article of Imran Shareef Chaudhry and Saeed ur Rehman [2009] traces
the impact of educationalgender inequalities on rural areas of Pakistan53. It
descibes ―female—male enrolment ratio, female—male literacy ratio, female—male
ratio of total years of school popolation ‖as major manifestation of gender
inequalities in education sector54.

The work ofNancy Cook that was published in 2007 can be termd as
important addition in the trends of scholarship on gender.The auther looks at that
the daily lives of western women developemint workers in Gilgit—a baautiful valley
velly in nothren Pakistan, and to looks at the proses of subjectivety formation
among these workers. It it
to ― perpetuate, legitimate, resist
shows how the ―western women‖ are trying to and
transform relations of dominations as they imagine themselves in to the
relation people
among whom they live, construct and homes and careers
communities build and
relationships in Gilgit.‖55

The work of Nancy Cook provides very nuanced perspective to look at the
relationship between gender, metropolitan influences [imperialism] and workforce.
But this work, in spite of its intellectual nuances, is not related to this study, so as
the stream of scholarship on gender, which seeks to provide a solution to the
problems of gender inequality. The works of Kusakabe [2005]; Dasgupta [2007];
Mukhopadhyay [2007] the propose gender-sensitive training56. We can add the
works of Verloo [2004 and 2005 ];
52
Madiha Salik and Zhu Zhiyong, ―Gender Descrimination and Inequalities in Higher Education: A
Case Study of Rural Areas of Pakistan,‖ Academic Research International, Beijing 5, no. 2 (March
2014), .
53
Imran Sharif Chaudhry and Saeed ur Rehman, ―The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education on
Rural
Poverty in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis,‖ European Journal of Economics, Finance and
Adminstrative Sciences, no. 15 (2009).
54
Ibid., p.186.
55
Cook Nancy, Gender, Identity, and Imperialism: Women Development Workers in
Pakistan(Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), p. 6.
56
K. Kusakabe, ―Gender Mainstreaming in Government Offices in Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos:
Perspectives from Below,‖ Gender and Development13, no. 2 (2005); Dasgupta J., ―Gender
Training:
Politics or Development? A Perspective from India,‖ in Revisiting Gender Training: The
Making and

44
Abou-Habib [2007]; and Verloo et al. [2009]to that list. These works cover South
Asian and South East Asian context. Among the Pakistani scholar, Khalid
Chauhan‘s work that appeared in 2014, examines the issue of gender inequality in
public sector57. The author while highlighting the significance of gender-sensitive
training argues that it ―impact the norms‖that pave way for women‘s greater
access to resources in the private sector. Moreover, they also in many ways
change societal behaviour that could be taken as ―signs of progress‖58.

The scholarship on solutions to address these issues of gender inequality

also revolve around other themes such as gender mainstreaming and gender-
responsive budgeting. Shazia Qureshi et al. [2013] while exploring the theme
present this as a solution to the issue of gender inequality. They stress that
―gender equality should be institutionalized in public finance‖59so as to enhance the
scope of analysis.

Recently the works of Sheema Kirmani, Asif Farrukhi and Kamran Asdar
Ali[2015] has added another dimension to the corpus of literature on the issue of
gender60. This work represents an emerging field of inquiry that establishes the
connection of gender with politics and performing arts. This work shows ―how
cultural forms such as theatre, dance, music, film or finearts have been used to
advocate for gender and class equality, women‘s rights, and the rights of the
marginalized‖. The works analyze under the keyword ―gender‖are not directly
related to the present study. As they do not foreground the issue of gender
violence. Nevertheless the categories relevant forthe work in this sense that it
draws our attention to the challenges that the South Asian particularly the Punjabi
women face. These challenges manifest themselves in forms of hurdles of
patriarchy, genderinequality and the prevalence of oppressive socialorder. These
factors in certain ways make women more vulnerable to violence

Feminism And Feminist Movement in Pakistan

Remaking of Gender Knowledge: A Global Source Book, M. Mukhopadhyay and F. Wong (Eds.)
(Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), 2007), 27–38, and; M. Mukhopadhyay,―Mainstreaming
Gender
or ‗Streaming‘ Gender Away: Feminists Marooned in the Development
Business,‖ in Feminisms in
Development: Contradictions, Contestations and Challenges, A. Cornwall, E.Harrison, and A.
Whitehead
(Eds.) (London: Zed Books, 2007), 135–49 .
57
Khalid Chauhan, Gender Inequality in the Public Sector in Pakistan: Representation and
Distribution ofResources (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
58
Ibid., pp.5—6.
59
Shazia Qureshi et al., ―Gender Responsive Budgeting in Pakistan: Scope and Challenges,‖ J.R.S.P 50, no.
1 (June 2013), 19.
60
Sheema Kermani, Asif Farrukhi, and Kamran Asdar Ali, Gender, Politics, and Performance in
South Asia(Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).

45
 Feminism is another field of enquiry that engenders many debates around
the issues of women‘s rights, women‘s activism and hurdles in the path of
women‘s emancipation. The works of Khawar Mumtaz and Faridah Saheed[1987];
Gul saba Khattak[----] and; Robina Saigol [2016] provide historical perspectives on
the core issues of feminism,the struggles of the activists of women‘s rights in the
country, inherent weaknesses in the women‘s rights movements and the
challengesthat women rights activists faced in the country. The work of Khawar
Mumtaz and Farida Shaheed pioneered the trend of writings on women rights
movements. The work of Robina Saigol charts the historical progress of the
feminist movement, identifies its trajectoriesand analyses the strategies that the
movement adopted. She views the rise of consciousness about feminist and
women rights as an outcome of ―national and global reconfiguration of power‖.
She explains the latter as ―colonialism, nationalism, dictatorship, democracy and
the global war on terror‖.61

Another important category of scholarship on feminism examines insidious

shifts in the strategies of women rights movements. The article of Afiya Zia
Shehrbano [2009], provides insightful analysis of tensions between two dominant
strands of women movement, that is its secular and religious streaks 62. These
dissensions by and large has made the movement quite ineffective. The work sees
the rise of Islamic revivalist feminist movement as a worrying trend, as the
Islamists are trying ―to rationalize all the women rights within the religious
framework‖.63In her opinion prevalence of this trend would reduce all debates
about feminism and women rights around the issues of ― ‗good‘vs ‗bad‘ Muslim
women‖.64 The redeeming quality of the article is that while critiquing the point of
view of Islamist feminists she is not oblivious to the critical limitations of secular
feminism that allowed/provided space to the Islamists feminists not only to
―define‖but also to promote their feminist agenda.65 Afiya opines that as the
secular movement took very uncompromising ― ‗either...or‘‖ positions, which only
offered ―choice between religious and secular identities‖.This rigid stance had
disastrous implications for the movement as it ―left the movement wide-open to
absorbed by a force more overwhelming and rewarding
61
Rubina Saigol, ―Feminism and the Women‘s Movement in Pakistan:Actors, Debates and
Strategies‖ (Friedrich Ebert-Stiftung (FES), 2016.), p.3.
62
Afia Zia Shehrbano, ―The Reinvention of Feminism in Pakistan,‖ Feminist Review 91 (2009).
63
Ibid.
64
Ibid.
65
Ibid.

46
than the progressive women‘s could offer‖.66 The article tells us that the issue of
―religious identity‖ is the biggest challenge that the women‘s movement faces
today.67

The critique of secular feminist movement has emerged as an important

trend in the writings of the Islamist feminist scholars.The articles of Bushra
Rehman[2012] and Noor Ul Ain[2016] provide illustrative examples of the trend. 68
The latter article takes the representation of Muslim women in the renowned US
Magazine like ―Times and News Week‖as a vantage to show that how they are
coloured by stereotyping of orientalism. Therefore, she described the images
―biased and designed‖69It also uses the vantage to critique the entire project of
secular feminism in Pakistan. She deploys the theoretical framework of ―standpoint
feminism to emphasize the need to arrive and understanding with emmpathy
about the point of view Islamic feminist‖.70Noor Ul Ainwhile criticising the secular
feminists, she construes their struggle not aimed at ―securing the rights of
women‖ but as a movement ―to free from all social constraint and obligation‖. 71
The article advises the protagonists of western/feminismfirst to smatter
themselves into the teachings of religion and on that basis try to arrive at the
relativistiv understanding that contextualizes Muslim society on its own terms
―before making any judgments‖.72

The article of Bushra Rehman[2012] also provides a similar line of

argumentation. Its emphasizes the need for contextual analysis of the perspective
of Islamic feminism. The author observes that in spite of certain achievement of
―feminist movement‖. Their cumulative effect has led to the alienation of Pakistani
women instead of contributing to their empowerment.73While echoing the point of
view of Islamic feminists, the author asvises the secular feminists ―to fight gender
oppession within the religious and cultural model of society‖74.

66
Ibid.
67
Ibid.
68
Rehman Bushra H, ―Framing of Pakistani Muslim Women in International Media: Muslim
Feminist‘s Perspective,‖ American International Journal of Contemporary Research 2, no. 1
(January 2012).
69
Ain Noor Ul, ―Feminist Movements Leading towards Emancipation or Alienation: Case Study of
Pakistan,‖ Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 14, no. 2 (2016): 26–32, p.106.
70
Ibid., p.107.
71
Ibid..
72
Ibid..
73
Rehman Bushra H, ―Framing of Pakistani Muslim Women in International Media: Muslim
Feminist‘s Perspective,‖ American International Journal of Contemporary Research 2, no. 1
(January 2012), p.26.
74
Ibid., p.31.

47
 The academic works placed in the category provide us profound
understanding about the main trajectories of the feminist movements in Pakistan,
their ideological differences as well as the limitations from which these movements
suffer. However, these writings do not address the issues of gender discrimination
and DVAW violence against women, which constitute the main focus of the study
that examines thephenomenon t DVAW in in Punjab through the theoretical
framework of human rights.

Violence against Movement

This keyword constitutes a most important category of the thesis area of

this project. The reports and statistics on violence against women in Pakistan
present a grim scenario. The scholars of human rights term DVAW as one of the
worst violations of human rights. Let us see how the scholarship in South Asia has
viewed this issue. The works of Jennifer L. Solotaroff [2014], the Report of United
Nations Economic and Social Commission of South Asia and the Pacific[.....], and;
an article of Md. Awal Hossain
Mollah, a scholar of Public Administration [2005] provide deep insights to
understand this phenomenon in South Asia75. The work of Solotaroff and Pande [--
] looks at violence against women and girls in South Asia by focusing on ‗partner
violence‘ as well as ‗child abuse of girls or women in custody‘. The scholars
described the former as‗much-researched forms‘ and the later as the ‗less-
researched forms‘76. The United Nations ESCAP Report brings into focus harmful
traditional and cultural practices that led to violence against women in the South
Asian countries like Nepal, Bangladesh, and Srilanka. The work describes a
number of harmful practices that are prevalent in these countries . These include
son preference, marriage related practices, cast and gender-based violence. These
also include dress code, Purdahand bonded labour. While focusing on Nepal, it
finds son preference, caste-based discrimination, marriage related practices,
gender-based violence, and bonded labour as common practices. But it isolates
practices such a living goddess/Kanya Kumari, witches and cultural perception of
pollution as specific to Nepal77. It applies the theoretical paradigm of human rights
to examine this phenomenon. The authors of this report very extensively survey
the nine important conventions
75
Md Awal and Md. Awal Hossain Mollah, Combating Violence against Women in South Asia: An Overview
of Bangladesh, 2017.
76
Jennifer L. Solotaroff and Rohini Prabha Pande, ―Violence against Women and Girls: Lessons
from South Asia‖(Washington, DC.: South Asia Development Forum, World Bank Group, September
16, 2014), p.4.
77
United Nations ESCAP, ―Harmful Traditional Practices in Three Countries of South Asia: Culture,
Human Rights and Violence against Women,‖Gender and Development Discussion Paper Series No.
21, November
19, 2012, p.3.

48
recommendations, declarations, and initiatives that were taken between 1979 and
1995 to define human rights perspectives78. While highlighting the significance of
this approach, The compilers find it useful as it ―reinforces the universality and
applicability of common standards to determine violence against women across
culture‖79. One of the major finding of this report highlights that harmful and
cultural practices were prevalent in all three countries80.

This report is very important for the present study because it deploys
theoretical approach81of human rights, whereas, my work examinesdomestic
violence against women in Punjab through the prism of human rights. Similarly, as
we noted earlier that this study identifies areas of harmful traditional practices
which are immensely helpful to understand and analyze the phenomenon of DVAW
in Punjab.

The article of Md. Awal Hossain Mollah[2005] can be described as a case

study of Bangladesh. It explores the ―Nature, forms, causes, and the remedies‖ of
VAW82. It identifies significant trends of violence against women that include both
social and personal factors. For instance, M.A.H. Mollah lists the following trends
―family violence; rape and sexual abuse; prostitution and trafficking in women;
and acid throwing‖. In addition to these, he also mentions abduction; mental or
physical torture during pregnancy; and forced prostitution‖, among the other
significant trends83. Besides these, the article discusses a number of causes that
result in increased violence against women like male-dominated society,
criminalization of public arena, erosion of moral character and influences of the
socio-economic milieu as well as cultural ideological factors. It highlights therole of
poverty as one the leading cause of violence. In addition to these, the author lists
a number of other factors, these are related topolitical culture and personal
factors. For instance, illiteracy and lack of awareness among women, gender
inequality, practices associated with the exercise of power by influential elites and
their bid to assert political supremacy in their areas of influence and land disputes.
M.A.H. Mollah takes into account personal factors like ―illicit love-affairs, denial of
love and marriage and opposition to second marriage‖ among the other causes of
violence. The insights provided by the article

78
Ibid, pp.7-13.
79
Ibid, p.6.
80
Ibid.,p.74.
81
Noor Ul, ―Feminist Movements Leading towards Emancipation or Alienation: Case Study of Pakistan.‖
82
Md Awal and Md. Awal Hossain Mollah, Combating Violence against Women in South Asia: An
Overview of Bangladesh, 2005, p.1.
83
Ibid, pp.4-8.

49
about the VAW are quite instructive for our study, as Bangladesh, prior to its
secession from Pakistan remained a part of the latter for twenty-four
years.Therefore, this brief case study of Bangladesh on VAW could be immensely
helpful in spotting a number of similarities in the causes as well as trajectories of
violence that prevailed in Pakistani and Bangladeshi societies.

Now we move on from South Asian to Pakistani context, we can divide

scholarly works on VAW inPakistan into three sub-categories. The first includes
those works which examine this phenomenon at the macro level. One can include
the writings of Z. U.Babur [2007]; Parveen Azam Ali and Maria Irma Bustamante
Gavino [2008]; and Ayesha Qaisrani, Sadaf Liaqat and Elishma Noel Khokhar
[2016]. The second sub-category includes the case studies of VAW in Punjab, the
articles of Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry [2004]; and Rabia Manzoor, Muhammad Abdul
Rehman, and Mehreen Bano [2013]. The third sub-category on VAW by anlarge
proposes solutions tothis issue. This category includes writings both on Pakistan
and South Asia. We have included in the category Oxfam Briefing Paper [2004];
and a Case Study of AhmedPur East, a tehsil of district Bahawalpur, which was
conducted bythree academics of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur in 201384.

Z. U. Babur‘s book highlights the role of patriarchy in placing the men on

the position of dominance over women. He argues that patriarchal influences
―force women to rely on men on matters of their behaviour, mobility, control over
resources and productive choices‖. He attributes ―men‘s traditional association
with women‘s freedom and liberty‖ as ―perpetual‖ cause of Violence85. The work of
Parveen Azam Ali and Maria Irma Bustamante Gavino examines an important
theoretical framework-- the ―nested ideological framework‖. It shows that
behaviour is formed through ―interaction between individual human being and
their social environment‖86. The authors find this theory quite useful in explaining
the ―abuse‖87 against women. They see the menaces of ―prostitution and other

84
―Towards Ending Violence Against Women in South Asia‖(Oxfam International, August 2004); and
Ather Khan Hafiz Muhammad, Khan Sindher Riaz Hussain, and Hussain Irshad, ―Studying the Role of
Education in Eliminating Violence against Women.,‖ Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences7,
no. 2 (2013): 405–416.
85
Z. U. Babur, Violence against Women in Pakistan: Current Realities and Strategies for Change,
Burg, Austria: European University Center for Peace Studies, 2007.
86
Parveen Azam Ali and Maria Irma Bustamante Gavino, ―Violence against Women in
Pakistan: A
Framework for Analysis,‖ Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 2008, p.199.
87
Ibid, p.200.

50
sexist restrictions‖ as the outcome of structural influences 88. The theory explains
the interaction between individuals and the social environment in terms of the
interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The former pertain to individual.
According to authors they are to be found ― within people‖where as the latter
―constitutes the context within which the abuse takes place‖. The authors specify
these factors as male dominance, patriarchal influences, ownership of property
rights and overall socio-economic, political and culturalmilieu. The authorsalso
include ―the influences of neighboring countries‖ as one of the important cause of
violence89.

The brief working paper of Aisha Qaisrani and Sadaf Liaquat examines the
underlying causes of abuse against women. They conducted research in some
important urban centers of Punjab & Sindh which including cities like Lahore, Multan,
Khanewal, Sukkar, Hyderabad, and Karachi. The study described ―violence against
women more structural than causal‖90. The study identified a number of many
manifestations of VAW like workplace harassment, Karokari, and rape. However, the
author gave the later more important as a consumer if a woman was not protected
from rape than other rights are irrelevant‖91.

The author observed that not only the incident ofDVAW has increased but
also its brutality.92Another significance of the study is that the ―nature and
degree‖of these incidents vary from region to region on account of the interplay of
different socio-economic factors93. The study divides factors behind these incidents
of violence and domestic violence into two categories. The first Socio-Economic-
Cultural factors and the second Governance and Institutional Factors. Among the
former its includes poverty and lack of resources, social pressure on
workingwomen and; cultural attitude, cumulatively these factors restrict the
choices of women. Among institutional factors, the authors include ―dominance of
influential of than, factors such as social taboss‖which discourage women to go to
police station, and; the weak social position of women that make them vulnerable
to social pressure94. This category is very important for this study as the insights

88
Ibid.
89
Ibid, pp.201-202.
90
Ayesha Qaisrani, Sadaf Liaquat, and Noel Khokhar Elishma, ―Socio-Economic and Cultural
Factors of Violence against Women in Pakistan.‖(Islamabad, Pakistan: Sustainable Development
Policy Institute, 2016), p.10.
91
Ibid.
92
Ibid.
93
Ibid, p.8.
94
Ibid, p.218.

51
that these writings brodenour understanding about the larger role of social forces
that cause this phenomenon to occurs.

Let us move on to the second sub-category of this sub-section. As noted

earlier it includes two important case study which made cities of Punjab such as
Jhang, Lodhran, Pakpattan, and Sialkot has focused on their researchers. The
author has used ___________
approach one can describe it as an attempt to examine the phenomenon of VAW
―across the district‖95. They described low educational attainment as the main
reason behind violence. In addition to it, they point out early child marriages;
forced marriages, and; exchange of women and girl to settle the dispute as other
causes arising from or relating to illiteracy. One of the major finding of author
shows that of low educational attainment causes a number of physco-social
problem. This study also examines one is a relationship between unemployment
and the violence. As ―the rate of violence is increased at a rate of male
unemployment increased‖96. The study used survey method to gather primary data
for that purpose their distributed 2880 questionnaire which comprises a
community of women.

The article of Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry [---] makes District Toba Tek Singh as
locale of the study on VAW through his micro-study, he tried to establish a
connection between divorce andincidents of violence. They have gathered
information from records of Municipal Committee and Union Council of Toba Tek
Singh97. In this article, he shows that how frustration arising out of poverty,
financial constraints, disputes within the family and some other minor issues lead
to domestic violence which results in separation or divorces98.

The works contained in this sub-category are quite relevant to this thesis as
the present study locate itself with this stream of scholarship. Which focuses on a
casestudy of domestic violence of Punjab. However, the present study seeks to
expand the scope of inquiry to the entire Punjab. In spite of these apparent
similarities, the present study is different from the above-mentioned category in
many ways. For instance, being a doctoral thesis its scope is much broad than
research articles. Moreover, it is different in terms of theoretical paradigm,
methods of data collection as well as the style of presentation of
95
Rabia Manzoor, Abdul Rehmen Muhammad, and Bano Mehreen, ―Violence against Women in
Pakistan: Evidence from Punjab.,‖ International Journal of Advanced Research 1, no. 6 (2013):
356–65, p.261.
96
Ibid, p.361.
97
Ghafoor Chaudhry Abid,―Violence against Women - A Case Study,‖ p.670.
98
Ibid, p.671.

52
findings through bar diagrams. Chapter 6 provides its illustrative examples and
last but not the least it is not micro-study of any district rather its expanse is
macro.

As noted earlier that the third sub-category of this action comprises the
works which proposed solutions to the problem of domestic violence against
women. Hafiz Muhammad Ather Khan, Riaz Hussain Khan Sindher, and Irshad
Hussain in one of their article have conducted a micro-study of Ahmed Pur East- a
Tehsil of Bahawalpur district. The authors found that ―the occurrence of violence
appeared negatively related with the level of education of the women. The results
demonstrated a significant decrease in physical violence against women with
increasing level of education‖99.

The OXFAM briefing paper [2004] entitled Towards Ending Violence against
Women in South Asia, identifies a number of ―core challenges‖. These iclude (i) It
finds ―existing‖social and individual attitude that accepts, violence against women
as normal; (ii) to mobilize all the section of society; (iii) to build popular pressure
and to synergize ―diverse local, national, regional and international‖initiatives that
are committed towards the cause of ending violence against women100.

All the strands of scholarship discussed in this section are quite insightful as
they allow us to engage major trends of scholarship on Violence against women as
well as domestic violence against women at three levelsregional (South Asia) and
national (Pakistan) and the local Punjab. It enables us to reachgreater awareness
of causes leading to violence against women and its most clear manifestation the
issue of domestic violence which is the prime focus of the study.It may also be
very helpful in developing a clear understanding of the approaches and methods
as well as remedial measures of this crucial issue. As most of the study shows that
the remedial measures in forms of laws, conventions, protocols, and declarations
prove ineffective vis-a-vis the other social forces like the influence of patriarchy
and other harmful traditional and cultural practices and nature of political culture
that prevais in society. Therefore, the above-mentioned discussion also makes us
aware of the limitations of the remedial measures. More significantly, these
insights are quite helpful in developing the set of recommendations that the study
provides in the concluding section.
99
Hafiz Muhammad, Riaz Hussain, and Irshad, ―Studying the Role of Education in Eliminating
Violence against Women.‖ p. 405.
100
―Towards Ending Violence Against Women in South Asia.‖ p.7.

53
 The present study basically deals with the issues of Domestic VAW in
Punjab. It would provide detailed understanding of causes of the very issue in
special and human rights in general to cast its visible and significant impact on the
life of a woman. Thistype of study had been undertaken earlier therefore, it
enhances the significance of research. This study would become unique because it
not only covers the violations of human rights of women at homes taking placein
our society but also evaluate the efforts poured by the national and international
institution and agencies t o check and eliminate it.
54
 CHAPTER 4

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

DWAW IN PREVAILING SCENARIO

55
 The women living in Pakistan are enjoying different status. The women who
are not properly educated or who do not belong to the higher ranks of the society
are in the same sufferings which seem a very pathetic rather miserable condition.
They do not enjoyany notable facilities in life and are not given any importance in
the affairs of social, political and even local or family affairs.

The women living in urban areas are at some extent educated and a fewer
number of women are well educated and belong to the elite class of the society
are able to enjoy good status in society as they are able to explore their higher
education which helps them to be economically well off as they find theirplease in
the profession work which gives them the opportunities to move about in the
society and no particular restrictions are imposed on them.101

However, a considerable, greater number of women are uneducated.

Because of their illiteracy they fail to understand the demands and needs of
healthy life and those have poor, unhealthy mother hood requirements.

4.1 Domestic Violence against Women - An Overview

Since the creation of Pakistan, the Pakistanis have experienced a variety of

drastic change in their social and political life. Pakistan got created and did not
have enough recourse to facilitate the life of people. The gender discrimination
was very common. The women were in a miserable condition and had no voice of
their own. The social and culturalnorms influenced by the mail members of the
society and their attitude towards women were not appreciable. The political
history of Pakistan did not help the women to gain any legal or social status.

Pakistan was creation in the name of Islam. The ethnicgroups dominated

the politics and the working of the government. The tensions among the religious
groups did not allow Pakistan to have its good relations within the neighboring
countries. The foreign and domestic policies did not allow the women living
inPakistan to be a positive influence on the society, they were considered to be
limited only to their domestic responsibilities and under the thumb of the male
members of the family i.e. father, brother, husband and even in some cases all the
male membersofthe family group. All these factors played their
101
Crime or custom? ―Violence against women in Pakistan‖ UNHCR Report,, (2010) 23.

56
role and kept the majority of the women out of the whole fabric of the society and
kept them ignorant and illiterate.102

As the women were considered to be of no importance and not having any

ability to decide anything they were kept out of the main stream of life. The
religious leaders were strong enough to dictate their terms and conditions to the
political leaders. In Constitution Pakistan was declared to be an Islamic republic.
The political leaders failed to initiate any process for political consensus to give
any important role of women in the making of the society and even home.

The plight of women did notchange even when the military came to assume
a dominated role in the politics of Pakistan. It even warren the situation this
period even snubbed the women and what to talk of their rights. There was a ray
of hope for the women living in Pakistan when a revolutionary leader, Bhutto, the
leader of Pakistan People‘s Party, successes to gain power but failed to materialize
their promise made for the uplife of woman IN SOCIETY, Al the religious group
opposed them, The Authorized against this decision, They organize protests and
finally proceeded to throw him out of the politics of Pakistan,103The agitations
against the government gore fruit and the result was the imposition of martial law.

Zia was in power religious groups had succeeded starting from

bankingsystem a great number of changes were introduces to watch the interests
of the religious groups, It was confirmed that the whole of the women is similes
only to follow Muslim traditions in their life. The rights which were given to the
women in the constitution of 1973 assuming that they will not reject to any
discrimination on the protest of sex were suspended. It was not the end of that.104

The women were given on by the politics of a subordinate to men. The

women were given inferior legal status legally, they were considered inferior to
men. The testimony offered by a woman was not considered to the equal weight
of the man i.e. the testimony of twowomen was equal to the testimony of one
male member of the society. The thing did not stop here.

102
Crime or custom? ―Violence against women in Pakistan‖ UNHCR Report, (2010) 34.
103
Ibid, 56.
104
Ibid, 37.

57
 He took every step to curtail the importance of women not with reference
to the proposed Islamic penal laws governing compensation and relation in
crimesinvolving injury of the body and culminating in the directions to curtail and
with the personalliberty of women and even to the extent to keep them away from
the public life and making their movements limited only to the four walls up their
houses.

Ziamight have desired to implement the Islamic penalization process but

everything was not under hiscommand and control. Police and jail authorities have
always been enjoying the supreme power. To strengthen the hands of these
corrupt agencies martial law gives them their enrolled. In the name of eradicating
abuses from the society these agencies did everything to make the life of helpless
miserable and their worst victims were the women. The beauty of them is that it
goes on changing.

1988 brought a messageof hope for the woman living pathetic life in
Pakistan. Benazir Bhutto Chalked out a policy to give women their rights. She
desired to rectify the hooded laws. She promised to remove all those status which
promoted discrimination between man and woman. It is very unfortunate that all
here promises remained only the promise and did not see the practical
implementations.

She was surrounded by the politically strong religious groups who did not
allow her to repeal a single one of the Zia‘s Islamization laws.The process goes on
Nawaz Sharif come in to power in 1997. It was hoped that he might realized
theimportance of participation of women in the making of the society but he
further frustrated all the hope of the women. He rather appears to be an agent
whoworked everything for blocking all opportunities for the advancement of
women in all the departmentof life. His policies were in accordance with the
policies of Zia and hopes of women to get their rights go discouraged. In his era
‗Qisa‘s and ‗Diya‘tOrdinances‘ were announced.105

It is also the matter of fact that recent times have witnessed a couple of
legal steps as taken by various governments.106These have culminated to the
modern protective scene which still needs a lot of up-gradation. However, due to
the complicity of the issue (DVAW) and having diverse dynamics related to the
problem.

105
Crime or custom? ―Violence against women in Pakistan‖ UNHCR Report, (2010). 41
106
Crime or Custom? Violence against women in Pakistan, (UNHCR Report, 2010) 25

58
 On this confront state still needs to handle this startling challenge with
harsh policies and drastic plans to implement these regulations unanimously.
Hitherto, the state machinery attributes the current scenario tothe impoverishment
of resources. On the other hand, this is not the sole reason.

However, in this shocking situation we need to note that Pakistan is not the
only country where women are subject to cruelties. In the under developed
countries in South Asia this practice is somewhat common.Pakistan, Bangladesh
and India are the countrieswhere women find themselves to work as slaves in
their agricultural concerns. The historical tribal feudal system is very strong and no
woman has the courage to raise any voice against any man even if theyare
subjected to violence in their homes by theirown near ones and dear ones. The
woman has realized that their role is secondary. The greatest hurdle in the
pleasure of women is violence against them. They are denied human rights. They
do not have fundamental freedom. They are rather subjected to certain types of
explanation. These types of explanation are:

i- Physical, social and Psychological abuses.

ii- They are not given pay scale equal to men.

iii- They are discriminate with reference to income, class and culture.

World has become a global village certain legal steps have been taken by
different government to protect the rights of women but these are insufficient and
need up-graduate, cultural buildings unlimited free movement of women and
consequently. They cannotenjoy even the limited provisions open for them.
Women are not able to stop or eliminate violence against them because majority
of them are illiterate and do not have enough knowledge of law, aid or help.

They cannot speak in the case of violence againstthem. An attempt to

classify the rights which need to be granted to women has been made as follows:

Against murder, misbehave, torture and rape. They must need security.

They must allow having their independent associations, beliefs and the literacy
and assembling and moving at their will.

Politically they must be free and independent to participate in politics and to cast
vote and have voice in public affairs.
59
 Not to be treated discriminately legally or otherwise.

Have equal rights with the male partners of the society.

Women should have all the rights to get educated and to compete with man in all
departments of life.107

Women face the use of force and illegal actions against them by the male
members of the society, closely related to them or not. This is something common
with the women living in almost all the cities of Punjab. To elaborate it we can
take an example of such action from Lahore, biggest city of the province. A variety
of lactic and means are employed by the people who take the courage to be
violent against women. The culprits often remain safe and unpunished for the
reasons difficult to explain.

Some of the tools used for such crimes are like stove burning. Prior to the
finding out that this type of accidents because stoves used in such types of
maneuvers were non-pressure kind and were brought under investigations, the
method was abundant. The prevent stories of women getting burnt which working
in the kitchen are for those women who were dressed in nylon clothes.

It is such a horrible burning that majority of burn victims breath their last
before they are transported to hospitals. And obviouslythe police fails to record
their statement and the culprits get not free burning to death is not the only way
to exploit and torture, physical and mentally gruff there are many other ways such
as acid throwing, social violence, harassment and indicant assault, rape, collective
rape, kidnapping and abduction along with trafficking and forced prostitutions.108

It is very painful to study the statistic gathered in this regard but it is eye-
opening and a serious thinking to know that in the cities of Pakistana woman is
subjected to rape every one hour. A great majority of women educated or
uneducated are subjected to physical treating.

Data collected from Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences in 2006 is

frightening. It is thought provoking to note that 2367 cases of physical treating
were reported throughout
107
Syed Nazre Hyder, SDPI. ―Women Development in Pakistan: Present State and Strategic Measures
for Raising (Their Social and Economic Status 2010) 10
108
Domestic Violence, a primary research study (December 2012, USAID)22

60
the country. Every province has its share in this horrible crime. The cases
registered; in Punjab 1518 in compare to 225 in Sindh, 225 in PK 225, and 50 in
Baluchistan.

By the same token, in October, 2001 a study conducted by the Social

welfare Department, Punjab stated that 42% women considered violence against
them providence, at the same time as 33% found powerless to get their hands on
inopposition to it; 19% complained in addition to that only a smaller number (4%)
took action against it.

In most of the reported cases the abusers were men (53%), male partners
(32%); included other females stated as executors (13%) alongside by other
family members (2%). The research also affirms that around 5% of rape and
honor crimes were also accounted. United Nations‘ reports portray even
astounding figures. An UNFPA report stated that ―men are seen as having a
‗right‘to discipline their wives in many communities continue to regard women as
socially inferior, husbands assume to ‗own‘ their wives, and feel entitled to
‗dominate‘them by methods including the use of force‖.109

Studies (from the different regions) having similar socio-cultural

backgroundpointed out that the problem of domestic violence against women is a
crucial dilemma across them. Highlighted and acknowledging the existence of this
crime, therefore, it is important to identify the variousforms of abuse and their
causes and impact, before help can be extended to those affected and society can
move towards the elimination of domestic violence.110

More domestic disputes between family members in the households, as

reported by respondents inthe HH Survey, were verbal in nature including, but not
limited to, criticism (46%), shouting (45%), and mental torture (14%). Only
around 1% reported physical violence, that too by only female‘s respondents.
Around 7% of female respondents also reported being forced to act against their
wills as a form of violence practiced against them.111 The figure below explained;

The ratio of the respondents‘disputes by his/her family member(s) was verbal

(shouting in 53%, criticisms in 50%, mental torture/taunting in 23%, and use of abusive

language/insulting
 109
Ibid,29
110
―Asia-Pacific Human Development Report: Power, Voice and Rights: A Turning Point for Gender
Equality in Asia‖ UNDP, ( 2010) 45
111
―The Socio-Economic Cost of Violence Against Women‖. Social Policy and Development Centre, 2012.
52

61
remarks/putting down in front of others in 11.5% of the cases). Physical abuse
took place in just over 2% of the cases, when asked whether anyone suffered any
physical injury as a consequence of the dispute. 2.3% of the females (and 0%
males) responded (yes).112

4.2 Perceptions on Domestic VAW

Men and women responded similarly to several HH surveys with regard to
perception regarding Domestic Violence against Women. Hence, the following
discussion has been based on the percentages of the total number of
respondents. If the situation and responses differ majorly, comparisons have been
highlighted and discussed.

Responses about what actions they consider as domestic violence were

similar for both male and females‘ respondents. Nearly 79% of the respondents
considered physical abuse of a spouse as violence at the domestic level.

Physical abuse was defined as slapping, clutching, beating, and arm

slanting, punting, hitting, corporal punishment, forced intimacy, insulting
thevictims in front of others, forcingone to leave the house, deprivation of
education and/or, basic health care, discrimination plus psychological torment.
These forms of physical harm were considered as being the most harmful actions
by family members.113

As is evident, ―physical abuse was perceived by the majority as the

definition of domestic violence. this was follow by various forms violence including;
abusive language (31%), shouting (30%), criticism (almost 16%), taunting
(almost 10%), insulting remarks (9%) and putting down in front of others (8%).
Other examples of domestic violence suggested by respondents included mental
torture (28%), forced to act against other‘s will (almost 13%), and keeping the
other person short of money (11%)‖.114

―Asidefrom spontaneous responses, when prompted for how strongly they

considered each suggested action as a form of violence at the domestic level, both
males and female responded similarly. The vast majority either strongly agreed or
agreed to each suggested action as being domestic violence to almost the same
degree.
112
―Monitor-Violence Against Women (PDM) Program‖ Aurat Foundation‘s Policy Data (January-
June
2011). 24
113
Umbreen Javaid,. ―Genesis and Effects of Religious Extremism in Pakistan‖. International Journal of
Business and Social Science. Vol.2 No. 7 (2011) 26
114
―Monitor-Violence Against Women (PDM) Program‖ Aurat Foundation‘s Policy Data (January-
June 2011). 29

62
 Exceptions included actions such physical abuse, which more than 94%
respondents strongly agreed on being a form of domestic violence. Physical abuse
was follow by forced intimate relations (which more than 81% strongly agreed to),
physical punishment ofspouse, and mental torture. Actions such as criticism (more
than 73%), and variousforms of verbal abuse were viewed as being forms of
violence at the domestic level (See Annex 3 for more detail).

According to the findings from FGDs and case studies it wasobserved that
the issue of DVAW is increasing day by day. The survey findings similarly revealed
that almost 100% of the respondents thought that domestic violence among
family members was a serious problem within our society‖.115

Definition of domestic violence - spontaneous response

Type of violence Male Female Total
Shouting 23 36 30
Abusing language 32 30 31
Insulting remarks 13 05 09
Criticism 17 15 16
Threat to hurt 06 03 04
Didn‘t give money 10 12 11
Doesn‘t cooperate 05 04 04
Act of isolation 03 02 03
Lack of trust 07 05 06
Hate 10 08 09
Physical abuse 68 70 70
Forced relation 03 05 04
Forced 12 14 13
Put down 09 07 08
Punishment 11 09 10
No property rights 02 04 03
No from education 04 08 06
No medicine 00 0.5 0.2
Harassment 03 10 07
Taunting 10 09 10
Mental torture 31 25 28
Others 09 05 06116

115
Ibid,32
116
Domestic violence, a primary data research study, 2012, USAID. P. 66

63
Actions considered as domestic violence after prompting

Type of violence Percentage

Shouting 72

Abusing language 64

Insulting remarks 42

Criticism 74

Threatening to hurt 56

Kept short of money 68

Doss not cooperate 68

Act of isolation 56

Lack of trust 54

Hate 36

Physical abuse 02

Forced intimate relationship 08

Forced to act against other‘s will 52

Put down in front of others 46

Physical punishment 62

Deprived of property rights 08

Deprived from education 60

Deprived from medical assistance 60

Harassment 58

Taunting 50

Mental torture 46

Others 24117

117
Domestic violence, a primary data research study, 2012, USAID. P. 77

64
Definition of domestic violence after promoting
Type of violence Male Female

Shouting 66 61

Abusing language 52 48

Insulting remarks 47 44

Criticism 73 77

Threatening to hurt 59 67

Kept short of money 61 55

Doss not cooperate 67 61

Act of isolation 56 58

Lack of trust 56 58

Hate 43 38

Physical abuse 05 04

Forced to act against will 45 46

Forced intimate relation 56 47

Put down in before others 60 63

Physical punishment 19 23

No property rights 48 47

Deprived of education 57 54

Deprived of medicine 55 60

Harassment 54 59

Taunting 42 45

Mental torture 20 22

Others 11 08

Kept short of money 0.00 0.00

Does not cooperate 0.0 0.4

Act of isolation 1.6 1.8

Lack of trust 0.0 0.9

Hate 0.0 0.6

Physical abuse 0.0 0.0

Forced relationship 0.9 1.2

Forced to act against will 0.0 1.1

Put down in front of other 0.0 0.0

Physical punishment 0.0 0.0

Putdown in front of other 15.1 0.0

No education rights 46.2 0.9

No medicine 54.1 0.00

Harassment 52.1 0.9

Taunting 39.5 0.5

Mental torture 9.8 0.0

Character assassinations 26.0 0.0

65
Justification of acts – men’s view (percentage in points)118

Type of violence Male Female

Shouting 0.4 0.5
Abusing language 0.5 0.9
Insulting remarks 0.0 0.5
Criticism 2.3 2.3
Threatening to hurt 0.0 0.5

4.3Understanding Domestic Violence against Women

Empirical studies conducted in Pakistangive diverse results which somehow

or the other are similar. In terms of who instigated the incidence of violence in
domestic disputes between the respondent and family members most respondents
(69%) held the other person responsible. Interestingly, morefemale respondents
(73%) as compared to males (65%) blamed other person.

These figures strongly support the finding in the FGDs as sell as the case
studies, which in turn provide evidence for the generally accepted notion that women
are mostly the victimsof abuse. As per the HH survey findings, the spouse (usually the
husband) was the perpetrator of violence (according to approximately 71% of the
respondents), (according to responses during meeting with individual women, case
studies and the FGDs).

However, in most of the reported cases only male partners was affianced.
Further, the study reviled that mother-in-laws were also involved in provoking or
initiating violent behavior in opposition to the sufferer (as reported by 9.5%
females‘respondents).119

In order to find out the causes and the effects of incompatibility of the both
partners of which results in certain types of violence, a survey was conducted.
Male and female members of the society, after some reluctance in certain cases,
agreed to respondto the questions advanced to them. About 79% of the
respondents agreed that the physical handling of a spouse falls in the domain of
domestic violence.120

It is a very common phenomenon in our society and easy to understand

that where women have very little family support, abusive men take advantage of
this, as they know
118
Domestic violence, a primary data research study, 2012, USAID. P. 112
119
“Domestic violence, a primary data research study‖ USAID (2012) 123
120
―Domestic violence, a Primary Data research study‖ (USAID 2012 )108

66
women are vulnerable in such situations as their families may not be able to
protect them. Such case studies also illustrate how wives and children are badly
affected by ongoing disputes within the house. In addition, if women are not well
educated or are illiterate, they are helpless and unable to bring change into their
situation till the children grow up.

The study further (Postulates) that unequal power relations between man and
women ignored by culture and customs becomea vital cause for violence. Socio-
economic imbalances, family background with the dominance of male member of
the family, the fear of the exploitation of women in the area ofsex which
intensified the role of man and in anticipation of this threat are pried to control the
fair sex in every possible way.121

Woman is nearer exception in the role of a decision makes therefore all the
efforts are made to deprive them of their legal rights by imposing cultural sections
on them. Resultantly the women and children are not given independent, social
and legal statusin the society. In our society it is a conviction that wife is the
property of her husband and the husband has every right to use physical power to
control if she doesn‘t obey him and try to have her will exercised in certain areas.

Economic limitations,which must be met in a different way, result in the

aggression of depression earning single person. He uses his force against his
nd
children and wife, whenever the wife objects to 2 marriage or objectsto his
extra-marital affairs, she is subjected to violence. If a wife does not have the
support of her own family her life is made very miserable resultantly women learn
to tolerate these injustices and suffer.

Pakistan, in its‘endeavors to be one of therespected and honored countries of

the world, destroying to overcome the desire of its male member to physically handle
the women living under their contest firstly. The measures are being taken to educate
the women so that may be strong economically andmay protest against the violence
administer to hem and may raise their voice to avail this attitude of the mail members
of the society.122

At present the literacy rate of women is 40% where as the literacy rate of
men is 56%. In spite of the measures being taken by the government of Pakistan
and the NGO‘s working in this area no remedial measures have succeeded against
Jirgas and the provisions under Qisasand Diyat in the context of honor killing. Cast
Line concerns and
121
Hannah Irfan, ―Honor related violence against women in Pakistan‖ World Justice Forum, Vienna,
(2008)
122
Hannah Irfan, ―Honor related violence against women in Pakistan‖ World Justice Forum, Vienna, (2008)

67
issues revealed that as we are a Muslim society and we can eliminate violence
against women if our scholars who have the thorough knowledge of religion come
forward and convince the male members of the society, elite of the teachings of
Quran and Sunnah, to give the legitimate rights to the spouse. They need to be
more vocal.123

Incase the religious and political leaders perform their duties towards the
society honestly and obediently, the evil of domestic violence against women may
be expressed more easily and more positively. There is a need to bring change in
the thinking of thesociety. Domestic violence will remain a problem until and
unless, the society is made / motivated to accept the rights of women granted to
them by Islam.

Media and the institution must come forward to play their role to educate
the society that women have their own importance and no society can make any
progress if the women are not given their rights and are not honored/practical
measures must be taken counseling and rehabilitation centers must be established
to help those women who have become a victimto violence or are under threat. If
we want to materialize our desire to eradicate violence against women the
following steps must be taken:-

To change the prevalent attitudes of the individual and the society.

Family, community and the civil society must be materializing against this
crime
―violence against women‖.

Men and women must be given equal status.

A collective effort is needed to be made on the level of local, regional and

national level.

A community can play a very important role in thisregard and we need two
strengthen that community by bringing a change in their ideas and believes own a
logical level.124
123
―Crime or Custom? Violence against Women in Pakistan‖, (UNHCR Report, 2010) 35
124
http://www.cumbeecenter.org/domestic_violence_history.php

68
 4.2 Shades & Voices of Domestic Violence against Women in Punjab

http://i1.tribune.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Image-0213-448x249.jpg, viewed on 2-2-

2014

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-
images/Guardian/Pix/GU_front_gifs/2012/9/18/1347991018748/TV-
presenter-Miquita-Oliv-010.jpg viewed on 2-2-2014

69
 http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/15067-
abuseiswrongverbalorphysical-1354856991-582-640x480.jp, viewed on 2-2-2014

http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/58106000/jpg/_58106419_pakistan.jpg, viewed on 2-2-

2014

70
 http://arrahman-
arraheem.com/seyretfiles/localvideos/Social_Responsibilities/_thumbs/Burns%20Centre.jpg,
viewed on 2-2-2014

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2014

71
 http://www.dw.de/image/0,,15770701_303,00.jpg, viewed on 2-2-2014

http://timesofpakistan.pk/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Domestic-Violence-Bill-2012.jpg, viewed
on 2-2-2014

72
 http://sheikyermami.com/wp-content/uploads/honor+killing1.jpg, viewed on 2-2-
2014

http://www.asianews.it/files/img/PAKISTAN_-_rally_donne_ok_(600_x_427).jpg, viewed on 2-2-

2014

73
http://urbanchristiannews.com/ucn/day-to-eliminate-violence-against-women-PAK, viewed on 2-2-
2014

http://cache.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/03/LH-FARIDA-SHAHEED-PRESS-CONFERANCE-
STORY, WALEED-STAFF-PHOTO-1.jpgISTAN.jpg viewed on 2-2-2014

74
 CHAPTER 5
WOMEN’S RIGHTS
IN HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE
(VIOLATIONS’ CHECK AND RESPONSES)

75
 Pakistan is not the only country where women are subjected to violence.
The world has become global village and the problems of one community or one
country needs to be settled internationally with this realization that the rights of
children and women are being exploited and even denied the societies are in
action. The need to give children and women their rights is being realized.

Presently this issue has gained weight and an international consensus has
developed to settle the issue by involving variousconventions and laws. Pakistan is
not an isolated country therefore Pakistan is also a signatory to the convention on
the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women – CEDAW (1979) and
th
the Convention of the Rights of the Child –CRC (1989). The 4 International
Conference on Women in Beijing (1995) and many other similar instruments
highlighted it and demands were made to eliminate it with the support of all
peoples living in the world.125

The developed countries of the world have realized the intensity of the
crime of domestic violence against women and girls. As Lilliana continues, whereas
44 countries in totalhave adopted legal measures to cover this issue of domestic
violence against women and Girls, Pakistan is the only South Asian state who yet
needs to pass law on domestic violence.126.

As a result, women continue to suffer. The lack of progress at the

grassroots with regards to improving the plight of women generally and bringing a
decline in domestic violence has been unsatisfactory partly due to deeply
entrenched cultural norms and religious interpretations and partly due to the
failure of the policy-makers.

Abstracts from the historic speech delivered by the by Hillary Clinton, a

former President of the United States of America (Beijing, 1995) indicated very
clearly that women needs to be given the following human rights:-

Women and girls should not be sold into the slavery of prostitution.
125
Syed Nazre Hyder, ―Women Development in Pakistan: Present State and Strategic Measures for Raising
Their Social and Economic Status‖. SDPI (2010). 27
126
Ibid, 27

76
 Women should not be subjected to any physical or mental torture, on the
pretext of small dowries, such as gasoline, setting on fire and burning to death.

Women should not be subject to individual or collective rape on any protest

whether local or international.

The rights of women are violated if they are raped as a tactic or prize of war.

The violation of human rights is;

When women are subjected to violence in their own homes.

When young girls utilized to genital mutilation.

When women are not allowed to plan the number of children the wont.

When women are denied the right to speak their mind and exercise their will.

When women are denied social and political rights.

When they are denied the rights to assemble, to organize and to debate
openly.

When families are taken apart on political differences are forced to live away
from one another.

The extract of above stated powerful statements by Hillary Clinton, refers

that almost after 20 years, such world perfectly describes issues which are still
very relevant all over the world. There havecertainly been improvements since
then, but a lot still needs to be done.

The time has come when everyone will have to decide whether he wants to
live a happy, prosperous and peaceful life or not. No society can enjoy life without
giving women and children their right to live their lives according to their own free
will and choice.

Wives and obviously mothers are responsible for making a society in a

peaceful fabric of life. Without the emotional support and care of a mother no
child can be the responsible member of a society. Society needs good mothers
tohave good leaders because child of today‘s is the father of tomorrow.
77
 We will have to give confidence to the women and girls that they are
important members of the society and the society is looking towards themto have
a good place in the world. We will have to enable the desire to make women
empowered. We will have to give them the due respect and value their ideas. We
should not feed them less, feed them after everyone has taken his meals,
weshould not.

Over work them or keep them under paid. They should not the humiliated.
They should not be made a victim to violence in the home or outside the home.
We should realize that the potential of the human family gets it‘s from the women
a peaceful prosperous balanced work is only fruit of the efforts of women.

5.1 DVAW-Human Rights Voyage

Since the learning of the human life and civilization in the world, women have
been experiencing different faces of life in the east and west. Man is a social
animal who wanted to live and no living is possible without realizing the needs of
other. Various philosophies marked their places in the different communities of the
world.127

Religious people designed their lives where as social people have their own
concepts of civilization designed own their loss and adopted certain ‗Human
Rights‘previously man earned his bread and leader by working on the fields or by
hunting in the forest.

In agricultural civilization human beings founds them salves settled, experienced

and having peace of mind. With the increase in population small settlements
turned in the cities and needs of the man to have certain rules and regulation to
the respected took truth. Different people were assigned different roles and
responsibilitiesin differentcivilizations having different notions, ideas, and
traditions.

Primitive man believed that power is the sources of all achievement. He was
very savage. He never hesitated to kill the others to have even the smallest
benefit. With the increasein populationand let live was felt certain philosophy took
truth history saves the way to advancement the code of humanity as early as 1000
BC, is considers is the beginning of the ‗human rights‘ in the western civilization.
127
Cmiel, Kenneth., ―The Recent History of Human Rights, ―American Historical Review‖. (2004) 117-
135.

78
 ‗Babylonian‘with its two hundred eighty two clauses tried to have a peaceful
living in the world. These clauses were rooted in ‗Eye for An Eye‘. They failed to
achieve their desired results because there was a great disparity between
judgment granted to the nobility and slaves. But it was a step to the betterment
from the ancient tribesmen to the present day civilization.

Process of civilization and adaptation continued and there were‗The Hebrew to

reach‘s Ten Commandments‘, batter part of the Christen old testaments.128

These commandments provide bliss to discourage antisocial behavior.

These commandments have the following form;

Honors your parents

Not be a murderer

Don‘t be a thief

Do not deceive others by giving false witness

Don not deprive others of their belongings

Different societies and different civilizations had developed different

philosophies to ensure ‗Human Rights‘ to every individual. At one place the ‗Ten
Commandments‘had the sway and somewhere else the Greek philosophers and
thinkers were developing their own ideologies but the objective of all was on and
the same and that was the implementation of ‗Human Rights‘.

Plato the Greek thinker came withthe teaching that the duty of an individual
is to exercise his virtue and be beneficial for the common man forthe common
good. Plato and Socrates were the guiding stars for stoicism defining a
cosmopolite meaning citizen of the world. Even in those daysit was believes that
the gains of one are the gains of the other and not the loss of anyone. The whole
humanitywas supposed to be ignited into one unit i.e. humans beings.129

128
De Baets, Antoon. ―Impact of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on the Study of
History.‖History and Theory. Vol 48. (2009) 20-43.
129
Ibid.

79
 In the natural era or in the Stone Age, the man lived in caved and hunted
animals for his survival. They were afraid of one another. Every individual was
more possessive thanthe other female partners were weaker person and needed a
guardian toguard and protect them from the dangers hovering around them. Man
took woman to be his personal property and therefore was not ready to allow her
independence to move around and establish relations with the strangers and more
particularly with the male members.

Whenever any fair sex made any mistake she was subjected to punishment
and naturally physical punishment. Has there been a chance of showing any
resistance on the part of a womanthere would have been more punishment and
the modern man can very easily named it violence against woman.

As already has been discussed that with the increase in population and the
establishment of the small towns man needed to regulate his life because every
powerful had become threat for every weaker individual. This needfor survival
forced Man to tolerate others tolerance is the first step to civilization the Ten
Commandments are the culminations of this desire.

Different civilization shows us the attitude of its people towards woman in a

different perspective. The Greeks has the strong desire to develop their Empire
and exhibit the best culture therefore they desired to have contact with the unique
cultures of the world. Romans influenced by the Greek philanthropies developed a
system of humanities which focused on a cultivated and educated society aspiring
for doing good to others on the pivotal point of their philosophy was to reject and
discard violence done to any other human being.130

The fundamentals of human rights and duties listed in ‗The Twelve Tales‘
from 450BC are worth their importance. It shows that the basic rights and duties
of citizen have always been important since the beginnings of civilization. It is
interesting to note that the common theme of the early history of human rights
has been control on the belief in a sympathetic, tolerant existence.

Love thy neighbor is the opening line to make us realize that Gold thought
this messenger and the prophet Christ is advising this creature to be tolerant to
the other fellow
130
Hunt, Lynn. ―Inventing Human Rights: A History‖. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company 2007. 71

80
human beings opinions and doings. These sermons are a significant. Signal to
make the human beings realize the important of human rights justice is the key to
all peaceful dealing of human beings with one another.

Islam emphasizes on the need of justice, tolerance and solidarity among its
followers in particular and the other human beings in general. Islam calls attention
to the writes of weak i.e. children and woman preaching religious tolerance
among faiths and the need of rights in practice especially for slaves, women and
children. This goes without saying that Islam condemns DVAW; however the
followers have misinterpreted certain verses. Similarly, other religions (like
Christianity) have also abhorred it.131

Secular states and philosophers are also no hindrance in the way to the
implementation and exercise of human rights. The Church of Rome survived
though the republic of Rome faced false. The advancement, the world experienced
in the growth of urban population and the revival of intellectual awareness, helped
human beings to overcome fear and intolerance and paved the way for the
advancement of civilization centered on the human right and especially the rights
of the weaker sex. Welfare of women and childrenis the key note in the prevalent
circumstances.

With the advancement of scientific knowledge industries took the place of

agricultural concerns. The rising middle class and the enlightened governments of
the world did not ignore the rights of women the developing middle class, free
market economies and the individuals‘desire for the rights defeated the feudal
authoritarianism and the wrong religious beliefs.

The right to live and let live became the fundamental principal of western
traditions. The ‗Bill of Rights‘adopted by the newly independent state of American
speaks of the rights granted to the individuals, it reads that the rights of human
beings livingin a free, democratic society where all individuals enjoy the freedom
of speech, assembly, states having protective measures to safeguard the
fundamental rights of their people from danger or all other kinds of threats and
sufferings under the umbrella of states constitutions.
131
Ishay, Micheline R. ―The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era‖.
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (2004). 31

81
 The nineteenth century had its own strains, at the same time there were
the demands of the working class which cantered on the freedom of human
beings and the equality of all the women were not unaware of their rights. A
change in the economic field opened new gates of realization of once rights. The
laborers, back bone of industry and responsible for economic growth were united
and raising their voice for their rights. The issue of human rights was the core
issue of the day. The workers fought for labor equality and safety against injustice
and cruel laws based on exploitation. The organizations active in the United State
of America questioned slave labor. There were the clashes between the Northern
and Southern States.

5.2 The Role of West

Religions have always been a great point of solace for all the human
beings.On one the hand, some religions are divine and on the other hand, a
number of religions are the outcome of philosophies tabled by the truth-seekers of
the world to give some solace to the people pained at the hands of the
oppressors.

All the philosophiesand the religions have been advocating a need for
tolerance to the point of view of the opponents. ‗Might is Right‘has been the key
point for the powerful ones who did not hesitate even to make other human
beings slaves to their wishes and forced them toobey their orders. The slaves, we
can very rightly say, were the source of income for the powerful ones. Then these
were the rebellions and wars and massacres which make the life all the human
beings living is that area miserable.

There were the preachers tocounter these aggressions. Love thy neighbor
as you love thyself was preached but to no considerable effects. Then there was a
philosophy which expressed that we cannot love everyone but we must train
ourselves to tolerate others. On the analysis thedevelopment of human minds with
reference to their dealings with other human beings we come across different
developments in the world.

Asia during the last five centuries has witnessed numerous interventions
including the Mughal Empire and the Chinese political philosophy. The
greater‘Mughal Empire and the Chinese philosophy have a significant role in
advancing peace compassion and freedom from the fear of want and dying of
hunger.

82
 When the Europeans explored the eastern waters they were astounded to
know the civilization of China and India as respectable as were the civilizations.
The European were proud of during the reign of Akbar in India, in the sixteenth
century there was a great freedom of religion although there were a numbers of
religions by different sects of people.

In China the situation was not very different Confucius had succeeded to
hold a vast, thickly populated and even the rebellious states together with his
ethnical strength and stability. These were the days when the Arabs were
becoming stronger because of the advancement in technology. They succeeded to
have a hold on Persia and the countries around Mediterranean.

This was possible only because they had succeeded to advance their
philosophy of tolerance and had become the champion of Human Rights. It is very
clear without doubt that when the rights of person are guarded there is no heart
burning and no violence against any one.

When the west ascended to domination, they gave a great importance to

the enforcement of ‗Human Rights‘changes were being observed in the world.
There were the revolutions in France and America. The progress in field of
economics gave birth to free market. Capitalism and American entrepreneurialism,
the west was gaining hold on the world because of its scientific knowledge,
Inventions and Industrialization. Competition was everywhere and the need for
the exercise of Human Rights was acknowledged by every philosopher, every
religion leader.

Barbarism is in the blood of man. Advancement in the economicgains made

man greedier and was ready to take any measures to make him more powerful
nd
and more prosperous. Same was the case with the nations of the world. The 2
world war was an eye opener event for the peoples living in different countries of
the world.Lady Eleanor Rosevelt felt the need for the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights adopted by the United Nations in 1948. No doubt that USA played
an influential role in establishing the need for human rights and their fight against
the DVAW.132
 The Nuremberg and the Tokyo trials against the war criminals in an
international forum succeeded to bring into lime light the need for the UDHR. USA
initiated the

132
Peterson, Richard T. ―Human Rights: Historical Learning in the Shadow of Violence.‖American Journal of
Economics and Sociology. Vol. 68:1 (2009) 253-272.

83
declaration of the rights of man and citizen of independence along with the Bill of
Right. The Bill of Human Rights has been probably one of the major conceptual
achievements of the last century.

Human beings living in different parts of the world, having their customs
and traditions, giving birth to different, and civilizations encompass their own
ethics. The Human Rights Commission faced a great difficulty in overcoming this
problem. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization) was asked to help in finding out unanimous solution to human rights
by involving the prominent thinkers and philosophers of the world.133

The conflict between the USSR, USA and other major important economic
powers did not allow reaching an unquestionable decision. However the desire to
have a solution to HR did not die. Fifty out of ten fifty eight members of the
United Nations satisfied the documents. The Soviet Union and the rest of the
countries refrained from participation in voting activity. It is perhaps the right
apprehension of these states that the USA will exploit thedocument to support and
enlighten their own states. This did not help HR but gave rise to the era of cold
war between the opponent groups the international Bill of Human Rights.

The last century had one great connectional achievement and that was the
Bill of Human Rights. Further, in 1966 there was advancement in regard and that
was the acceptance of self determination and freedom from discrimination
counted upon ―Color, Race, Language, Political opinions.

Then there was the collaboration of the International (Covenant) on the

basis of Economics, Social and Cultural Rights and International (Covenant) on the
Civil andPolitical Rights which helped and strengthened the concerned quarters to
advance an international Bill of Human Rights. There was a great support even
from the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to achieve the objectives of
burning an end of the exploitation of women children and depressed people. 134

nd th
During the 2 half of the 20 century, the world was undergoing a lot of
changes in all the fields of life. Agriculture and given way to industry people
settled the soil got
133
Richard T Peterson, ―Human Rights: Historical Learning in the Shadow of Violence,―American Journal of
Economics and Sociology. Vol. 68:1 (2009) 253-272.
134
Economics and Sociology. Vol. 68:1 (2009)

84
disturbed and shifted from their homes to new locations to search for their bread
and butter. Different problems raised the need to have certain other Bills then the
Bill of HR was felt. Health Right, Woman Rights, Economic Justice and Indigenous
people‘s rights were need of the time.135

Global Socio-political scope was widening itswings to bring out religious and
ethics tolerance; the incidents against humanity were on the rise, the wars in
Korea, Afghanistan. Vietnam and Iraq were the result of the clashes and different
in nationalism,faith, and ethnicity and diverse class groups.

5.3 Global Society & Human Rights

Amnesty International is there to resolve the issues letting birth because of

the pains trend inflicted upon the hopeless lot of the world, the philosophy to
tolerance failed and the horrible incidents of 9/11 notified the efforts made for HR
and proved that different cultures are driven by different motives.

Columbus discovered America people from almost all parts of world went to
America. They were the symbol of consequences and in result of that they
established their own Customs, Traditions and Cultures, representing the people
with different attitudes and behaviors. It will be interesting as well as horrifying to
note that they had been beating their wives; they did nothesitate even to subject
children. To all types of countries, they had learned following certain laws like; old
English Common Law permitted the homelands to beat their wives for correctional
purposes. It was difficult to mould the people on this issue. An in between way
was adopted. The husband was allowed to whip his wife stick bigger than thumb.
The supreme court of Mississippi allowed husband to adopt moderate punishment
when it is unavoidable.136

The American society for the prevention of cruelty to Animals (SPCA) took
over the task to prevent woman and children from cruelties inflicted upon them by
their own

135
Ishay, Micheline R.―The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era ‖.
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (2004). 17

136
Ishay, Micheline R.―The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era ‖.
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (2004). 17
85
dear ones. Allama was the first state to pass law against wife beating and then
one after the other this law was adopted by many states. The most effective steps
in this regard were taken by Queen Elizabeth when she came to power lawmakers
began toformulate reforms for the women. Now neither the wives can be beaten
and the daughters be sold for prostitution.

5.3 Role of United Nations

The pressure on the governments was exerted by women in one way or the
other. 1945 was the year when the first charter on Human Rights was adopted by
UNO. The UN has been one of the most vibrant institutions in the world because
women were granted equal rights to men.

(A) The Declaration of Universal Human Rights

1948 brought more pleasures for women the universal declaration says that
all human beings are born free and are equal in dignity and rights. 1975 was
declared to the international woman year. Its objective was to give women their
well-served rights and to appreciate their efforts for the development of humanity.
It was declared the equality between men and women. It was not a favor given to
women by men but it was the recognition of their importance in the making of
world peace stronger.137

nd
The decade 1976-1985 was the Decade for women, the 2 UN-conference
on women was inline already taken helps in this connection, gave the realization
to the world that women are very integral and important part for progress in all
department of life were re affirmed. Mid-eighties era was remarkable when the
protective measures against DVAW had matured substantially.

rd
The 3 UN conference on women enabled them to play their vital role at
national, regional and international level. At this point in time the main socio-
cultural and economic factors, which kept women behind the mainstream
development, were analyzed. Along that the forward looking strategies also
suggested. The guidelines for overcoming those existing obstacles, plan of action
and future programs also ratified for the advancement of women. Thus an ideal of
the equality the year 20000 emerged from this historic conference.
137
Cmiel, Kenneth, ―The Recent History of Human Rights‖ American Historical Review. (2004) 117-135.

86
 China was deprived of its right the members of the UNO in the early years of
its dependence. Due to that decision there were certain doubts towards her citizen
but it succeeded to prove to the world her ability to work for the welfare of human
th
beings. The 4 UN conference on woman was held in Hanoi, China on
th
8 September 1995. More than 3000 NGOs actively participated in this conference
to ensure the eradications and to have equality for women and peace forall
women everywhere in the world.

The Vienna declaration was related to the recognition of the role of women
in the society. It condemned all sorts of violence against women. It wanted the
women to enjoy the highest standard of physical as well as mentalhealth. It
emphasized that the women should be given equal opportunities to complete men
on equal footings. They should not be denied the right to get education.

In December 1993 the General Assembly declared that there should not be
any violence againstwomen and assured them all human rights. This was not the
end of it. The International Conference on Population and Development held in
Cairo in 1994 acknowledged the rights of women in the sphere of reproduction,
sexual health and the tights to participate in the development process.

(B) World Conference held on Human Rights under the Flag of UN

United Nation had a number of conferences in the world to make the

human beings the realization of the facts that the violence against women and girl
cause a lot of problems for the peaceful running of human life in the word.

The Vienna declaration confirms that women if allowed to live their life
comfortably and a given the opportunities to have physical and mental health,
they would be gaining education to makethemselves responsible for the
development of the world. It also stressed on the point that women should be
given equal opportunities to compete for competition in the field of education.
Inspired by these recommendations, the General Assembly adapted bycenses that
the effort must be made to eliminate valance against women. It also focused
internationally that the women rights human rights and their deserving place must
be honored by the all the countries of the world.
 In Cairo the International Conference called on the issue of Population and
Development realized that the women have the right to be independent and
reproductive

87
wishes. It also affirmed that women should not be forced to do anything against
their wishes because the reproductive activities may be damaging for them and
their sexual health. It was reformed that the physical sexual health is their basic
right and noone has the right to deprive them of it by using any type of violence
physical or mental against them in any form and at any place.

A commission on the position of women in the world was called by united

nation in 1996. It was felt that to inculcate in women the sense of responsibility;
they must be given the feeling that they will not be facing any discrimination in
policiesor in practices.

(C) UN’s International Women Day

The practice of commemorating international days has been quite in vogue.

The United Nations involvement in women began the General Assembly succeeded
to pass the resolution aiming as the wish of the countries to make progress in the
world. It is realized that he cultural and traditions and customs of different
countries are difference. In order to being a consensus on it was decided that the
th
international day for women will be observed every year on the 8 March. The
object of this day will be too focused on the attention and concerned of the UN in
regard to violence against women withthe desire that measures should be taken to
curve the wish of male members of the society to inflict paint on women to
gettheir ambitions fulfilled.

In 1994 the commission on the human right prepared the report on the
violence against women and to empowerthem to have their human rights. It was
declared that it must be given a wide consideration and violence against women
should be considered as a crime against humanities. It had various formats of
interventions. In 1996 it was stressed that no group or individual be allowed to
violate the sanction of the convention. The security cancel the regulation and the
women security stressed on the need that the rights of the women should be
protected and there should be now conflict on it among the countries of the world.

5.4 Pakistan’s Legislation for Domestic Violence against Women

Though late, Pakistan has shown some serious efforts in minimizing DVAW.
It‘s argued that domestic abuse is rampant in the country partly due to want of
legal. It means that they have refused to recognize the violence exercise against
women by their dear ones

88
in and around the house. TheConstitution of Pakistan is there to help the women
in problem because it gives the rights to every individual man or woman to lead
their life independently and freely without any fear. It means that no one has a
right to inflict pains on any weather a man or womentherefore; the Constitution of
Pakistan gives the women and girls protection against domestic violence.

Any Pakistani citizen may approach any Pakistani court of Law (which has
relevant jurisdiction) in case their human rights violated by any unlawful manner.
According to the Constitution of Pakistan all its inhabitants have the right to leads
their lives according to their wishes, if they all not violating any law. The literacy
rate of women in Pakistan is very low and the majority of women donot have any
awareness about their rights and therefore they sometimes subjected to violence.
The women of Pakistan are also very poor therefore they cannot bear the court
expanses of the heavy fee of lawyers and ready to face domestic violence
vulnerably.138

(A) Pakistan Penal Code (PPC)

The legislation has also been in action in Pakistan. The PPC does not
specifically cover domestic violence but several of its sections can be interpreted
to cover instances of such violence. These sections include sec 313to 316
(causing miscarriage); sec 317 (abandonment of under- 12. By the same token,
these all specific laws related to sexual violence against the child or woman exists
in the form of the Hadood laws, enacted in 1979. However, these very laws
instead of combating violence against women exacerbate the situation; if violence
results in grievous bodily harm then the law of Qisas and Diyatcan come into play
which some interpret as protecting the perpetrator instead of the victim.139

In December 2006, the Protection ofWomen (Criminal Laws Amendment)

Act (Protection of Women 2006) was passed which included several clauses in
PPC and Criminal Procedure Code (CRPC) relating to rights of women including
sexual offence (Code of criminal Procedure 1898).

It also amended the offense of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance

1979 (The offence of Zina1979). Section 545 of the CRPC allows the court to
provide compensation
138
―Domestic Violence, a primary research study‖ December, USAID (2012) 54
139
Ibid,120

89
to victim of a crime from the fine imposed on the perpetrator of the crime (Code
of crime procedure 1898).

Pakistan‘s legislation is inherited from the British rule. In 1996 the Women
in Distress and Detention Act was enacted which led to the establishment of a
fund for assisting women in conflict with the law, (Ordinance No.1, 2008).

A new section, 174-A was added to the CRPC in 2001 which is specifically
at curbing dowry related violence. Under this provision all burn cases are required
to be reported to all nearest Magistrate by the registered medical practitioner
designated by Provincial Government and officer of a police station.

The medical practitioner should record the statement of the burn victim
immediately on arrival. Should the victim not survive, this statement will be
accepted as a dying declaration (Code of Criminal Procedure 1898).

In 2004, the criminal law (Amendment) act or Act 2004 removed certain
lacunae is the law to facilitated prosecution of honor killing. A new session was
included which punish giving females in a fundamental rights and the chapter on
principle of policy, can be set to cover the issue of domestic violence indirectly, as
they underline the principal of equal rights and equal treatment of citizens or
persons, without any distinctionon the basis of sex.

Any Pakistani citizen may approach any Pakistani court of Law (which has
relevant Jurisdiction) in the case there fundamental infringed in any unlawful
manner.

(B) Violence against women (Prevention & Protection) Bill

The prevention andprotection bill has been another successful intervention.

With the realization with the importance of the issues, In August 2009, the
National Assembly of Pakistan passed the Domestic Violence (Prevention &
Protection) bill. The initiative was appreciatedby all concerned quarters. If
passed, it would make Pakistan tobe among the countries that have succeeded to
adopt legal proceedings relating to domestic violence.
 Domestic Violence Bill defined a Family Relationship quite widely as one of
the most secretor relationship between man and woman. It further demanded
that if there is

90
 violence against the woman the law should take action against the culprit. The
culprit must be subjected to find and must be put behind the bar for those
crimes.

It stipulated the court must give decision within a specified time frame.
However, the proposed law could not be passed by the senate, elapsed the failed
to become a law. (A bill to provision for protection against domestic violence) the
bill was not passed whenit reached the upper house as per opposition from
members of Islamic parties.

(C) International and National Commitments - Pakistan’s Policies

Pakistan has been signatory to several declarations and pacts.―Pakistan is a

signatory to a number of International Conventions. In light of this it has
developed policies and subsequent plans to better the fate of women living in
Pakistan.

With respect to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), Pakistan ratified CEDAW on April 12,
1996. In CEDAW the following filing is the rights which should be given to women;

The women must have the Right to enjoy liberty and must have the security to
move about independent.

The women must have equality with man in all quarter of life

A woman should be considered equal to a man in the family.

Woman should have the Right to enjoy physical and mental health must not be
restricted to anyway.

The law must be abiding by and the Criminals must be penalized.

In the family a woman must enjoy liberty to get education.

In case of violence in the family they must be provided safety and the sport of
the family.

The media and the print media must respect, and take measure to promote
respect of women in the society.
91
 The Public should be making to realize the right of women and they should be
properly educated in this regard.

Preventive and Punitive measure must be taken against any type of

exploitation and trafficking in women

At the working places the women must be the free atmosphere and should not
be subjective any type of physical or sexual harassment.

Becoming a signatory to a convention does not automatically include it in

the legal framework. It needs enabling legislation which has not been done in the
case of CEDAW. Therefore, CEDAW provisions have no value in the courts of
Pakistan and can only be cited as ideals.

CEDAW is the most pivotal intervention. The ministry of women

development, until the passage of the eighteenth amendment, was the only
machinery who could besought to seek help in the case of any difficulty faced by
the women living in the Pakistan belonging to any social and economic group.

WDD was only agency who was in action on the provincial level. Due to
transition from federal power to provincial autonomy, it is till now, no clear who
will be taking the responsibility of the implementation of CEDAW and other
ratifications.

In 2000, at federal level, NCSW was recognized in the course of a

Presidential regulation as statutory body which apart from otherissues, having
authorization to scrutinize the guidelines procedures and programs. Its role was
embedded in reviewing relevant laws, suggests repeals, amendments for the
elimination of discriminatory practices against women and girls and to defend and
encourage them for attainment of gender equality. NCSW was also mandated to
monitor the mechanisms of and institutional procedures for public wellbeing.

(D) The Role of Government of Pakistan for the Promotion of Women to

get their Rights in the Society

In 1944 ‗Quadi-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah‘the founder of Pakistan

delivered a speech in which he said that no nation can rise to heights or gain glory
in the world until and unless the women of the nation are motivated to work for
the advancement of the

92
nation along with the men. He realized that according to the custom of the Muslim
the women are not allowed to participate actively in the making of the society.

He said that the women of kept within the four walls of the house would be
a crime against humanity. He had the realization the women had participated
actively in the movement for the creation of Pakistan. He feared that the time
might come when the women will claim their status in the society; they might face
very miserable condition. His wishes all translated into the constitution of the
Pakistan and are;

All the citizens are equal in the eyes of law and have the equal rights of
protections

All human beings are born free and enjoyed equal rights and dignity

No Law has any discrimination against any one.

In 1948 the women in Pakistan triggered off the state machinery and
demanded for the Muslim personal law of Sharia. In response the Family Law
Ordinance 1952 came into existence. In 1961 the Muslim Family Law Ordinance
was approved which deals the family matters. All government services were open
to women except the services in police department.

Pakistan has regularly been attending international seminars and symposia.

In 1975 first UN World Conference was called in Mexico, Pakistan participated in
this conference and supported the agenda. In this conference the united nation
declared the decade for the development of women Pakistan government
responded this decision and created the first Pakistan women right committee and
the first draft ofwomenright committee report submitted in 1976 to the prime
minister.

The committee drafted the legal and structural reform to improve cowmen‘s
economic and social statue. In 1976 restriction act on dowry and bridal fifth act
passed for limit the expensedon marriages and dowry. In 1979 Women Division
Government of Pakistan established within the Planning and Development
Department in the provinces in order to create a linkage with the omens division.
The fun ding source of division was federal government.
 In 1983 the Planning Commission added a chapter on sixths five year plan
and an expert working group in constituted. Government of Pakistan established
NCSW with

93
assigned role to decertify the needs of females in the various sector of Pakistan. In
1984 parliament doubled the number of reserved east for women from ten to
twenty. In 1988 planning commission added another chapter on Women‘s
Development in the 7th five year plan and also a working group is constituted.

In 1989 prime minister upgraded the women‘s division to a full fledge

ministry for women‘s development and in this year government r of Pakistan
established the First Women Bank the purpose of this to provide credit facilities
and to increase the employment opportunities for women in banking sectors and
in this year women development cell replaced by monitoring and evaluation cell in
the center and provinces of Pakistan.

Government of Pakistan also established a 5% quota for employment of

women in government departments or services and this year the women ministry
hold national conference on policies related to women‘s right. In 1994 the Federal
Government setup a NationalInquiry Commission. The purpose of this commission
was to review all existing laws, which effect women rights. Living conditioned
social legal status of Pakistan woman. A judge of Supreme Court of Pakistan
headed he commission.

In 1996 the government ofPakistan acceded to UN convention of

elimination of discrimination against women. A recess of gaining women
conference is launched by donors and government which include the formation of
national and provincial core group‘s o monitor the government‘s simple mutation
of the platform for action.

In 2001 the government took a practical step in related to gender debate

and decide to prepare a first national gender policy 2001. The government
introduces an amendment in penal code clause 1898 and bounded medicalofficer
to records the statement of burns victims besides providing him first aid.
According to this new procedure medicalofficer of government hospital was made
responsible to inform the magistrate immediately about the incident who easy also
excluded to record the victims statement. In 2002 amendment in the ‗honor
killing‘laws introduce to tart such cases as murder, an important move in this
regard was the lodging of a member case following the orders of Sindh
government to police to register fir such cases under the section of murders.
94
(E) Government of Pakistan’s Role to end Domestic Violence against
Women

Pakistanwas created in the name of Islam. Islam is the religion which gives
the women their right place in the society. In Pakistan the people give do respect
the women because the women are the mother, the sister, the daughter. The
government of Pakistan cannotdo anything against the teaching of Islam.
Therefore, it is determined to safe grad the women and children in particular
against all kinds of violence.

In Islam there is no discrimination on the bases of color, race and religion.

People living in the Pakistan enjoy the equal rights and no discrimination is made
on the basis on gender. To facilitate the women to have an easy way a life the
government of Pakistan has establish a separate ministry of them. The role of this
ministry is to protect women againstall kind of exploitation.

Pakistan is one of the responsible member countries of the world and never
hesitates to accept the international binding with regard to human rights. Pakistan
is abiding by all the international conventions which demand that theremust be no
violence against women inside and outside the house. All the measures are taken
to measures are taken to implement the wishes of the people.

Ministry of Women Development operates for the advancement of women.

It advocated, plans and coordinates measures for women development, and is
responsible for the formulation of polices and law to empower women and to
justify their special needs and to ensure them that they will be given proper
attention and their interests will be looked after and guarded.

It started projects the objects which were the development of women. It

ensures them that they will be given equal opportunity in the field of education,
employment, health care and community development.

In 2002, the National Policy for the development and empowerment of

women provided them a shelter against violence. In connection to the positive
measures for the protection of the women the Gender Crime Cell was formed in
2006 within the jurisdiction of National Police Bureau performing with threeman
injunctions: data collection on cases of gender based violence, policy advice to
government on particular cases or proposed legislation on gender based valence,
and investigation cased on the request of them

95
ministry of interior. It also developed standard operating procedures on dealing
with gender based violence and conduction police trainings.

Alongside other stakeholders the NGOs also have a great contribution in the
provision of social services as well asto support government for the
development initiatives for the promotion of the right of women and girls in
Pakistan. As a part of civil society NGOs have a long-rooted history to raise
their voice and worked untidily for policy advocacy and women empowerment
in Pakistan.

The history unfolds, since 1983 several Non-Governmental Organizations

(NGOs) have actively started their work in Pakistan. Their very presence is
indicate of the fact that Government of Pakistan has also recognized the
important role of NGO‘s in promoting and encouraging the women for the
advancement of their basic human rights.
96
 CHAPTER 6
FINDINGS OFTHE
FIELD RESEARCH

97
MAP OF PAKISTAN

98
MAP OF PUNJAB PROVINCE, PAKISTAN

99
 This chapter presents a detailed analysis which is based upon: the findings
from the data gathered through the questionnaires (quantitative data),
FGDs and the Expert Opinions.

6.1 Quantitative Analysis

As bifurcated in the questionnaire, the first part of this analysis

brings forth the demographic distribution of the sample taken from the six
districts of Punjab. The second part of this analysis examines the elements
of the subject of present study DVAW; that is the variables or factors
affecting theexistence, propagation or degeneration of DVAW.

The quantitative analysis chiefly recognizes the responses as

represented by the notation ‗never‘, this helps us to consider all remaining
responses as if the incident had some-how-or-the-other occurred, whether
‗some times‘,‗often‘ or ‗rarely‘.

Fig:6.1

As is obvious from the Figure 6.1 above, the number of males is greater than the
females in Chakwal and Attock, for other districts the number of males is either
almost equal to females or less than males.

100
 Fig:6.2

As can be observed from Fig 6.2 above, thehighest frequency (54.4%) is of

both the sexes that collectively is between the age brackets of 31-35 years, here
thenumber of females is greater than males. The lowest percentage goes to the
respondents above the age of forty years.

Fig:6.3

As can be observed from Fig 6.3 above, more than 80% of the respondents
were married which is a good indication in the light of our subject DVAW, since
married people are certainly better judge of DVAW.

101
 Fig:6.4

The Fig 6.4 above shows the education distribution of the sample, the
highest percentage of both the sexes pertains to an educatinal level that is under-
matric, this again is a good indication for our sutdy. For DVAW, it can also be seen
in the light ofFGDs and Expert Opinions, that lack of education isa significant
contributor to DVAW. By the same token, as we proceed, as the levels of
education rise, the number of respondents falls. As male outnumber the females
as there occurs increase in educational level (see within gender
percentages/column percentage). On the whole, the females‘ educational
attainment is lower than male, which is phenomenon country-wide.

Fig:6.5

The fig 6.5 above shows that the majority of repondents had children, this
is a good indication for our study since we need to analyse effect of DVAW on
children as well.
102
 Fig: 6.6

The fig 6.6 above shows that the majority of respondents had number of
children between 2 and 4, this again is good indication as explained under Fig 5.

Fig: 6.7

In the fig 6.7 above, the more educated people have lesser number of
children.

103
 Fig: 6.8

In the Fig 6.8 above, in 52.2 % cases, the spouse gave divorce instead of
female demanding divorce.

Fig: 6.9

As is clear from the Fig. 6.9 above, the majority of respondents (between
60 % to 84.4 %) are just employees not supervisors or managers, this is a good
sign for ourstudy since such are the people who are more inclined towards DVAW
(as we will observe under FGDs and Expert Opinions).

104
 Fig: 6.10

As is obvious from Fig. 6.10 above, in at least 63 % cases, women were

never threatened by their spouses.

Fig: 6.11

As is obvious from Fig 6.11, there is observed difference between male and
female respondents who ever shouted, screamed or swore with respect to their
spouses. Around 60 % of males and 32 % of females never shouted. Others
shouted at various occasions.

105
 Fig:6.12

In the Fig 6.12, there is difference between male and female respondents
whose movements were ever checked by their spouses. Some 47 % males and 37
% females were never checked.

Fig:6.13

In the figure 6.13, there is observed difference between male and female
respondents who had ever been restricted in terms of social life by their spouses.
About 60 % of males and24 % of females were never restricted on social life by
their spouses.
106
 Fig:6.14

In the fig 6.14 above, 65 5 of male and 37 % of female respondents report

that they had never been kept short of money.

Fig:6.15

In the above fig 6.15, 46 5 of males and 23 % of females report that never
been criticized.

107
 Fig:6.16

In fig 6.16 above, 66% males and 50 % of females had never been put
down in front of others.

Fig:6.17

In the fig 6.17 above, 62 % of males and 47% of females reported that
their children had never been shouted or threatened.

108
 Fig:6.18

In fig 6.18 above, 69 % of males and 58 % of females report thatthey had

never been threatened with divorce or separation.

Fig:6.19

The fig 6.19 shows that in all the categories the number of women respondents
was greater than males who expressed apprehensions about their threats to life
by their spouses. Even those who did not feel any serious threats the percentage
of respondents among women was less as compared to men.

109
 Fig:6.20

In the fig 6.20 above, 76 % of males and 54 % of the females reported that they
never threatened their spouses to be kicked out.

Fig:6.21

In the fig 6.21 above, it is clear that 73% of males and 64% of females
reported that they never declared their spouse corrupt.

110
 Fig:6.22

The Fig 6.22 shows that the percentage of male respondents was much
higher who conceded that they consumed alcohol or had become some kind
of addict. The 18.7% respondents among men remained silent when they
were asked the question that they never consumed alcohol or became
some kind of addict.

Fig:6.23

In fig 6.23, it is clear that 79% of male and 64% of females reported that
their spouses never drank or were addicts many times a day.
111
 Fig:6.24

The Fig 6.24 shows that the percentage of respondents among women was
higher who conceded that their husband remained calm or showed
tolerance after consumption of alcohol or some kind of drugs. But it also
means that large number of husbandsshowed no tolerance after consuming
alcoholic drinks. Similarly, the bar that highlights categorical ―no‖to this
question shows that 39 % of women did not respond to that question. Here
their silence appears quite intriguing.

Fig:6.25
112
In the fig 6.25 above, this is shown that 71.5% of males and 56% of
females reported that their spouses never stopped them from moving or
leaving the room, see both row and column wise percentage.

Fig:6.26

Inthe fig 6.26, this is shown that 73 % of males and 58.7 % of females
reported that their spouses never chocked or held a hand over their mouth,
see both row and column wise percentage.

Fig:6.27

In the fig 6.27 above, this is shown that 63% of males and 42 % of females
reported that their spouses never forced them to do something against
their will.
113
 Fig:6.28

In the fig 6.28 above, it is clear that 76 % of males and 50% of females
reported that their spouses never slapped their spouses.

Fig:6.29

In the fig 6.29 above, there is observed the difference between male 74%
and female respondents 58 % whose spouses never pushed grabbed or
shoved their spouses.

114
 Fig:6.30

The fig 6.30 above, the number of women respondents was higher than the
number of respondents among men who conceded that their spouses had
choked them. Even those respondents who categorically denied about
occurrence of such incidents the there was muchdifference between the
percentage of women and men respondents.

Fig:6.31

In Fig. 6.31 above, the percentage of women respondents was higher who
conceded that their spouses had used some objects to hurt them in mid of
their quarrels. Even the category in which they clearly denied that such
incidents ever occurred the percentage of this women respondents appears
less than men.
115
 Fig:6.32

The Fig. 6.32 shows that the percentage ofwomen respondents was greater
than the men who conceded that their supposes had thrown things on
them or upset the setting of the room in the mid of quarrel with their
supposes. Even those who emphatically denied of occurrence of any such
incident the percentage of the women respondents was considerably less.

Fig:6.33

In the Fig. 6.33 above, it is clear 70 % of male and 58% of female

respondents never punched, kicked walls or furniture.

116
 Fig:6.34

In the Fig 6.34 above, it is clear that 69 % of male and 59 % of female

respondents never demanded love when their spouses did not want to give.

Fig:6.35

In the Fig 6.35 above, it is clear that 73 % of male and female respondents
never tried to strangle, burn or drown their spouses.

117
 Fig:6.36

In the Fig. 6.36 above, 78 % male and 64 % female respondents never

twisted their arms or pulled their spouses by hair.

Fig:6.37

The Fig 6.37 shows that number of respondents among women was higher
than men who conceded that their spouses had physically injured them
during their quarrels. Even the number of respondents among women was
less than who explicitly denied that such incidents had ever occurred.

118
 Fig:6.38

The Fig 6.39 shows that the number of respondents among was higher who
revealed that they received serious injuries in the mid of quarrels with their
supposes. Even those who emphatically that such incidents had ever
occurred the percentage of female respondents was less.

Fig:6.39

The Fig 6.39 shows that female respondents also conceded that they
suffered miscarriage during quarrels with their husbands. Thefigure also
shows that 74.0% of the respondents explicitly denied that such incidents
had ever occurred. Though 26% of respondents gave no answer, but their
silence is also quite intriguing.
119
 Fig:6.40

In the Fig 6.40 above,79 % male and 73 % female respondents never

made their spouses blackout or unconsciousness.

Fig:6.41

In the Fig 6.41 above, it is clear that 78 % male and 76 % female respondents never
broke teeth or split lips of their spouses.

120
 Fig:6.42

In the Fig. 6.42 above, it is clear that 71 % male and 65 % female

respondents never caused their spouse sickness or vomiting.

Fig:6.43

In the Fig 6.43, it is clear that 79% male and 75 % female respondents
whose spouses caused broken nose, jaw or cheekbone of their wives.

121
 Fig:6.44

In the Fig. 6.44 above, it is clear that 83% male and 72 % female
respondents never caused bleeding on face, body, arms or legs of their
spouses.

Fig:6.45

In the Fig 6.45 above, it is clear that 79 % male and female respondents
never caused their spouses burst ear drum or deafness.

122
6.2 Focused Group Discussion (FGD)

This section gives an analytical account of the eight FGDs that were
conducted in the six districts of Punjab namely: 1- Rawalpindi, 2-
Faisalabad, 3- Attock, 4-Chakwal, 5- Khanewal, and 6- Dera Ghazi Khan.
However, depending upon the variety and intensity of issues pertaining to
DVAW, a need for yet another FGD was strongly felt (for example in
Rawalpindi and Attock where we had two FGDs in each of these two
districts). So the total FGDs equaled to eight.

An attempt was made to approach to as many as possible pertinent persons

who had a ‗say‘on the subject of DVAW. These individuals (both male and
female) either had undergone DVAW against women, or had faced it, or
were the key officials or personalities to receive reports on the subject and
deal with the issue.

In other words, all the stakeholders some-how-or-the-other were the part

of this exercise. Among these stakeholders promptly included were for
example the victims, women‘s rights‘activists, police officers, NGO-Related
personalities, advocates, religious scholars, media personalities,
educationists, doctors, psychologists & psychiatrists, welfare workers and
others.

The so-called questionnaire was divided into three relevant sections:

Profile of Participants,

Trends in Behavior and Practices, and

Individual, Institutional and Systematic Values in Society.

6.2.1 FGD - District Rawalpindi

# Name Age Occupation / Working Education Marital status

Organizatio experien
n ce
1 Shameem 30 Maid 10 Nil Married
2 Sughra 42 Maid 25 Nil Married
3 Azmat 25 Maid 08 Nil Married
4 Hina 30 Housewife 12 Matric Married
5 Kulsoom 45 Maid 25 Middle Married
6 Shakeela 52 Maid 40 Primary Married
7 Fozia 32 Maid 12 None Married
8 Sameena 21 Maid 8 None Unmarried

123
6.2.2 FGD – District Rawalpindi:

Occupation Educatio
S. Name Age / Working n Marital Status
Organizatio Experienc
# n e
1 Shahnaz 50 Maid 30 Nil Married
2 Shehzadi 22 Maid 5 Nil Married
3 Naziran 28 Maid 18 Nil Married
4 Jannat 35 Housewife 12 Matric Married
5 Amna 41 Maid 25 Middle Married
6 Momina 35 Maid 14 Primary Married
7 Azra 33 Maid 22 None Married
8 Gulnaz 41 Maid 28 None Married

6.2.3 FGD-District Faisalabad

Ag Marital
# Name e Occupation / Work- Education Status
Organization Experience

Working
1 Fouzia 28 Employed 5 Nil Married
2 Shakeel 41 Security Guard 2 Nil Married
Working
3 Naaz 55 Employed 20 Nil Married
4 Aslam 62 Driver 30 Nil Married
Working
5 Safia 35 Employed 20 Nil Married
6 Akram 48 Gardner 10 Secondary Married
7 Shahina 20 Housemaid 16 Primary Divorced
8 Arshad 42 Cook 18 Primary Married
9 Qasim 19 Baby Care 2 Primary Married
10 Tauheed 36 Batman 15 Secondary Married

6.2.4 FGD - District Attock

Occupation Educatio
# Name Age / Working n Marital status
Organizatio experienc
n e
Shamee
1 m 30 Maid 10 Nil Married
2 Sughra 42 Maid 25 Nil Married
3 Azmat 25 Maid 08 Nil Married
4 Hina 30 Housewife 12 Matric Married
5 Kulsoom 45 Maid 25 Middle Married
6 Shakeela 52 Maid 40 Primary Married
7 Fozia 32 Maid 12 None Married
8 Sameena 21 Maid 8 None Unmarried
124
6.2.5 FGD – District Attock:

Occupation Educatio Marital

# Name Age / Working n Status
Organizatio Experienc
n e
1 Shugufta 40 Maid 20 Nil Married
2 Ameena 32 Maid 05 Nil Married
3 Azeem 52 Maid 28 Nil Married
4 Haroon 35 Servant 23 Matric Married
5 Fizza 45 Maid 25 Middle Married
Rasheed
6 a 25 Maid 14 Primary Married
7 Gulnar 42 Maid 22 None Married
8 Dilnawaz 21 Maid 8 None Unmarried

6.2.6 FGD - District Chakwal

Occupation
# Name Age / Working Education Marital
Organizatio experienc
n e status
1 Asif 21 Labor 3 years Nil Single

2 Rakshanda 34 Maid 7 Primary Married

3 Atiya 22 Maid 3 Middle Single
4 Allah Ditta 25 Labor 1 None Single
5 Bilal 31 Labor 4 None Married
6 Ayesha 35 Maid 6 Primary Married
7 Shamim 50 Tailor 13 Middle Married
8 Nasreen 23 Maid 1 Matric Single

6.2.7 FGD - District Khanewal

Occupation
# Name Age / Working Education Marital
experienc
Organization e status
1 Akhter 30 Maid 10 Nil Married
2 Sabina 22 Maid 8 Nil Unmarried
3 Uzma 25 Maid 18 Nil Married
4 Huma 33 Housewife 22 Matric Married
5 Koser 45 Maid 25 None Married
6 Shahina 25 Maid 14 Primary Married
7 Faiza 33 Maid 12 None Married
8 Sabeena 29 Maid 18 None Married

6.2.8 FGD - District D.G. Khan

Occupation Educatio Marital

Name Age / Working n Status
# Organizatio Experience
 n
1 Ejaz 30 Servant 10 Nil Married
2 Sagheer 42 Servant 25 Nil Married
3 Ershad 25 Maid 08 Nil Married
4 Basheran 35 Housewife 20 Matric Married
5 Khalida 40 Maid 20 Middle Married

125
 6 Jamila 50 Maid 40 Primary Married
7 Shamshad 32 Maid 12 None Married
8 Abida 28 Maid 8 None Married

6.3 Expert Opinion

This section gives a detailed description of theexpert opinions (in-depth

interviews) of the stakeholders. Among these stakeholders promptly included were
for example the victims, women‘s rights‘activists, police officers, NGO-Related
personalities, advocates, religious scholars, media personalities, educationists,
doctors, psychologists & psychiatrists, welfare workers and others.

The so-called questionnaire was kept handy by the interviewer (see Annex).
Its sections varied with respect to the interviewee, by the same token in the
following pages, theheadings under each interview report differ from the other.
The detailed account of each of these interviews along with a conclusive summary
is given below.

1. Expert-Opinion: Sana Basim, Senior Project Officer, ICMC,

Islamabad.

This interview was conducted with Mrs. Sana Basim, Senior Project Officer
at ICMC, with a seven years‘experience. She defined DVAW as to do something
physically or any verbal feeling or words or mental stress which may the other one
will be comes under the mistreatment and domestic violence.

According to her domestic violence can be expressed in many forms, from

physical aggression like kicking, hitting, biting, slapping or any behavior that is
done forcefully without willingness of the other partner also includes sexual abuse,
controlling or dominating, economic deprivation etc.

All the factors mentioned below can be a reason or a ‗fueling agent‘ for
domestic violence, varying from region to region. One of the most hidden factor
and most common in all domestic violence cases is the ‗perceived dominance‘of
male acquired through culturally and socially manipulated religion-based and
patriarchal system. Psychological

126
issues can also trigger domestic violence by the stronger sex that is male. The
victim reacts verbally atfirst (however sensibly otherwise it might increase the
violence) but assuming the situation she should immediately seek help firstly from
family andif it doesn‘t meet the expected outcomes then she must contact some
concerned supervisor, lawyer or the police.

Running away to shelter varies from situation to situation. However, the

education can be a factor but not necessarily in every case. As mentioned above
it‘s the socially and culturally perceived role or manipulation of the role of male sex
in a society and the family background can be an added attribute that can trigger
this violent behavior. According to Human Rights Watch 70 to 90 percent females
encounter domestic violence:

As to why women avoid reporting, in fact female in our society are notaware of their
rights and most of the times they are unaware of the fact they are facing any
violence.

Family pressure is one of the major reasons for not reporting publicly.

Then economic deprivation serves as a consequence of reporting such cases

Security threats and fear of deprivation and distancing from children

Lack of governmental or judiciary support.

She further explained that the types of violence could be: Physical Violence,
Verbal Abuse, and Push, pull, slap or hold down, Psychological Abuse, Threatening
divorce. Repeatedly yelling and degrading, Taking away money that women earn.
Controlling Behavior and Sexual Abuse also come under the same conduct.

Regarding the legislation on the severity of the issue of DVAW in Pakistan,

it was especially advocated after human rights watch report- 1999. The wife‘s
often have a threat from the husband that theywould be deprived of the custody
of the children and they will be forced to remain in the four walls of the house and
will not be allowed to meet the friends the members of the family.

These could be reasons for violence: Religion permits male to beat wife,
Husband addicted to drugs, alcohol, Women not being able to produce a male
heir, Refusal to provide love, Wife Disobeying- Arguing with in laws, Wife arguing
with husband, Wife not fulfilling household duties, Wife going out without
permission, Conflicts about family planning, Husband taking another wife, Dowry
(too little or none), Wife‘s extra marital affairs, Husband's extra marital affairs, In
laws not liking the wife and Infertility.

127
These actions can be taken;

Females should be aware about their rights and responsibilities without manipulation
of religion under patriarchal society.

Males should be sensitized about their role and responsibilities

It should be realized and acknowledged that education is different from awareness

and our society needs awareness regarding equity, equality and efficiency of both
gender.

Role of NGOs in addressing domestic violence is more feminist ratherthan gender

based, hence it is manipulated and controversial that must be reversed.

Educating and raising awareness among religious clerics can be a very appropriate
option as people (specifically males) have confidence in them.

Female education and economic empowerment is the most fundamental tool that can
reduce domestic violence.

Strong judiciary, laws with effective implementation and protection for females can
reduce gender based violence.

MWD (Ministry of Women Development) should play a leading role in highlighting and
reducing gender based violence cases.

Women need counseling, where the counselor should give them hope and provide
examples of model women in this regard

Domestic violence is not specifically recognized in the law of Pakistan; thedifferent

elements involved are to a certain extent covered by the law in Pakistan.

2. Expert-Opinion: Miss Afsheen and Miss Shehnaz, NGO

( Aasha-Alliance Against Sexual Harassment,
Islamabad)

Domestic violence for that matter as far as the physical and verbal violence
is concerned, it is mostly done when wife fails to do what his husband demands. It
could vary from cooking the food on time or just taking out the frustration on
woman. However,the psychological violence takes place when the man of the
housewants to torture the woman so much that he goes to an extent where he
plays with the psyche of the woman and gives her threats of divorce and even
selling her. However, the victims usually retaliate verbally, or report it to friends
and family. They arereluctant to go to the police or any other department or
regulatory authority. Such Victims usually stay at home and don‘t run away.
 According to them women of ages between 20 to 40 are vulnerable
domestically.
Also, women with poor economic background might be vulnerable to physical
violence.

128
As far as the reaction of the victims is concerned, most of the women deal with
violence patiently and keep it to themselves. The extreme reaction would just be
to abuse the culprit verbally. They don‘t reportto harassment and they neither run
away. They just deal with it patiently.

The level of education is an indication of their attitude towards domestic

violence. People who are uneducated generally don‘t consider domestic violence
as a crime. Though, educated people are the ones who are most concerned about
domestic violence. The representatives of AASHA indicated that most of the cases
that come to them areusually from rural and lower middle class areas. They have
also conducted few surveys regarding the domestic violence happening in Pakistan
and they found out that women living in rural and poor areas are the ones that
face most of the domestic violence.

According to the representatives of AASHA, women should firstly report the

violence so that primarily actions are taken by the police. If that‘s not the case,
then they can always go to the NGOs and ask for help. This is the best strategy to
tackle the domestic violence. Other strategies include independent earning for
women by doing jobs so that they are not dependent on anybody and can feed
their children at the same time. Representatives also have done counseling of
women who were the victims of gender based violence at home level. In result of
that oppression and ill-treatment they and started lacking in the self confidence.
Consequentially,found out their self believe was shattered and thus it was difficult
to motivate them. But, if they were given financial help, then they might feel
empowered and that would result in better dealing with the domestic violence.

AASHA also found out that menhave extreme religious beliefs. They believe
that Islam allows them to beat women which is completely not allowed and
encouraged by Islam. The violence against women is not justified. AASHA has also
taken few ofthe serious cases to the courts and it stoodbeside the victim and
supported him/her financially as well as morally. The culprits were penalized in
few cases but in few cases there was no positive judgment given by the court
because there was no proof.

AASHA, according to their representatives, hasbeen instrumental in raising

awareness regarding domestic violence amongst women. Moreover, they have
given financial and moral support to the women who are victims. Moreover, they
have given them legal awareness and have raised their concerned in front of the
govt.

129
 First thing that women should do is to report violence to the police. The
police will make excuses later on the basis of violence not being reported. Another
strategy they can use is to contactus i.e. AASHA. We help women get out of this
trouble. Further, this issue can be addressed by empowering women.

If women start doing jobs and earn their living themselves then they
wouldn‘t be dependent on the males and would make their living themselves.
NGOscan play a vital role here. They can go to the affected areas and raise
awareness, and victims should approach them. Police should have a separate cell
that deals with domestic violence. Women police officers should be appointed to
look after thesecases.

‗There was a lady who sought help from us. She was being physically
beaten by her husband. The guide I gave her was to start earning money by
stitching clothes as she was very good at it. In this way she had her own money
to spend and thus wasn‘t dependent on her husband. Eventually her husband also
realized that he is also going to need money from her so his behavior changed‘.

Still, not too many seek legal actions though I / we recommend them to
seek legal counsel. Most of the victim‘s families are frightened by the fact that
their family member is being affected by domestic violence. I / we have no idea
about the legalities but I / we know that the person who commits violence must
heavily be penalized. Victims should seek professional help froma psychiatrist. We
have psychiatrist working for our NGOs as well. The major reasons for violence in
Aasha‘s view are infertility of the women and going out without permission of
husband and husband being addict. Women can come up with solution to all of
these issues. Further women are victimized when they have poor economic
backgrounds and lowly literate.

3. Experts opinion: Malik Tauqeer Abbas and Dawar Sohail,

NGO (Save the Children, Islamabad)

DVAW is most common in case of young age women, but they are pushed
to wall by women who have persons around them like fathers, brothers and
husbands. These men may be addicts and may not be earning money. Mostly
women are full of patience and they end up being victims of violence and they do
not raise voice becausethey prefer to compromise. Very few young girls run to
their relatives. They never report to police or

130
courts. Women are generally uneducated and have below primary level education.
The men who are involved indomestic violence have weak financialand economic
background. Save the children found out that mostly women faced violence on
giving birth to girls. Women are brutally beaten off and on and deprived of
necessities. Our offices are nationwide. Mostly women in rural areas are treated
roughly.Cases at Rajanpur, Shikarpur are reported at our offices so as to mobilize
the community. In general victims try to save themselves, they do not retaliate or
report to the police.

Help should be taken from the NGOs if women do not feel like reporting in
the Police stations or else in the longer run women should start earning by doing
jobs. They can become maids so that they can reduce the financial pressure on
their husbands etc. Women should be given education, counseling on
empowerment and seeking justice. Community social motivators of NGOs should
on weekly basis visit houses and educate them.

So far only awareness and publicity of different campaigns has helped in

reducing the violence. Campaigns should be run in rural areas and heavy
advertising regarding violence should also be done. Awareness of the protection
act should be made loud. Moreover men should be penalized on harming women.
Save the Children has a team of doctors, psychologists and therapists. It on
weekly basis sends teams to the camps and rural areas for surveying and
counseling. Save The Children gives financial aid and jobs to women in its centers
like ‗CHAOON‘.

A man assuming that religion allows violence, then addiction of drugs and
finally women not giving birth to male children are the most common reasons for
DVAW in Save the Children‘s view. Men believe that Islam allows them to beat
women while the fact is that it is completely not allowed by Islam. The brutality
against women is not defensibleby any means. The types of violence may include:
physical violence, verbally abuse, psychological abuse, threatening of divorce,
threatening of snatching the children and forced isolation from friends and family.
The family members of the victims do not retaliate or just give up, try alwaysto
compromise; chiefly because their families cannot bear their burden.
131
4. Expert - Opinion: Mr. Shahid Kanwal & Mr. Tauseef Ahmad
(SHOs, District Attock)

The experts explained about the reason why men conduct DVAW. To them
economic background played an important role because the person who is getting
less salary is frustrated and in order to overcome his frustration he sometimes
beats his children and sometimes beats his wife and sometimes involves in other
violence acts.

To them religion playedan important role in the this act because if a person
is having a strong religious belief then he will not want his wife go outside the
home without any veil (abaya), thus if his wife does so he will beat her. The
victims should report to the family first, but if the case doesn‘t get solved then
they should report to various organizations which include NGOs and police or they
should go to court.

The level of education is very important and the men who are less educated
are most likely to involve in violence because their awareness level is very low,
awareness about human values. They should know that what Islam says about
this matter, they should know about the lawsand the punishments regarded these
types of acts. The violent men mostly have psychological problems, mental
disorders, quarrelsome family back ground and sometimes egoistic issues.

In their view, about 40% of the total population of Pakistan was affectedby
domestic violence however about 1-2 % of these cases are reported. The main
reasons fornot reporting can be: threats of divorce, threats of killing the victim,
Threats of harming the family of the victim, women can defend themselves by
using the following strategies, involve the members within the family, complaint in
the police, taking help from NGO, by exposing the person involve in this act. To
these gentlemen, following are the consequences for the women who try to avoid
violence;

They get divorced, They are harmed, They are injured; and so much so, They are
killed, These officers enlisted main causes of domestic violence as follows:

Low literacy level, Poor economic background, Ego, Unable to produce male
heirs,

The SHOs had observed following types of violence:

Physical Violence, Verbally Abuse, Push, pull, slap or hold down, Threatening to
divorce, threatening to snatch children.

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 These acts of violence can be reduced if certain laws are made in the
country and if the person who is involved in these acts is punished strictly, this will
teach others as well not to do DVAW. Therole of media in this concern is very
important through media awareness campaigns and programs it is reducing the
violence at homes, with continues efforts collectively, we can create more
awareness among the members of society by making documentaries, movies and
dramas related to DVAW. The government agencies can also play a role in
reducing these issues by finding and punishing the person involved in DVAW.

There could be counseling centers, like one of these SHO got the chance to
counsel one of the victims in the family. He recommended her to contact the
psychiatrist because she was mentally disturbed; he also helped her in getting
shelter and provided some financial help as well. But it is pity that only 1-2 % of
the people seek counseling or legal action.

For example, when women are not able to produce male heir they are not
behaved well because many of the people need the male heir and if the woman is
unable to produce male heir then they marry someone else and treat the previous
woman like servant andindulge in DVAW as well. Such men need counseling and
women too. Or the women should report someone within the family
immediately but if the problem is not sorted
out then they should report the problem to the police and some other
department immediately.

5. Expert opinion: Malik Pervaiz Awan & Zamarud Khan

(Advocates, Islamabad)

To these experts, DVAW is not only confined to women but it also includes
children or other persons. To them, economic background is more important
because mostly people who cametothem were not very rich. Women are more
vulnerable; out of these the women aged between 28 to 45 years are those who
have their cases pending in courts.

The property right is another important issue because men force women to
transfer their property or bank balance etc. to men that is DVAW. Mostly women
do not react at first mostly they complain when they are tired of violence on daily
basis or when they no option other than divorce. Secondly they do not directly to
police rather they first tell to

133
their own family then their family member decide whether to report to police or
not. Most of the women in Pakistan do not report, they either leave the house or if
they have courage they ask for separation (divorce). Why they do not go to police
they think that their honor would be starkly at stake if they go to police.

Mostly illiterate person indulge in DVAW, they could also be from lower
middle class or belong to urban areas or to feudalist areas in rural Pakistan.
However educated men also treat their women in rude manner or in a pathetic
way, more so among middle class educated men.

In either case, a negligible amount of cases is reported because women

mostly hesitate to report because they fear society. They observed physical
violence like; hitting, shoving, grabbing, biting, restraining from going out of
home, shaking, chopping, burning, forcing drug/alcohol Use, and assault with
weapon, Etc. According to their opining; psychological abuse could include:
instilling fear, threatening behavior, damaging property, abusing pets, supervising
constantly, supervising closely, thoroughly controlling,

To them followings were the grounds men used for DVAW; women not
being able to produce a male heir, refusal to provide love, wife disobeying
husband, woman arguing with in laws, women not being able to produce a child at
all.

To them, the victim should look out the situation and then find out causes
and solve that. Family members from both sides should be involved for negotiation
and resolving the issue. They should avoid revenge; it is not a good thing. In the
longer run thisissue can only be addressed by proper implementation of the bill.
This is a serious concern as to why very few women report and seek legal action.
Secondly mostly women withdraw theircases when the punishment is about to be
given by the court.

6. Expert Opinion: Shizan Hamid Feroz, Doctor

(Anesthesiologist)

This expert had 28 years‘huge experience. According him the domestic

violence is unusually harsh behaviors where one person tries to take control of the
other through the use of physical force, verbal abuses and threats etc…….I
consider it an act of brutality by
the sinner to suppress the innocent souls playing with their emotions and
committing illiterate assaults due to gender empowerment, rage and revenge.‘ He
added, ‗In Pakistan the ratio is moreinclined towards women this is mainly
because of the men empowerment

134
due to gender differentiation…….presently, the percentage has grown incredibly
not only
in domestic but also in urban areas. Majority of the cases are unreported reason
being, the government agencies having a great control over this system hence we
call it corruption because money can buy anything these days. Police department
is highly corrupt everything issuppressed by the give-and-take.‘

To him young age women were more vulnerable to DVAW, especially those
with poor economic background. To him, ethnicity and religion had no bearing
upon such an attitude. The women rarely report, also that verbal abusing ismost
common in rural areas almost in every house the wife becomes a victim of such
assault and men as well in their friends gathering even a son makes his father
such a victim which is far beyond a crime. Mental illness i.e. extreme stress is
leading toward anxiety and depression among women mostly, due to fights
among families, spouse and even between neighbors.

The acid attack which is heinous type of violence is also quite common in low
socioeconomic groups and rural/ semi urban areas. Women mostly retaliate verbally
but it only increases their misery, because the victims are suppressed mentally and
have to keep quiet due to fear of facing the same violence in future. 90% of the
victims are terrorized and threatened even after the assault is made so thatthe victim
couldn‘t report the case to anyone.

The first and the most important step towards eliminating such evil should
be raising your voice against the sinner. Eliminating fear and getting help from the
most reliable source you consider may it be yourneighbor or a dear friend just tell
them your issue without any fear of the sinner‘s threats preferably report the case
to the police stations as soon as possible.

Secondly, strict laws exist but aren‘t implemented due to the corrupt system,
so the victims should fight for their rights by starting relies outside the district level
courts. Most important remedy is education of society. Then this subject should be
included in secondary level education. Thirdly, awareness programs on print and
electronicmedia. Awareness about legislation is created and continued efforts are
made in all these aspects then this would bring an incredible change in the society
creating it a peaceful nation for sure.
 Police, NGOs and Pakistan government can play important rolebut
continued and concerted efforts are required. Very few people seek legal action.
Given the corrupt system of police and judiciary; in present scenario ‗I do not
recommend people taking legal course

135
in caseof minute violence because it adds totheir misery. Rather they should seek
help from family and relatives but in extreme cases I surely recommend legal
course.

This section presented a summary of the findings of expert interviews.

Among experts includedstakeholders all and sundry for example police officers,
NGOs representatives, doctors, psychiatrists, advocates and the like. Based on
these interviews, the issue of DVAW is a serious concern can be reckoned as one
of the points where all are the consensus. Major types of violence could be
abusing, threatening, physically harming and even killing.

The reasons for violence experts gave included poor economic background
of the women and the age factor, that is young aged women are more vulnerable
to violence. The chief and frequent reasons violent men maintain include women
being infertile, or failing to produce baby-boy; they find justification from religion.
Rarely any woman reports or records violence, majority imbibes it quietly or is
pressurized by thefamily members or the society not toresort to police or court so
as not to disgrace her family or in-laws.

Legislation against DVAW exists but its implementation remains a dream

since mighty people promulgate their own ‗laws‘ that undermine the legislation.
Government, NGOs, media, and community must come forward to raise
awareness on the gruesomeness of this stigma, and highlight measures to curb
DVAW.

6.4 Analysis of the findings of the field Survey, FGDs, and

Interviews of the Experts.
As the result of this field of search following is abrief account of the
causes concerning DWAW in the Punjab province;

(1) Lack of Education

The most common cause of DVAW was the lack of education. As shown in
Table 04 above, only 10 % of the respondents had an education of primary level,
others had less than that. This phenomenon works both ways; the males and the
females both contribute to DVAW due to lack of education. This was also obvious
from the FGDs, especially in Attock district. The expert opinions also gave a similar
expression. For example,Mrs. Sana Basim, Senior Project Officer (ICMC) reckoned lack
of education as the main cause of DVAW.

136
(2) Poor Economic Background

The poor economic background like lack of education also worked both
ways. We learned the same from the FGDs, especially in D.G Khan. The males in
such cases were frustrated due to unemployment or lack of earning and could
hardly tolerate any irregularity on the part of their spouses and indulged in DVAW.
Females, with poor economic background, had banal social standing and their
spouses gave them little value and got flared up at the very outset.

The expert opinion was especially given by Miss Afsheen and Miss Shehnaz,
(Aasha - Alliance against Sexual Harassment, Islamabad) determined that poor
economic background wasoften the reason for sexual exploitation of the females.
In such cases, the evils of vani and watta-satta,prevailed signifying stigma like
forced marriages. The male exploits their wives on such grounds. Marriage to the
Holy Quran is another example of forced marriage and DVAW.

(3) Ineffective Legislation & Implementation Thereof

The legislation that is supposed to control DVAW is there as mentioned by

Malik Tauqeer Abbas and Dawar Sohail, NGO (Save the Children, Islamabad).
They mentioned the Section 498A of the Law, Prohibition of depriving woman of
inheriting property, section498B, Prohibition of forced domestic violence, Section
498C, Prohibition of domestic violence with the Holy Quran, Child Domestic
violence Restraint Act 1929, and Muslim FamilyLaw Ordinance 1961. This
legislation according to experts is ineffective at itsplace, or at least ineffective
since it is not implemented in an appropriate manner. Similar were the findings
from the FGDs, especially in Faisalabad.

(4) Lack of Awareness about Laws Controlling DVAW

This was a substantial finding from the FGDs. Even the participants were
not aware of the laws for example. The Section 498A, Prohibition to depriving
woman of inheriting property, section 498B, and Prohibition of forced
domesticviolence, Section 498C. The experts like Malik Pervaiz Awan & Zamarud
Khan (Advocates, Islamabad) were also of the opinion that so often judges are not
aware of several legalities and they have to show to judges the texts from the law
books.
137
(5) Social Constraints

This Research found from the FGDs especially in D. G. Khan that social
constraints restricted women from seeking justice when males inflicted upon them
the DVAW. Males and their perpetrators given several religious and social
justifications for DVAW; these include: Religion permits male to beat wife, women
not being able to produce a male heir, refusal of female to provide love to her
spouse, wife disobeying or arguing with her in-laws or husband, wife not fulfilling
household duties, wife going out of home without permission,mutual conflicts
about family planning, dowry (too little or none), wife‘s extramarital affairs, and
infertility etc. Experts like Mr. Shahid Kanwal & Mr. Tauseef Ahmad (SHOs, District
Attock) also observed in numerous cases where such issues were the basis for the
male to indulge in DVAW.

(6) Power-Politics or the Cruel Thana (Police Station) Culture

One of the most common causes that DVAW is getting propagated is that
the Thana culture is supportive of this problem. The police from top to bottom is
influenced by the wealthy and powerful people especially males. The poor
economic background also adds fuel to fire when the wealthy male can offer
bribery to police and the police would favor that male. Miss Afsheen and Miss
Shehnaz, (Aasha- Alliance against Sexual Harassment, Islamabad) had a strong
opinion about this issue. To add each FGD supported this factor.

This chapter (6) furnished a handful of valuable findings which were

compounded by quantitative data analysis and presentation of details about FGDs.
These instruments were cross-cutting the six sampled districts of Punjab.
However, the district profiles are not very much dissimilar.

By and large, keeping in view the entirety of our findings, a little morethan
one-third of the sampled spouses demonstrated DVAW at a ‗considerable level‘
that needs special heeding. The implication by this ‗considerable level‘is severe
physical harm or inflicting psychological damage that would necessitate ‗heeding‘
that is the intervention of a medical or psychological physician.

The other two third of the sampled spouses convicted DVAW up to the limit
of acts akin to threatening to batter or divorce or kicking out etc., such threats
only cause minor psychological pressuresonthe counterpart. Nevertheless, this
must not lead us to conclude
138
that theplight of DVAW is at an acceptable level in Pakistan. The reason for
disallowing us to jump to such a hasty decision is that the ratio in the developed
world is far less than that of ours.

We learned through the FGDs that majority of the participants ofFGDs

hardly knew about the existence of any law that discouraged DVAW in Pakistan. In
a few circumstances, the participants were aware of the laws which were only
practicedby them (police, NGOs, UCs, etc), and they were blank about the other
laws. With respect to participants‘perception or understanding about the masses
as to how much were they aware was even pathetic as is natural. Further, very
few cases were registered anywhere as the victims (women) feared of disgrace for
themselves and their family. Ifreported to police, the participants opined that such
cases were manipulated in the favor of the party which was more influential. As of
our participants, they hardly observed any severe case regarding DVAW. The
expert opinions also converged to similarconclusions. In a nutshell, on males‘ side
they;

Lack education,

Lack awareness about laws against DVAW,

Have poor economic background,

Feel frustrated in the hands of unemployment & issueless (especially baby-boy)

Are pumped by male-chauvinism.

On females‘ side they;

Lack education,

Lack awareness about laws against DVAW & their execution

Have poor economic background,

Feel frustrated in the hands of being penniless & issueless (especially baby-boy).

Further, the negative tendencies associated with males range from 60 % to

80 %, which proves that from 20 % to 40 % of men manifest unacceptable
predispositions against their spouses some-how-or-the-other.

While we glance at the findings of the FGDs, we are informed that DVAW is
very common in Punjab; its intensity varies from district to district, and from class
to class.
139
Lack of education, poor economic conditions, quarrelsome family backgrounds and
psychological imbalance are some of the main reasons why men indulge in DVAW.

These violent men raise objections against women for being loudmouthed,
bearing lose a character or being violent themselves. Some other absurd
complaints that emerge from men‘s side could be that women are not educated,
or did not bring enough dowry or do not produce a baby especially baby-boy.
Men, on the other hand are often drunk or simply cynic or filled with ‗empty
manliness‘. In either case, the religion Islam or code of ethics do not permit
DVAW, nor allow women to cross their limits.
140
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION &
RECOMMENDATIONS

141
7.1 Conclusion

Domestic Violence against Women is not inevitable; it can and need to be

controlled.

Analysis of my field research revealed that women and girls in Punjab are
experiencing the consequences of ‗male-dominated‘ society and culture. In a
‗patriarchal society‘, such as in Punjab, women faced discrimination throughout the
history due to preconceived gender roles, male subordination, pooled with harmful
traditional practices and forced and child marriages.

The findings of my research investigated the issue of DVAW within ‗Human

Rights‘ perspective, in Punjab, under my study area, the common finding of my
field research reflects that in many cases women feel scared socially, being
dependent economically, due to their children and with the predetermined notion
of Izat (honour) are, are unable to leave their abusive husbands..

The indicators of myfield research significantly highlighted the root-causes

of the concerned study subject i.e. DVAW are poverty and gender inequality,
another major factor out of this research showed up that women‘s economic
enslavement also played a considerable role in this phenomenon of domestic
violence against them.

This field research further explored the women, who were involved in child
marriages, being uneducated and illiterate, resulted incapable to shore up
economically. It is evident from this sample study that with other consequences,
this kind of ill-treatment, abusive behaviour and use of force against women may
create a demoralizing impact on their children too.

Conducted research unfoldthat the women and girls whoexperience child

marriages were in greater vulnerability to domestic and sexual violence within the
marriage, in the form of premature pregnancy and childbearing, as well as loss of
opportunities and chances of personal growth.

The research investigationswere carried out in 6 districts of Punjab with

reference to finding out the reasons of DV AW and girls in the areas of my study.
It was found out that it was a common knowledge that women and girls are
denied personal freedomand

142
the adequate opportunities to develop their personalities freely and independently.
A lot of restrictions were imposed on them which made them subject to
psychological and emotional problems. The majority of them were denied
reproductive healthand above all, the most serious concern was that the women
were not allowed to avail the opportunities for getting a proper education.

Though it was difficult to have a free access to the women and girls it was
made somehow or the other and the researchers succeededto explore that the
women and young girls were forced to get involved in CM and they were kept
illiterate and uneducated resultantly they were not able to support themselves
monetarily. It is not an option that the marriage should not be entangled with
financial security.

It was found out that the married women were forced by their families to
keep on having good relations with their husbands because if they failed to live
with them they will not be given any financial help. The married women in the
casesof exchange marriages find it very difficult to find rescue for them and have
to live with their even very abusive husbands.

Poverty and illiteracy are the greatest hurdles in the way of the realizations
of personal rights by the women livingin far-flungareas of the Punjab. As the
women are not able to support them financially, therefore, they cannot get rid of
DV and no one expects the overnight change in this connection. In our society
economics play an important role in the making of a family, therefore, the male
members of the society have a dominating role in the family. Whenever there is an
economic problem, find its way to DV and the women not supported by their
parents‘ have to accept and tolerate it.

7.2 Recommendations

The following recommendations are given to the government, NGOs, civil

society, media, community leaders, teachers etc including fathers, mothers
parents and other male members of the house as they can play a responsibility to
check, reduce and then end the problemof DVAW. It isdesired that the
Government of Pakistan should play an active part supported by NGOs civil society
print and eclectic media school teachers religious leaders the heads of the tribes
the social workers of the communities and above all the families should play a very
responsible to check and eradicate this tendency of DVAW. If the society is
educated and is able to recognize the HR of women according to their

143
capabilities and capacities and are able to participate in their activities thenVAW
can be checked.

The Government should make a thorough study of the problem of the

spouses and try to find a solution for them. The cultural norms and traditions of a
society are difficult to be changed, therefore, not only the women but the whole
ofthe society should be educated about the rights of women. It is not difficult to
find out a solution for it.wht we need is to realize the problem and make the
people aware of their responsibilities and the harmful effects of the illegality of
domestic violence.

No one can deny the importance of education and the issues like CM can
only be resolved and settled with the help of education imparted to men and
women boys and girls ofthe society by making them the realize the importance of
the quality of life.If the individuals know their HRs they would naturally demand
those and obviously gives those rights to the others. CM of can only be avoided if
they are involved in the processof getting themselves educated. In our backward
society, the girls are kept at home and the boys are sent to schools because
education is supposed to b means of earning. We can avert this situation if we
give economic incentives to the parents for sendingtheir daughters to schools and
educational institutions.

The religious leader's play a vital role in the making or disturbing a society.
If the religious leaders are taken in confidence then it would be very easy to
advance the reasons for remaining healthy and delaying the marriages of girls and
boys. In this way, it can be madeclear to the individuals that CM cause physical
and psychological problems.

HIV /AIDs is another is a very serious threat to the day. If we fail to

educate the youth of the countryin this respect and positive aspects of family
planning and considerable space b/t childbirth we cannot ensure reproductive
health. Life is a gift of God and needs to be protected therefore we must give
weight to the realization of the fact that every mother and every child has the
right to remain healthy. Health care services can ensure this aspect of the life.

A wealthy family can buy all the facilities of life, therefore, the women and
girls should be educated properly so that they may be strong economically this will
give not only the prosperity to the families but will alsohelp in discouraging DVAW
and girls. The greatest emphasis should be given to reduce D violence because it
gives worth to many

144
physical and psychological problems and a hindrance for the advancement of the
so city, therefore, all measures which may be helpful checking it should be used
by the society.

Man is a social animal but at the same time needs a rod to check him from
being problems for the others. Freedom of one man does not mean en limiting the
rights of others, therefore, the government should the v strict towards the
violation of the rights of women and exercise of DVAW and girls.

For the wellbeing of the society, the age limit for the marriage should be
fixed and no one should be allowed if he or she is below the age of 18 years. With
reference to the issue of DVAW, the government t should provide proper training
to government officials and the members of local law enforcement agencies that
they are conscious of the need of eradicating it and know the law thoroughly and
capable of enforcing them.

VAW can be stopped by the implementation and the enforcement of the

laws made by the government. All the marriages should be registered in
accordance with the Muslim Law 1961 and those who violate them should be
penalized and the documentary evidence advanced in this respect regarding age
and consentof the spouse must be ensured thoroughly and honestly.

The international standards of the rights of women should be kept in mind

and those who violate these laws should be punished heavily. In order to
strengthen the law CM, strict measures should be taken in accordance with the
UDHR and those who are responsible for implementing these must be centered if
they failed in this regard.

The culprit of DVAW must gain know how about the rights of women in the
light of religion or at least ethics, and then comply with those. The culprit must
also try to know about the laws pertaining to DVAW and be careful. Finally, the
culprit may consult some psychiatrist if their tendencies towards DVAW become
uncontrollable psychologically.

Police need to be sensitized and empowered, sensitized about the issue of

DVAW and empowered to stay aloof from any pressures and guard against the
victim. This may be reinforced through proper legislation and its implementation
and training of the police officials and other stakeholders.

145
The individual victim (female) must gain education and vocational skills training
and centers to enable women to learn marketable skills and then to become
earners. She should also gain economic power that is she should be self-
sufficient in financial terms. This would necessitate either attainment of
education to enable them to do jobs.

Women must primarily attempt to resolve issues pertaining to DVAW at

domestic level, and if they fail tosucceed they must resort to police or another
related office for help. Nonetheless, they must try to fulfill their duties in the
first instance and try to stay positive in all respects, all the times.

The family members of the victim must try to resolveissues at the family level,
and if they fail to succeed then help their victim family-member in getting rid of
DVAW. As they have been reported to feel shy of resorting to police etc., this
at times degenerate the moves against DVAW. The relatives of thevictim must
unite to support their victimized family member and help them in obtaining
justice.

The media can play a vital role in this regard since this is the most powerful
source given mass communication and general awareness. But media have to
be supported by powerful financiers and those can only emerge out of
government or the international donors.

The donor-agencies must also focus women‘s rights and the issue of DVAW,
the implementing partners (generally demand driven) can follow up and can
address the issue and help minimize DVAW. Thus far, chiefly ―Aurat
Foundation‖ and then ―Rozan‖ and ―Sahil‖ etc., are addressing it, but Pakistan
needs a handful of such organizations with a mushroom of policies.

The local government must influence the ‗Thaana‘ culture (the police station
culture)
where the DVAW and other similar crimes literally get nurtured. Again the
local government cannot function autonomously; it needs legislator power
from the provincial government.

Union Councils and other ―Masalihati‖ Councils (reconciliatory councils) must

play their due role in minimizing DVAW.
Availability and access to the ―Emergency Help Line‖for the timely support of
the victims of domestic violence.

146
 Rehabilitation Centers needs to establish and offers the required medical, legal
and psychosocial services to the victims of the domestic violence

Shelter homes and centers for the children of the affected women are
functional are functional and approachable safely.

Society at large, civil society, media and welfare and development

organizations and the government need to voice this issue in an adequate manner
so that the menace of DVAW can be minimized. This necessitates not only making
rules and regulations; rather making sure that their prompt implementationalso
takes place. The existing laws are either insufficient or are hardly known to the
stakeholders. Women especially are unaware of such laws or otherwise, they are
‗frail‘enough not to pursue courts, either in the hands of threats from the violent
or social pressure from their relatives.

Finally, the cases of ‗Domestic Violence against Women‘can be minimized

through a long-term Policy Measure by making education more common and
empowering women both financially and psychologically. Most of the suggested
measures are required to tackle this problem of DVAW and predominant role in
this regard is of the provincial government, so, it can‘t be done without the serious
‗will of the government‘.
147
CHAPTER 8
APPENDICES

148
8.1 Appendix A

Questionnaire:

‘Domestic Violence Against Women (Human Rights’ Perspective)’

The information provided through this questionnaire will be strictly held confidential
and will only be used for academic purpose.

Section 1 - About the respondent

1. Are male or female? 1- Male 2- Female

2. What age are you? 1- 20-25, 2- 26-30, 3- 31-35, 4- 35-40,

40 - +

3. Are you married? 1- Yes 2- No

4. Do you have children? 1- Yes 2- No

5. How many children? 1- 0-1, 2- 2-4, 3- 5- or above

6. How many Male children? 1- 0-1, 2- 2-4, 3- 5- or above

7. How many Female children? 1- 0-1, 2- 2-4, 3- 5- or above

2- spouse gave you
8. Are you divorced separated? 1- you got divorce, divorce

9. Are you fulltime Worker? 1- yes 2- no

10. Are you working part time? 1- yes 2- no

11. Are you self-employed? 1- yes 2- no

2-
12. You are / were working as? 1- manager supervisor 3- employee

149
 Section 2 - Violence in
relationships
2-
13. He/she threatened you 1- Sometimes often
3- never 4- rarely
2-
14. He/she Shouted screamed or swore at you? 1- Sometimes often
3- never 4- rarely
2-
15. He/she Checked your movements 1- Sometimes often
3- never 4- rarely
2-
16. He/she Restricted your social life 1- Sometimes often
3- never 4- rarely
2-
17. He/she Kept you short of money 1- Sometimes often
3- never 4- rarely
2-
18. He/she Criticized you 1- Sometimes often
3- never 4- rarely
2-
19. He/she Put you down in front of others 1- Sometimes often
3- never 4- rarely
2-
20. He/she Shouted at or threatened the kids 1- Sometimes often
3- never 4- rarely
2-
21. He/she threatens you of divorce/separation? 1- Sometimes often
3- never 4- rarely
2-
22. He/she threatens you to kill you? 1- Sometimes often
3- never 4- rarely
2-
23. He/she threatens you of kicking you out? 1- Sometimes often
3- never 4- rarely
2-
24. He/she threatens you to declare you corrupt? 1- Sometimes often
3- never 4- rarely
3-
25. He/she drinks / or is addict? 1- Sometimes 2- often never
4- rarely
2- often 3-
26. He/she drinks / takes addiction many times a day 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
After drinking / taking addiction he/she is more 3-
27. violent? 1- Sometimes 2- often never
4- rarely
2- often 3-
28. He/she Stopped you from moving or leaving room 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely

150
 2- often 3-
29. He/she Choked you or held a hand over your mouth 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
He/she Forced you to do something against your 2- often 3-
30. will1- 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
He/sh 2- often 3-
31. e Slapped you on the body, arms or legs 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
He/sh 2- often 3-
32. e Pushed, grabbed or shoved you 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
He/sh 2- often 3-
33. e Punched / kicked you on body, arms or legs 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
He/sh 2- often 3-
34. e Used an object to hurt you 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
He/sh 2- often 3-
35. e Threw things at you or about the room 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
He/sh 2- often 3-
36. e Punched or kicked walls or furniture 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
2- often 3-
37. He/she Demanded love when you didn‘t want it 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
He/sh 2- often 3-
38. e Shouted at or threatened the kids 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
He/sh 2- often 3-
39. e Hit and hurt the kids 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
He/sh 2- often 3-
40. e Tried to strangle, burn or drown you 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
He/sh 2- often 3-
41. e Twisted your arm or pulled you by the hair 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
2- often 3-
42. He/she caused Cuts, bruises, burns etc. on your body 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
2- often 3-
43. He/she caused your Broken arm, leg or ribs 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
2- often 3-
44. He/she caused your Miscarriage / such injury 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
2- often 3-
45. He/she made you Blackout / unconscious / Black-eye 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
2- often 3-
46. He/she caused your broken teeth or split lip 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely

151
 2- often 3-
47. He/she caused your sickness or vomiting 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
2- often 3-
48. He/she caused your broken nose, jaw or cheekbone 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
2- often 3-
49. He/she caused bleeding on face, body, arms or legs 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely
2- often 3-
50. He/she caused your burst ear-drum or deafness 1- Sometimes never
4- rarely

Thank you very much for your time and cooperation. ………..

152
Appendix 8.2

FGD: Domestic Violence Against Women (D-VAW)

Introduction to the topic: Thank you very much for taking time out for this subject, as
the elimination of violence against women at the household level is very common in
Pakistan, especially in the backward communities. We need to know as to what is D-VAW
all about and how it can be curtailed. We cannot helpit without the practical and
implementable suggestions from you.

SECTION I: Background Information

Venue/Address:_____________________________________________________________
___

Facilitator: ___________________NoteTaker:__________________

SECTION II: Profile of Participants

Occupation signature
s. Name Age / Working Education Marital Email Cell s
Organizatio
# n experience status
153
 Section II: TRENDS IN BEHAVIOUR AND PRACTICES

1. How do you define domestic violence?

2. what are specific types of women more vulnerable to violence:

a. Age

b. Economic background

c. Ethnicity

d. Religion

e. Inheritance/property rights, etc?

1. How do you think the victim reacts in cases of violence?

a. Retaliate physically, verbally, and psychologically or in any other way?

b. How do they respond to when faced with a possibility of a domestic violence:

do they report it? If so, to whom do they report (police, management,
supervisor, family, doctor, lawyer, etc.)?

2. Attributes of persons involved in domestic violence:

3. Is the level of an education of a person an indication of their attitude towards domestic

violence? Are less educated persons more likely to engage in it?

4. What do you consider what is domestic violence includes?

5. Who is more a victim of domestic violence men or women?

6. Age bracket in which women are more vulnerable to harassment: marital status,
economic background, ethnicity, religion, Inheritance/property rights, etc?

7. Runaway to women find shelter with: relatives/family etc.

8. Does the socio-economic background of a personal matter with respect to their violent
conduct?

154
 Section III: INDIVIDUAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND SYSTEMATIC VALUES IN
SOCIETY

9. What do you know about the legalities related with domestic violence?

10. Are you aware of the laws like. The Prevention of Anti-women Practices (Criminal
Law
Amendment) Act 2011, Section498-A. Prohibition of depriving woman of inheriting
property,

Section 498B. Prohibition of forced domestic violence, Section 498C. Prohibition of

domestic violence with the Holy Quran, Child Domestic violence Restraint Act 1929, Muslim
Family Law Ordinance 1961/etc.?

11. What, if any, are the strategies adopted by women to avoid domestic violence?

12. How do you think women can avoid forced domestic violence?

13. What strategies can they adapt to prevent such mishaps?

14. How do you think women can defend themselves from the domestic violence?

15. Recommendations: [how the issue (domestic violence) can be addressed, the
occurrence of such incidents reduced

16. What, if anything, has helped in creating awareness about the issue and resulted in a
reduction of domestic violencei.e. legislation, awareness, capacity building of
judiciary/officials?

17. If you learn of such an issue in your community how do you respond to it?

18. Do you keep statistics regarding cases of domestic violence in your area?

19. Have you ever had the opportunityto counsel such a victim? Do you guide them through
therapy or do you ask them to seek professional help from a psychiatrist or other
professional?

20. How many people seek legal actions? How many people do you recommend to seek legal
counsel?

21. What are theattitudes/responses of the victim's families? How do you help them?
(Counsel them, give them hope, etc.) Do you advise the families of victims to seek legal
counsel?

22. What government agencies e.g. police, women development department, etc. can
play a rolein highlighting the issue and reducing its occurrence?

23. What does religion/Islam say in this context?

24. What are the main reasons behind domestic violence according to your experience? Give
details

25. What is the justification given for such acts? (by men)

26. Recommendations /
Remarks……………………………………………………………
155
Appendix 8.3

Expert-Opinion:

Domestic Violence Against Women (D-VAW)

Introduction to the topic: Thank you very much for taking time out for this subject, as
the elimination of violence against women at the household level is very common in
Pakistan, especially in the backward communities. We need to know as to what is D-VAW
all about and how it canbe curtailed. We cannot help it without the practical and
implementable suggestions from you.

Name of the Expert: ………………………………………………..

Designation / Status:

1- Women‘s rights‘ 2- police 3- NGO- 4- Advocate,

activist, officer, Related,

5- Religious 6- Media Personality, 7- 8- 9-Psychologist/

Scholar, Educationist, Doctor,
psychiatrist,

10- Welfare Worker, 11- Other……………………………

Years of experience in this field: …………………………….

Contact #...............................................Email:
………………………………..web:…………….…….......................................

1. What do you know about the legalities related to domestic violence? Are you aware of the
Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act 2012?

2. Are specific types of women more vulnerable to domestic violence with respect to:

a. Age

b. Economic background

c. Ethnicity

d. Religion

e. Inheritance/property rights, etc?

3. How do you think the victim reacts in cases of domestic violence?

a. Retaliate physically, verbally, and psychologically or in any other way?

b. How do they respond to the harassment: do they report it? If so, to whom do
they report (police, management, supervisor, family, doctor, lawyer, etc.)?

c. Run away to women shelters/relatives/family/etc.

4. Attributes of persons involved in domestic violence:

156
 a. Is the level of an education of a person an indication of their attitude towards
domestic violence? Are less educated persons more likely to engage in it?

b. Do persons involved in domestic violence have specific familial background i.e.

feudal, socio-economic profile, etc.?

5. What do you consider as domestic violence?

6. Who is more a victim of domestic violence men or women?

7. What is the percentage of men and women who experience domestic violence? In your
experience, how many cases get reported? What are the reasons for this lack of
reporting?

8. Can you tell us about the nature and form of domestic violence that takes place(verbal,
physical, psychological)?

9. How do you think the victim reacts in cases of domestic violence?

a. Retaliate against the aggressor(s) physically, verbally or in any other way?

b. Report it? If so, to whom do they report (family; immediate/extended,

friends, police, management, supervisor, family, doctor, lawyer, etc.)?

c. Run away to women shelters/relatives/family/etc.

10. What, if any, are the strategies adopted by women to avoid domestic violence? How do
you think women can defend themselves from the domestic violence?

11. Please give recommendations on how the issue (domestic violence) can be
addressed/ the occurrence of such incidents reduced

12. What, if anything, has helped in creating awareness about the issue and resulted in a
reduction of domestic violence i.e. legislation, awareness, capacity building of
judiciary/officials/etc.?

13. What government agencies e.g. police, women development department, etc. can
play a role in highlighting the issue and reducing its occurrence?

14. Have you ever had the opportunity to counsel such a victim? Do you guide them through
therapy or do you askthem to seek professional help from a psychiatrist or other
professional?

15. How many people seek legal actions? How many people do you recommend to seek legal
counsel?

16. What are the attitudes/responses of the victim's families? How do you help them?
(Counsel them, give them hope, etc.) Do you advise the families of victims to seek legal
counsel?

17. What are the legalities related to forced domestic violence/domestic violence without
consent?

18. What are the consequences for women who try to avoid violence?

19. Do you guide them through religious therapy or do you ask them to seek professional
help from a psychiatrist or other professional?
20. What could be reasons/reasoning of violence:[you may choose more than one]

a. religion permits me to beat my wife

157
 b. Husband addicted to drugs, alcohol

c. Women not being able to produce a male heir

d. Refusal to provide love

e. Wife Disobeying- Arguing with in-laws

f. Wife arguing with husband

g. Wife not fulfilling household duties

h. Wife going out without permission

i. Conflicts about family planning

j. Husband taking another wife

k. Dowry (too little or none)

l. Wife‘s extramarital affairs

m. Husband's extramarital affairs

n. In-laws not liking the wife

o. Infertility

21. What do women do to combat domestic violence?[you may choose more than
one]

a. Stay quiet and do nothing

b. Report abuse to someone within the family for intervention

c. Report abuse to someone outside the immediate family for intervention

(village elders, Jirga etc)

d. Report to the police/judiciary/etc. for help

e. Seek help from an NGO/civil society organization

f. Runaway to escape abuse

g. Turn to religious clerics for intervention

h. Other (Please Specify)

Is domestic violence commonly reported against to anyone outside the

22. immediate and
extended family like village elders (Jirga, etc), religious clerics, NGO‘s, Police, in your
community?
In your community, domestic violence is more common in
23. households/families that:
(Participants can choose more than one option)[you may choose more than one]

a. Have poor economic backgrounds

158
 b. Have feudal backgrounds

c. Have domestic violence without consent

d. Have low literacy levels especially that of parents

e. Have extreme religious beliefs

f. In cases where husbands have more than one wife

g. Others (Please Specify)

24. People who have extreme religious beliefs tend to:[you may choose more
than one]

a. Favor violence against women

b. Discourage violence against women

c. Women who are economically dependent on their families:

d. Have a higher chance of being a victim of domestic violence

e. Have a lower chance of being a victim of domestic violence

f. There is no co-relation between economic dependence and domestic violence

In your opinion, what are the top three causes of domestic violence
25. in your
community?

26. In your opinion, does religion allow violence against women?

27. Is violence against women justified?

28. If yes, under what circumstances?

29. Have you observed violence:

30. How often?

31. What was type of violence:[you may choose more than one]

a. Physical Violence

b. Verbally Abused

c. Pushed, pulled, slapped or held down

d. Punched with fist or with something that could hurt you

e. Kicked or Dragged

f. Tried to be strangled or burnt

g. Threatened with a knife, gun or any other weapon

159
 h. Attacked with a knife, gun or any other weapon

i. Psychological Abuse

j. Threatening divorce

k. Threatening loss of custody of the children

l. Forced isolation from friends and family

m. Threatening to harm the individual or someone they care about

n. Repeatedly yelling and degrading

o. Taking away money that women earn

p. Inducing fear through intimidating words or gestures

q. Controlling Behavior

r. Destruction of Possessions

s. Sexual Abuse

t. forced Intercourse

u. Incest

v. Marital Rape

w. Sexual Harassment

32. What did the victim do [you may choose more than one]:

a. Involved family (immediate and extended), relatives and friends

b. Temporarily moved elsewhere

c. Attempted self-harm (Please Specify type)

d. Lodged complaint with the police

e. Sought help from some NGO/civil society

If the victim did not retaliate and kept quiet, what was the reason
33. behind this?

34. If the victim temporarily moved elsewhere, where did she move?

35. Is victim lodged a complaint with the police?

36. Was it registered

37. If the victim sought help from an NGO?If Yes, what NGO was it?

38. How did they help?

160
39. Did the victim complain about his/her family?If Yes, how did they (the family) react?

a. Rebuked verbally

b. Threatened to physically harm or kill the victim

c. Married off the victim against his/her will

Is complained to relevant authorities (Family, friends, relatives, Village

40. elders, Jirga,
NGO‘s, Police)? If Yes, what was the outcome? Case lodged / Resolved amicably / Could
not be
resolved / Was Judgment given in favor of victim / Judgment given against victim /
Possible
backlash from harasser/harasser‘s family /Loss of victim or family repute

41. Other…………………
 161

Appendix 8. 4
z
Tables

DISTRICT WISE:

Table 01: district wise educational attaiment of respondents

Educational Attainment

1 2 3 4 5 Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 8 11 10 8 11 13 4 2 2 0 35 34

22.90% 32.40% 28.60% 23.50% 31.40% 38.20% 11.40% 5.90% 5.70% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00%

23.50% 11.20% 37.00% 14.00% 34.40% 21.30% 17.40% 15.40% 33.30% 0.00% 28.70% 14.70%

Attock 9 14 6 9 4 7 3 2 0 0 22 32

40.90% 43.80% 27.30% 28.10% 18.20% 21.90% 13.60% 6.20% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00%

26.50% 14.30% 22.20% 15.80% 12.50% 11.50% 13.00% 15.40% 0.00% 0.00% 18.00% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 6 28 3 8 3 5 1 1 0 0 13 42

46.20% 66.70% 23.10% 19.00% 23.10% 11.90% 7.70% 2.40% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00%

17.60% 28.60% 11.10% 14.00% 9.40% 8.20% 4.30% 7.70% 0.00% 0.00% 10.70% 18.20%

Faisalabad 3 10 2 9 7 12 4 3 3 2 19 36

15.80% 27.80% 10.50% 25.00% 36.80% 33.30% 21.10% 8.30% 15.80% 5.60% 100.00% 100.00%

162
 8.80% 10.20% 7.40% 15.80% 21.90% 19.70% 17.40% 23.10% 50.00% 100.00% 15.60% 15.60%

Khanewal 3 24 2 9 2 11 8 1 0 0 15 45

20.00% 53.30% 13.30% 20.00% 13.30% 24.40% 53.30% 2.20% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00%

8.80% 24.50% 7.40% 15.80% 6.20% 18.00% 34.80% 7.70% 0.00% 0.00% 12.30% 19.50%

Rawalpindi 5 11 4 14 5 13 3 4 1 0 18 42

27.80% 26.20% 22.20% 33.30% 27.80% 31.00% 16.70% 9.50% 5.60% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00%

14.70% 11.20% 14.80% 24.60% 15.60% 21.30% 13.00% 30.80% 16.70% 0.00% 14.80% 18.20%

Total 34 98 27 57 32 61 23 13 6 2 122 231

27.90% 42.40% 22.10% 24.70% 26.20% 26.40% 18.90% 5.60% 4.90% 0.90% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 28.726, df: 20, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 35.342, df: 20, P<0.05

Note: educational attainment among males and females are different across the districts as shown by the percentage distributions but the
pearson chi-square test shows the difference of educational attainment among males across districts is not statisticall significant as P>0.05
however the difference of educational attainment among females across distrtics is statistically significant as P<0.05.

163
Table 2: district wise distribution of respondents by marital status

Married Unmarried Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 25 26 11 7 36 33

69.40% 78.80% 30.60% 21.20% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 13.70% 47.80% 18.40% 29.30% 14.50%

Attock 18 23 4 8 22 31

81.80% 74.20% 18.20% 25.80% 100.00% 100.00%

18.00% 12.10% 17.40% 21.10% 17.90% 13.60%

D.G. Khan 11 35 2 7 13 42

84.60% 83.30% 15.40% 16.70% 100.00% 100.00%

11.00% 18.40% 8.70% 18.40% 10.60% 18.40%

Faisalabad 16 27 3 9 19 36

84.20% 75.00% 15.80% 25.00% 100.00% 100.00%

16.00% 14.20% 13.00% 23.70% 15.40% 15.80%

Khanewal 13 42 2 3 15 45

86.70% 93.30% 13.30% 6.70% 100.00% 100.00%

13.00% 22.10% 8.70% 7.90% 12.20% 19.70%

Rawalpindi 17 37 1 4 18 41

164
 94.40% 90.20% 5.60% 9.80% 100.00% 100.00%

17.00% 19.50% 4.30% 10.50% 14.60% 18.00%

Total 100 190 23 38 123 228

81.30% 83.30% 18.70% 16.70% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 5.862, df: 5, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 8.805, df: 5, P>0.05

Note: difference among males and females by their marital status across
districts is not statistically significant test by pearson chi-square tes as P>0.05
for both male and females accorss distrtics

165
Table 3: districts wise distribution of respondents by level of fertility

Children Children

Yes No Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 16 19 20 15 36 34

44.40% 55.90% 55.60% 44.10% 100.00% 100.00%

20.50% 11.20% 45.50% 24.60% 29.50% 14.80%

Attock 15 20 7 12 22 32

68.20% 62.50% 31.80% 37.50% 100.00% 100.00%

19.20% 11.80% 15.90% 19.70% 18.00% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 10 30 3 12 13 42

76.90% 71.40% 23.10% 28.60% 100.00% 100.00%

12.80% 17.80% 6.80% 19.70% 10.70% 18.30%

Faisalabad 14 29 5 7 19 36

73.70% 80.60% 26.30% 19.40% 100.00% 100.00%

17.90% 17.20% 11.40% 11.50% 15.60% 15.70%

Khanewal 8 39 7 5 15 44

53.30% 88.60% 46.70% 11.40% 100.00% 100.00%

10.30% 23.10% 15.90% 8.20% 12.30% 19.10%

166
Rawalpindi 15 32 2 10 17 42

88.20% 76.20% 11.80% 23.80% 100.00% 100.00%

19.20% 18.90% 4.50% 16.40% 13.90% 18.30%

Total 78 169 44 61 122 230

63.90% 73.50% 36.10% 26.50% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 12.922, df: 5, P<0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 13.743, df: 5, P<0.05

Note: difference among males and females by their level of fertility (children)
across districts is statistically significant test by pearson chi-square tes as
P<0.05 for both male and females accorss distrtics

167
Table 4: districts wise distribution of respondents by divorced status

Demanded Spouse Gave

Divorced Divorced Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 9 4 6 2 15 6

60.00% 66.70% 40.00% 33.30% 100.00% 100.00%

45.00% 16.70% 42.90% 5.90% 44.10% 10.30%

Attock 3 4 3 4 6 8

50.00% 50.00% 50.00% 50.00% 100.00% 100.00%

15.00% 16.70% 21.40% 11.80% 17.60% 13.80%

D.G. Khan 1 3 1 2 2 5

50.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 100.00% 100.00%

5.00% 12.50% 7.10% 5.90% 5.90% 8.60%

Faisalabad 3 6 2 6 5 12

60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 50.00% 100.00% 100.00%

15.00% 25.00% 14.30% 17.60% 14.70% 20.70%

Khanewal 0 2 1 5 1 7

0.00% 28.60% 100.00% 71.40% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 8.30% 7.10% 14.70% 2.90% 12.10%

168
Rawalpindi 4 5 1 15 5 20

80.00% 25.00% 20.00% 75.00% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 20.80% 7.10% 44.10% 14.70% 34.50%

Total 20 24 14 34 34 58

58.80% 41.40% 41.20% 58.60% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 2.623, df: 5, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 5.595, df: 5, P>0.05

Note: difference among males and females by their divorced across

districts is not statistically significant test by pearson chi-square tes as P>0.05
for both male and females accorss distrtics

169
Table 5: district wise distribution of respondents by occupation

Manager Supervisor Employee Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 7 0 11 3 16 26 34 29

20.60% 0.00% 32.40% 10.30% 47.10% 89.70% 100.00% 100.00%

36.80% 0.00% 39.30% 14.30% 21.60% 14.10% 28.10% 13.30%

Attock 3 3 4 6 15 22 22 31

13.60% 9.70% 18.20% 19.40% 68.20% 71.00% 100.00% 100.00%

15.80% 23.10% 14.30% 28.60% 20.30% 12.00% 18.20% 14.20%

D.G. Khan 1 1 2 0 10 41 13 42

7.70% 2.40% 15.40% 0.00% 76.90% 97.60% 100.00% 100.00%

5.30% 7.70% 7.10% 0.00% 13.50% 22.30% 10.70% 19.30%

Faisalabad 4 0 6 5 9 30 19 35

21.10% 0.00% 31.60% 14.30% 47.40% 85.70% 100.00% 100.00%

21.10% 0.00% 21.40% 23.80% 12.20% 16.30% 15.70% 16.10%

Khanewal 3 2 2 5 10 37 15 44

20.00% 4.50% 13.30% 11.40% 66.70% 84.10% 100.00% 100.00%

15.80% 15.40% 7.10% 23.80% 13.50% 20.10% 12.40% 20.20%

170
Rawalpindi 1 7 3 2 14 28 18 37

5.60% 18.90% 16.70% 5.40% 77.80% 75.70% 100.00% 100.00%

5.30% 53.80% 10.70% 9.50% 18.90% 15.20% 14.90% 17.00%

Total 19 13 28 21 74 184 121 218

15.70% 6.00% 23.10% 9.60% 61.20% 84.40% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 9.453, df: 10, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 26.681, df: 10, P<0.05

Note: there is difference between occupations among males and females across the districts as shown
by the percentage distributions but the pearson chi-square test shows the difference of occupations
among males across districts is not statisticall significant as P>0.05 however the difference of
occupations among females across distrtics is statistically significant as P<0.05.

171
Table 6: district wise distribution of respondents who have ever been thretend by their spouses

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 1 9 9 9 22 15 4 1 36 34

2.80% 26.50% 25.00% 26.50% 61.10% 44.10% 11.10% 2.90% 100.00% 100.00%

12.50% 16.10% 40.90% 12.90% 28.20% 17.60% 26.70% 5.00% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 4 8 7 10 10 10 1 4 22 32

18.20% 25.00% 31.80% 31.20% 45.50% 31.20% 4.50% 12.50% 100.00% 100.00%

50.00% 14.30% 31.80% 14.30% 12.80% 11.80% 6.70% 20.00% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 9 1 14 7 13 5 6 13 42

0.00% 21.40% 7.70% 33.30% 53.80% 31.00% 38.50% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 16.10% 4.50% 20.00% 9.00% 15.30% 33.30% 30.00% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 2 8 1 11 14 16 2 1 19 36

10.50% 22.20% 5.30% 30.60% 73.70% 44.40% 10.50% 2.80% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 14.30% 4.50% 15.70% 17.90% 18.80% 13.30% 5.00% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 10 0 12 13 18 2 5 15 45

0.00% 22.20% 0.00% 26.70% 86.70% 40.00% 13.30% 11.10% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 17.90% 0.00% 17.10% 16.70% 21.20% 13.30% 25.00% 12.20% 19.50%

172
Rawalpindi 1 12 4 14 12 13 1 3 18 42

5.60% 28.60% 22.20% 33.30% 66.70% 31.00% 5.60% 7.10% 100.00% 100.00%

12.50% 21.40% 18.20% 20.00% 15.40% 15.30% 6.70% 15.00% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 8 56 22 70 78 85 15 20 123 231

6.50% 24.20% 17.90% 30.30% 63.40% 36.80% 12.20% 8.70% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 28.543, df: 15, P<0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 8.769, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: there is difference between males and females who ever been thretend by their spouses
across the districts as shown by the percentage distributions but the pearson chi-square test shows
the difference among males across districts is statisticall significant as P<0.05 however the difference
among females across distrtics is not statistically significant as P>0.05.

173
Table 7: district wise distribution of respondents who ever been shouted, screamed or swore by their spouses

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 8 8 6 9 20 15 2 2 36 34

22.20% 23.50% 16.70% 26.50% 55.60% 44.10% 5.60% 5.90% 100.00% 100.00%

47.10% 17.00% 27.30% 11.80% 27.40% 20.30% 18.20% 6.10% 29.30% 14.80%

Attock 5 6 7 12 9 8 1 6 22 32

22.70% 18.80% 31.80% 37.50% 40.90% 25.00% 4.50% 18.80% 100.00% 100.00%

29.40% 12.80% 31.80% 15.80% 12.30% 10.80% 9.10% 18.20% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 9 1 13 12 14 0 6 13 42

0.00% 21.40% 7.70% 31.00% 92.30% 33.30% 0.00% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 19.10% 4.50% 17.10% 16.40% 18.90% 0.00% 18.20% 10.60% 18.30%

Faisalabad 1 7 6 11 8 11 4 7 19 36

5.30% 19.40% 31.60% 30.60% 42.10% 30.60% 21.10% 19.40% 100.00% 100.00%

5.90% 14.90% 27.30% 14.50% 11.00% 14.90% 36.40% 21.20% 15.40% 15.70%

Khanewal 1 9 1 15 10 15 3 6 15 45

6.70% 20.00% 6.70% 33.30% 66.70% 33.30% 20.00% 13.30% 100.00% 100.00%

5.90% 19.10% 4.50% 19.70% 13.70% 20.30% 27.30% 18.20% 12.20% 19.60%

174
Rawalpindi 2 8 1 16 14 11 1 6 18 41

11.10% 19.50% 5.60% 39.00% 77.80% 26.80% 5.60% 14.60% 100.00% 100.00%

11.80% 17.00% 4.50% 21.10% 19.20% 14.90% 9.10% 18.20% 14.60% 17.80%

Total 17 47 22 76 73 74 11 33 123 230

13.80% 20.40% 17.90% 33.00% 59.30% 32.20% 8.90% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 27.647, df: 15, P<0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 6.733, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: there is difference between males and females who ever been shouted, screamed, swore by
their spouses across the districts as shown by the percentage distributions but the pearson chi-square
test shows the difference among males across districts is statisticall significant as P<0.05 however
the difference among females across distrtics is not statistically significant as P>0.05.

175
Table 8: district wise distribution of respondents who ever been checked on movements by their spouses

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 6 6 10 8 16 18 4 2 36 34

16.70% 17.60% 27.80% 23.50% 44.40% 52.90% 11.10% 5.90% 100.00% 100.00%

33.30% 13.00% 32.30% 10.80% 27.60% 21.20% 25.00% 7.70% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 5 6 8 12 7 11 2 3 22 32

22.70% 18.80% 36.40% 37.50% 31.80% 34.40% 9.10% 9.40% 100.00% 100.00%

27.80% 13.00% 25.80% 16.20% 12.10% 12.90% 12.50% 11.50% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 8 1 11 9 16 3 7 13 42

0.00% 19.00% 7.70% 26.20% 69.20% 38.10% 23.10% 16.70% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 17.40% 3.20% 14.90% 15.50% 18.80% 18.80% 26.90% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 4 6 3 11 10 16 2 3 19 36

21.10% 16.70% 15.80% 30.60% 52.60% 44.40% 10.50% 8.30% 100.00% 100.00%

22.20% 13.00% 9.70% 14.90% 17.20% 18.80% 12.50% 11.50% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 2 14 4 13 5 12 4 6 15 45

13.30% 31.10% 26.70% 28.90% 33.30% 26.70% 26.70% 13.30% 100.00% 100.00%

11.10% 30.40% 12.90% 17.60% 8.60% 14.10% 25.00% 23.10% 12.20% 19.50%

Rawalpindi 1 6 5 19 11 12 1 5 18 42

176
 5.60% 14.30% 27.80% 45.20% 61.10% 28.60% 5.60% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

5.60% 13.00% 16.10% 25.70% 19.00% 14.10% 6.20% 19.20% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 18 46 31 74 58 85 16 26 123 231

14.60% 19.90% 25.20% 32.00% 47.20% 36.80% 13.00% 11.30% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 16.398, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 15.385, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

177
Table 8: district wise distribution of respondnets who ever been restricted on social life by their spouses

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 5 7 9 12 21 13 1 2 36 34

13.90% 20.60% 25.00% 35.30% 58.30% 38.20% 2.80% 5.90% 100.00% 100.00%

41.70% 14.90% 39.10% 16.00% 28.40% 16.70% 7.10% 6.50% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 1 5 3 11 13 13 5 3 22 32

4.50% 15.60% 13.60% 34.40% 59.10% 40.60% 22.70% 9.40% 100.00% 100.00%

8.30% 10.60% 13.00% 14.70% 17.60% 16.70% 35.70% 9.70% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 9 3 11 8 15 1 7 13 42

7.70% 21.40% 23.10% 26.20% 61.50% 35.70% 7.70% 16.70% 100.00% 100.00%

8.30% 19.10% 13.00% 14.70% 10.80% 19.20% 7.10% 22.60% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 1 6 3 12 12 13 3 5 19 36

5.30% 16.70% 15.80% 33.30% 63.20% 36.10% 15.80% 13.90% 100.00% 100.00%

8.30% 12.80% 13.00% 16.00% 16.20% 16.70% 21.40% 16.10% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 11 1 17 12 9 2 8 15 45

0.00% 24.40% 6.70% 37.80% 80.00% 20.00% 13.30% 17.80% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 23.40% 4.30% 22.70% 16.20% 11.50% 14.30% 25.80% 12.20% 19.50%

Rawalpindi 4 9 4 12 8 15 2 6 18 42

178
 22.20% 21.40% 22.20% 28.60% 44.40% 35.70% 11.10% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

33.30% 19.10% 17.40% 16.00% 10.80% 19.20% 14.30% 19.40% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 12 47 23 75 74 78 14 31 123 231

9.80% 20.30% 18.70% 32.50% 60.20% 33.80% 11.40% 13.40% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 15.727, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 8.387, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

179
Table 8: districts wise distribution of respondents who ever been kep short of money by their spouses

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 4 5 8 13 21 14 2 2 35 34

11.40% 14.70% 22.90% 38.20% 60.00% 41.20% 5.70% 5.90% 100.00% 100.00%

33.30% 10.20% 44.40% 17.80% 26.60% 16.50% 15.40% 8.30% 28.70% 14.70%

Attock 1 8 4 11 15 10 2 3 22 32

4.50% 25.00% 18.20% 34.40% 68.20% 31.20% 9.10% 9.40% 100.00% 100.00%

8.30% 16.30% 22.20% 15.10% 19.00% 11.80% 15.40% 12.50% 18.00% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 11 1 11 8 14 3 6 13 42

7.70% 26.20% 7.70% 26.20% 61.50% 33.30% 23.10% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

8.30% 22.40% 5.60% 15.10% 10.10% 16.50% 23.10% 25.00% 10.70% 18.20%

Faisalabad 3 8 2 12 11 12 3 4 19 36

15.80% 22.20% 10.50% 33.30% 57.90% 33.30% 15.80% 11.10% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 16.30% 11.10% 16.40% 13.90% 14.10% 23.10% 16.70% 15.60% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 8 0 13 12 19 3 5 15 45

0.00% 17.80% 0.00% 28.90% 80.00% 42.20% 20.00% 11.10% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 16.30% 0.00% 17.80% 15.20% 22.40% 23.10% 20.80% 12.30% 19.50%

Rawalpindi 3 9 3 13 12 16 0 4 18 42

180
 16.70% 21.40% 16.70% 31.00% 66.70% 38.10% 0.00% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 18.40% 16.70% 17.80% 15.20% 18.80% 0.00% 16.70% 14.80% 18.20%

Total 12 49 18 73 79 85 13 24 122 231

9.80% 21.20% 14.80% 31.60% 64.80% 36.80% 10.70% 10.40% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 15.672, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 5.199, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

181
Table 09: districts wise distribution of respondnets who ever been critisized by their spouses

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 8 9 6 10 14 12 8 3 36 34

22.20% 26.50% 16.70% 29.40% 38.90% 35.30% 22.20% 8.80% 100.00% 100.00%

44.40% 16.10% 20.00% 13.50% 24.60% 15.80% 44.40% 12.00% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 4 7 8 13 10 10 0 2 22 32

18.20% 21.90% 36.40% 40.60% 45.50% 31.20% 0.00% 6.20% 100.00% 100.00%

22.20% 12.50% 26.70% 17.60% 17.50% 13.20% 0.00% 8.00% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 11 5 13 6 16 2 2 13 42

0.00% 26.20% 38.50% 31.00% 46.20% 38.10% 15.40% 4.80% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 19.60% 16.70% 17.60% 10.50% 21.10% 11.10% 8.00% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 3 5 4 13 9 12 3 6 19 36

15.80% 13.90% 21.10% 36.10% 47.40% 33.30% 15.80% 16.70% 100.00% 100.00%

16.70% 8.90% 13.30% 17.60% 15.80% 15.80% 16.70% 24.00% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 3 14 2 11 5 13 5 7 15 45

20.00% 31.10% 13.30% 24.40% 33.30% 28.90% 33.30% 15.60% 100.00% 100.00%

16.70% 25.00% 6.70% 14.90% 8.80% 17.10% 27.80% 28.00% 12.20% 19.50%

Rawalpindi 0 10 5 14 13 13 0 5 18 42

182
 0.00% 23.80% 27.80% 33.30% 72.20% 31.00% 0.00% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 17.90% 16.70% 18.90% 22.80% 17.10% 0.00% 20.00% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 18 56 30 74 57 76 18 25 123 231

14.60% 24.20% 24.40% 32.00% 46.30% 32.90% 14.60% 10.80% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 25.072, df: 15, P<0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 9.507, df: 15, P>0.05

Note:please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

183
Table 10: district wise distribution of respondents who ever been put down in front of others by their spouses

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 3 6 7 4 22 22 4 2 36 34

8.30% 17.60% 19.40% 11.80% 61.10% 64.70% 11.10% 5.90% 100.00% 100.00%

27.30% 15.00% 30.40% 8.50% 27.20% 19.00% 50.00% 7.10% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 2 11 6 6 14 10 0 5 22 32

9.10% 34.40% 27.30% 18.80% 63.60% 31.20% 0.00% 15.60% 100.00% 100.00%

18.20% 27.50% 26.10% 12.80% 17.30% 8.60% 0.00% 17.90% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 9 0 8 10 18 2 7 13 42

7.70% 21.40% 0.00% 19.00% 76.90% 42.90% 15.40% 16.70% 100.00% 100.00%

9.10% 22.50% 0.00% 17.00% 12.30% 15.50% 25.00% 25.00% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 2 6 4 8 12 16 1 6 19 36

10.50% 16.70% 21.10% 22.20% 63.20% 44.40% 5.30% 16.70% 100.00% 100.00%

18.20% 15.00% 17.40% 17.00% 14.80% 13.80% 12.50% 21.40% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 2 0 10 14 31 1 2 15 45

0.00% 4.40% 0.00% 22.20% 93.30% 68.90% 6.70% 4.40% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 5.00% 0.00% 21.30% 17.30% 26.70% 12.50% 7.10% 12.20% 19.50%

Rawalpindi 3 6 6 11 9 19 0 6 18 42

184
 16.70% 14.30% 33.30% 26.20% 50.00% 45.20% 0.00% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

27.30% 15.00% 26.10% 23.40% 11.10% 16.40% 0.00% 21.40% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 11 40 23 47 81 116 8 28 123 231

8.90% 17.30% 18.70% 20.30% 65.90% 50.20% 6.50% 12.10% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 19.070, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 25.311, df: 15, P<0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

185
Table 11: districts wise distribution of respondents whoes spouses shouted or thretend at kids

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 6 5 6 7 20 20 4 2 36 34

16.70% 14.70% 16.70% 20.60% 55.60% 58.80% 11.10% 5.90% 100.00% 100.00%

42.90% 12.20% 33.30% 12.10% 26.30% 18.30% 26.70% 8.70% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 1 5 4 9 13 14 4 4 22 32

4.50% 15.60% 18.20% 28.10% 59.10% 43.80% 18.20% 12.50% 100.00% 100.00%

7.10% 12.20% 22.20% 15.50% 17.10% 12.80% 26.70% 17.40% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 9 2 9 9 20 1 4 13 42

7.70% 21.40% 15.40% 21.40% 69.20% 47.60% 7.70% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

7.10% 22.00% 11.10% 15.50% 11.80% 18.30% 6.70% 17.40% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 2 8 3 6 13 17 1 5 19 36

10.50% 22.20% 15.80% 16.70% 68.40% 47.20% 5.30% 13.90% 100.00% 100.00%

14.30% 19.50% 16.70% 10.30% 17.10% 15.60% 6.70% 21.70% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 6 0 9 13 26 2 4 15 45

0.00% 13.30% 0.00% 20.00% 86.70% 57.80% 13.30% 8.90% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 14.60% 0.00% 15.50% 17.10% 23.90% 13.30% 17.40% 12.20% 19.50%

Rawalpindi 4 8 3 18 8 12 3 4 18 42

186
 22.20% 19.00% 16.70% 42.90% 44.40% 28.60% 16.70% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

28.60% 19.50% 16.70% 31.00% 10.50% 11.00% 20.00% 17.40% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 14 41 18 58 76 109 15 23 123 231

11.40% 17.70% 14.60% 25.10% 61.80% 47.20% 12.20% 10.00% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 12.919, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 15.510, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

187
Table 12: distribution of respodents who ever been thretend of divorce or separation by their spouses

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 2 6 4 4 22 21 7 3 35 34

5.70% 17.60% 11.40% 11.80% 62.90% 61.80% 20.00% 8.80% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 19.40% 21.10% 8.50% 26.20% 15.60% 63.60% 16.70% 28.70% 14.70%

Attock 2 2 2 5 18 21 0 4 22 32

9.10% 6.20% 9.10% 15.60% 81.80% 65.60% 0.00% 12.50% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 6.50% 10.50% 10.60% 21.40% 15.60% 0.00% 22.20% 18.00% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 7 1 9 11 22 0 4 13 42

7.70% 16.70% 7.70% 21.40% 84.60% 52.40% 0.00% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

12.50% 22.60% 5.30% 19.10% 13.10% 16.30% 0.00% 22.20% 10.70% 18.20%

Faisalabad 1 4 2 6 13 23 3 3 19 36

5.30% 11.10% 10.50% 16.70% 68.40% 63.90% 15.80% 8.30% 100.00% 100.00%

12.50% 12.90% 10.50% 12.80% 15.50% 17.00% 27.30% 16.70% 15.60% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 5 0 10 14 29 1 1 15 45

0.00% 11.10% 0.00% 22.20% 93.30% 64.40% 6.70% 2.20% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 16.10% 0.00% 21.30% 16.70% 21.50% 9.10% 5.60% 12.30% 19.50%

188
Rawalpindi 2 7 10 13 6 19 0 3 18 42

11.10% 16.70% 55.60% 31.00% 33.30% 45.20% 0.00% 7.10% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 22.60% 52.60% 27.70% 7.10% 14.10% 0.00% 16.70% 14.80% 18.20%

Total 8 31 19 47 84 135 11 18 122 231

6.60% 13.40% 15.60% 20.30% 68.90% 58.40% 9.00% 7.80% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 40.815, df: 15, P<0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 12.175, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

189
Table 13: distribution of respodents who ever been thretend to be killed by their spouses

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 2 6 3 7 28 19 3 2 36 34

5.60% 17.60% 8.30% 20.60% 77.80% 55.90% 8.30% 5.90% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 23.10% 30.00% 18.90% 28.60% 13.00% 60.00% 9.10% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 3 3 1 4 17 22 1 3 22 32

13.60% 9.40% 4.50% 12.50% 77.30% 68.80% 4.50% 9.40% 100.00% 100.00%

30.00% 11.50% 10.00% 10.80% 17.30% 15.10% 20.00% 13.60% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 8 0 6 12 23 0 5 13 42

7.70% 19.00% 0.00% 14.30% 92.30% 54.80% 0.00% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

10.00% 30.80% 0.00% 16.20% 12.20% 15.80% 0.00% 22.70% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 2 2 2 3 15 26 0 5 19 36

10.50% 5.60% 10.50% 8.30% 78.90% 72.20% 0.00% 13.90% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 7.70% 20.00% 8.10% 15.30% 17.80% 0.00% 22.70% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 1 0 7 14 36 1 1 15 45

0.00% 2.20% 0.00% 15.60% 93.30% 80.00% 6.70% 2.20% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 3.80% 0.00% 18.90% 14.30% 24.70% 20.00% 4.50% 12.20% 19.50%

Rawalpindi 2 6 4 10 12 20 0 6 18 42

190
 11.10% 14.30% 22.20% 23.80% 66.70% 47.60% 0.00% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 23.10% 40.00% 27.00% 12.20% 13.70% 0.00% 27.30% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 10 26 10 37 98 146 5 22 123 231

8.10% 11.30% 8.10% 16.00% 79.70% 63.20% 4.10% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 14.760, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 21.906, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

191
Table 14: districts wise distribution of respondents who ever been thretend to be kicked out

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 2 7 6 3 27 22 1 2 36 34

5.60% 20.60% 16.70% 8.80% 75.00% 64.70% 2.80% 5.90% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 18.40% 46.20% 6.20% 28.70% 17.60% 16.70% 10.50% 29.30% 14.80%

Attock 4 8 3 4 14 15 1 5 22 32

18.20% 25.00% 13.60% 12.50% 63.60% 46.90% 4.50% 15.60% 100.00% 100.00%

40.00% 21.10% 23.10% 8.30% 14.90% 12.00% 16.70% 26.30% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 8 0 6 11 23 1 5 13 42

7.70% 19.00% 0.00% 14.30% 84.60% 54.80% 7.70% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

10.00% 21.10% 0.00% 12.50% 11.70% 18.40% 16.70% 26.30% 10.60% 18.30%

Faisalabad 0 3 3 8 14 22 2 3 19 36

0.00% 8.30% 15.80% 22.20% 73.70% 61.10% 10.50% 8.30% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 7.90% 23.10% 16.70% 14.90% 17.60% 33.30% 15.80% 15.40% 15.70%

Khanewal 0 4 0 13 14 25 1 2 15 44

0.00% 9.10% 0.00% 29.50% 93.30% 56.80% 6.70% 4.50% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 10.50% 0.00% 27.10% 14.90% 20.00% 16.70% 10.50% 12.20% 19.10%

Rawalpindi 3 8 1 14 14 18 0 2 18 42

192
 16.70% 19.00% 5.60% 33.30% 77.80% 42.90% 0.00% 4.80% 100.00% 100.00%

30.00% 21.10% 7.70% 29.20% 14.90% 14.40% 0.00% 10.50% 14.60% 18.30%

Total 10 38 13 48 94 125 6 19 123 230

8.10% 16.50% 10.60% 20.90% 76.40% 54.30% 4.90% 8.30% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 16.687, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 20.784, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

193
Table 15: districts wise distribution of respondents who ever been thretend to be declared as corrupt by their spouses

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 4 5 7 6 23 22 1 1 35 34

11.40% 14.70% 20.00% 17.60% 65.70% 64.70% 2.90% 2.90% 100.00% 100.00%

57.10% 19.20% 35.00% 15.00% 25.80% 15.10% 16.70% 5.90% 28.70% 14.80%

Attock 1 6 6 4 14 18 1 4 22 32

4.50% 18.80% 27.30% 12.50% 63.60% 56.20% 4.50% 12.50% 100.00% 100.00%

14.30% 23.10% 30.00% 10.00% 15.70% 12.30% 16.70% 23.50% 18.00% 14.00%

D.G. Khan 0 3 1 2 11 34 1 3 13 42

0.00% 7.10% 7.70% 4.80% 84.60% 81.00% 7.70% 7.10% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 11.50% 5.00% 5.00% 12.40% 23.30% 16.70% 17.60% 10.70% 18.30%

Faisalabad 2 4 2 7 14 20 1 4 19 35

10.50% 11.40% 10.50% 20.00% 73.70% 57.10% 5.30% 11.40% 100.00% 100.00%

28.60% 15.40% 10.00% 17.50% 15.70% 13.70% 16.70% 23.50% 15.60% 15.30%

Khanewal 0 2 0 9 13 33 2 0 15 44

0.00% 4.50% 0.00% 20.50% 86.70% 75.00% 13.30% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 7.70% 0.00% 22.50% 14.60% 22.60% 33.30% 0.00% 12.30% 19.20%

Rawalpindi 0 6 4 12 14 19 0 5 18 42

194
 0.00% 14.30% 22.20% 28.60% 77.80% 45.20% 0.00% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 23.10% 20.00% 30.00% 15.70% 13.00% 0.00% 29.40% 14.80% 18.30%

Total 7 26 20 40 89 146 6 17 122 229

5.70% 11.40% 16.40% 17.50% 73.00% 63.80% 4.90% 7.40% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 15.889, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 25.103, df: 15, P<0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

195
Table 16: districts wise distribution of respondents whoes spouses drinks or addicts

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 2 2 2 5 30 27 2 0 36 34

5.60% 5.90% 5.60% 14.70% 83.30% 79.40% 5.60% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00%

40.00% 6.70% 22.20% 11.60% 30.00% 19.10% 22.20% 0.00% 29.30% 14.80%

Attock 2 4 2 7 16 19 2 2 22 32

9.10% 12.50% 9.10% 21.90% 72.70% 59.40% 9.10% 6.20% 100.00% 100.00%

40.00% 13.30% 22.20% 16.30% 16.00% 13.50% 22.20% 12.50% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 5 1 6 11 26 1 5 13 42

0.00% 11.90% 7.70% 14.30% 84.60% 61.90% 7.70% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 16.70% 11.10% 14.00% 11.00% 18.40% 11.10% 31.20% 10.60% 18.30%

Faisalabad 0 4 1 8 16 19 2 4 19 35

0.00% 11.40% 5.30% 22.90% 84.20% 54.30% 10.50% 11.40% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 13.30% 11.10% 18.60% 16.00% 13.50% 22.20% 25.00% 15.40% 15.20%

Khanewal 0 5 0 7 14 32 1 1 15 45

0.00% 11.10% 0.00% 15.60% 93.30% 71.10% 6.70% 2.20% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 16.70% 0.00% 16.30% 14.00% 22.70% 11.10% 6.20% 12.20% 19.60%

Rawalpindi 1 10 3 10 13 18 1 4 18 42

196
 5.60% 23.80% 16.70% 23.80% 72.20% 42.90% 5.60% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 33.30% 33.30% 23.30% 13.00% 12.80% 11.10% 25.00% 14.60% 18.30%

Total 5 30 9 43 100 141 9 16 123 230

4.10% 13.00% 7.30% 18.70% 81.30% 61.30% 7.30% 7.00% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 8.486, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 19.245, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

197
Table 17: districts wise distribution of respondents whoes spouses drinks/addicts many times a day

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 4 1 2 2 29 31 1 0 36 34

11.10% 2.90% 5.60% 5.90% 80.60% 91.20% 2.80% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00%

44.40% 3.30% 20.00% 5.70% 29.90% 21.10% 14.30% 0.00% 29.30% 14.80%

Attock 1 5 2 4 18 22 1 1 22 32

4.50% 15.60% 9.10% 12.50% 81.80% 68.80% 4.50% 3.10% 100.00% 100.00%

11.10% 16.70% 20.00% 11.40% 18.60% 15.00% 14.30% 5.60% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 5 0 6 10 27 2 4 13 42

7.70% 11.90% 0.00% 14.30% 76.90% 64.30% 15.40% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

11.10% 16.70% 0.00% 17.10% 10.30% 18.40% 28.60% 22.20% 10.60% 18.30%

Faisalabad 0 4 3 7 16 19 0 5 19 35

0.00% 11.40% 15.80% 20.00% 84.20% 54.30% 0.00% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 13.30% 30.00% 20.00% 16.50% 12.90% 0.00% 27.80% 15.40% 15.20%

Khanewal 0 6 0 8 14 30 1 1 15 45

0.00% 13.30% 0.00% 17.80% 93.30% 66.70% 6.70% 2.20% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 20.00% 0.00% 22.90% 14.40% 20.40% 14.30% 5.60% 12.20% 19.60%

198
Rawalpindi 3 9 3 8 10 18 2 7 18 42

16.70% 21.40% 16.70% 19.00% 55.60% 42.90% 11.10% 16.70% 100.00% 100.00%

33.30% 30.00% 30.00% 22.90% 10.30% 12.20% 28.60% 38.90% 14.60% 18.30%

Total 9 30 10 35 97 147 7 18 123 230

7.30% 13.00% 8.10% 15.20% 78.90% 63.90% 5.70% 7.80% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 17.680, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 27.585, df: 15, P<0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

199
Table 18: districts wise distribution of respondents whoes spouses become violent after drinking or addication

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 5 2 2 5 27 27 2 0 36 34

13.90% 5.90% 5.60% 14.70% 75.00% 79.40% 5.60% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00%

50.00% 8.70% 20.00% 9.80% 27.80% 19.10% 33.30% 0.00% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 1 0 1 11 18 20 2 1 22 32

4.50% 0.00% 4.50% 34.40% 81.80% 62.50% 9.10% 3.10% 100.00% 100.00%

10.00% 0.00% 10.00% 21.60% 18.60% 14.20% 33.30% 6.20% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 3 0 5 13 29 0 5 13 42

0.00% 7.10% 0.00% 11.90% 100.00% 69.00% 0.00% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 13.00% 0.00% 9.80% 13.40% 20.60% 0.00% 31.20% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 1 6 2 4 16 21 0 5 19 36

5.30% 16.70% 10.50% 11.10% 84.20% 58.30% 0.00% 13.90% 100.00% 100.00%

10.00% 26.10% 20.00% 7.80% 16.50% 14.90% 0.00% 31.20% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 2 0 12 13 30 2 1 15 45

0.00% 4.40% 0.00% 26.70% 86.70% 66.70% 13.30% 2.20% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 8.70% 0.00% 23.50% 13.40% 21.30% 33.30% 6.20% 12.20% 19.50%

200
Rawalpindi 3 10 5 14 10 14 0 4 18 42

16.70% 23.80% 27.80% 33.30% 55.60% 33.30% 0.00% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

30.00% 43.50% 50.00% 27.50% 10.30% 9.90% 0.00% 25.00% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 10 23 10 51 97 141 6 16 123 231

8.10% 10.00% 8.10% 22.10% 78.90% 61.00% 4.90% 6.90% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 25.222, df: 15, P<0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 41.764, df: 15, P<0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

201
Table 19: districts wise distribution of respondents whoes spouses stoped them from moving or leaving the room

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 4 1 5 6 24 25 3 2 36 34

11.10% 2.90% 13.90% 17.60% 66.70% 73.50% 8.30% 5.90% 100.00% 100.00%

36.40% 2.60% 35.70% 15.00% 27.30% 19.50% 30.00% 8.70% 29.30% 14.80%

Attock 2 5 5 3 14 21 1 3 22 32

9.10% 15.60% 22.70% 9.40% 63.60% 65.60% 4.50% 9.40% 100.00% 100.00%

18.20% 12.80% 35.70% 7.50% 15.90% 16.40% 10.00% 13.00% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 9 1 7 11 23 0 3 13 42

7.70% 21.40% 7.70% 16.70% 84.60% 54.80% 0.00% 7.10% 100.00% 100.00%

9.10% 23.10% 7.10% 17.50% 12.50% 18.00% 0.00% 13.00% 10.60% 18.30%

Faisalabad 0 6 2 7 15 16 2 6 19 35

0.00% 17.10% 10.50% 20.00% 78.90% 45.70% 10.50% 17.10% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 15.40% 14.30% 17.50% 17.00% 12.50% 20.00% 26.10% 15.40% 15.20%

Khanewal 1 7 0 8 11 25 3 5 15 45

6.70% 15.60% 0.00% 17.80% 73.30% 55.60% 20.00% 11.10% 100.00% 100.00%

9.10% 17.90% 0.00% 20.00% 12.50% 19.50% 30.00% 21.70% 12.20% 19.60%

Rawalpindi 3 11 1 9 13 18 1 4 18 42

202
 16.70% 26.20% 5.60% 21.40% 72.20% 42.90% 5.60% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

27.30% 28.20% 7.10% 22.50% 14.80% 14.10% 10.00% 17.40% 14.60% 18.30%

Total 11 39 14 40 88 128 10 23 123 230

8.90% 17.00% 11.40% 17.40% 71.50% 55.70% 8.10% 10.00% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 13.361, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 15.533, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

203
Table 20: districts wise distribution of respondents whose spouses chocked, held a hond over mouth

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 2 1 8 6 23 25 3 2 36 34

5.60% 2.90% 22.20% 17.60% 63.90% 73.50% 8.30% 5.90% 100.00% 100.00%

22.20% 3.10% 50.00% 14.00% 25.60% 18.50% 37.50% 10.00% 29.30% 14.80%

Attock 3 2 2 11 15 15 2 4 22 32

13.60% 6.20% 9.10% 34.40% 68.20% 46.90% 9.10% 12.50% 100.00% 100.00%

33.30% 6.20% 12.50% 25.60% 16.70% 11.10% 25.00% 20.00% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 7 1 7 12 23 0 5 13 42

0.00% 16.70% 7.70% 16.70% 92.30% 54.80% 0.00% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 21.90% 6.20% 16.30% 13.30% 17.00% 0.00% 25.00% 10.60% 18.30%

Faisalabad 2 7 1 5 15 19 1 5 19 36

10.50% 19.40% 5.30% 13.90% 78.90% 52.80% 5.30% 13.90% 100.00% 100.00%

22.20% 21.90% 6.20% 11.60% 16.70% 14.10% 12.50% 25.00% 15.40% 15.70%

Khanewal 0 7 0 5 14 31 1 1 15 44

0.00% 15.90% 0.00% 11.40% 93.30% 70.50% 6.70% 2.30% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 21.90% 0.00% 11.60% 15.60% 23.00% 12.50% 5.00% 12.20% 19.10%

204
Rawalpindi 2 8 4 9 11 22 1 3 18 42

11.10% 19.00% 22.20% 21.40% 61.10% 52.40% 5.60% 7.10% 100.00% 100.00%

22.20% 25.00% 25.00% 20.90% 12.20% 16.30% 12.50% 15.00% 14.60% 18.30%

Total 9 32 16 43 90 135 8 20 123 230

7.30% 13.90% 13.00% 18.70% 73.20% 58.70% 6.50% 8.70% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 14.672, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 20.777, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

205
Table 21: districts wise distribution of respondnets whose spouses forced to do smothing against their will

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 2 8 5 8 23 17 6 1 36 34

5.60% 23.50% 13.90% 23.50% 63.90% 50.00% 16.70% 2.90% 100.00% 100.00%

16.70% 16.00% 29.40% 14.00% 29.50% 17.50% 37.50% 3.70% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 2 6 4 13 14 9 2 4 22 32

9.10% 18.80% 18.20% 40.60% 63.60% 28.10% 9.10% 12.50% 100.00% 100.00%

16.70% 12.00% 23.50% 22.80% 17.90% 9.30% 12.50% 14.80% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 11 0 5 11 19 1 7 13 42

7.70% 26.20% 0.00% 11.90% 84.60% 45.20% 7.70% 16.70% 100.00% 100.00%

8.30% 22.00% 0.00% 8.80% 14.10% 19.60% 6.20% 25.90% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 4 10 3 7 11 14 1 5 19 36

21.10% 27.80% 15.80% 19.40% 57.90% 38.90% 5.30% 13.90% 100.00% 100.00%

33.30% 20.00% 17.60% 12.30% 14.10% 14.40% 6.20% 18.50% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 3 10 1 8 7 23 4 4 15 45

20.00% 22.20% 6.70% 17.80% 46.70% 51.10% 26.70% 8.90% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 20.00% 5.90% 14.00% 9.00% 23.70% 25.00% 14.80% 12.20% 19.50%

206
Rawalpindi 0 5 4 16 12 15 2 6 18 42

0.00% 11.90% 22.20% 38.10% 66.70% 35.70% 11.10% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 10.00% 23.50% 28.10% 15.40% 15.50% 12.50% 22.20% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 12 50 17 57 78 97 16 27 123 231

9.80% 21.60% 13.80% 24.70% 63.40% 42.00% 13.00% 11.70% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 15.897, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 20.765, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

207
Table 22: districts wise distribution of respondents whose spouses ever slapped on the face, body etc

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 2 1 3 8 29 21 2 4 36 34

5.60% 2.90% 8.30% 23.50% 80.60% 61.80% 5.60% 11.80% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 2.50% 23.10% 16.30% 30.90% 18.10% 25.00% 16.00% 29.30% 14.80%

Attock 2 6 8 9 11 12 1 5 22 32

9.10% 18.80% 36.40% 28.10% 50.00% 37.50% 4.50% 15.60% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 15.00% 61.50% 18.40% 11.70% 10.30% 12.50% 20.00% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 10 1 4 12 25 0 3 13 42

0.00% 23.80% 7.70% 9.50% 92.30% 59.50% 0.00% 7.10% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 25.00% 7.70% 8.20% 12.80% 21.60% 0.00% 12.00% 10.60% 18.30%

Faisalabad 1 4 1 8 14 14 3 9 19 35

5.30% 11.40% 5.30% 22.90% 73.70% 40.00% 15.80% 25.70% 100.00% 100.00%

12.50% 10.00% 7.70% 16.30% 14.90% 12.10% 37.50% 36.00% 15.40% 15.20%

Khanewal 0 11 0 9 14 24 1 1 15 45

0.00% 24.40% 0.00% 20.00% 93.30% 53.30% 6.70% 2.20% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 27.50% 0.00% 18.40% 14.90% 20.70% 12.50% 4.00% 12.20% 19.60%

208
Rawalpindi 3 8 0 11 14 20 1 3 18 42

16.70% 19.00% 0.00% 26.20% 77.80% 47.60% 5.60% 7.10% 100.00% 100.00%

37.50% 20.00% 0.00% 22.40% 14.90% 17.20% 12.50% 12.00% 14.60% 18.30%

Total 8 40 13 49 94 116 8 25 123 230

6.50% 17.40% 10.60% 21.30% 76.40% 50.40% 6.50% 10.90% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 29.789, df: 15, P<0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 26.707, df: 15, P<0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

209
Table 23: districts wise distribution of respondents whoes spouses ever pushed, grabed or shoved them

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 3 4 3 4 26 25 4 1 36 34

8.30% 11.80% 8.30% 11.80% 72.20% 73.50% 11.10% 2.90% 100.00% 100.00%

50.00% 12.90% 20.00% 9.50% 28.60% 18.50% 36.40% 4.30% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 1 5 5 9 14 14 2 4 22 32

4.50% 15.60% 22.70% 28.10% 63.60% 43.80% 9.10% 12.50% 100.00% 100.00%

16.70% 16.10% 33.30% 21.40% 15.40% 10.40% 18.20% 17.40% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 8 0 6 10 23 2 5 13 42

7.70% 19.00% 0.00% 14.30% 76.90% 54.80% 15.40% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

16.70% 25.80% 0.00% 14.30% 11.00% 17.00% 18.20% 21.70% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 1 2 2 7 16 21 0 6 19 36

5.30% 5.60% 10.50% 19.40% 84.20% 58.30% 0.00% 16.70% 100.00% 100.00%

16.70% 6.50% 13.30% 16.70% 17.60% 15.60% 0.00% 26.10% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 7 0 7 14 31 1 0 15 45

0.00% 15.60% 0.00% 15.60% 93.30% 68.90% 6.70% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 22.60% 0.00% 16.70% 15.40% 23.00% 9.10% 0.00% 12.20% 19.50%

Rawalpindi 0 5 5 9 11 21 2 7 18 42

210
 0.00% 11.90% 27.80% 21.40% 61.10% 50.00% 11.10% 16.70% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 16.10% 33.30% 21.40% 12.10% 15.60% 18.20% 30.40% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 6 31 15 42 91 135 11 23 123 231

4.90% 13.40% 12.20% 18.20% 74.00% 58.40% 8.90% 10.00% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 16.649, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 20.379, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

211
Table 24: districts wise distribution of respondents whoes spouses punched/kiked on the body, arm, legs

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 3 3 5 4 28 22 0 5 36 34

8.30% 8.80% 13.90% 11.80% 77.80% 64.70% 0.00% 14.70% 100.00% 100.00%

37.50% 8.30% 35.70% 11.80% 29.50% 16.50% 0.00% 17.90% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 2 6 3 5 16 15 1 6 22 32

9.10% 18.80% 13.60% 15.60% 72.70% 46.90% 4.50% 18.80% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 16.70% 21.40% 14.70% 16.80% 11.30% 16.70% 21.40% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 11 0 2 11 26 2 3 13 42

0.00% 26.20% 0.00% 4.80% 84.60% 61.90% 15.40% 7.10% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 30.60% 0.00% 5.90% 11.60% 19.50% 33.30% 10.70% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 1 4 3 5 14 22 1 5 19 36

5.30% 11.10% 15.80% 13.90% 73.70% 61.10% 5.30% 13.90% 100.00% 100.00%

12.50% 11.10% 21.40% 14.70% 14.70% 16.50% 16.70% 17.90% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 5 0 6 13 31 2 3 15 45

0.00% 11.10% 0.00% 13.30% 86.70% 68.90% 13.30% 6.70% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 13.90% 0.00% 17.60% 13.70% 23.30% 33.30% 10.70% 12.20% 19.50%

Rawalpindi 2 7 3 12 13 17 0 6 18 42

212
 11.10% 16.70% 16.70% 28.60% 72.20% 40.50% 0.00% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 19.40% 21.40% 35.30% 13.70% 12.80% 0.00% 21.40% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 8 36 14 34 95 133 6 28 123 231

6.50% 15.60% 11.40% 14.70% 77.20% 57.60% 4.90% 12.10% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 15.313, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test forfemales: Chi-Square: 21.757, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

213
Table 25: districts wise distribution of respondents whose spouses used an objects to hurt them

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 6 5 5 3 20 23 5 3 36 34

16.70% 14.70% 13.90% 8.80% 55.60% 67.60% 13.90% 8.80% 100.00% 100.00%

54.50% 15.20% 31.20% 7.90% 24.40% 16.20% 35.70% 16.70% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 1 9 2 7 15 15 4 1 22 32

4.50% 28.10% 9.10% 21.90% 68.20% 46.90% 18.20% 3.10% 100.00% 100.00%

9.10% 27.30% 12.50% 18.40% 18.30% 10.60% 28.60% 5.60% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 7 1 4 11 26 0 5 13 42

7.70% 16.70% 7.70% 9.50% 84.60% 61.90% 0.00% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

9.10% 21.20% 6.20% 10.50% 13.40% 18.30% 0.00% 27.80% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 2 6 2 7 12 20 3 3 19 36

10.50% 16.70% 10.50% 19.40% 63.20% 55.60% 15.80% 8.30% 100.00% 100.00%

18.20% 18.20% 12.50% 18.40% 14.60% 14.10% 21.40% 16.70% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 3 0 6 14 35 1 1 15 45

0.00% 6.70% 0.00% 13.30% 93.30% 77.80% 6.70% 2.20% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 9.10% 0.00% 15.80% 17.10% 24.60% 7.10% 5.60% 12.20% 19.50%

214
Rawalpindi 1 3 6 11 10 23 1 5 18 42

5.60% 7.10% 33.30% 26.20% 55.60% 54.80% 5.60% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

9.10% 9.10% 37.50% 28.90% 12.20% 16.20% 7.10% 27.80% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 11 33 16 38 82 142 14 18 123 231

8.90% 14.30% 13.00% 16.50% 66.70% 61.50% 11.40% 7.80% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 19.844, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 22.166, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

215
Table 26: districts wise distribution of respondnets whose spouses threw things on them or about the rooms

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 6 4 4 5 23 21 3 4 36 34

16.70% 11.80% 11.10% 14.70% 63.90% 61.80% 8.30% 11.80% 100.00% 100.00%

60.00% 10.30% 28.60% 12.20% 25.30% 16.00% 37.50% 21.10% 29.30% 14.80%

Attock 2 7 4 7 14 16 2 2 22 32

9.10% 21.90% 18.20% 21.90% 63.60% 50.00% 9.10% 6.20% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 17.90% 28.60% 17.10% 15.40% 12.20% 25.00% 10.50% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 12 1 4 12 23 0 3 13 42

0.00% 28.60% 7.70% 9.50% 92.30% 54.80% 0.00% 7.10% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 30.80% 7.10% 9.80% 13.20% 17.60% 0.00% 15.80% 10.60% 18.30%

Faisalabad 0 4 4 6 13 23 2 2 19 35

0.00% 11.40% 21.10% 17.10% 68.40% 65.70% 10.50% 5.70% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 10.30% 28.60% 14.60% 14.30% 17.60% 25.00% 10.50% 15.40% 15.20%

Khanewal 1 7 0 7 13 28 1 3 15 45

6.70% 15.60% 0.00% 15.60% 86.70% 62.20% 6.70% 6.70% 100.00% 100.00%

10.00% 17.90% 0.00% 17.10% 14.30% 21.40% 12.50% 15.80% 12.20% 19.60%

216
Rawalpindi 1 5 1 12 16 20 0 5 18 42

5.60% 11.90% 5.60% 28.60% 88.90% 47.60% 0.00% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

10.00% 12.80% 7.10% 29.30% 17.60% 15.30% 0.00% 26.30% 14.60% 18.30%

Total 10 39 14 41 91 131 8 19 123 230

8.10% 17.00% 11.40% 17.80% 74.00% 57.00% 6.50% 8.30% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 16.148, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 14.210, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

217
Table 27: distircts wise distribution of respondents whose spouses kiked the walls or furnitures

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 1 6 6 7 24 19 5 2 36 34

2.80% 17.60% 16.70% 20.60% 66.70% 55.90% 13.90% 5.90% 100.00% 100.00%

14.30% 16.70% 40.00% 16.70% 27.90% 14.20% 35.70% 10.50% 29.50% 14.70%

Attock 4 5 3 8 13 15 1 4 21 32

19.00% 15.60% 14.30% 25.00% 61.90% 46.90% 4.80% 12.50% 100.00% 100.00%

57.10% 13.90% 20.00% 19.00% 15.10% 11.20% 7.10% 21.10% 17.20% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 7 1 6 12 25 0 4 13 42

0.00% 16.70% 7.70% 14.30% 92.30% 59.50% 0.00% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 19.40% 6.70% 14.30% 14.00% 18.70% 0.00% 21.10% 10.70% 18.20%

Faisalabad 0 5 2 5 15 23 2 3 19 36

0.00% 13.90% 10.50% 13.90% 78.90% 63.90% 10.50% 8.30% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 13.90% 13.30% 11.90% 17.40% 17.20% 14.30% 15.80% 15.60% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 9 0 7 13 28 2 1 15 45

0.00% 20.00% 0.00% 15.60% 86.70% 62.20% 13.30% 2.20% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 25.00% 0.00% 16.70% 15.10% 20.90% 14.30% 5.30% 12.30% 19.50%

218
Rawalpindi 2 4 3 9 9 24 4 5 18 42

11.10% 9.50% 16.70% 21.40% 50.00% 57.10% 22.20% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

28.60% 11.10% 20.00% 21.40% 10.50% 17.90% 28.60% 26.30% 14.80% 18.20%

Total 7 36 15 42 86 134 14 19 122 231

5.70% 15.60% 12.30% 18.20% 70.50% 58.00% 11.50% 8.20% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 21.024, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 8.572, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

219
Table 28: districts wise distribution of respondents whose spouses demanded love when they didn’t want

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 3 1 10 10 22 20 1 3 36 34

8.30% 2.90% 27.80% 29.40% 61.10% 58.80% 2.80% 8.80% 100.00% 100.00%

37.50% 2.90% 45.50% 22.20% 25.90% 14.80% 12.50% 18.80% 29.30% 14.80%

Attock 3 3 3 4 12 22 4 3 22 32

13.60% 9.40% 13.60% 12.50% 54.50% 68.80% 18.20% 9.40% 100.00% 100.00%

37.50% 8.80% 13.60% 8.90% 14.10% 16.30% 50.00% 18.80% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 10 1 6 11 23 1 3 13 42

0.00% 23.80% 7.70% 14.30% 84.60% 54.80% 7.70% 7.10% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 29.40% 4.50% 13.30% 12.90% 17.00% 12.50% 18.80% 10.60% 18.30%

Faisalabad 2 8 4 8 13 18 0 2 19 36

10.50% 22.20% 21.10% 22.20% 68.40% 50.00% 0.00% 5.60% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 23.50% 18.20% 17.80% 15.30% 13.30% 0.00% 12.50% 15.40% 15.70%

Khanewal 0 5 1 6 13 32 1 1 15 44

0.00% 11.40% 6.70% 13.60% 86.70% 72.70% 6.70% 2.30% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 14.70% 4.50% 13.30% 15.30% 23.70% 12.50% 6.20% 12.20% 19.10%

220
Rawalpindi 0 7 3 11 14 20 1 4 18 42

0.00% 16.70% 16.70% 26.20% 77.80% 47.60% 5.60% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 20.60% 13.60% 24.40% 16.50% 14.80% 12.50% 25.00% 14.60% 18.30%

Total 8 34 22 45 85 135 8 16 123 230

6.50% 14.80% 17.90% 19.60% 69.10% 58.70% 6.50% 7.00% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 18.492, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 18.740, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

221
Table 29: districts wise distribution of respondents whose spouses try to strangle, burn or drown them

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 3 2 4 2 27 29 2 1 36 34

8.30% 5.90% 11.10% 5.90% 75.00% 85.30% 5.60% 2.90% 100.00% 100.00%

27.30% 9.10% 26.70% 8.70% 30.00% 17.20% 28.60% 5.90% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 4 4 2 3 15 22 1 3 22 32

18.20% 12.50% 9.10% 9.40% 68.20% 68.80% 4.50% 9.40% 100.00% 100.00%

36.40% 18.20% 13.30% 13.00% 16.70% 13.00% 14.30% 17.60% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 4 0 4 12 33 1 1 13 42

0.00% 9.50% 0.00% 9.50% 92.30% 78.60% 7.70% 2.40% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 18.20% 0.00% 17.40% 13.30% 19.50% 14.30% 5.90% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 0 2 4 1 14 29 1 4 19 36

0.00% 5.60% 21.10% 2.80% 73.70% 80.60% 5.30% 11.10% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 9.10% 26.70% 4.30% 15.60% 17.20% 14.30% 23.50% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 5 0 4 14 34 1 2 15 45

0.00% 11.10% 0.00% 8.90% 93.30% 75.60% 6.70% 4.40% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 22.70% 0.00% 17.40% 15.60% 20.10% 14.30% 11.80% 12.20% 19.50%

222
Rawalpindi 4 5 5 9 8 22 1 6 18 42

22.20% 11.90% 27.80% 21.40% 44.40% 52.40% 5.60% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

36.40% 22.70% 33.30% 39.10% 8.90% 13.00% 14.30% 35.30% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 11 22 15 23 90 169 7 17 123 231

8.90% 9.50% 12.20% 10.00% 73.20% 73.20% 5.70% 7.40% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 22.078, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 19.947, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

223
Table 30: districts wise distribution of respondents whose spouses twisted their arm or pulled them by hair

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 1 1 5 5 27 25 3 3 36 34

2.80% 2.90% 13.90% 14.70% 75.00% 73.50% 8.30% 8.80% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 3.60% 45.50% 12.50% 28.10% 17.00% 27.30% 18.80% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 3 5 1 7 15 14 3 6 22 32

13.60% 15.60% 4.50% 21.90% 68.20% 43.80% 13.60% 18.80% 100.00% 100.00%

60.00% 17.90% 9.10% 17.50% 15.60% 9.50% 27.30% 37.50% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 2 0 5 12 33 1 2 13 42

0.00% 4.80% 0.00% 11.90% 92.30% 78.60% 7.70% 4.80% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 7.10% 0.00% 12.50% 12.50% 22.40% 9.10% 12.50% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 0 4 3 5 15 25 1 2 19 36

0.00% 11.10% 15.80% 13.90% 78.90% 69.40% 5.30% 5.60% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 14.30% 27.30% 12.50% 15.60% 17.00% 9.10% 12.50% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 9 0 4 14 31 1 1 15 45

0.00% 20.00% 0.00% 8.90% 93.30% 68.90% 6.70% 2.20% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 32.10% 0.00% 10.00% 14.60% 21.10% 9.10% 6.20% 12.20% 19.50%

224
Rawalpindi 1 7 2 14 13 19 2 2 18 42

5.60% 16.70% 11.10% 33.30% 72.20% 45.20% 11.10% 4.80% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 25.00% 18.20% 35.00% 13.50% 12.90% 18.20% 12.50% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 5 28 11 40 96 147 11 16 123 231

4.10% 12.10% 8.90% 17.30% 78.00% 63.60% 8.90% 6.90% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 14.403, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 32.498, df: 15, P<0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

225
Table 31: districts wise distribution of respondents whose spouses cut, bruises or burn on their body

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 2 1 0 5 32 28 2 0 36 34

5.60% 2.90% 0.00% 14.70% 88.90% 82.40% 5.60% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00%

28.60% 4.80% 0.00% 19.20% 32.70% 17.70% 18.20% 0.00% 29.30% 14.80%

Attock 2 3 1 1 15 21 4 7 22 32

9.10% 9.40% 4.50% 3.10% 68.20% 65.60% 18.20% 21.90% 100.00% 100.00%

28.60% 14.30% 14.30% 3.80% 15.30% 13.30% 36.40% 28.00% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 3 1 2 11 31 1 6 13 42

0.00% 7.10% 7.70% 4.80% 84.60% 73.80% 7.70% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 14.30% 14.30% 7.70% 11.20% 19.60% 9.10% 24.00% 10.60% 18.30%

Faisalabad 0 3 1 5 16 24 2 4 19 36

0.00% 8.30% 5.30% 13.90% 84.20% 66.70% 10.50% 11.10% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 14.30% 14.30% 19.20% 16.30% 15.20% 18.20% 16.00% 15.40% 15.70%

Khanewal 0 3 0 4 14 34 1 3 15 44

0.00% 6.80% 0.00% 9.10% 93.30% 77.30% 6.70% 6.80% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 14.30% 0.00% 15.40% 14.30% 21.50% 9.10% 12.00% 12.20% 19.10%

Rawalpindi 3 8 4 9 10 20 1 5 18 42

226
 16.70% 19.00% 22.20% 21.40% 55.60% 47.60% 5.60% 11.90% 100.00% 100.00%

42.90% 38.10% 57.10% 34.60% 10.20% 12.70% 9.10% 20.00% 14.60% 18.30%

Total 7 21 7 26 98 158 11 25 123 230

5.70% 9.10% 5.70% 11.30% 79.70% 68.70% 8.90% 10.90% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 24.085, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 27.217, df: 15, P<0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

227
Table 32: districts wise distribution of respondents whose spouses caused their broken arm, legs or ribs

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 1 1 3 7 29 26 3 0 36 34

2.80% 2.90% 8.30% 20.60% 80.60% 76.50% 8.30% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 6.70% 60.00% 26.90% 29.00% 15.00% 23.10% 0.00% 29.30% 14.80%

Attock 2 3 1 3 17 21 2 5 22 32

9.10% 9.40% 4.50% 9.40% 77.30% 65.60% 9.10% 15.60% 100.00% 100.00%

40.00% 20.00% 20.00% 11.50% 17.00% 12.10% 15.40% 31.20% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 1 0 3 11 34 2 4 13 42

0.00% 2.40% 0.00% 7.10% 84.60% 81.00% 15.40% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 6.70% 0.00% 11.50% 11.00% 19.70% 15.40% 25.00% 10.60% 18.30%

Faisalabad 1 1 0 2 15 30 3 2 19 35

5.30% 2.90% 0.00% 5.70% 78.90% 85.70% 15.80% 5.70% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 6.70% 0.00% 7.70% 15.00% 17.30% 23.10% 12.50% 15.40% 15.20%

Khanewal 0 2 0 6 14 36 1 1 15 45

0.00% 4.40% 0.00% 13.30% 93.30% 80.00% 6.70% 2.20% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 13.30% 0.00% 23.10% 14.00% 20.80% 7.70% 6.20% 12.20% 19.60%

228
Rawalpindi 1 7 1 5 14 26 2 4 18 42

5.60% 16.70% 5.60% 11.90% 77.80% 61.90% 11.10% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 46.70% 20.00% 19.20% 14.00% 15.00% 15.40% 25.00% 14.60% 18.30%

Total 5 15 5 26 100 173 13 16 123 230

4.10% 6.50% 4.10% 11.30% 81.30% 75.20% 10.60% 7.00% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 8.036, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 24.671, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

229
Table 33: districts wise distribution of respondents whose spouses caused their miscarriage or injury

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 1 3 4 2 27 27 4 2 36 34

2.80% 8.80% 11.10% 5.90% 75.00% 79.40% 11.10% 5.90% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 17.60% 28.60% 9.10% 28.70% 15.80% 40.00% 9.50% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 3 2 2 6 15 18 2 6 22 32

13.60% 6.20% 9.10% 18.80% 68.20% 56.20% 9.10% 18.80% 100.00% 100.00%

60.00% 11.80% 14.30% 27.30% 16.00% 10.50% 20.00% 28.60% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 1 0 1 11 38 1 2 13 42

7.70% 2.40% 0.00% 2.40% 84.60% 90.50% 7.70% 4.80% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 5.90% 0.00% 4.50% 11.70% 22.20% 10.00% 9.50% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 0 2 2 1 16 29 1 4 19 36

0.00% 5.60% 10.50% 2.80% 84.20% 80.60% 5.30% 11.10% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 11.80% 14.30% 4.50% 17.00% 17.00% 10.00% 19.00% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 3 0 4 14 35 1 3 15 45

0.00% 6.70% 0.00% 8.90% 93.30% 77.80% 6.70% 6.70% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 17.60% 0.00% 18.20% 14.90% 20.50% 10.00% 14.30% 12.20% 19.50%

Rawalpindi 0 6 6 8 11 24 1 4 18 42

230
 0.00% 14.30% 33.30% 19.00% 61.10% 57.10% 5.60% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 35.30% 42.90% 36.40% 11.70% 14.00% 10.00% 19.00% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 5 17 14 22 94 171 10 21 123 231

4.10% 7.40% 11.40% 9.50% 76.40% 74.00% 8.10% 9.10% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 20.946, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 25.757, df: 15, P<0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

231
Table 34: districts wise distribution of respondents whose spouses caused them black out, uncounsious,

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 0 2 4 6 30 25 2 1 36 34

0.00% 5.90% 11.10% 17.60% 83.30% 73.50% 5.60% 2.90% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 11.10% 28.60% 21.40% 31.20% 14.90% 28.60% 6.20% 29.50% 14.80%

Attock 2 0 2 5 17 23 1 4 22 32

9.10% 0.00% 9.10% 15.60% 77.30% 71.90% 4.50% 12.50% 100.00% 100.00%

40.00% 0.00% 14.30% 17.90% 17.70% 13.70% 14.30% 25.00% 18.00% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 3 1 3 11 34 0 2 12 42

0.00% 7.10% 8.30% 7.10% 91.70% 81.00% 0.00% 4.80% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 16.70% 7.10% 10.70% 11.50% 20.20% 0.00% 12.50% 9.80% 18.30%

Faisalabad 1 8 4 2 14 23 0 3 19 36

5.30% 22.20% 21.10% 5.60% 73.70% 63.90% 0.00% 8.30% 100.00% 100.00%

20.00% 44.40% 28.60% 7.10% 14.60% 13.70% 0.00% 18.80% 15.60% 15.70%

Khanewal 0 1 0 6 14 35 1 2 15 44

0.00% 2.30% 0.00% 13.60% 93.30% 79.50% 6.70% 4.50% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 5.60% 0.00% 21.40% 14.60% 20.80% 14.30% 12.50% 12.30% 19.10%

232
Rawalpindi 2 4 3 6 10 28 3 4 18 42

11.10% 9.50% 16.70% 14.30% 55.60% 66.70% 16.70% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

40.00% 22.20% 21.40% 21.40% 10.40% 16.70% 42.90% 25.00% 14.80% 18.30%

Total 5 18 14 28 96 168 7 16 122 230

4.10% 7.80% 11.50% 12.20% 78.70% 73.00% 5.70% 7.00% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 17.681, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 22.289, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

233
Table 35: districts wise distribution of respondents whose spouses caused their broken teeth, or slipt lips

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 2 3 2 3 28 27 4 1 36 34

5.60% 8.80% 5.60% 8.80% 77.80% 79.40% 11.10% 2.90% 100.00% 100.00%

28.60% 23.10% 20.00% 11.50% 29.20% 15.40% 40.00% 5.90% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 2 2 2 5 15 21 3 4 22 32

9.10% 6.20% 9.10% 15.60% 68.20% 65.60% 13.60% 12.50% 100.00% 100.00%

28.60% 15.40% 20.00% 19.20% 15.60% 12.00% 30.00% 23.50% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 4 0 2 13 33 0 3 13 42

0.00% 9.50% 0.00% 4.80% 100.00% 78.60% 0.00% 7.10% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 30.80% 0.00% 7.70% 13.50% 18.90% 0.00% 17.60% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 0 0 3 1 15 34 1 1 19 36

0.00% 0.00% 15.80% 2.80% 78.90% 94.40% 5.30% 2.80% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 0.00% 30.00% 3.80% 15.60% 19.40% 10.00% 5.90% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 2 0 5 14 36 1 2 15 45

0.00% 4.40% 0.00% 11.10% 93.30% 80.00% 6.70% 4.40% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 15.40% 0.00% 19.20% 14.60% 20.60% 10.00% 11.80% 12.20% 19.50%

234
Rawalpindi 3 2 3 10 11 24 1 6 18 42

16.70% 4.80% 16.70% 23.80% 61.10% 57.10% 5.60% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

42.90% 15.40% 30.00% 38.50% 11.50% 13.70% 10.00% 35.30% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 7 13 10 26 96 175 10 17 123 231

5.70% 5.60% 8.10% 11.30% 78.00% 75.80% 8.10% 7.40% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 17.351, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 25.004, df: 15, P<0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

235
Table 36: districts wise distribution of respondents whoses spouses caused them sickness, or vomiting

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 4 4 4 5 24 22 4 3 36 34

11.10% 11.80% 11.10% 14.70% 66.70% 64.70% 11.10% 8.80% 100.00% 100.00%

33.30% 11.80% 28.60% 19.20% 27.60% 14.80% 40.00% 13.60% 29.30% 14.70%

Attock 3 8 3 5 13 18 3 1 22 32

13.60% 25.00% 13.60% 15.60% 59.10% 56.20% 13.60% 3.10% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 23.50% 21.40% 19.20% 14.90% 12.10% 30.00% 4.50% 17.90% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 0 5 1 3 11 28 1 6 13 42

0.00% 11.90% 7.70% 7.10% 84.60% 66.70% 7.70% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 14.70% 7.10% 11.50% 12.60% 18.80% 10.00% 27.30% 10.60% 18.20%

Faisalabad 2 10 3 1 14 22 0 3 19 36

10.50% 27.80% 15.80% 2.80% 73.70% 61.10% 0.00% 8.30% 100.00% 100.00%

16.70% 29.40% 21.40% 3.80% 16.10% 14.80% 0.00% 13.60% 15.40% 15.60%

Khanewal 0 5 0 4 13 33 2 3 15 45

0.00% 11.10% 0.00% 8.90% 86.70% 73.30% 13.30% 6.70% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 14.70% 0.00% 15.40% 14.90% 22.10% 20.00% 13.60% 12.20% 19.50%

236
Rawalpindi 3 2 3 8 12 26 0 6 18 42

16.70% 4.80% 16.70% 19.00% 66.70% 61.90% 0.00% 14.30% 100.00% 100.00%

25.00% 5.90% 21.40% 30.80% 13.80% 17.40% 0.00% 27.30% 14.60% 18.20%

Total 12 34 14 26 87 149 10 22 123 231

9.80% 14.70% 11.40% 11.30% 70.70% 64.50% 8.10% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 12.949, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 21.299, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

237
Table 37: districts wise distribution of respondents whose spuoses caused their broken nose, jaws, cheekbones

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 3 1 4 6 28 24 1 2 36 33

8.30% 3.00% 11.10% 18.20% 77.80% 72.70% 2.80% 6.10% 100.00% 100.00%

50.00% 9.10% 30.80% 19.40% 28.90% 14.10% 14.30% 13.30% 29.30% 14.50%

Attock 0 1 4 5 16 24 2 2 22 32

0.00% 3.10% 18.20% 15.60% 72.70% 75.00% 9.10% 6.20% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 9.10% 30.80% 16.10% 16.50% 14.10% 28.60% 13.30% 17.90% 14.10%

D.G. Khan 1 3 0 2 11 33 1 3 13 41

7.70% 7.30% 0.00% 4.90% 84.60% 80.50% 7.70% 7.30% 100.00% 100.00%

16.70% 27.30% 0.00% 6.50% 11.30% 19.40% 14.30% 20.00% 10.60% 18.10%

Faisalabad 1 0 1 0 16 32 1 3 19 35

5.30% 0.00% 5.30% 0.00% 84.20% 91.40% 5.30% 8.60% 100.00% 100.00%

16.70% 0.00% 7.70% 0.00% 16.50% 18.80% 14.30% 20.00% 15.40% 15.40%

Khanewal 0 2 0 6 14 35 1 1 15 44

0.00% 4.50% 0.00% 13.60% 93.30% 79.50% 6.70% 2.30% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 18.20% 0.00% 19.40% 14.40% 20.60% 14.30% 6.70% 12.20% 19.40%

Rawalpindi 1 4 4 12 12 22 1 4 18 42

238
 5.60% 9.50% 22.20% 28.60% 66.70% 52.40% 5.60% 9.50% 100.00% 100.00%

16.70% 36.40% 30.80% 38.70% 12.40% 12.90% 14.30% 26.70% 14.60% 18.50%

Total 6 11 13 31 97 170 7 15 123 227

4.90% 4.80% 10.60% 13.70% 78.90% 74.90% 5.70% 6.60% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 11.993, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 25.546, df: 15, P<0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

239
Table 38: district wise distribution of respondents whose spouses caused them bleeding on face, body, arms, or legs

Some Times Often Never Rarely Total

Districts Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Chakwal 2 3 2 2 29 29 3 0 36 34

5.60% 8.80% 5.60% 5.90% 80.60% 85.30% 8.30% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00%

33.30% 12.50% 33.30% 9.50% 28.70% 17.50% 33.30% 0.00% 29.50% 14.80%

Attock 2 6 2 3 16 19 2 4 22 32

9.10% 18.80% 9.10% 9.40% 72.70% 59.40% 9.10% 12.50% 100.00% 100.00%

33.30% 25.00% 33.30% 14.30% 15.80% 11.40% 22.20% 21.10% 18.00% 13.90%

D.G. Khan 1 3 0 4 11 33 1 2 13 42

7.70% 7.10% 0.00% 9.50% 84.60% 78.60% 7.70% 4.80% 100.00% 100.00%

16.70% 12.50% 0.00% 19.00% 10.90% 19.90% 11.10% 10.50% 10.70% 18.30%

Faisalabad 0 3 1 2 16 29 2 2 19 36

0.00% 8.30% 5.30% 5.60% 84.20% 80.60% 10.50% 5.60% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 12.50% 16.70% 9.50% 15.80% 17.50% 22.20% 10.50% 15.60% 15.70%

Khanewal 0 5 0 4 13 33 1 2 14 44

0.00% 11.40% 0.00% 9.10% 92.90% 75.00% 7.10% 4.50% 100.00% 100.00%

0.00% 20.80% 0.00% 19.00% 12.90% 19.90% 11.10% 10.50% 11.50% 19.10%

240
Rawalpindi 1 4 1 6 16 23 0 9 18 42

5.60% 9.50% 5.60% 14.30% 88.90% 54.80% 0.00% 21.40% 100.00% 100.00%

16.70% 16.70% 16.70% 28.60% 15.80% 13.90% 0.00% 47.40% 14.80% 18.30%

Total 6 24 6 21 101 166 9 19 122 230

4.90% 10.40% 4.90% 9.10% 82.80% 72.20% 7.40% 8.30% 100.00% 100.00%

100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Chi-Sqaure test for males: Chi-Square: 7.077, df: 15, P>0.05

Chi-Sqaure test for females: Chi-Square: 22.928, df: 15, P>0.05

Note: please wirte as writen below the previous tables by considering P>0.05 (not significant) or P<0.05 (significant)

241
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