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Indices
Methods to solve index equations:
① Using property a a .
x y
EXAMPLE 1
Find the value(s) of x which satisfies the equations.
5u 2 6u 1 0
1
5u 1u 1 0 5x , 5x 1
5
1 5x 50
u ,u 1 5 51
x
5 x0
x 1
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Lecture Note: 1 of 4 Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
Surds
Steps to solve surd equations:
① Write only one surd on the left-hand side
② Square both sides of the equation
③ Solve the resulting equation
④ Check the solution by substituting the answer back into the original equation
EXAMPLE 2
Find the value(s) of x which satisfies the following equations.
(a) 2x 1 5 0 (b) 3x 1 1 x
2x 1 5
3x 1 x 1
2 2
2x 1 5
2 2
3 x 1 x 2 2x 1
2x 1 25 x 2 5x 0
x 13 x x 5 0
x 0, x 5
x5
(c) x x2 2
x2 2 x
x 2 2 x
2 2
x2 44 x x
4 x2
1
x
2
1
x
4
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Lecture Note: 1 of 4 Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
Logarithms
Tips for solving logarithmic equations:
① For single term, change into index form. i.e., log a x b x ab .
② For equation with more than one term;
Make sure the base is the same.
log b b
If not, change the base by using log a b .
log b a
Use substitution or properties to simplify the equation.
EXAMPLE 3
Find the value(s) of x which satisfies the following equations.
(a) log 3 x 9 (b) e2 ln x 5x 6 0
x 39 e ln x 5x 6 0
2
x 19683 x 2 5x 6 0
x 2x 3 0
x 2, x 3
ln x ln 1 x 2 log 3 x
4 log 3 3
3 0
log 3 x
x
ln 2
1 x Let log 3 x y,
x
e2 4
1x y 3 0
y
x e2 xe 2
y 2 4 3y 0
x 1 e 2
e 2
y 2 3y 4 0
x
e2 y 4y 1 0
1 e2
y 4, y 1
log 3 x 4, log 3 x 1
x 34 x3
1
x
81
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Lecture Note: 2 of 4 Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
Introduction
Properties of Inequalities
Properties Examples
Let a 5, b 3, c 2
If a b, then a c b c.
If 5 3, then 3 1.
Let a 5, b 3, c 2
If a b and c 0, then ac bc.
If 5 3, then 10 6.
Let a 5, b 3, c 3
If a b and c 0, then ac bc.
If 5 3, then 15 9.
Let a 5, b 3
1 1
If a b and a, b 0, then . 1 1
a b If 5 3, then .
5 3
Let a 3, b 7, c 2
a b
If a b and c 0, then . 3 7
c c If 3 7, then .
2 2
Let a 3, b 7, c 2
a b
If a b and c 0, then . 3 7
c c If 3 7, then .
2 2
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Lecture Note: 2 of 4 Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
Linear Inequalities
EXAMPLE 4
Find the solution for the following linear inequalities.
(a) 4x 5 2x 9 (b) 4 2x 12
4 x 2x 9 5 2x 12 4
2x 14 2x 8
x7 x 4
x : x 7 or (-,7] 4, or x : x 4
(c) 6x 4 x 12 x
6x 4 x and 4 x 12 x
6x x 4 x x 12 4
7x 4 2x 8
4 x 4
x
7
4
4
x : 4 x or 4,
7
7
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Lecture Note: 2 of 4 Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
Quadratic Inequalities
Method to solve quadratic inequalities: Graphical method.
EXAMPLE 5
Find the solution for the following quadratic inequalities.
(a) 2 2x 3 3x x 5 (b) 6 7x 3x2 0
2
x : x 3 or x
1
3
,6
3
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Lecture Note: 2 of 4 Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
Rational Inequalities
Write the inequality so that there is a single rational expression on the left side of the
inequality and zero on the right side of the inequality. DO NOT “cross multiply”.
Method to solve rational inequalities : Table of sign or Sline
EXAMPLE 6
Find the solution for the following inequalities.
x4 3 2
(a) 6 (b)
x 1 x3 x 2
x4
6 3
2
x 1 x3 x2
x4
6 0 3
2
0
x 1 x3 x 2
x 4 6 x 1 3 x 2 2 x 3
0 0
x 1 x 3x 2
5x 10
0 x 12
x 1 0
x 3x 2
12 2 3
1 2
Interval , 12 12, 2 2,3 3,
,1 1,2 2,
Interval Value of x 13 3 0 4
Value of x 0 1.5 3 x 12
5x 10 x3
x 1 x2
Conclusion Conclusion
5x 10
x 12
x 1
x 3x 2
,1 2,
x : x 12 or 2 x 3
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Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
5 x2 2x 3
(c) 0 0
x 1x 1
(d)
x 2x 3
Completing the square :
2 2
x 2 2 3
2 2
Using table of sign
0
x 2x 3
1 1 x 1 2
2
0
Interval , 1 1,1 1, x 2x 3
Value of x 2 0 2
5
note : x 1 2 0
2
x 1
x 1
Conclusion
Using table of sign
Or using Sline
3 2
5 Interval , 3 3,2 2,
x 1x 1 Value of x 4 0 3
x 1 2
2
x2
x : 1 x 1
x3
Conclusion
Or using Sline
x 1 2
2
x 2x 3
3,2
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Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
(ii) a a ,
(iii) a b b a ,
(iv) a b b a ,
(v) ab a b ,
a a
(vi) , where b 0.
b b
(b) solve absolute equations of these forms:
(i) ax b cx d,
(ii) ax b cx d ,
(iii) ax2 bx c d.
(c) solve absolute inequalities of the form as follows
(i) ax b c and ax2 bx c d,
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Lecture Note: 3 of 4 Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
Absolute Values
Definition of absolute values
x, x 0,
x
or x x2
x, x 0.
Properties of absolute values
a 0 3 3 0, 7 0, 0 0
a a 5 5, 5 5
ab b a 3 10 7 7, 10 3 7 7
a a 12 12 12
, b 0 4 4, 4
b b 3 3 3
x, x 0,
Basic definition, x
x, x 0.
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Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
EXAMPLE 7
Solve the following equations.
(a) x 4 (b) x 8 2
By basic definition By squaring both sides
x 4 x8 2
x 4
x 8 2
2
x 4, x 4
2
2
x 8
2 2
x 8 22
2
x2 16x 64 4
x2 16x 60 0
x 10x 6 0
x 10, x 6
(c) 5x 3 2x 9 (d) 1 x 2x 5
By basic definition By squaring both sides
5x 3 2x 9 1 x 2x 5
5x 3 2x 9 1 x 2x 5
2
1 x 2x 5
2 2
5x 3 2x 9, 5x 3 2x 9
1 2x x2 4x2 20x 25
3x 6 12 7 x
x2 6x 8 0
x2 12
x x 2x 4 0
7
x 2, x 4
x4
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Lecture Note: 3 of 4 Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
Absolute Inequalities
Two methods in solving absolute value inequalities:
(a) Basic definition TIPS!
(i) x a is equivalent to G O A L
a x a, Greater Less
Or And
x a and x a. / /
EXAMPLE 8
Solve the inequality 2x 3 5.
By basic definition By squaring both sides
2x 3 5 and (2x 3) 5
2 x 3 5
2
2x 2 2x 3 5
5
2
x 1 2x 8 2 x 3
2 2
x 4
2x 3 52
2
4x2 12x 16 0
x2 3x 4 0
x 4 x 1 0
x : 4 x 1
x 4 0, x 1 0
x 4 x
x : 4 x 1
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Lecture Note: 3 of 4 Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
EXAMPLE 9
Solve the inequality 2x 3 5.
2x 2 2x 3 5
2 x 3 5
2
x1 2x 8
2 2
x 4
2x 3 52
2
4x2 12x 16 0
x2 3x 4 0
x 4 x 1 0
x : x 4 or x 1
x 4 0, x 1 0
x 4 x
x : x 4 or x 1
EXAMPLE 10
By using definition x a are x a and x a, solve the inequality x2 5x 3 3.
x2 5x 3 3 and x 2 5x 3 3
x2 5x 0 x2 5x 3 3
x x 5 0 x 2 5x 6 0
x 0, x 5 0 x 2x 3 0
x5 x 2 0, x 3 0
x2 x3
0,2 3,5
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Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
(iii) ax b cx d ,
ax b
(iv) e.
cx d
x 3
*Exclude inequalities in the form of x 2 x 5, 6.
x 3
EXAMPLE 11
Obtain the solution set of x satisfying the inequality 4x 1 2x 5.
4x 1 2x 5 or (4x 1) 2x 5
2x 6 4x 1 2x 5
x 3 6x 4
2
x
3
x : x
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Lecture Note: 4 of 4 Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
EXAMPLE 12
Solve the inequality x2 2x x2 .
0,1
0
EXAMPLE 13
Solve the inequalities for 4x 1 2x 5 .
4x 1 2x 5
( 4x 1 )2 ( 2x 5 )2
2 2
4x 1 2x 5
2 2
2
, 3 ,
3
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Lecture Note: 4 of 4 Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
Absolute Inequalities: Type IV
Methods in solving absolute inequalities:
ax b
e : Basic Definition.
cx d
EXAMPLE 14
10 2x
Solve the inequalities for 1.
3x 1
10 2x 10 2x
1 1
3x 1
Or
3x 1
10 2x 10 2x
1 0 1
3x 1 3x 1
10 2x 1 3x 1 10 2x
0 1 0
3x 1 3x 1
5x 9
0 10 2x 1 3x 1
0
3x 1 3x 1
x 11
0
1 9 3x 1
3 5
1 1 9 9 1
Interval , , ,
11 3
3 3 5 5
Value of x 1 0 2
1
5x 9 Interval , 11 11, 1
3
,
3
3x 1
Value of x 12 1
0
Conc.
x 11
Or using sline 3x 1
Conc.
Or using sline
1 9
,
3 5
11, 1
3
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Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
1 1 9
11, ,
3 3 5
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Tutorial 2: 5 Hours Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
1. Solve each of the following equations.
(c) 9x 2 3x 12
1
(a) 49 x (b) 9x1 3x3 3x 3
2
3 x2
7
(a) 7 2
x2
73 x2 (b) 9x 9 33 3x 3x 3 0
2x 2 3 x 2 9 3x 27 3x 3 x 3 0
2
2x 2 3 x 2 0
Let 3x y,
x 22x 1 0
1 9y 2 27y y 3 0
x 2, x
2 9y 2 28y 3 0
9y 1y 3 0
1
y ,y3
9
1
3 x , 3x 3
9
x1
3 32
x
x 2
32 2 3x 12 0
x
(c)
3x 2 3x 12 0
2
Let 3x y,
y 2 2y 12 0
2 2 4 112
2
y
2
y 2.6056, y 4.6056
3x 2.6056, 3x 4.6056
log 3 x log 4.6056
(No solution)
log 4.6056
x
log 3
1.3902
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Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
2. Find the value(s) of x which satisfies the following equations.
10x
(a) 3x 1 2x 1 x 2 (b) 3
1 x
(a) 3x 1 x 2 2x 1
3 x 1 x 2 2x 1
2 2
3 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 2x 1 2x 1
x 22x 1 02
2
x 22x 1 0
1
x , x 2
2
1
x
2
10x
2
(b) 32
1 x
10x
9
1 x
10x 9 9 x
10x 9 9 x
2 2
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Tutorial 2: 5 Hours Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
3. Find the value of x which satisfies the following equations.
x
(a) log 3 7 x 1 7 4 (b) log x 4 2 log 3 1 log (c) ln x
3
2
2 ln x
7x 1 33
7x 1 27
7x 1 272
7x 1 729
x 104
x (c) Let u ln x,
(b) log x 4 log 32 log 1
2 3
u 2
x 4 3 2 u
log 1 u 2 3 2u
x
2 u2 2u 3 0
x 4 3 2 u 3u 1 0
101
x u 3, u 1
2
18 x 4 10x ln x 3, ln x 1
x e 3 xe
8x 72
x9 x
1
e3
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Tutorial 2: 5 Hours Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
4. Find the solution for the following inequalities.
(a) 4 2x 12 (b) 3x2 6x 5 0
(a) 2x 12 4
2x 8
x 4
4,
(b) x
2 3
32 6
3
0.633, 2.633
x 4 x2 x and x2 x 9
x2 4 0 x2 x 9 0
x 2x 2 0 1 1 4 19
2
x
x 2, x 2 2 1
x 3.541, x 2.541
x : 3.541 x 2 or 2 x 2.541
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Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
x2 0
x
3x2 8x 11
0
x2
3x 11x 1
0
x2 3
0 2
11 3 3
1 2 Interval , 0 0,
2 ,
3 2
Or using sline
0,
11
, 1 2,
3
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Tutorial 2: 5 Hours Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
7. Find the solution set for 1 log 2 x 6 log x 2 0.
log 2
1 log 2 x 6 2 0
log 2 x
log 2 x log 2 x 6
2
0
log 2 x
log 2 x 3log 2 x 2
0
log 2 x
let log 2 x u
u 3u 2
0
u
using Sline:
u 3u 2
u
3 log 2 x 0 or log 2 x 2
1
x : x 1 or x 4
8
3 x 3 3 x 2 0
3
3x 20
3x
3 x 2 3 x 3
2
0
3x
Let 3x y,
y 2 2y 3
0
y
y 1y 3
0
y
using Sline:
y 1y 3
y
3 y 0 or y 1
3 3 0 x
3x 1
(Undefined) 3x 30
x0 x : x 0
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Tutorial 2: 5 Hours Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
9. Solve the equation 2x 6 x 1 .
By basic definition By squaring both sides
2x 6 x 1 2x 6 x 1
2x 6 x 1 2x 6 x 1
2 2
2x 6 x 1, 2x 6 x 1
2 2
2x 6 x 1
2 2
x 7 3x 5 0
2x 6 x 1
2 2
5
x
3 4x2 24x 36 x2 2x 1
3x2 26x 35 0
3x 5x 7 0
5
x , x 7
3
x 1
10. Solve 2.
x3
By basic definition By squaring both sides
x 1 x 1
2 2
x3 x3
x 1 x 1
2
2
x3 x 3 2
x 1 x 1
2, 2
2
x 1
2
x3 x3 22
x 3
x 1 2x 6 x 1 2x 6
x7 5 x 1
x
2
22
3 x 3
x 7, x
5 x 2 2x 1
4
3 x2 6x 9
x2 2x 1 4x 2 24x 36
3x2 26x 35 0
3x 5x 7 0
5
x ,x7
3
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Tutorial 2: 5 Hours Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
11. Solve the equation x2 6x 4 4.
x2 6x 4 4
(x2 6x 4) 4
x2 6x 4 4, x2 6x 4 4
x2 6x 0 x2 6x 8 0
x x 6 0 x 2x 4 0
x 0, x 6 x 2, x 4
x 0, x 2, x 4, x 6
, 1 , 1 1,
3
x : x 1
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Tutorial 2: 5 Hours Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
13. Determine the interval for x 2 10 x2 .
x 2 10 x2 or x 2 10 x2
x2 x 8 0 x 2 (10 x2 )
1 1 4 18 x2 x 12 0
2
x
2 1 x 3x 4 0
x 3.37, 2.37 x 3, x 4
, 3 2.37,
14. Solve 2 5 x x .
25x x
2 5 x x2
2
x
2 2
2 5 x
2 2
4 5 x x2
2
4 25 10x x2 x2 0
3x2 40x 100 0
x 103x 10 0
x 10 0, 3x 10 0
x 10 10
x
3
10
, 10 ,
3
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Tutorial 2: 5 Hours Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
1
15. Solve the inequality 3.
x2
1 1
3
and
3
x2 x 2
1
3 0 1
3
x2 x2
1 3 x 2 1
0 30
x2 x2
3x 7 1 3 x 2
0 0
x2 x2
7 3x 5
0
2 3 x2
7 7
, 2 2, ,
Interval 3 3 5
Value of x 1 2.1 3 3 2
3x 7 5
x2 Interval , 5
3
, 2
3 2,
Conc. Value of x 0 1.7 3
3x 5
Or using sline x2
Conc.
Or using sline
7 , 5 2,
,2 , 3
3
5 7
, ,
3 3
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Tutorial 2: 5 Hours Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
x2
16. Determine the solution set for 2 1.
x
x2
2 1
x
x2 1
x 2
x2 1 or x2 1
x 2 x 2
x2 1 x2 1
0
x 2 x 2
x2 1 2x 4 x
0 0
x 2 2x
2x 4 x 3x 4
0 0
2x 2x
x4
0
2x
4
3 0
4 0
4
, 4 ,0 0,
Interval , 4 4,0 0, Interval 3 3
Value of x 5 1 1 Value of x 2 1 3
x4 3x 4
2x 2x
Conc. Conc.
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Tutorial 2: 5 Hours Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
x : x 4 or x , x 0
4
3
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Tutorial 2: 5 Hours Mathematics 1 SM015
Ch. 2 Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values Session 2021/2022
3 2x
17. Determine the solution set for 4 1.
1x
3 2x
4 1
1x
3 2x
3
1x
3 2x 3 2x
3 3
1 x
and
1x
3 2x 3 2x
3 0 3
1x 1x
5x 3 2x
0 30
1x 1x
x6
0
1x
6 1
1 0
x : x 6 or x 0
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