Environmental Impact on Human  Toxic even in small amounts (chemical

priorities of DOH)
Health
o Arsenic
 The environment plays a powerful role in o Lead
the transmission of numerous health issues. o Mercury
o Cadmium
 Symptoms are very common
Vector-Borne Diseases  Distinguishable signs of infection will only
occur after long period of time
 Transmission by vector organisms and/or  Heavy metal poisoning- accumulation of
blood-feeding arthropods (eg. Mosquito) heavy metal, in toxic amounts, in the soft
 Vector: only carries the disease tissues of the body
 Vectors are not affected/infected by the
disease
 Cross-species transmission: disease is Lead poisoning
transmitted form one specie to another kind
of specie  Acquired from:
 Relation to research o Occupational exposure
o Leads to improved vector control o Diet that we eat
measures and disease prevention o Ayuvedic medicine (traditional
o Explores how policies of health medicine)
environment and development can  Hard to distinguish based on symptoms,
best be aligned unless blood levels are tested
 Can be caused by climate change
o Climate determines the prevalence
of mosquitoes, thus dengue or any
disease brought by prevalent
vectors.

I. Health issues caused by environmental toxins

Environmental Toxins- are cancer causing chemical
and endocrine disruptors.

 The chemicals of most are those that have Mercury poisoning

very low solubility’s in water but are highly
soluble in fat.  Can be in
 Can be man-made or natural (Eg. Arsenic) o Elemental form
o Organic or inorganic form
 Can be found in food, water, air
 Acquired from:
 Unavoidable
o Fish consumption
 Affects our:
o Dental material (for pasta)
o Cardiovascular system
 Exposure from:
o Respiratory system
o Endocrine system: most affected o Diet
because it is composed of different o Medication
glands that produce hormones o Environment
o Work or play
 Ex. Heavy Metals, Pollutions, Particles
 Symptoms
o Inflammation of the gums
o Upset stomach
Heavy Metals
o Kidney failure
-Naturally occurring elements that have high atomic o Fetal brain development
weight and density at least 5 times greater than o Rashes
water o Mental confusion
o Irritability
 Toxicity depends on: o Memory loss
o Dose o Peeling of the skin
o Route of exposure  Minamata disease
 Through the skin, inhalation, o “Chisso-Minamata-Disease”
ingestion o Disease of the central nervous
 Major sources of heavy metal release system
o Natural o A mercury poisoning caused
o Agricultural consumption in large amounts of fish
o Industrial and shellfish from minamata bay
o Domestic
o Miscellaneous
Bioaccumulation
 The increase of toxic substance within the
body of only 1 specie
 Only time is involved and no other specie
 Eg. Increase of toxic pollutant in a whale
from 20g to 70g
Biomagnification
 The increase of a toxic substance when
going along a food chain from a lower level
to a higher level
 Happens within members of the food chain
 Eg. Increase of toxic pollutants in a whale
after eating small fishes that also have toxic
pollutants in them
II. Environmental toxins 2: Pollution
Air Pollution
 Microscopic pollutants
o Smoke
o Dust
 The air we breathe is mainly composed of
o Oxygen
o Nitrogen: most abundant
 Respiratory and circulatory system,
damaging our lung, heart, and brain
 Major concern
o Global warming
o Smog
o Ozone layer destruction
Greenhouse Gases
 Traps the heat within the earth
 Excessive greenhouse gases lead to global
warming
 Human activities have increased levels of
CO2
 It causes deforestation & burning fossil fuels
Smog
 Components
o Nitrogen oxides
o Hydrocarbons
o Eye and respiratory irritants
o Small oil droplets, wood particles,
cool ash, asbestos, lead, animal
waste, dust
 Major source: Burning of fossil fuel
 Thermal inversion- atmospheric conditions
that trap smog and prevents its dispersal
o Control: air pollution abatement
measures.
 Tends to stay in one place only
Water Pollution
 Renewable: can be replaced
 3 major detrimental effects
o Human us excessive water,
depleting freshwater supplies
o Building road/ parking lots prevents
rainwater from soaking in, causing
run off
o Human activities pollute water
sources
Eutrophication
 Overgrowth of organisms that complete for
oxygen in the water
 Garbage either decompose or go to water
areas
 Encourages growth of bacteria
 Organic pollutants: From sewage and
industry
 Inorganic pollutants: nitrates, phosphate
fertilizers, sulfates from detergents
Toxic Pollutants
 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
 Oil and gasoline
 Pesticides
 Herbicides
 Heavy metals
Groundwater pollution
 Contaminates drinking water supply
 Very slow exchange of groundwater pool=
“cleans slowly”
Garbage pollution
 Toxic chemicals leach out of plastic and are
found in the blood and tissue
Particulate Matter
 Also called PM, the term for tiny particles
found in the air
 Formed in the atmosphere because of
chemical reactions between pollutants
 The smaller the size, the more potential to
cause health problems, the easier it can get
inside the body.
 Size 2.5 micron-10 microns (thinner than
hair strand, can’t be seen in the naked
eye)
III. Infectious Diseases by Microorganisms Type A: Avian Flu Virus
*not all bacteria are bad, only pathogenic bacteria  Has 181 subtypes
 Has 2 proteins on the surface of the virus
Pathogens
o Hemagglutinin -18
 Harmful microorganisms o Neuraminidase-11
 Causes diseases  H1N1= Spanish influenza
 Virus: not a microorganism/living organism,  Only 131 subtypes have been affected
just a particle  has a potential to cause a pandemic
 Antigenic effect- can mutate to evade the
host immune response
A. Bacterial
Contamination > adherence > colonization Dengue Fever
> Invasion > Damage
 Mosquito- borne disease
 Can affect both adult and children
 Transmission: bite of an Aedes Mosquito
Pneumonia infected with dengue virus
 Types of dengue (1,2,3,4)
 Cause: Multiple types of virus, bacteria, and o If you get one of the type you will
fungi. get immunity to that type only
o Streptococcus Pneumoniae- most o Infected again= the worse symptoms
common cause will be
o Mycoplasma
o Chlamydia C. Fungal Disease
o Legionella
 Transmission: Person-to-Person Blastomycosis

 Cause: Blastomyces, found in moist soil &

decomposing matter (wood and leaves)
Tuberculosis  Can penetrate through pores but only affect
 Cured with antibiotics for 6 months those who have a weak immune system
 Not all patients are contagious  Can be acquired through inhalation
 Pathogen: Mycobacterium tuberculosis  Transmitted by fungal spores
 2 types: Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)
o Latent
 Not infectious  Cause: Coccidioides
 No symptoms but bacteria  Transmitted by: fungal spore
remain in the body  Known to live in the soil in the southwestern
 Can become active United States and parts of Mexico and
o Active Central and South America
 With symptoms
Apergillosis
 Infectious
 Cause: Aspegillus
 5 types:
B. Virus o Allergic bronchopulmonary
Influenza apergillosis (ABPA)
o Allergic Aspergillus sinusitis
 Transmission: coughing or sneezing o Aspergilloma
o Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
4 types:
o Invasive aspergillosis
 Type A
o Common in humans and
environment D. Parasitic
o Most likely to become an epidemic
Taeniasis
o Human and animals
o Severe, extremely harmful  Parasite: Taenia sp. or Asian Tapeworm
 Type B  Infect animals first then transmitted to
o Common human when eaten (Raw/ uncooked pork
o Less severe and beef)
o Most likely to become an epidemic  Pig: Taenia Solium
 Types C  Cattle: Taenia Saginata
o Mild only  Symptoms
o No records of epidemic o Abdominal pain
 Type D o Weight loss
o affects only cattle o Loss of appetite
Human Sleeping Sickness
 Common in Africa
 Vector: Tsetse Fly
 Parasite: Trypanosoma Brucei
 2 stages: animal stage and human stage
 Transmission process
o Nakagat ng tsetse fly yong human
na may trypanosome brucei
o Nagkaroon na rin ng parasite yong
fly
o Kapag kumagat ng ibang tao yung
tsetse, magkakaroon na rin yung
kinagat
Malaria
 Vector: Anapheles sp. mosquitoes
 Parasite: Plasmodium sp.
o P. falciparum
o P. vivax
o P. ovale
o P. malaria
 Transmission: like human sleeping sickness
Diarrhea
 Can be viral, bacterial, or parasitic
 Types:
o Acute: occurs when the condition
lasts for one to two days
o Chronic: lasts for at least four weeks
Population
Ecology
 Science of measure of changes in
population size and composition
 Studies relationships and dynamics
between living organisms
Biosphere < Ecosystem < Community <
Population< Organism
 Biosphere
o Composed of all the ecosystems
o Planetary ecosystem
 Ecosystem
o Basic unit of ecology
o Eco= connection to the environment
o System= a functional unit
o Compromised of a community of
different organisms
 Community
o Consists of the populations of all
species that occupy the same
geographic area and interact with
each other
 Population
o A group of individuals of the same
species that interact together
 Organism- individual things
Population Ecology
 Branch of ecology that studies the structure
and dynamics of the population
 Influences the biotic and abiotic factors
o Population Density
 Average number of individuals
per unit of area or volume
o Population Distribution
 Pattern of where organisms
live
o Population Size
 Number of individuals
o Age Structure
 Summary of the number of
individuals of each age in a
population
 “how is the population changing?”
 “what are the different factors that affect it?”
Density
 Number of individuals per unit area or
volume
 Can also be affected by migration
Population Dispersion
3 spacing pattern within a population
 Clumped
o influenced by resource availability
and behavior. Aggregate in patches
 Random
o Due to the absence of strong
attractions or repulsions.
Independent of others
 Uniform
o Due to social interaction such as
territoriality. Evenly distributed
Demography
 Study of vital statistics of a population and
how they change over time
 Death rates, migration, birth rates, are
particular interests of demographers
Reproductive rates or fertility schedule
 A life table of an age-specific summary of
the reproductive rates in a population
 Reproductive rates- average number of
offspring that would be born to a female if
she passed through her lifetime conforming
to the age specific fertility & mortality rate of
a given year
Survivorship Curve Environmental Resistance

 A graphic way of representing the data in a  All factors that limit growth
life table  Limitations on nutrients, energy, space
 Diseases
Types:
 Predation by other species
 Type 1  Environmental toxins
o High probability to live through their  Balances the population
early age but dies when old  Opposing force for the biotic potential
 Type 2
o Independent of age. Carrying Capacity
o Their survival doesn’t depend on  Population size that the environment can
their age support indefinitely
 Type 3  Assuming that we have favorable conditions
o Mostly to die in early stages of life. right now, there would be massive growth,
But if they survive they live their but the question is can the environment
maximum life span support us indefinitely? Given that
resources are limited
 Non-renewable resources are resources
Population Growth Rate Tends Toward Biotic which cannot be renewed with the human
Potential life span. It would take 100 years.
Biotic Potential Population Growth Regulation
 Maximum rate of growth of a population  Biological processes that counter balance
under ideal conditions disruptive events.
 Determined by:
o Number of offspring by each 2 types
member  Density- Independent Population
o Length time for individuals to reach o Birth rate & Death rate doesn’t affect
reproductive maturity the population. More on calamities
o Ratio of male to female o Any forces that affect the size of a
o Number of reproductive-age population of living things regardless
individuals of the density of population
 Follows exponential growth-curve –  Density-Dependent Population
population grows double o Includes:
 Diseases
 Competition for resources
 Predation
 Territoriality
 Toxic waste
o Can have either positive or negative
correlation to population size
 Positive relation- the limiting
factors increase with the size
of the population

Human Population Growth

 The J shaped curve reflects the fact that the
population will double under favorable
conditions
Rule of 72
 72/Given percentage= the population
growth of the year
- Factors that reduce environmental resistance
and/or increased biotic potential:
 Agricultural development
 Improved medical care
 Improved transportation
 Improved housing
 Advancement in communication
Demographic Transition

 Movement from high birth and death rates

towards low birth and death rates.
Age structure
 Number of each age group within a
population
 Fast Growth- the old age is somehow very
few relative to the young. High birth rate.
 Moderate Growth- High population in the
young contrast in the old age
 Slow Growth- little has been added. The
problem is that the manpower is weakened.
More industrialized countries
 Europe
 North America
 Australia
 Japan
Less industrialized countries
 Africa
 Latin America
 Asia
 Pyramid shape of age structure
 Much of the population is younger than
reproductive age
 Predicts a population continuing to expand
Respiratory System
 Facilitates the exchange of carbon dioxide
between air and blood
 Primarily responsible for cellular respiration
 Works directly with the circulatory system
Breathing (ventilation): moving in and out of air in
the lungs
External Respiration
 Gas exchange between air blood in the lung
Internal Respiration
 Gas exchange between blood and tissues
Cellular Respiration
 Oxygen used to produce ATP, with carbon
dioxide as waste
Upper Respiratory Tract
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx (voice box)
o Epiglottis –Flexible flap of cartilage
that routes air and food appropriately
o Vocal Cords – Used for Sound
Production
 Trachea (Windpipe)
o Has c-shaped rings (Cartilage)
o The inside of the trachea is lined
with a finger-like called cilia
o Relaxed State: the maximum
diameter facilitates air movement in
and out
o During the cough reflex: the smooth
muscle contracts briefly, reducing
diameter of the trachea
Lower Respiratory Tract
 Bronchi
o Trachea branches into 2 airways-
right and left bronchi
o Contains ciliated epithelia, smooth
muscle, cartilage
o Bronchiole –smaller branches, lacks
cartilage
o Functions
 Cleansing activity of cilia
 Cilia are damaged by
smoking, contributing to the
development for smoker’s
cough
 Lungs
o 3 lobes in the right, 2 lobes on the
left (only 2 so there is space for the
heart)
o Pleural Membrane lining thoracic
cavity and lungs
o Pleural membrane- helps reduce
friction
 Alveoli
o Combined surface area is 800ft2
o Tiny air-filled sacs clustered at end
of terminal bronchioles
o Air sacks connected at the end of
bronchiole
 Inside it is connected to the
pulmonary arteriole,
pulmonary venule, capillary
network
o Lipoprotein Surfactant- these are
secreted by alveolar cells that
reduces surfaces tension and
enables alveoli to be inflated= can
be treated with surfactant therapy
*Artery- sends deoxygenated blood into our lungs
*Vein- will deliver oxygenated blood out the lungs
Metabolic Pathways
Anabolic

 Small Molecules to large molecules

 Energy is required
Catabolic

 Large molecules to small molecules

 Energy is released
 Cellular respiration

Aerobic Respiration
 Oxygen is consumed as reactants
 Considered most effective and efficient.
(1 glucose=32 ATP)
 Utilize food energy with the use of oxygen
 Ex. As long as you are not doing extreme
movements